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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_in_Babylon_(chapter_1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_in_Babylon_(chapter_1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Introduction in Babylon (chapter 1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_in_Babylon_(chapter_1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nebuchadnezzar's_dream_of_four_kingdoms_(chapter_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nebuchadnezzar's_dream_of_four_kingdoms_(chapter_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nebuchadnezzar's dream of four kingdoms (chapter 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nebuchadnezzar's_dream_of_four_kingdoms_(chapter_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fiery_furnace_(chapter_3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fiery_furnace_(chapter_3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The fiery furnace (chapter 3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fiery_furnace_(chapter_3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nebuchadnezzar's_madness_(chapter_4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nebuchadnezzar's_madness_(chapter_4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nebuchadnezzar's madness (chapter 4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nebuchadnezzar's_madness_(chapter_4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belshazzar's_feast_(chapter_5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belshazzar's_feast_(chapter_5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Belshazzar's feast (chapter 5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belshazzar's_feast_(chapter_5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniel_in_the_lions'_den_(chapter_6)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniel_in_the_lions'_den_(chapter_6)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniel_in_the_lions'_den_(chapter_6)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_of_the_beasts_from_the_sea_(chapter_7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_of_the_beasts_from_the_sea_(chapter_7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Vision of the beasts from the sea (chapter 7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_of_the_beasts_from_the_sea_(chapter_7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_of_the_ram_and_goat_(chapter_8)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_of_the_ram_and_goat_(chapter_8)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Vision of the ram and goat (chapter 8)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_of_the_ram_and_goat_(chapter_8)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_of_the_Seventy_Weeks_(chapter_9)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_of_the_Seventy_Weeks_(chapter_9)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Vision of the Seventy Weeks (chapter 9)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_of_the_Seventy_Weeks_(chapter_9)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_of_the_kings_of_north_and_south_(chapters_10–12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_of_the_kings_of_north_and_south_(chapters_10–12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Vision of the kings of north and south (chapters 10–12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_of_the_kings_of_north_and_south_(chapters_10–12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additions_to_Daniel_(Greek_text_tradition)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions_to_Daniel_(Greek_text_tradition)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Additions to Daniel (Greek text tradition)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additions_to_Daniel_(Greek_text_tradition)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre,_meaning,_symbolism_and_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre,_meaning,_symbolism_and_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genre, meaning, symbolism and chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genre,_meaning,_symbolism_and_chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genre, meaning, symbolism and chronology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genre,_meaning,_symbolism_and_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaning,_symbolism,_and_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning,_symbolism,_and_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Meaning, symbolism, and chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning,_symbolism,_and_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Book of Daniel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl" title="Daniël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Daniël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A2%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D" title="ትንቢተ ዳንኤል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትንቢተ ዳንኤል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سفر دانيال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر دانيال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܕܢܝܐܝܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܕܢܝܐܝܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кніга прарока Данііла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга прарока Данііла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кніга прарока Данііла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга прарока Данііла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Книга на пророк Даниила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга на пророк Даниила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(Buach)" title="Daniel (Buach) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Daniel (Buach)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr_Daniel" title="Levr Daniel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr Daniel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_de_Daniel" title="Llibre de Daniel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre de Daniel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basahon_ni_Daniel" title="Basahon ni Daniel – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Basahon ni Daniel" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_Daniel" title="Kniha Daniel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha Daniel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27wadhi_ra_Dhanyeri" title="N'wadhi ra Dhanyeri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="N'wadhi ra Dhanyeri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_Bog" title="Daniels Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Daniels Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch_Daniel" title="Buch Daniel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch Daniel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Daniel" title="Libro de Daniel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro de Daniel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Danielo" title="Libro de Danielo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libro de Danielo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielen_Liburua" title="Danielen Liburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Danielen Liburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کتاب دانیال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب دانیال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_de_Daniel" title="Livre de Daniel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre de Daniel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_(bibelboek)" title="Daniël (bibelboek) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Daniël (bibelboek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar_Dhain%C3%A9il" title="Leabhar Dhainéil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar Dhainéil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel" title="Daniel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Daniel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Daniel" title="Libro de Daniel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libro de Daniel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="दानयेल आचें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="दानयेल आचें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98%EC%84%9C" title="다니엘서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다니엘서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(knjiga)" title="Daniel (knjiga) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Daniel (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Daniel" title="Kitab Daniel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Daniel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniyeli" title="Daniyeli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Daniyeli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_di_Daniele" title="Libro di Daniele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro di Daniele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ספר דניאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר דניאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Dani%C3%A8l" title="Kitab Danièl – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kitab Danièl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="წინასწარმეტყველება დანიელისა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წინასწარმეტყველება დანიელისა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo_cya_Daniyeli" title="Igitabo cya Daniyeli – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo cya Daniyeli" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Danieli" title="Kitabu cha Danieli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Danieli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetia_Danielis" title="Prophetia Danielis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Prophetia Danielis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C4%93la_gr%C4%81mata" title="Daniēla grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daniēla grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danieliaus_knyga" title="Danieliaus knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Danieliaus knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_Daniel" title="Libro de Daniel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Libro de Daniel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1niel_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Dániel könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dániel könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Даниил (библиска книга) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Даниил (библиска книга)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_i_Daniela" title="Bokin' i Daniela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' i Daniela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ദാനിയേലിന്റെ പുസ്തകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദാനിയേലിന്റെ പുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سفر دانيال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر دانيال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Daniel" title="Kitab Daniel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Daniel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ng-%C4%AB-l%C4%AB" title="Dáng-ī-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáng-ī-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_(boek)" title="Daniël (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Daniël (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E6%9B%B8" title="ダニエル書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダニエル書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_bok" title="Daniels bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daniels bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_bok" title="Daniels bok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Daniels bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کتاب دانی ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب دانی ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Danniel" title="Live Danniel – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Live Danniel" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99ga_Daniela" title="Księga Daniela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księga Daniela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_de_Daniel" title="Livro de Daniel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro de Daniel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(carte)" title="Daniel (carte) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Daniel (carte)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyelpa_qillqasqan" title="Danyelpa qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Danyelpa qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Книга пророка Даниила – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга пророка Даниила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_tusi_a_le_Perofeta_o_Tanielu" title="O le tusi a le Perofeta o Tanielu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le tusi a le Perofeta o Tanielu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book of Daniel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_proroka_Daniela" title="Kniha proroka Daniela – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha proroka Daniela" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(svetopisemska_knjiga)" title="Daniel (svetopisemska knjiga) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Daniel (svetopisemska knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Књига пророка Данила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига пророка Данила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_(knjiga)" title="Daniel (knjiga) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Daniel (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielin_kirja" title="Danielin kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Danielin kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_bok" title="Daniels bok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Daniels bok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat_ni_Daniel" title="Aklat ni Daniel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat ni Daniel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="தானியேல் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானியேல் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5" title="หนังสือดาเนียล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือดาเนียล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Daniel Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Daniel Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel" title="Daniel – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Daniel" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Книга пророка Даниїла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга пророка Даниїла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کتاب دانی ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب دانی ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniilan_kirj" title="Daniilan kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Daniilan kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_%C4%90a-ni-en" title="Sách Đa-ni-en – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Đa-ni-en" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basah%C3%A1n_ni_Daniel" title="Basahán