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revival initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_revival_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oroqen people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوروجون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اوروجون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Oroqen-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oroqen-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Орачэны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Орачэны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་ལུན་ཁྲུན་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་ལུན་ཁྲུན་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro%C4%8Dov%C3%A9" title="Oročové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oročové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen" title="Oroqen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen" title="Oroqen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen_etnia" title="Oroqen etnia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oroqen etnia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen" title="Oroqen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Oroqen-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Oroqen-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C%EC%B4%8C%EC%A1%B1" title="오로촌족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오로촌족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Oroqen" title="Suku Oroqen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen" title="Oroqen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Oroqen" title="Wong Oroqen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орочондар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орочондар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro%C4%8Denai" title="Oročenai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oročenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen-c%C5%ADk" title="Oroqen-cŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Oroqen-cŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Орчон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орчон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen" title="Oroqen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E6%97%8F" title="オロチョン族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オロチョン族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqenfolket" title="Oroqenfolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oroqenfolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="اوروکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوروکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocy" title="Orocy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orocy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povo_Orochen" title="Povo Orochen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povo Orochen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Орочоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орочоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%E2%80%99luncuncu" title="E’luncuncu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="E’luncuncu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orokeny" title="Orokeny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Orokeny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Орочони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орочони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqinit" title="Oroqinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oroqinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro%C3%A7enler" title="Oroçenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oroçenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ئورۇنچون مىللىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئورۇنچون مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Oroqen" title="Người Oroqen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Oroqen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%80%AB%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F" title="鄂倫春族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄂倫春族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group in northern China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the related <a href="/wiki/Oroch_people" title="Oroch people">Oroch</a> of Khabarovsk Krai and <a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Orok</a> peoples in Sakhalin.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Орочоны">the corresponding article</a> in Russian</b>.  <i><small>(May 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Russian#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Russian">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 986 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Russian_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Орочоны]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ru|Орочоны}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Oroqen_people" title="Talk:Oroqen people">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Oroqen<br /><small>Alternative names:<br />Elunchunzu, Orochon, Orochen </small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Oroqen</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <b>8,689</b> (est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,259<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Evens" title="Evens">Evens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Oroqen</b> or <b>Orochen people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a>:<span title="Oroqen-language text"><i lang="orh">ɔrɔtʃeen</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">鄂伦春族</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鄂倫春族</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Èlúnchūnzú</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn">Orčun</i></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. They form one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese ethnic groups">56 ethnic groups</a> officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1.6">: 1.6 </span></sup> The Oroqen people are largely concentrated in the northern Chinese <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, which are home to 45.54% and 41.94% of the 8,259 Oroqen people living in China. The <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_Autonomous_Banner" title="Oroqen Autonomous Banner">Oroqen Autonomous Banner</a> is also located in Inner Mongolia. </p><p>The Oroqens are mainly hunters, and customarily use animal fur and skins for clothing. Many of them have given up hunting and adhered to laws that aimed to protect wildlife in the People's Republic of China. The government has provided modern dwellings for those who have left behind the traditional way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oroqen are represented in the People's Congress by their own delegate and are a recognized <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minority</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, various peoples in various places were called Orochen (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ороченъ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">orthography before Soviet reform</a>), in several variants (орочон, орончон, орочен). One of the most commonly accepted hypotheses is that the term is derived from the Manchu language: орунчунь (<i>orunchun</i>) meaning "deer people", or "deer herders" (cf. pinyin "Èlúnchūn"). This is not a self-naming of these peoples, but an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, i.e., assigned to them by Manchu, Tungus, or Russians, sometimes due to misunderstanding.