CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Endonym and exonym - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c532d32c-819f-412d-b577-c8c811758a4f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Endonym_and_exonym","wgTitle":"Endonym and exonym","wgCurRevisionId":1252272868,"wgRevisionId":1252272868,"wgArticleId":1323496,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles that may contain original research from December 2022","All articles that may contain original research","Articles needing additional references from December 2022","All articles needing additional references", "Articles with multiple maintenance issues","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles containing Hindi-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles needing additional references from November 2023","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing Albanian-language text","Articles containing Czech-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Māori-language text","Articles containing Icelandic-language text","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles containing Finnish-language text","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text", "Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Armenian-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Slovene-language text","Articles containing Avar-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Serbian-language text","Articles containing Neapolitan-language text","Articles containing Basque-language text","Articles containing Danish-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Articles needing additional references from July 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Articles containing Estonian-language text","Articles containing Faroese-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles containing Georgian-language text", "Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles with text in Slavic languages","Articles with text in Algonquian languages","Articles containing Comanche-language text","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","Exonyms","Demonyms","Ethnicity","Ethnonyms","Etymology","Geopolitical terminology","Human names","Language naming","Onomastics","Semantics","Toponymy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Endonym_and_exonym","wgRelevantArticleId":1323496,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Endonym","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q22920493","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png/1200px-Germany_Name_European_Languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="981"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png/800px-Germany_Name_European_Languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="654"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png/640px-Germany_Name_European_Languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="523"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Endonym and exonym - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Endonym_and_exonym rootpage-Endonym_and_exonym skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Endonym+and+exonym" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Endonym+and+exonym" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Endonym+and+exonym" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Endonym+and+exonym" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naming and etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_glossonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_glossonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_glossonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exonyms_in_relation_to_endonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exonyms_in_relation_to_endonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exonyms in relation to endonyms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exonyms_in_relation_to_endonyms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exonyms in relation to endonyms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exonyms_in_relation_to_endonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognate_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognate_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cognate exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognate_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translated_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translated_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Translated exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translated_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_and_borrowed_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_and_borrowed_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Native and borrowed exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_and_borrowed_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_development_of_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_development_of_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typical development of exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_development_of_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_avoiding_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_avoiding_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In avoiding exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_avoiding_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_preference_of_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_preference_of_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In preference of exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_preference_of_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Official preferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanyu_Pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanyu_Pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Hanyu Pinyin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanyu_Pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exonyms_as_pejoratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exonyms_as_pejoratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exonyms as pejoratives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exonyms_as_pejoratives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exonyms as pejoratives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exonyms_as_pejoratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavic_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Slavic people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_with_renaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_with_renaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Confusion with renaming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Confusion_with_renaming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Confusion with renaming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Confusion_with_renaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_exonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_exonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lists of exonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_exonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Other lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Endonym and exonym</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="التلقيب المحلي والأجنبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التلقيب المحلي والأجنبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksonym_og_endonym" title="Eksonym og endonym – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksonym og endonym" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_und_Endonym" title="Exonym und Endonym – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exonym und Endonym" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF_-_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Ενδώνυμο - εξώνυμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενδώνυμο - εξώνυμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzonimo_kaj_endonimo" title="Ekzonimo kaj endonimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekzonimo kaj endonimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonimo_eta_endonimo" title="Exonimo eta endonimo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Exonimo eta endonimo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="درون‌نام و برون‌نام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درون‌نام و برون‌نام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym_en_eksonym" title="Endonym en eksonym – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Endonym en eksonym" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%B9%AD_%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%EA%B3%BC_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%AD_%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85" title="타칭 