ni Daniel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Basahán ni Daniel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%BB%A5%E7%90%86%E4%B9%A6" title="但以理书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="但以理书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ספר דניאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספר דניאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_D%C3%A1n%C3%AD%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%AC" title="Ìwé Dáníẹ́lì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé Dáníẹ́lì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%BB%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%B8" title="但以理書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="但以理書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%BB%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%B8" title="但以理書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="但以理書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Daniel" title="Buku Daniel – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku Daniel" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wina%27am_Gbau%C5%8B:N%C9%94naar_K%C9%94duk:Daniel" title="Wina'am Gbauŋ:Nɔnaar Kɔduk:Daniel – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Wina'am Gbauŋ:Nɔnaar Kɔduk:Daniel" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kʋsaal</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book of the Bible</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Book of Daniel (disambiguation)">Book of Daniel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Book of Daniel</b> is a 2nd century BC biblical <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> with a 6th century BC setting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostensibly "an account of the activities and visions of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a>, a noble Jew <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled at Babylon</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2000315_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000315-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the text features a prophecy rooted in Jewish history, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">portrayal of the end times</a> that is both cosmic in scope and political in its focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The message of the text intended for the original audience, was that just as the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">God of Israel</a> saves Daniel from his enemies, so he would save the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> in their present oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> includes Daniel as one of the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>, while Christian <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical canons">biblical canons</a> group the work with the <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">major prophets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008445_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008445-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It divides into two parts: a set of six <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court tale (page does not exist)">court tales</a> in chapters 1–6, written mostly in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a>, and four apocalyptic visions in chapters 7–12, written mainly in <a href="/wiki/Late_Biblical_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Biblical Hebrew">Late Biblical Hebrew</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> contain three additional sections, the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005452_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005452-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book's themes have resonated throughout the ages, including with the community of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and the authors of the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. From the 2nd century to the modern era, religious movements including the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Millennialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennialist">millennialist</a> movements have been deeply influenced by it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowner19842-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowner19842-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_scroll.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Daniel_scroll.png/220px-Daniel_scroll.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Daniel_scroll.png/330px-Daniel_scroll.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Daniel_scroll.png/440px-Daniel_scroll.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Scroll of the book Daniel in Hebrew</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3></div> <p>The Book of Daniel is divided between the court tales of chapters 1–6 and the apocalyptic visions of 7–12, and between the Hebrew of chapters 1 and 8–12 and the Aramaic of chapters 2–7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvan2003665_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvan2003665-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division is reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Chiastic_structure" title="Chiastic structure">chiastic</a> arrangement of the Aramaic chapters (see below), and by a chronological progression in chapters 1–6 from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian empire">Babylonian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> rule, and from Babylonian to <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid empire">Persian</a> rule in chapters 7–12.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various suggestions have been made by scholars to explain the fact that the genre division does not coincide with the other two, but it appears that the language division and concentric structure of chapters 2–6 are artificial literary devices designed to bind the two halves of the book together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following outline is provided by Collins in his commentary on Daniel:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198431_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198431-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PART I: Tales (chapters 1:1–6:29) </p> <ul><li>1: Introduction (1:1–21 – set in the Babylonian era, written in Hebrew)</li> <li>2: Nebuchadnezzar's dream of four kingdoms (2:1–49 – Babylonian era; Aramaic)</li> <li>3: The fiery furnace (3:1–30/3:1-23, 91-97 – Babylonian era; Aramaic)</li> <li>4: Nebuchadnezzar's madness (3:31/98–4:34/4:1-37 – Babylonian era; Aramaic)</li> <li>5: Belshazzar's feast (5:1–6:1 – Babylonian era; Aramaic)</li> <li>6: Daniel in the lions' den (6:2–29 – Median era with mention of Persia; Aramaic)</li></ul> <p>PART II: Visions (chapters 7:1–12:13) </p> <ul><li>7: The beasts from the sea (7:1–28 – Babylonian era: Aramaic)</li> <li>8: The ram and the he-goat (8:1–27 – Babylonian era; Hebrew)</li> <li>9: Interpretation of the seventy weeks' prophecy (9:1–27 – Median era; Hebrew)</li> <li>10: The angel's revelation: kings of the north and south (10:1–12:13 – Persian era, mention of Greek era; Hebrew)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiastic_structure_in_the_Aramaic_section">Chiastic structure in the Aramaic section</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Papyrus_967.jpg/220px-Papyrus_967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Papyrus_967.jpg/330px-Papyrus_967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Papyrus_967.jpg/440px-Papyrus_967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a>, a 3rd-century-AD manuscript of a Greek translation of Daniel</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a recognised <a href="/wiki/Chiasmus" title="Chiasmus">chiasm</a> (a concentric literary structure in which the main point of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by parallel elements on either side in "ABBA" fashion) in the chapter arrangement of the Aramaic section. The following is taken from Paul Redditt's "Introduction to the Prophets":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008177_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A1 (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth <ul><li>B1 (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace <ul><li>C1 (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar</li> <li>C2 (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar</li></ul></li> <li>B2 (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den</li></ul></li> <li>A2 (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Chapters of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Daniel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King,_by_Briton_Riviere,_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel's Answer to the King by Briton Rivière"><img alt="Daniel's Answer to the King by Briton Rivière" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/100px-Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/150px-Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/200px-Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;padding-top:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Chapter 1: Induction into Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">Chapter 2: Nebuchadnezzar's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Chapter 3: The Fiery Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">Chapter 4: Nebuchadnezzar's Madness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Chapter 5: Belshazzar's Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Chapter 6: Daniel in the Lions's Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Chapter 7: The Four Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">Chapter 8: The Ram, He-Goat and Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Chapter 9: The Seventy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel%27s_final_vision" title="Daniel's final vision">Chapters 10–12: Daniel's final vision</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a>: </p> <ul><li>- <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Holy Children</a></li> <li>- <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a> (Daniel 13)</li> <li>- <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a> (Daniel 14)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Daniel_chapters" title="Template:Daniel chapters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Daniel_chapters" title="Template talk:Daniel chapters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel_chapters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel chapters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_in_Babylon_(chapter_1)"><span id="Introduction_in_Babylon_.28chapter_1.29"></span>Introduction in Babylon (chapter 1)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songe_Nabuchodonosor_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Songe_Nabuchodonosor_statue.jpg/170px-Songe_Nabuchodonosor_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Songe_Nabuchodonosor_statue.jpg/255px-Songe_Nabuchodonosor_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Songe_Nabuchodonosor_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Nebuchadnezzar's dream: the composite statue (France, 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the third year of King <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>, God allows Jerusalem to fall into the power of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, king of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-Jehoiakim_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jehoiakim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young Israelites of noble and royal family, "without physical defect, and handsome," versed in wisdom and competent to serve in the palace of the king, are taken to Babylon to be taught the literature and language of that nation. Among them are Daniel and his three companions, who refuse to touch the royal food and wine. Their overseer fears for his life in case the health of his charges deteriorates, but Daniel suggests a trial and the four emerge healthier than their counterparts from ten days of consuming nothing but vegetables and water. They are allowed to continue to refrain from eating the king's food, and to Daniel, God gives insight into visions and dreams. When their training is done Nebuchadnezzar finds them 'ten times better' than all the wise men in his service and therefore keeps them at his court, where Daniel continues until the first year of King <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow200319–20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200319–20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nebuchadnezzar's_dream_of_four_kingdoms_(chapter_2)"><span id="Nebuchadnezzar.27s_dream_of_four_kingdoms_.28chapter_2.29"></span>Nebuchadnezzar's dream of four kingdoms (chapter 2)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">Daniel 2</a></div> <p>In the second year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar has a dream. When he wakes up, he realizes that the dream has some important message, so he consults his wise men. Wary of their potential to fabricate an explanation, the king refuses to tell the wise men what he saw in his dream. Rather, he demands that his wise men tell him what the content of the dream was, and then interpret it. When the wise men protest that this is beyond the power of any man, he sentences all, including Daniel and his friends, to death. Daniel receives an explanatory vision from God: Nebuchadnezzar had seen an enormous statue with a head of gold, breast and arms of silver, belly and thighs of bronze, legs of iron, and feet of mixed iron and clay, then saw the statue destroyed by a rock that turned into a mountain filling the whole earth. Daniel explains the dream to the king: the statue symbolized four successive kingdoms, starting with Nebuchadnezzar, all of which would be crushed by God's kingdom, which would endure forever. Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges the supremacy of Daniel's god, raises Daniel over all his wise men, and places Daniel and his companions over the province of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow200331–33_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200331–33-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fiery_furnace_(chapter_3)"><span id="The_fiery_furnace_.28chapter_3.29"></span>The fiery furnace (chapter 3)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a></div> <p>Daniel's companions Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to bow to King Nebuchadnezzar's golden statue and are thrown into a fiery furnace. Nebuchadnezzar is astonished to see a fourth figure in the furnace with the three, one "with the appearance like a son of the gods." So the king calls the three to come out of the fire, blesses the God of Israel, and decrees that any who blaspheme against him shall be torn limb from limb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow200350–51_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200350–51-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nebuchadnezzar's_madness_(chapter_4)"><span id="Nebuchadnezzar.27s_madness_.28chapter_4.29"></span>Nebuchadnezzar's madness (chapter 4)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">Daniel 4</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_(Tate_Britain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_%28Tate_Britain%29.jpg/290px-William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_%28Tate_Britain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_%28Tate_Britain%29.jpg/435px-William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_%28Tate_Britain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_%28Tate_Britain%29.jpg/580px-William_Blake_-_Nebuchadnezzar_%28Tate_Britain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption><i>Nebuchadnezzar</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span> and 1805)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nebuchadnezzar recounts a dream of a huge tree that is suddenly cut down at the command of a heavenly messenger. Daniel is summoned and interprets the dream. The tree is Nebuchadnezzar himself, who for seven years will lose his mind and live like a wild beast. All of this comes to pass until, at the end of the specified time, Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges that "heaven rules" and his kingdom and sanity are restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101241_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101241-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belshazzar's_feast_(chapter_5)"><span id="Belshazzar.27s_feast_.28chapter_5.29"></span>Belshazzar's feast (chapter 5)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a> and his nobles blasphemously drink from sacred Jewish temple vessels, offering praise to inanimate gods, until a mysterious hand suddenly appears and <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">writes upon the wall</a>. The horrified king summons Daniel, who upbraids him for his lack of humility before God and interprets the message: Belshazzar's kingdom will be given to the Medes and Persians. Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to be third in the kingdom, and that very night Belshazzar is slain and <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a> takes the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer197657–60_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer197657–60-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darius_the_Mede_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darius_the_Mede-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniel_in_the_lions'_den_(chapter_6)"><span id="Daniel_in_the_lions.27_den_.28chapter_6.29"></span>Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King,_by_Briton_Riviere,_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/290px-Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/435px-Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg/580px-Daniel%27s_Answer_to_the_King%2C_by_Briton_Riviere%2C_GMIII_MCAG_1937_123-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><i>Daniel's Answer to the King</i> by <a href="/wiki/Briton_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Briton Rivière">Briton Rivière</a> (1892)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Daniel in the lions' den</a></div> <p>Darius elevates Daniel to high office, exciting the jealousy of other officials. Knowing of Daniel's devotion to his God, his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30-day period. Daniel continues <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">to pray three times a day</a> to God towards Jerusalem; he is accused and King Darius, forced by his own decree, throws Daniel into the lions' den. But God shuts up the mouths of the lions, and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed. The king casts Daniel's accusers into the lions' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly devoured, while he himself acknowledges Daniel's God as he whose kingdom shall never be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101245–1247_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101245–1247-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_of_the_beasts_from_the_sea_(chapter_7)"><span id="Vision_of_the_beasts_from_the_sea_.28chapter_7.29"></span>Vision of the beasts from the sea (chapter 7)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms of Daniel</a></div> <p>In the first year of <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a> Daniel has a dream of four monstrous beasts arising from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-First_year_of_Belshazzar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_year_of_Belshazzar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth, a beast with ten horns, devours the whole earth, treading it down and crushing it, and a further small horn appears and uproots three of the earlier horns. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> judges and destroys the beast, and "one like a <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a>" is given everlasting kingship over the entire world. One of Daniel's attendants explains that the four beasts represent four kings, but that "the holy ones of the Most High" would receive the everlasting kingdom. The fourth beast would be a fourth kingdom with ten kings, and another king who would pull down three kings and make war on the "holy ones" for "a time, two times and a half," after which the heavenly judgment will be made against him and the "holy ones" will receive the everlasting kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101248–1249_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101248–1249-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_of_the_ram_and_goat_(chapter_8)"><span id="Vision_of_the_ram_and_goat_.28chapter_8.29"></span>Vision of the ram and goat (chapter 8)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">Daniel 8</a></div> <p>In the third year of Belshazzar Daniel has a vision of a ram and goat. The ram has two mighty horns, one longer than the other, and it charges west, north and south, overpowering all other beasts. A goat with a single horn appears from the west and destroys the ram. The goat becomes very powerful until the horn breaks off and is replaced by four lesser horns. A small horn that grows very large, it stops the daily temple sacrifices and desecrates the sanctuary for two thousand three hundred "evenings and mornings" (which could be either 1,150 or 2,300 days) until the temple is cleansed. The <a href="/wiki/Angel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Gabriel">angel Gabriel</a> informs him that the ram represents the Medes and Persians, the goat is Greece, and the "little horn" is a wicked king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101249–1251_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101249–1251-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_of_the_Seventy_Weeks_(chapter_9)"><span id="Vision_of_the_Seventy_Weeks_.28chapter_9.29"></span>Vision of the Seventy Weeks (chapter 9)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></div> <p>In the first year of Darius the Mede, Daniel meditates on the word of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years; he confesses the <a href="/wiki/Sin_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin of Israel">sin of Israel</a> and pleads for God to restore Israel and the "desolated sanctuary" of the Temple. The angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> explains that the seventy years stand for seventy "weeks" of years (490 years), during which the Temple will first be restored, then later defiled by a "prince who is to come," "until the decreed end is poured out."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101251–1252_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101251–1252-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_of_the_kings_of_north_and_south_(chapters_10–12)"><span id="Vision_of_the_kings_of_north_and_south_.28chapters_10.E2.80.9312.29"></span>Vision of the kings of north and south (chapters 10–12)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daniel%27s_final_vision" title="Daniel's final vision">Daniel's final vision</a></div> <p>Daniel 10: In the third year of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Third_year_of_Cyrus_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Third_year_of_Cyrus-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel sees in his vision an angel (called "a man", but clearly a supernatural being) who explains that he is in the midst of a war with the "prince of Persia", assisted only by <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, "your prince." The "prince of Greece" will shortly come, but first he will reveal what will happen to Daniel's people. </p><p>Daniel 11: A future king of Persia will make war on the king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, a "mighty king" will arise and wield power until his empire is broken up and given to others, and finally the king of the south (identified in verse 8 as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>) will go to war with the "king of the north." After many battles (described in great detail) a "contemptible person" will become king of the north; this king will invade the south two times, the first time with success, but on his second he will be stopped by "ships of Kittim." He will turn back to his own country, and on the way his soldiers will desecrate the Temple, abolish the daily sacrifice, and set up the <a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">abomination of desolation</a>. He will defeat and subjugate <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a> and Egypt, but "reports from the east and north will alarm him," and he will meet his end "between the sea and the holy mountain." </p><p>Daniel 12: At this time Michael will come. It will be a time of great distress, but all those whose names are written will be delivered. "Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt; those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the heavens, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars for ever and ever." In the final verses the remaining time to the end is revealed: "a time, times and half a time" (three years and a half). Daniel fails to understand and asks again what will happen, and is told: "From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days. Blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additions_to_Daniel_(Greek_text_tradition)"><span id="Additions_to_Daniel_.28Greek_text_tradition.29"></span>Additions to Daniel (Greek text tradition)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg/300px-Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg/450px-Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg/600px-Guido_Reni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA19296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><i>Susanna and the Elders</i> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a> (1820–1825)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></div> <p>The Greek text of Daniel is considerably longer than the Hebrew, due to three additional stories: they remain in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Christian Bibles but were rejected by the Christian Protestant movement in the 16th century on the basis that they were absent from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald201257_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald201257-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a>, placed after Daniel 3:23;</li> <li>The story of <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a>, placed before chapter 1 in some Greek versions and after chapter 12 in others;</li> <li>The story of <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>, placed at the end of the book.</li></ul> <p>The Book of Daniel is preserved in the 12-chapter <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> and in two longer Greek versions, the original Septuagint version, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 BCE</span>, and the later <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a> version from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd century CE</span>. Both Greek texts contain the three additions to Daniel. Theodotion is much closer to the Masoretic Text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer200289_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200289-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek additions were apparently never part of the Hebrew text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20033_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20033-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Old Greek texts of the Book of Daniel have been discovered, and the original form of the book is being reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dines2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dines2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_refuse_kingsfood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Daniel_refuse_kingsfood.jpg/220px-Daniel_refuse_kingsfood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Daniel_refuse_kingsfood.jpg/330px-Daniel_refuse_kingsfood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Daniel_refuse_kingsfood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Daniel refusing to eat at the King's table, early-1900s Bible illustration</figcaption></figure> <p>The visions of chapters 7–12 reflect the crisis which took place in Judea in 167–164 BC when <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, the Greek king of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, threatened to destroy traditional Jewish worship in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999109–110_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999109–110-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Antiochus came to the throne in 175 BC the Jews were largely pro-Seleucid. The High Priestly family was split by rivalry, and one member, Jason, offered the king a large sum to be made High Priest. Jason also asked—or more accurately, paid—to be allowed to make Jerusalem a <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>, or Greek city. This meant, among other things, that city government would be in the hands of the citizens, which meant in turn that citizenship would be a valuable commodity, to be purchased from Jason. None of this threatened the Jewish religion, and the reforms were widely welcomed, especially among the Jerusalem aristocracy and the leading priests. Three years later Jason was deposed when another priest, Menelaus, offered Antiochus an even larger sum for the post of High Priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20106–13_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20106–13-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antiochus invaded Egypt twice, in 169 BC with success, but on the second incursion, in late 168 BC, he was forced to withdraw by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason, hearing a rumour that Antiochus was dead, attacked Menelaus to take back the High Priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antiochus drove Jason out of Jerusalem, plundered the Temple, and introduced measures to pacify his Egyptian border by imposing complete Hellenization: the Jewish Book of the Law was prohibited and on 15 December 167 BC an "abomination of desolation", probably a Greek altar, was introduced into