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore old documents speaking about <i>orochon</i>/<i>orochen</i> must be considered cautiously. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tungusic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Tungusic languages">Northern Tungusic</a> language. Their language is very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki language</a> and it is believed that speakers of these two languages can understand 70% of the other language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their language is still unwritten; however, the majority of the Oroqen are capable of reading and writing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and some can also speak the <a href="/wiki/Daur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Daur language">Daur language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg/220px-%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg/330px-%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg/440px-%E9%84%82%E4%BC%A6%E6%98%A5%E6%97%8F%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A1%A3_%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Oroqen shaman clothing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_the_uttermost_East,_being_an_account_of_investigations_among_the_natives_and_Russian_convicts_of_the_island_of_Sakhalin,_with_notes_of_travel_in_Korea,_Siberia,_and_Manchuria_(1903)_(14762032684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/In_the_uttermost_East%2C_being_an_account_of_investigations_among_the_natives_and_Russian_convicts_of_the_island_of_Sakhalin%2C_with_notes_of_travel_in_Korea%2C_Siberia%2C_and_Manchuria_%281903%29_%2814762032684%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/In_the_uttermost_East%2C_being_an_account_of_investigations_among_the_natives_and_Russian_convicts_of_the_island_of_Sakhalin%2C_with_notes_of_travel_in_Korea%2C_Siberia%2C_and_Manchuria_%281903%29_%2814762032684%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/In_the_uttermost_East%2C_being_an_account_of_investigations_among_the_natives_and_Russian_convicts_of_the_island_of_Sakhalin%2C_with_notes_of_travel_in_Korea%2C_Siberia%2C_and_Manchuria_%281903%29_%2814762032684%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="3295" /></a><figcaption>An Orochon woman, <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD)._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%28%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%29._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%28%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%29._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%28%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%29._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%28%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%29._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%28%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%29._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%28%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD%29._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C_e1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Orochen man, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The Oroqen (Mongolian <i>Guruchin</i>) are one of the oldest ethnic groups in northeast China. The <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i>oroqen</i> means "people who keep reindeer, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herding" title="Reindeer herding">reindeer herder(s)</a>." The ancestor of the Oroqen originally lived in the vast area south of the <a href="/wiki/Stanovoy_Range" title="Stanovoy Range">Outer Khingan Mountains</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>. </p><p>They once formed part of the ancient people known as the <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>. In the 17th century, following invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, some Oroqens moved to the area near the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Khingan" title="Lesser Khingan">Lesser Khingan</a> Mountains. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Japanese occupation of Manchuria</a>, the Oroqen suffered a significant population decline. The Japanese distributed opium among them and subjected some members of the community to human experiments, and combined with incidents of epidemic diseases this caused their population to decline until only 1,000 remained.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese banned Oroqen from communicating with other ethnicities, and forced them to hunt animals for them in exchange for rations and clothing which were sometimes insufficient for survival, which lead to deaths from starvation and exposure. Opium was distributed to Oroqen adults older than 18 as a means of control. After 2 Japanese troops were killed in Alihe by an Oroqen hunter, the Japanese poisoned 40 Oroqen to death.<sup id="cite_ref-NaeherStary2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaeherStary2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese forced Oroqen to fight for them in the war which led to a population decrease of Oroqen people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even those Oroqen who avoided direct control by the Japanese found themselves facing conflict from anti-Japanese forces of the Chinese Communists, which also contributed to their population decline during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-NaeherStary2002_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaeherStary2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the expulsion of the Japanese from Manchuria, the Oroqen came under suspicion from the Chinese Communists as counterrevolutionaries and were subjected to persecution, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> between 1966 and 1976. Some Oroqen were driven to suicide due to intense interrogation by Chinese Communist authorities, as well as having to endure public humiliations and beatings.