지명과 자칭 지명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타칭 지명과 자칭 지명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E2%80%8B" title="अंतःनाम और बहिःनाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतःनाम और बहिःनाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksonim_dan_endonim" title="Eksonim dan endonim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksonim dan endonim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esonimo_ed_endonimo" title="Esonimo ed endonimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esonimo ed endonimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ksonim_lan_%C3%A9ndhonim" title="Éksonim lan éndhonim – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éksonim lan éndhonim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="دله‌یی نوم و بریمی نوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دله‌یی نوم و بریمی نوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksonim_dan_endonim" title="Eksonim dan endonim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eksonim dan endonim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoniem_en_exoniem" title="Endoniem en exoniem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Endoniem en exoniem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0" title="エンドニムとエクソニム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンドニムとエクソニム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksonym_og_endonym" title="Eksonym og endonym – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksonym og endonym" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonim_%C8%99i_endonim" title="Exonim și endonim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exonim și endonim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" title="Exonym and endonym – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Exonym and endonym" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksonim_in_endonim" title="Eksonim in endonim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eksonim in endonim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzonim_ve_endonim" title="Egzonim ve endonim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Egzonim ve endonim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%A8%B1%E8%88%87%E4%BB%96%E7%A8%B1" title="自稱與他稱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自稱與他稱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22920493#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Endonym_and_exonym" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Endonym_and_exonym" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Endonym_and_exonym" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&oldid=1252272868" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Endonym_and_exonym&id=1252272868&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEndonym_and_exonym"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEndonym_and_exonym"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Endonym_and_exonym&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22920493" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">Endonym</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Name variations of ethnic groups, languages, persons, and places</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Special:EditPage/Endonym and exonym">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Endonym_and_exonym" title="Talk:Endonym and exonym">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Special:EditPage/Endonym and exonym">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22">"Endonym and exonym"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Name_European_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png/260px-Germany_Name_European_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png/390px-Germany_Name_European_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png/520px-Germany_Name_European_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>A map demonstrating the wide diversity of exonyms for <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, compared to the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> endonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Deutschland</a></i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>endonym</b> (also known as <b>autonym</b>) is a common, <em>native</em> <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">name</a> for a group of people, individual person, <a href="/wiki/Location" title="Location">geographical place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">linguistic community</a> to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <b>exonym</b> (also known as <b>xenonym</b>) is an established, <i>non-native</i> name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">historico-geographical</a> reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-Ormeling_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ormeling-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Deutschland#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Deutschland">Deutschland</a></i> is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms <i><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></i> and <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Germania#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Germania">Germania</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, respectively, <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alemania#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Alemania">Alemania</a></i> and <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Allemagne#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:Allemagne">Allemagne</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, respectively, <i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Niemcy#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Niemcy">Niemcy</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <i lang="fi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Saksa#Finnish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Saksa">Saksa</a></i> and <i lang="et"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Saksamaa#Estonian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Saksamaa">Saksamaa</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_etymology">Naming and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>autonym</i>, <i>endonym</i>, <i>exonym</i> and <i>xenonym</i> are formed by adding specific <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/H%E2%80%93O" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English/H–O">Greek root word</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ónoma</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνομα">ὄνομα</a></span>, 'name'), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81n%C3%B3mn%CC%A5#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁nómn̥">*h₃nómn̥</a></i></span></span></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> added to these terms are also derived from Greek: </p> <ul><li><b>endonym</b>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">éndon</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔνδον">ἔνδον</a></span>, 'within');</li> <li><b>exonym</b>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">éxō</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CE%BE%CF%89#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔξω">ἔξω</a></span>, 'outside');</li> <li><b>autonym</b>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">autós</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:αὐτός">αὐτός</a></span>, 'self'); and</li> <li><b>xenonym</b>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">xénos</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ξένος">ξένος</a></span>, 'foreign').</li></ul> <p>The terms <i>autonym</i> and <i>xenonym</i> also have different applications,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom199614_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom199614-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus leaving <i>endonym</i> and <i>exonym</i> as the preferred forms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Aurousseau" title="Marcel Aurousseau">Marcel Aurousseau</a>, an Australian <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, first<sup id="cite_ref-Harder1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harder1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the term <i>exonym</i> in his work <i>The Rendering of Geographical Names</i> (1957).