the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacchi2004225–226_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacchi2004225–226-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Jewish religion now clearly under threat a resistance movement sprang up, led by the Maccabee brothers, and over the next three years it won sufficient victories over Antiochus to take back and purify the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis which the author of Daniel addresses is the defilement of the altar in Jerusalem in 167 BC (first introduced in chapter 8:11): the daily offering which used to take place twice a day, at morning and evening, stopped, and the phrase "evenings and mornings" recurs through the following chapters as a reminder of the missed sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006407_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006407-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But whereas the events leading up to the sacking of the Temple in 167 BC and the immediate aftermath are remarkably accurate, the predicted war between the Syrians and the Egyptians (11:40–43) never took place, and the prophecy that Antiochus would die in Palestine (11:44–45) was inaccurate (he died in Persia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20036–7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20036–7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most probable conclusion is that the account must have been completed near the end of the reign of Antiochus but before his death in December 164 BC, or at least before news of it reached Jerusalem, and the consensus of modern scholarship<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003730_fn._99_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003730_fn._99-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier-Young2016229_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier-Young2016229-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophilos2012163_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophilos2012163-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester201523_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester201523-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010unpaginated_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010unpaginated-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker_Jr.2020unpaginated_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker_Jr.2020unpaginated-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199888_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199888-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is accordingly that the book dates to the period 167–163 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20037_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20037-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010325_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010325-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg/170px-Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg/255px-Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg/340px-Songe_Nabuchodonosor_arbre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Nebuchadnezzar's dream: the felled tree (France, 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally accepted that Daniel originated as a collection of Aramaic court tales later expanded by the Hebrew revelations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199329_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199329-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court tales may have originally circulated independently, but the edited collection was probably composed in the third or early second-century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 1 was composed (in Aramaic) at this time as a brief introduction to provide historical context, introduce the characters of the tales, and explain how Daniel and his friends came to Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visions of chapters 7–12 were added and chapter 1 translated into Hebrew at the third stage when the final book was being drawn together;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this final stage, marking the composition of Daniel as a book, took place between the desecration of the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanies in 167 and his death in 164 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198436_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198436-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3></div> <p>Daniel is a product of "Wisdom" circles, but the type of wisdom is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mantic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mantic">mantic</a> (the discovery of heavenly secrets from earthly signs) rather than the wisdom of learning—the main source of wisdom in Daniel is God's revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001229–230,_243_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001229–230,_243-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006340_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006340-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of a large number of Jewish apocalypses, all of them <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonymous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer19762_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer19762-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories of the first half are legendary in origin, and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabean</a> period (2nd century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20022_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapters 1–6 are in the voice of an anonymous narrator, except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar; the second half (chapters 7–12) is presented by Daniel himself, introduced by the anonymous narrator in chapters 7 and 10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesselius2002295_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesselius2002295-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author/editor was probably an educated Jew, knowledgeable in Greek learning, and of high standing in his own community. It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008180_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008180-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, who lived during the Babylonian exile, mentioned him in association with <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 14:14) as a figure of legendary wisdom (28:3), and a hero named <a href="/wiki/Danel" title="Danel">Daniel</a> (more accurately Dan'el, but the spelling is close enough for the two to be regarded as identical) features in a late 2nd millennium myth from <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200369_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200369-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The legendary Daniel, known from long ago but still remembered as an exemplary character ... serves as the principal human 'hero' in the biblical book that now bears his name"; Daniel is the wise and righteous intermediary who is able to interpret dreams and thus convey the will of God to humans, the recipient of visions from on high that are interpreted to him by heavenly intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20034_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20034-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3></div> <p>The prophecies of Daniel are accurate down to the career of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, king of Syria and oppressor of the Jews, but not in its prediction of his death: the author seems to know about Antiochus' two campaigns in Egypt (169 and 167 BC), the desecration of the Temple (the "abomination of desolation"), and the fortification of the Akra (a fortress built inside Jerusalem), but he seems to know nothing about the reconstruction of the Temple or about the actual circumstances of Antiochus' death in late 164 BC. Chapters 10–12 must therefore have been written between 167 and 164 BC. There is no evidence of a significant time lapse between those chapters and chapters 8 and 9, and chapter 7 may have been written just a few months earlier again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1984101_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1984101-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some evidence of the book's date can be found in the fact that Daniel is not present in the Hebrew Bible's <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">canon of the prophets</a> (where it might arguably be expected to fit), which was closed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, Daniel forms a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> (writings) also formed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>. </p><p>Additionally, the Wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>, a work dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180 BC</span>, draws on almost every book of the Old Testament except Daniel, leading scholars to suppose that its author was unaware of it. Some have criticised this idea since the Wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a> excludes other books (such as <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>) as well as key figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel is, however, quoted in a section of the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a> commonly dated to the middle of the 2nd century BC, and was popular at Qumran at much the same time, suggesting that it was known from the middle of that century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer19761–2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer19761–2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2></div> <p>The Book of Daniel is preserved in the 12-chapter <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> and in two longer Greek versions, the original <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version, c. 100 BC, and the later <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a> version from c. 2nd century AD. Both Greek texts contain three <a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">additions to Daniel</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a>; the story of <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susannah and the Elders</a>; and the story of <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>. Theodotion is much closer to the Masoretic Text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer200289_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200289-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek additions were apparently never part of the Hebrew text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20033_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20033-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight copies of the Book of Daniel, all incomplete, have been found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, two in <a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Cave 1</a>, five in Cave 4, and one in Cave 6. Between them, they preserve text from eleven of Daniel's twelve chapters, and the twelfth is quoted in the <a href="/wiki/Florilegium" title="Florilegium">Florilegium</a> (a compilation scroll) 4Q174, showing that the book at Qumran did not lack this conclusion. All eight manuscripts were copied between 125 BC (4QDan<sup>c</sup>) and about 50 AD (4QDan<sup>b</sup>), showing that Daniel was being read at Qumran only about 40 years after its composition. All appear to preserve the 12-chapter Masoretic version rather than the longer Greek text. None reveal any major disagreements against the Masoretic, and the four scrolls that preserve the relevant sections (1QDan<sup>a</sup>, 4QDan<sup>a</sup>, 4QDan<sup>b</sup>, and 4QDan<sup>d</sup>) all follow the bilingual nature of Daniel where the book opens in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, switches to <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> at 2:4b, then reverts to Hebrew at 8:1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013137–138_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013137–138-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre,_meaning,_symbolism_and_chronology"><span id="Genre.2C_meaning.2C_symbolism_and_chronology"></span>Genre, meaning, symbolism and chronology</h2></div> <p><i>(This section deals with modern scholarly reconstructions of the meaning of Daniel to its original authors and audience)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre">Genre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_dans_la_fosse_aux_lions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Daniel_dans_la_fosse_aux_lions.jpg/170px-Daniel_dans_la_fosse_aux_lions.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Daniel_dans_la_fosse_aux_lions.jpg/255px-Daniel_dans_la_fosse_aux_lions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Daniel_dans_la_fosse_aux_lions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Daniel in the lions' den saved by <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> (France, 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Book of Daniel is an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient; such works are characterized by visions, symbolism, an other-worldly mediator, an emphasis on cosmic events, angels and demons, and <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudonymity">pseudonymity</a> (false authorship).