<sup id="cite_ref-NaeherStary2002a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaeherStary2002a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oroqen are <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamous</a>, only marriages among members of different clans being permitted. </p><p>The traditional dwelling is called a <i>sierranju</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">斜仁柱</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiérénzhù</span></i>) and is covered in the summer with birch bark and in the winter with deer furs. These dwellings have conical forms and are made out of 20 to 30 pine sticks. The dwellings are usually about six meters in diameter and five meters in height. In the centre a fire is placed that serves as a kitchen, as well as a source of lighting. Birch bark is an important raw material in the traditional culture alongside the furs. It serves for the preparation of containers of all types, from the manufacture of cradles to boats. With respect to the reindeer herding of the Evenki, Oroqen and Nanai, which all shared the use of birch bark, it can be said that these cultures are part of a "birch bark" culture. </p><p>The Oroqen is now among China's most highly educated ethnic groups. 23.3% of the ethnic group received college education, only less than <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russian Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanais" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanais">Nanais</a>. 19.2% received only primary school education or less, only higher than <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a>, Russian Chinese and Nanais.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuonnasuan,_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen,_in_July_1994_(Photo_by_Richard_Noll).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chuonnasuan%2C_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen%2C_in_July_1994_%28Photo_by_Richard_Noll%29.jpg/220px-Chuonnasuan%2C_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen%2C_in_July_1994_%28Photo_by_Richard_Noll%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chuonnasuan%2C_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen%2C_in_July_1994_%28Photo_by_Richard_Noll%29.jpg/330px-Chuonnasuan%2C_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen%2C_in_July_1994_%28Photo_by_Richard_Noll%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chuonnasuan%2C_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen%2C_in_July_1994_%28Photo_by_Richard_Noll%29.jpg/440px-Chuonnasuan%2C_the_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen%2C_in_July_1994_%28Photo_by_Richard_Noll%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This is a photo of Chuonnasuan (1927–2000), the last shaman of the Oroqen people, taken by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Richard Noll</a> in July 1994 in Manchuria near the Amur River border between the People's Republic of China and Russia (Siberia). Oroqen <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> is now extinct.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the early 1950s the main religion of the nomadic Oroqen was <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>. In the summer of 1952 cadres of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> coerced the leaders of the Oroqen to give up their "superstitions" and abandon any religious practices. These tribal leaders, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuonnasuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuonnasuan (page does not exist)">Chuonnasuan</a> (Meng Jin Fu) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Li_Ben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Li Ben (page does not exist)">Zhao Li Ben</a>, were also powerful shamans. The special community ritual to "send away the spirits" and beg them not to return was held over three nights in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiyinna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiyinna (page does not exist)">Baiyinna</a> and in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shibazhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shibazhan (page does not exist)">Shibazhan</a>. </p><p>The last living shaman of the Oroqen, Chuonnasuan (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">孟金福</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mèng Jīn Fú</span></i>), died at the age of 73 on 9 October 2000. His life, initiatory illness, and training as a shaman are detailed in a published article, also available online.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chuonnasuan was the last living shaman who practiced his craft prior to the communist banishment of such "superstitions" in this region in 1952. Over three nights in July 1952, in several separate communities, the Oroqen peoples held rituals in which they begged the spirits to leave them forever. Evidence for and enhancement of auditory (spirit songs) and visual mental imagery during altered states of consciousness can be found in Chuonnasuan's account of his practice of shamanism. Noteworthy is that he reported performing only one ritual journey to the lower world, which he called <i>Buni.</i> This term for the lowerworld or land of the dead is identical to that used by the <a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai people</a> of Siberia in accounts of shamans collected almost a century ago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacrifices to ancestral spirits are still routinely made, and there is a folk psychological belief in animism. </p><p>Traditionally the Oroqen have a special veneration for animals, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>, which they consider their blood brothers. The tiger is known to them as <i>wutaqi</i>, which means "elderly man", while the bear is <i>amaha</i>, which means "uncle“. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_revival_initiatives">Cultural revival initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural revival initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For tourism and other cultural activities, there are presently three new museums in the Autonomous Banner, one of which is dedicated to The Northern Wei Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-oroqen.htm">"The Oroqen ethnic minority"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oroqen+ethnic+minority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fe-groups%2Fshaoshu%2Fshao-2-oroqen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中国2010年人口普查资料</bdi></a> [2010 Chinese Census Data]. <i>www.stats.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611025911/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stats.