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford200073_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford200073-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of apocalypses occurred commonly from 300 BC to 100 AD, not only among Jews and Christians, but also among Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, Persians and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, and Daniel is a representative apocalyptic seer, the recipient of divine revelation: he has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them, because his God is the true source of knowledge; he is one of the <a href="/wiki/Maskil_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskil (honorific)"><i>maskilim</i></a> (משכלים), the wise ones, who have the task of teaching righteousness and whose number may be considered to include the authors of the book itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006397–406_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006397–406-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is also an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, as the divine revelation concerns the end of the present age, a predicted moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420–421_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420–421-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gives no real details of the end-time, but it seems that God's kingdom will be on this earth, that it will be governed by justice and righteousness, and that the tables will be turned on the Seleucids and those Jews who have cooperated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008187_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008187-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning,_symbolism,_and_chronology"><span id="Meaning.2C_symbolism.2C_and_chronology"></span>Meaning, symbolism, and chronology</h3></div> <p>The message of the Book of Daniel is that, just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies, so he would save all Israel in their present oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is filled with monsters, angels, and numerology, drawn from a wide range of sources, both biblical and non-biblical, that would have had meaning in the context of 2nd-century Jewish culture, and while Christian interpreters have always viewed these as predicting events in the New Testament—"the Son of God", "the Son of Man", Christ and the Antichrist—the book's intended audience is the Jews of the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20031–2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20031–2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following explains a few of these predictions, as understood by modern biblical scholars. </p> <ul><li>The <i>four kingdoms</i> and the <i>little horn</i> (Daniel 2 and 7): The concept of four successive world empires stems from Greek theories of mythological history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern interpreters agree that the four represent <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Greeks</a>, ending with Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a> and with Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowner198434–36_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowner198434–36-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional interpretation of the dream identifies the four empires as the Babylonian (the head), Medo-Persian (arms and shoulders), Greek (thighs and legs), and Roman (the feet) empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199496_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199496-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbolism of four metals in the statue in chapter 2 comes from Persian writings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the four "beasts from the sea" in chapter 7 reflect Hosea 13:7–8, in which God threatens that he will be to Israel like a lion, a leopard, a bear or a wild beast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198480_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198480-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus among scholars is that the four beasts of chapter 7 symbolise the same four world empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern interpretation views <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> (reigned 175–164 BC) as the "small horn" that uproots three others (Antiochus usurped the rights of several other claimants to become king of the Seleucid Empire).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Ancient of Days</i> and the <i>one like a son of man</i> (Daniel 7): The portrayal of God in Daniel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/text/daniel/7-13.htm">7:13</a> resembles the portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> god <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> as an ancient divine king presiding over the divine court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20033–4_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20033–4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Ancient of Days" gives dominion over the earth to "one like a <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a>", and then in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/daniel/7-27.htm">Daniel 7:27</a> to "the people of the holy ones of the Most High", whom scholars consider the son of man to represent. These people can be understood as the <i>maskilim</i> (sages), or as the Jewish people broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200260–61,_282_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200260–61,_282-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Son_of_Man_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Son_of_Man-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The ram and he-goat</i> (Daniel 8) as conventional astrological symbols represent Persia and Syria, as the text explains. The "mighty horn" stands for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (reigned 336–323 BC) and the "four lesser horns" represent the four principal generals (<a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>) who fought over the Greek empire following Alexander's death. The "little horn" again represents Antiochus IV. The key to the symbols lies in the description of the little horn's actions: he ends the continual burnt offering and overthrows the Sanctuary, a clear reference to Antiochus' desecration of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198487_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198487-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>anointed ones</i> and the <i>seventy years</i> (Chapter 9): Daniel reinterprets <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>'s "seventy years" prophecy regarding the period Israel would spend in bondage to Babylon. From the point of view of the Maccabean era, Jeremiah's promise was obviously not true—the gentiles still oppressed the Jews, and the "desolation of Jerusalem" had not ended. Daniel therefore reinterprets the seventy years as seventy "weeks" of years, making up 490 years. The 70 weeks/490 years are subdivided, with seven "weeks" from the "going forth of the word to rebuild and restore Jerusalem" to the coming of an "anointed one", while the final "week" is marked by the violent death of another "anointed one", probably the High Priest <a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a> (ousted to make way for <a href="/wiki/Jason_(high_priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason (high priest)">Jason</a> and murdered in 171 BC), and the profanation of the Temple. The point of this for Daniel is that the period of gentile power is predetermined, and is coming to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998108–109_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998108–109-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kings of north and south</i>: Chapters 10 to 12 concern the war between these kings, the events leading up to it, and its heavenly meaning. In chapter 10 the angel (Gabriel?) explains that there is currently a war in heaven between Michael, the angelic protector of Israel, and the "princes" (angels) of Persia and Greece; then, in chapter 11, he outlines the human wars which accompany this—the mythological concept sees standing behind every nation a god/angel who does battle on behalf of his people, so that earthly events reflect what happens in heaven. The wars of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a> ("kings of the south") against the Seleucids ("kings of the north") are reviewed down to the career of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus the Great</a> (Antiochus III (reigned 222–187 BC), father of Antiochus IV), but the main focus is Antiochus IV, to whom more than half the chapter is devoted. The accuracy of these predictions lends credibility to the real prophecy with which the passage ends, the death of Antiochus—which, in the event, was not accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998110–111_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998110–111-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Predicting the end-time</i> (Daniel 8:14 and 12:7–12): Biblical eschatology does not generally give precise information as to when the end will come,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Daniel's attempts to specify the number of days remaining is a rare exception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998114_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998114-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel asks the angel how long the "little horn" will be triumphant, and the angel replies that the Temple will be reconsecrated after 2,300 "evenings and mornings" have passed (Daniel 8:14). The angel is counting the two daily sacrifices, so the period is 1,150 days from the desecration in December 167. In chapter 12 the angel gives three more dates: the desolation will last "for a time, times and half a time", or a year, two years, and a half a year (Daniel 12:8); then that the "desolation" will last for 1,290 days (12:11); and finally, 1,335 days (12:12). Verse 12:11 was presumably added after the lapse of the 1,150 days of chapter 8, and 12:12 after the lapse of the number in 12:11.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199899_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199899-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merian%27s_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Merian%27s_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg/320px-Merian%27s_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Merian%27s_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg/480px-Merian%27s_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Merian%27s_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Daniel's vision of the four beasts in chapter 7 by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a>, 1630</figcaption></figure> <p>The concepts of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, with rewards for the righteous and punishment for the wicked, have roots much deeper than Daniel, but the first clear statement is found in the final chapter of that book: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to everlasting shame and contempt."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Daniel R. Schwartz</a>, without the claim of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> would have disappeared like the movements following other charismatic Jewish figures of the 1st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel was quoted and referenced by both Jews and Christians in the 1st century AD as predicting the imminent end-time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001244_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001244-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moments of national and cultural crisis continually reawakened the apocalyptic spirit, through the <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanists</a> of the 2nd/3rd centuries, persecuted for their <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialism</a>, to the more extreme elements of the 16th-century Reformation such as the <a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Münster Rebellion">Münster Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowner19842–3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowner19842–3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchy Men</a> took their name and political program from Daniel 7, demanding that <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> allow them to form a "government of saints" in preparation for the coming of the Messiah; when Cromwell refused, they identified him instead as the Beast usurping the rightful place of King Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2007374_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2007374-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For modern popularizers, the visions and revelations of Daniel remain a guide to the future, when the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> will be destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer199224,_30–31_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer199224,_30–31-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel belongs not only to the religious tradition but also to the wider Western intellectual and artistic heritage. It was easily the most popular of the prophetic books for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, who nevertheless treated it not as prophecy but as a historical book, "a repository of dramatic stories about confrontations between God and a series of emperor-figures who represent the highest reach of man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodden2013231_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodden2013231-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> paid special attention to it, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> borrowed a <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> from it for his work <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> drew on it, its apocalyptic second half attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, and it inspired musicians from medieval liturgical drama to <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> and artists including <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoukhan200011_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoukhan200011-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_numerology" title="Biblical numerology">Biblical numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danel" title="Danel">Danel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(Old_English_poem)" title="Daniel (Old English poem)">Daniel (Old English poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Apocalypse_of_Daniel" title="Greek Apocalypse of Daniel">Greek Apocalypse of Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Daniel" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel">Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jehoiakim-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jehoiakim_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jehoiakim: King of Judah 608–598 BC; his third year would be either 606 or 605, depending how years are counted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyrus_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus: Persian conqueror of Babylon, 539 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darius_the_Mede-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darius_the_Mede_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darius the Mede: No such person is known to history (see Levine, 2010, p. 1245, footnote 31). "Darius" is in any case a Persian, not a Median, name. The Persian army which captured Babylon was under the command of a certain <a href="/wiki/Gobryas_(general)" title="Gobryas (general)">Gobryas</a> (or Gubaru), a Babylonian and former provincial governor who turned against his royal master, on behalf of Cyrus, the Persian king. The author of Daniel may have introduced the reference to a Mede in order to fulfill Isaiah and Jeremiah, who prophesied that the Medes would overthrow Babylon, and confused the events of 539 with those of 520 BC, when Darius I captured Babylon after an uprising. See Hammer, 1976, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_year_of_Belshazzar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-First_year_of_Belshazzar_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First year of Belshazzar: Probably 553 BC, when Belshazzar was given royal power by his father, <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>. See Levine, 2010, p. 1248, footnote 7.1–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Third_year_of_Cyrus-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Third_year_of_Cyrus_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Third year of Cyrus": 536 BC. The author has apparently counted back seventy years to the "third year of Jehoiakim," 606 BC, to round out Daniel's prophetic ministry. See Towner, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Son_of_Man-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Son_of_Man_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Son of man" (<i>bar 'enaš</i> in Aramaic) simply means "a human being", but in the context of Daniel 7 it may be a heavenly figure, possibly the archangel Michael functioning as a representative of the Jewish people (Collins 1977:144–46; opposed by Davies 1985:105–106). Scholars almost universally agree that this human figure represents "the people of the holy ones of the Most High" of Daniel 7:27, originally the <i>maskilim</i> community or group responsible for the composition of Daniel, but in later interpretation it is taken to mean the Jewish people as a whole. See Grabbe 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000315-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2000315_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid2000">Reid 2000</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettler2005218_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrettler2005">Brettler 2005</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008445-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008445_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2008">Bandstra 2008</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20022_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20022_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2002">Collins 2002</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005452-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005452_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETowner19842-3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowner19842-3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTowner1984">Towner 1984</a>, p. 2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198428-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198428_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvan2003665-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvan2003665_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvan2003">Provan 2003</a>, p. 665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198430–31_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198431-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198431_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008177-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008177_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedditt2008">Redditt 2008</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200319–20-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow200319–20_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200331–33-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow200331–33_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow200350–51-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow200350–51_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101241-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101241_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2010">Levine 2010</a>, p. 1241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer197657–60-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer197657–60_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1976">Hammer 1976</a>, pp. 57–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101245–1247-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101245–1247_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2010">Levine 2010</a>, pp. 1245–1247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101248–1249-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101248–1249_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2010">Levine 2010</a>, pp. 1248–1249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101249–1251-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101249–1251_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2010">Levine 2010</a>, pp. 1249–1251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20101251–1252-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20101251–1252_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2010">Levine 2010</a>, pp. 1251–1252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald201257-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald201257_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald2012">McDonald 2012</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999119–120_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1999">Harrington 1999</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200289-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer200289_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer200289_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer2002">Spencer 2002</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20033-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20033_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20033_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dines2004-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dines2004_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDines2004" class="citation book cs1">Dines, Jennifer M. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Knibb" title="Michael A. Knibb">Knibb, Michael A.</a> (ed.). <i>The Septuagint</i>. Understanding the Bible and Its World (1st ed.). London: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567084647" title="Special:BookSources/0567084647"><bdi>0567084647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint&rft.place=London&rft.series=Understanding+the+Bible+and+Its+World&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0567084647&rft.aulast=Dines&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999109–110-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1999109–110_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1999">Harrington 1999</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20106–13-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20106–13_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2010">Grabbe 2010</a>, pp. 6–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201013–16_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2010">Grabbe 2010</a>, pp. 13–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESacchi2004225–226-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacchi2004225–226_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSacchi2004">Sacchi 2004</a>, pp. 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006407-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006407_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2006">Davies 2006</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20036–7-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20036–7_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003730_fn._99-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003730_fn._99_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 730 fn. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier-Young2016229-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier-Young2016229_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortier-Young2016">Portier-Young 2016</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophilos2012163-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophilos2012163_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheophilos2012">Theophilos 2012</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELester201523-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester201523_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLester2015">Lester 2015</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010unpaginated-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010unpaginated_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRykenLongman2010">Ryken & Longman 2010</a>, p. unpaginated: "The consensus of modern biblical scholarship is that the book was composed in the second century B.C., that it is a pseudonymous work, and that it is indeed an example of prophecy after the fact."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker_Jr.2020unpaginated-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker_Jr.2020unpaginated_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker_Jr.2020">Tucker Jr. 2020</a>, p. unpaginated: "a near consensus view of a Maccabean date"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199888-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199888_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20037-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20037_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010325-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERykenLongman2010325_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRykenLongman2010">Ryken & Longman 2010</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199329-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199329_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1993">Collins 1993</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008176–177_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedditt2008">Redditt 2008</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198436-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198436_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001229–230,_243-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001229–230,_243_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2001">Grabbe 2001</a>, pp. 229–230, 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006340-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006340_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2006">Davies 2006</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer19762-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer19762_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1976">Hammer 1976</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesselius2002295-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesselius2002295_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesselius2002">Wesselius 2002</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008180-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008180_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedditt2008">Redditt 2008</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins200369-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins200369_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2003">Collins 2003</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20034-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20034_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1984101-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1984101_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1906" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Charles Foster (1906). <i>The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Permanent+Value+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Charles+Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1979" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Gleason Leonard (1979). <i>A survey of Old Testament introduction</i> (Rev. ed., 14. print ed.). Chicago: Moody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-8446-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-8446-8"><bdi>978-0-8024-8446-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+survey+of+Old+Testament+introduction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Rev.+ed.%2C+14.+print&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-8446-8&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Gleason+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer19761–2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammer19761–2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1976">Hammer 1976</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013137–138-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKamFlint2013137–138_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013">VanderKam & Flint 2013</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford200073-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford200073_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2000">Crawford 2000</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006397–406-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006397–406_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2006">Davies 2006</a>, pp. 397–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420–421-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420–421_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2000">Carroll 2000</a>, pp. 420–421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedditt2008187-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedditt2008187_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedditt2008">Redditt 2008</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20031–2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20031–2_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiskanen200427,_31_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiskanen2004">Niskanen 2004</a>, pp. 27, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETowner198434–36-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowner198434–36_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTowner1984">Towner 1984</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199496-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199496_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1994">Miller 1994</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198480-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198480_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260,_269_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewsMoyer2012">Matthews & Moyer 2012</a>, pp. 260, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow20033–4-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow20033–4_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2003">Seow 2003</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200260–61,_282-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200260–61,_282_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2002">Grabbe 2002</a>, pp. 60–61, 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198487-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198487_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998108–109-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998108–109_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsMoyer2012260_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewsMoyer2012">Matthews & Moyer 2012</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998110–111-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998110–111_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2000420_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2000">Carroll 2000</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998114-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1998114_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199899-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199899_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2002">Cohen 2002</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz1992">Schwartz 1992</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001244-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2001244_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2001">Grabbe 