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2010%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Fpcsj%2Frkpc%2F6rp%2Findexch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2019" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Nathan (6 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3004653/one-chinas-smallest-ethnic-minority-groups">"Saving one of China's smallest ethnic minority groups"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Saving+one+of+China%27s+smallest+ethnic+minority+groups&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Flong-reads%2Farticle%2F3004653%2Fone-chinas-smallest-ethnic-minority-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoli_Startsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoli Startsev (page does not exist)">Anatoli Startsev</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Старцев, Ананий Фёдорович">ru</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euroasia-science.ru/istoricheskie-nauki/%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B-%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5/">Распространение понятия орочены-оленеводы у тунгусо-маньчжурских этносов Сибири и Дальнего Востока</a>, Евразийский Союз Ученых (ЕСУ) no. 5 (14), 2015 | ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/oroqen">"Oroqen"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151156/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/oroqen">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span> – via Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oroqen&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Foroqen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136942.htm">"The Oroqen Ethnic Group"</a>. <i>China.org.cn</i>. 21 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China.org.cn&rft.atitle=The+Oroqen+Ethnic+Group&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2FEthnicGroups%2F136942.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ee.china-embassy.org/eng/zggk/mz/t109290.htm">"The Oroqen ethnic minority"</a>. <i>Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Estonia</i>. 17 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082012/http://ee.china-embassy.org/eng/zggk/mz/t109290.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+the+Republic+of+Estonia&rft.atitle=The+Oroqen+ethnic+minority&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fee.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Fzggk%2Fmz%2Ft109290.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat5/sub88/item160.html#chapter-3">"OROQEN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617162444/http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat5/sub88/item160.html#chapter-3">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OROQEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fchina%2Fcat5%2Fsub88%2Fitem160.html%23chapter-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinainsight.info/culture/chinese/431-chinas-ethnic-minorities.html?tmpl=component&type=raw">"China's ethnic minorities"</a>. 27 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04628-2"><bdi>978-3-447-04628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+on+Manchu-Tungus+Studies%2C+Bonn%2C+August+28-September+1%2C+2000%3A+Trends+in+Tungusic+and+Siberian+linguistics&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04628-2&rft.au=Carsten+Naeher&rft.au=Giovanni+Stary&rft.au=Michael+Weiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGv6RQDVEP3cC%26q%3Doroqen%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1998" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOM8qF34s4YC"><i>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28853-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28853-1"><bdi>978-0-313-28853-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+China&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28853-1&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOM8qF34s4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NaeherStary2002a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NaeherStary2002a_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsten_NaeherGiovanni_StaryMichael_Weiers2002" class="citation book cs1">Carsten Naeher; Giovanni Stary; Michael Weiers (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gv6RQDVEP3cC&q=oroqen+japanese&pg=PA120"><i>Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, Bonn, August 28-September 1, 2000: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian linguistics</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 120, 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04628-2"><bdi>978-3-447-04628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+on+Manchu-Tungus+Studies%2C+Bonn%2C+August+28-September+1%2C+2000%3A+Trends+in+Tungusic+and+Siberian+linguistics&rft.pages=120%2C+124&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04628-2&rft.au=Carsten+Naeher&rft.au=Giovanni+Stary&rft.au=Michael+Weiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGv6RQDVEP3cC%26q%3Doroqen%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollShi,_Kun2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Noll, Richard</a>; Shi, Kun (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925190310/http://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdf">"Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu). The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Korean Religions</i> (6): 135–162. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Korean+Religions&rft.atitle=Chuonnasuan+%28Meng+Jin+Fu%29.+The+Last+Shaman+of+the+Oroqen+of+Northeast+China&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=135-162&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Shi%2C+Kun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desales.edu%2Fassets%2Fdesales%2FSocScience%2FOroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span> It describes the life of Chuonnasuan, the last shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Noll and Kun Shi, The last shaman of the Oroqen people of northeast China,<i>Shaman:Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research</i>17 (1 and 2): 117-140, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266140388_The_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen_people_of_northeast_China">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266140388_The_last_shaman_of_the_Oroqen_people_of_northeast_China</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna-Lena Siikala, <i>The Rite Technique of the Siberian Shaman (FF Communications No. 220), </i>Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1987, pages 264-277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/preserving-oroqen-culture?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3AfrIg-1ztVNOM8dLdH3wW2sIrj8eZWyjdeLO-RGvrqoXnhFYY8AX63m0_aem_AdZ4brsR-p9Ej-zf1vvFAcAJ2mhTbA3SHmgQYNbTKFqB6Ba_9A1UKN42nwwjSoY-L67bBOCcQkUDnt5vFSlLTKLK">Preserving the Oroqen Culture</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2019" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Loretta (2019). <i>Ethnic Chrysalis: China’s Orochen People and the Legacy of Qing Borderland Administration</i>. Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674237193" title="Special:BookSources/9780674237193"><bdi>9780674237193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Chrysalis%3A+China%E2%80%99s+Orochen+People+and+the+Legacy+of+Qing+Borderland+Administration&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674237193&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oroqen_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzkyMjUwMzY=.html">A 1992 documentary Film about Chuonnasuan</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepu.net.cn/english/nationalityne/oro/200312050026.html">"The people on mountains—the Oroqen nationality"</a>. <i>Nationalities in Northeast China and Inner Mongol</i>. Science Museums of China • Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CNIC,CAS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+in+Northeast+China+and+Inner+Mongol&rft.atitle=The+people+on+mountains%E2%80%94the+Oroqen+nationality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kepu.net.cn%2Fenglish%2Fnationalityne%2Foro%2F200312050026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollShi,_Kun2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Noll, Richard</a>; Shi, Kun (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdf">"Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu). The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Korean Religions</i> (6): 135–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Korean+Religions&rft.atitle=Chuonnasuan+%28Meng+Jin+Fu%29.+The+Last+Shaman+of+the+Oroqen+of+Northeast+China&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=135-162&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Shi%2C+Kun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desales.edu%2Fassets%2Fdesales%2FSocScience%2FOroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOroqen+people" class="Z3988"></span> It describes the life of Chuonnasuan, the last shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422092256/http://www.orochenfoundation.org/">Orochen Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><u>Underlined</u>: the 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China#Ethnic_groups_recognized_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">recognized ethnic groups</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong" title="Kucong">Kucong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_people" title="Baima people">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Deng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu" title="Bolyu">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Kunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Pakan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Ta'ang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a>(<a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Jingzu</a>)</u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipino</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Gaoshan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaga_Mongols" title="Abaga Mongols">Abaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaganar" title="Abaganar">Abaganar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaids">Jalaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khishigten" title="Khishigten">Khishigten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Khuuchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muumyangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muumyangan">Muumyangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnigud" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnigud">Onnigud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_people" title="Buyang people">Buyang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maonan_people" title="Maonan people">Maonan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mulao_people" title="Mulao people">Mulao</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></u></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oroqen</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_people" title="Dolan people">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk People">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakh</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatar</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daman_people" title="Daman people">Daman</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Tajiks (Pamiris)</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">African Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoxianzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoxianzu">Chaoxianzu</a>)</u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">Unrecognized ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigrant ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Historic ethnic groups</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tungusic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tungusic_peoples" title="Template:Tungusic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tungusic_peoples" title="Template talk:Tungusic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tungusic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tungusic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tungusic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evens" title="Evens">Evens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oroqens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negidals" title="Negidals">Negidals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duchers" title="Duchers">Duchers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udeges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroch_people" title="Oroch people">Orochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_people" title="Taz people">Taz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a></i> (controversial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></i> (controversial)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuji_(people)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuji (people) (page does not exist)">Wuji</a></i> (controversial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></i> (controversial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohes</a></i> (controversial, including <i><a href="/wiki/Heishui_Mohe" title="Heishui Mohe">Heishui Mohe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sumo_Mohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo Mohe">Sumo Mohe</a></i> etc.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a></i> (including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_state_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five state tribes (page does not exist)">Five state tribes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Jurchens" title="Haixi Jurchens">Haixi Jurchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Jurchens" title="Wild Jurchens">Wild Jurchens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_people" title="Ulch people">Ulchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct group</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059053#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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