2001</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETowner19842–3-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowner19842–3_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTowner1984">Towner 1984</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2007374-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2007374_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber2007">Weber 2007</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer199224,_30–31-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer199224,_30–31_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1992">Boyer 1992</a>, pp. 24, 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodden2013231-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodden2013231_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodden2013">Godden 2013</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoukhan200011-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoukhan200011_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoukhan2000">Doukhan 2000</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC"><i>Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Wadsworth Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495391050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495391050"><bdi>978-0495391050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495391050&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY9mTUZKJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2001" class="citation book cs1">Bar, Shaul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3gup4iFu4C"><i>A Letter That Has Not Been Read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87820-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87820-424-3"><bdi>978-0-87820-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Letter+That+Has+Not+Been+Read%3A+Dreams+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Hebrew+Union+College+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87820-424-3&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs3gup4iFu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C"><i>When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-95129-7"><bdi>978-0-674-95129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Time+Shall+Be+No+More%3A+Prophecy+Belief+in+Modern+American+Culture&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-95129-7&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyTeW7vQ8K4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettler2005" class="citation book cs1">Brettler, Mark Zvi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC"><i>How To Read the Bible</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827610019" title="Special:BookSources/9780827610019"><bdi>9780827610019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To+Read+the+Bible&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780827610019&rft.aulast=Brettler&rft.aufirst=Mark+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39nQafdJ_ssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2000" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422">"Eschatology"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eschatology&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2002" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C"><i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227432" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227432"><bdi>9780664227432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780664227432&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5hLLIrh6n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC"><i>Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802800206" title="Special:BookSources/9780802800206"><bdi>9780802800206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+With+an+Introduction+to+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780802800206&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9r_Zs7T1nCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9XYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Daniel</i></a>. Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800660406" title="Special:BookSources/9780800660406"><bdi>9780800660406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780800660406&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9XYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103"><i>The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802843715" title="Special:BookSources/9780802843715"><bdi>9780802843715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocalyptic+Imagination%3A+An+Introduction+to+Jewish+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780802843715&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxjNsMrzI-kC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8s3cp97b-AC"><i>Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391041103" title="Special:BookSources/9780391041103"><bdi>9780391041103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seers%2C+Sibyls%2C+and+Sages+in+Hellenistic-Roman+Judaism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780391041103&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8s3cp97b-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2">"Current Issues in the Study of Daniel"</a>. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). <i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116757" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116757"><bdi>978-9004116757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Current+Issues+in+the+Study+of+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9004116757&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAVPfTe_wkYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64">"From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End"</a>. In McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J. (eds.). <i>The Continuum History of Apocalypticism</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826415202" title="Special:BookSources/9780826415202"><bdi>9780826415202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Prophecy+to+Apocalypticism%3A+The+Expectation+of+the+End&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+History+of+Apocalypticism&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780826415202&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UlbWioOV7sC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPn26iYzagC&pg=PP140">"Daniel"</a>. In Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible</i>. Oxford UNiversity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191649189" title="Special:BookSources/9780191649189"><bdi>9780191649189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Reception+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+UNiversity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780191649189&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgPn26iYzagC%26pg%3DPP140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2000" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Sidnie White (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73">"Apocalyptic"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalyptic&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Sidnie+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA452"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip (2006). "Apocalyptic". In Rogerson, J. W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199254255" title="Special:BookSources/9780199254255"><bdi>9780199254255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalyptic&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Biblical+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199254255&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKZYMifS1fAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeChant2009" class="citation book cs1">DeChant, Dell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237">"Apocalyptic Communities"</a>. In Neusner, Jacob (ed.). <i>World Religions in America: An Introduction</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611640472" title="Special:BookSources/9781611640472"><bdi>9781611640472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalyptic+Communities&rft.btitle=World+Religions+in+America%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781611640472&rft.aulast=DeChant&rft.aufirst=Dell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34vGv_HDGG8C%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoukhan2000" class="citation book cs1">Doukhan, Jacques (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC"><i>Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile</i></a>. Review and Herald Pub Assoc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828014243" title="Special:BookSources/9780828014243"><bdi>9780828014243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Daniel%3A+wisdom+and+dreams+of+a+Jewish+prince+in+exile&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Pub+Assoc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780828014243&rft.aulast=Doukhan&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXSW1QBB2KIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545">"The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament"</a>. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). <i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041288"><bdi>978-0391041288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Danilic+Son+of+Man+in+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0391041288&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvtbNQtMqEUC%26pg%3DPA545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James Douglas Grant (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA730"><i>Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1</i></a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 730. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered%3A+Christianity+in+the+Making%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=730&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+Douglas+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC%26pg%3DPA730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodden2013" class="citation book cs1">Godden, Malcolm (2013). "Biblical Literature" The Old Testament". In Godden and, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QH3AQAAQBAJ&q=%22highest+reach+of+man%22"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107469211" title="Special:BookSources/9781107469211"><bdi>9781107469211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biblical+Literature%22+The+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Old+English+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107469211&rft.aulast=Godden&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QH3AQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522highest%2Breach%2Bof%2Bman%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229">"A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important?"</a>. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W. (eds.). <i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i>. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum. Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11675-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11675-3"><bdi>90-04-11675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Dan%28iel%29+For+All+Seasons%3A+For+Whom+Was+Daniel+Important%3F&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Supplements+to+Vetus+Testamentum&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-11675-3&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAVPfTe_wkYC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2002" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282"><i>Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203461013" title="Special:BookSources/9780203461013"><bdi>9780203461013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaic+Religion+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Belief+and+Practice+from+the+Exile+to+Yavneh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780203461013&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DES2oy3IHBx0C%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2010" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC"><i>An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567552488" title="Special:BookSources/9780567552488"><bdi>9780567552488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Second+Temple+Judaism%3A+History+and+Religion+of+the+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Nehemiah%2C+the+Maccabees%2C+Hillel%2C+and+Jesus&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567552488&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di89-9fdNUcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1976" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Raymond (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0VmxeM472EC"><i>The Book of Daniel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521097659" title="Special:BookSources/9780521097659"><bdi>9780521097659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780521097659&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0VmxeM472EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1999" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Daniel J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC"><i>Invitation to the Apocrypha</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846334" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846334"><bdi>9780802846334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+the+Apocrypha&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802846334&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6zJG-9BZMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Andrew E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT247">"Daniel"</a>. In Garland, David E.; Longman, Tremper (eds.). <i>Daniel—Malachi</i>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310590545" title="Special:BookSources/9780310590545"><bdi>9780310590545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel&rft.btitle=Daniel%E2%80%94Malachi&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780310590545&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VWQlEQGW-oC%26pg%3DPT247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2000" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Charles E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67">"Antichrist"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2007" class="citation book cs1">Horsley, Richard A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC"><i>Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664229917" title="Special:BookSources/9780664229917"><bdi>9780664229917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribes%2C+Visionaries%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Second+Temple+Judea&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780664229917&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukojCH-hlVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnibb2002" class="citation book cs1">Knibb, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2">"The Book of Daniel in its Context"</a>. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). <i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116757" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116757"><bdi>978-9004116757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Daniel+in+its+Context&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9004116757&rft.aulast=Knibb&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAVPfTe_wkYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester2015" class="citation book cs1">Lester, G. Brooke (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel</i></a>. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-65856-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-65856-2"><bdi>978-0-567-65856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Evokes+Isaiah%3A+Allusive+Characterization+of+Foreign+Rule+in+the+Hebrew-Aramaic+Book+of+Daniel&rft.series=The+Library+of+Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-567-65856-2&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=G.+Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTTClCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2010" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Amy-Jill (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235">"Daniel"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. (eds.). <i>The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370504" title="Special:BookSources/9780199370504"><bdi>9780199370504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel&rft.btitle=The+new+Oxford+annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+books+%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199370504&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTYdAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2005" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Ernest C. (2005). "Daniel, Book of". In Vanhoozer, Kevin J.; Bartholomew, Craig G.; Treier, Daniel J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC"><i>Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801026942" title="Special:BookSources/9780801026942"><bdi>9780801026942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=Dictionary+for+Theological+Interpretation+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780801026942&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Ernest+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8UWJohMGUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsMoyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC"><i>The Old Testament: Text and Context</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801048357" title="Special:BookSources/9780801048357"><bdi>9780801048357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+Text+and+Context&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780801048357&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft.au=Moyer%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrU_dAldCk6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2012" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PP1"><i>Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon</i></a>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-838-7"><bdi>978-1-59856-838-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+the+Bible%3A+the+Story+of+the+Church%27s+Canon&rft.place=Peabody%2C+MA&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-838-7&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SuRX3APsukC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1994" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Steven R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3D6niEj9_sC&q=steven+r.+miller+daniel"><i>Daniel</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401189" title="Special:BookSources/9780805401189"><bdi>9780805401189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780805401189&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3D6niEj9_sC%26q%3Dsteven%2Br.%2Bmiller%2Bdaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiskanen2004" class="citation book cs1">Niskanen, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC"><i>The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567082138" title="Special:BookSources/9780567082138"><bdi>9780567082138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+and+the+Divine+in+History%3A+Herodotus+and+the+Book+of+Daniel&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780567082138&rft.aulast=Niskanen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0YFSrClQOkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortier-Young2016" class="citation book cs1">Portier-Young, Anathea E. (2016). Sharp, Carolyn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985956-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985956-6"><bdi>978-0-19-985956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Prophets&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985956-6&rft.aulast=Portier-Young&rft.aufirst=Anathea+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUu_mDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvan2003" class="citation book cs1">Provan, Iain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665">"Daniel"</a>. In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Provan&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedditt2008" class="citation book cs1">Redditt, Paul L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188"><i>Introduction to the Prophets</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828965" title="Special:BookSources/9780802828965"><bdi>9780802828965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Prophets&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802828965&rft.aulast=Redditt&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKM_VJt9e3kC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2000" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Stephen Breck (2000). "Daniel, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Breck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2007" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344">"Apocalyptic Literature"</a>. In Hass, Andrew; Jasper, David; Jay, Elisabeth (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199271979" title="Special:BookSources/9780199271979"><bdi>9780199271979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+English+Literature+and+Theology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199271979&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKG12u11z2AC%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRykenWilhoitLongman1998" class="citation book cs1">Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC"><i>Dictionary of Biblical Imagery</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830867332" title="Special:BookSources/9780830867332"><bdi>9780830867332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780830867332&rft.aulast=Ryken&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft.au=Wilhoit%2C+Jim&rft.au=Longman%2C+Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjEYEjVVEosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRykenLongman2010" class="citation book cs1">Ryken, Leland; Longman, Tremper (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2GCDsFC3XMC"><i>The Complete Literary Guide to the Bible</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310877424" title="Special:BookSources/9780310877424"><bdi>9780310877424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Literary+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780310877424&rft.aulast=Ryken&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft.au=Longman%2C+Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2GCDsFC3XMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Sacchi, Paolo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C"><i>The History of the Second Temple Period</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567044501" title="Special:BookSources/9780567044501"><bdi>9780567044501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780567044501&rft.aulast=Sacchi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGNyKdnpMa0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1992" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110"><i>Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161457982" title="Special:BookSources/9783161457982"><bdi>9783161457982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Jewish+Background+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783161457982&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drd5OB4PtlCUC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeow2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Choon-Leong_Seow" title="Choon-Leong Seow">Seow, C.L.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C"><i>Daniel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256753" title="Special:BookSources/9780664256753"><bdi>9780664256753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780664256753&rft.aulast=Seow&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuLapFR3AX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C"><i>From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881253726" title="Special:BookSources/9780881253726"><bdi>9780881253726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Text+to+Tradition%3A+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780881253726&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kWYHyBb4C8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2002" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Richard A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89">"Additions to Daniel"</a>. In Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (eds.). <i>The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha</i>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865545106" title="Special:BookSources/9780865545106"><bdi>9780865545106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Additions+to+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Deuterocanonicals%2FApocrypha&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780865545106&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoqYxT-1RzEC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophilos2012" class="citation book cs1">Theophilos, Michael P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=my3zsgYkaisC&pg=PA163"><i>The Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24.15</i></a>. T & T Clark library of biblical studies. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55468-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55468-0"><bdi>978-0-567-55468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abomination+of+Desolation+in+Matthew+24.15&rft.series=T+%26+T+Clark+library+of+biblical+studies&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-567-55468-0&rft.aulast=Theophilos&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmy3zsgYkaisC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowner1984" class="citation book cs1">Towner, W. Sibley (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC"><i>Daniel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664237561" title="Special:BookSources/9780664237561"><bdi>9780664237561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780664237561&rft.aulast=Towner&rft.aufirst=W.+Sibley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8EEY610xeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker_Jr.2020" class="citation book cs1">Tucker Jr., W. D. (2020) [2012]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT211">"Daniel: History of Interpretation"</a>. In McConville, Gordon J.; Boda, Mark J. (eds.). <i>Dictionary of the Old Testament: Prophets: A Compendium Of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship</i>. Inter-Varsity Press. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78974-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78974-038-7"><bdi>978-1-78974-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel%3A+History+of+Interpretation&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Prophets%3A+A+Compendium+Of+Contemporary+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78974-038-7&rft.aulast=Tucker+Jr.&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GfnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam2010" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC"><i>The Dead Sea Scrolls Today</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802864352" title="Special:BookSources/9780802864352"><bdi>9780802864352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780802864352&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2i5haDHAygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKamFlint2013" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146"><i>The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062243300" title="Special:BookSources/9780062243300"><bdi>9780062243300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls%3A+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780062243300&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkT0PAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2014" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ"><i>Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107652729" title="Special:BookSources/9781107652729"><bdi>9781107652729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%2C+550%E2%80%93330+BC&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107652729&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__xGAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2007" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Timothy P. (2007). "Millennialism". In Walls, Jerry L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199742486" title="Special:BookSources/9780199742486"><bdi>9780199742486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millennialism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Eschatology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199742486&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1XYXMTe1jYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesselius2002" class="citation book cs1">Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "The Writing of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC"><i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041288"><bdi>978-0391041288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Writing+of+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0391041288&rft.aulast=Wesselius&rft.aufirst=Jan-Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvtbNQtMqEUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quod.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Bible%2C+King+James+Version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fk%2Fkjv%2Fkjv-idx%3Ftype%3DDIV1%26byte%3D3297390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Daniel" class="Z3988"></span>) Book of Daniel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050206114043/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/27_daniel.htm"><i>Daniel</i> at The Great Books *</a> (New Revised Standard Version)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=27:+Daniel&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: Daniel</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Book of Daniel </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmoni" title="Palmoni">Palmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Angels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian interpretations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Daniel" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel">Historicist interpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">Papyrus 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chisianus_45" title="Codex Chisianus 45">Codex Chisianus 45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, 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