<sup id="cite_ref-Aurousseau1957_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aurousseau1957-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endonym" class="extiw" title="wikt:endonym">Endonyms</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exonym" class="extiw" title="wikt:exonym">exonyms</a> can be divided in three main categories:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>endonyms and exonyms of place names (<a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a>),</li> <li>endonyms and exonyms of human names (<a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponyms</a>), including names of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonyms</a>), localised populations (<a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a>), and individuals (<a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a>),</li> <li>endonyms and exonyms of language names (<a href="/wiki/List_of_language_names" title="List of language names">glossonyms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_toponyms">Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As it pertains to <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">geographical features</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a> defines:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Endonym</b>: "Name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is located."</li> <li><b>Exonym</b>: "Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located."</li></ul> <p>For example, <i><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></i>, and <i>Germany</i> are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Bhārat</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">भारत</a></span></span>), <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">中国</a></span></span>), <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Masr</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Egypt">مَصر</a></span></span>), and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Deutschland</a></i></span></i>, respectively. There are also typonyms of specific features, for example <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> for bodies of water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endonyms_and_exonyms_of_glossonyms">Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of endonyms and exonyms of <a href="/wiki/Linguonym" title="Linguonym">language names</a> (glossonyms), <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></i>, for example, are English-language exonyms for the languages that are endonymously known as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngwén</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中文</span></span>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch</i></span>, and <i>Nederlands</i>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exonyms_in_relation_to_endonyms">Exonyms in relation to endonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exonyms in relation to endonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Special:EditPage/Endonym and exonym">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By their relation to endonyms, all exonyms can be divided into three main categories: </p> <ul><li>those that are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> words, diverged only in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>;</li> <li>those that are fully or partially translated (a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a>) from the native language;</li> <li>those derived from different roots, as in the case of Germany for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutschland</i></span>.</li></ul> <p>Sometimes, a place name may be unable to use many of the letters when <a href="/wiki/Transliterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliterated">transliterated</a> into an exonym because of the corresponding language's lack of common sounds. <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, having only one <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid consonant</a>, is an example of this here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognate_exonyms">Cognate exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cognate exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (originally <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Londinium</i>), for example, is known by the cognate exonyms: </p> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Londres</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>;</li> <li><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Londino</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Λονδίνο</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>;</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Londen</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>;</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Londra</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>;</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Londër</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>;</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Londýn</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>;</li> <li><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Londyn</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>;</li> <li><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Rānana</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>;</li> <li><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Lundúnir</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>;</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Londain</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>;</li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Lunnainn</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>;</li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Llundain</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>;</li> <li><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Lontoo</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>;</li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Luân Đôn</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>;</li> <li><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Landan</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">لندن</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>;</li> <li><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">London</i></span> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Լոնդոն</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>;</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Lúndūn</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伦敦</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Chinese</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translated_exonyms">Translated exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translated exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of a translated exonym is the name for the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederland</i></span> in Dutch) used, respectively, in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niederlande</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pays-Bas</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Paesi Bassi</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Países Bajos</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Ísiltír</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Países Baixos</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Țările de Jos</i></span>), all of which mean "<a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Low Countries</a>". However, the endonym <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederland</i></span> is singular, while all the aforementioned translations except Irish are plural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_and_borrowed_exonyms">Native and borrowed exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native and borrowed exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed, e.g., from a third language. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> exonyms <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Dunaj</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>) and <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Benetke</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>) are native, but the <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> name of Paris, <span title="Avar-language text"><span lang="av">Париж</span></span> (<i>Parizh</i>) is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Париж</span></span> (<i>Parizh</i>), which comes from Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Paryż</i></span>, which comes from Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Parigi</i></span>. </p><p>A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Београд</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Serbian-language romanization"><i lang="sr-Latn">Beograd</i></span>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">București</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Köln</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Firenze</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Milano</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">München</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Napoli</i> / <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>: <i lang="nap">Napule</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Navarra</i> / <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i lang="eu">Nafarroa</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Praha</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Roma</i>); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Sevilla</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_development_of_exonyms">Typical development of exonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Typical development of exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of the endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/James_A._Matisoff" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Matisoff">James Matisoff</a>, who introduced the term <i>autonym</i> into <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">the ingroup and the outgroup</a>." For example, Matisoff notes, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Khang</i></span> "an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the <a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Chin_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin peoples">Chin people</a>; both the Jingpo and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> use the Chinese word <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">yeren</i></span> (<i><span lang="zh">野人</span>; 'wild men', 'savage', 'rustic people'</i>) as the name for <a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many European capitals have English exonyms, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Αθήνα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Athína</i></span>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Београд</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Serbian-language romanization"><i lang="sr-Latn">Beograd</i></span>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">București</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bruxelles</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Brussel</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">København</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Lisboa</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Москва</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Moskva</i></span>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Praha</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Roma</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wien</i>); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Warszawa</i>).</li></ul> <p>In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Laibach</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Agram</i></span> (the latter being obsolete); <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i>Lubiana</i> and <i>Zagabria</i>. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, with identical names in most major <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a>, are exceptions. </p><p>Some European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst the spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">paʁi</span>] is different from the English pronunciation [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈpærɪs</span>]. </p><p>For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, for instance, was <i>Leghorn</i> because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the <a href="/wiki/British_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British navy">British Navy</a>; not far away, <a href="/wiki/Rapallo" title="Rapallo">Rapallo</a>, a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Graecus</i></span> (Greek) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Germanus</i></span> (Germanic), the Russians used the village name of <i><a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechen</a></i>, medieval Europeans took the tribal name <i><a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a></i> as emblematic for the whole <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongolic</a> confederation (and then confused it with <i>Tartarus</i>, a word for <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, to produce <i><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tartar</a></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyar</a> invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hunnish</a> invaders in the same territory, and were called <i>Hungarians</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> invaders of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> applied the word "<a href="/wiki/Walha" class="mw-redirect" title="Walha">Walha</a>" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, the historic name of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a></li> <li>the Slavic term Vlah for "Romanian", dialectally "Italian, Latin"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, the french-speaking region of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the Celtic-speaking regions located West of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Wallis</a>, a mostly French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">canton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Welschland</a>, the German name for the french-speaking <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li>the Polish and Hungarian names for Italy, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Włochy</a></i></span> and <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Olaszország</a></i></span> respectively</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_avoiding_exonyms">In avoiding exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In avoiding exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 20th century, the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> way. For example, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> often prefer that term to exonyms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people#Gypsy_and_gipsy" title="Names of the Romani people">Gypsy</a></i> (from the name of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>), and the French term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohémien</a>, bohème</i></span> (from the name of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People may also avoid exonyms for reasons of historical sensitivity, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places that, at one time, had been ethnically or politically German (e.g. Danzig/<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Auschwitz/<a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a> and Karlsbad/<a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a>); and Russian names for non-Russian locations that were subsequently renamed or had their spelling changed (e.g. Kiev/<a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographers</a> have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid this kind of problem. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> rather than use the Spanish exonym <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Angora</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example, it is now common for Italian speakers to refer to some African states as <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> rather than use the Italian exonyms <i>Maurizio</i> and <i>Seicelle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in an intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language's cultural heritage.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_preference_of_exonyms">In preference of exonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In preference of exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Special:EditPage/Endonym and exonym">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some situations, the use of exonyms can be preferred. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> cities such as <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, which is known for its linguistic tensions between Dutch- and French-speakers, a neutral name may be preferred so as to not offend anyone. Thus, an exonym such as Brussels in English could be used instead of favoring either one of the local names (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>/<a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Brussel</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bruxelles</i></span>). </p><p>Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling, and <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">word category</a>. The endonym may include sounds and spellings that are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, the endonym may have undergone <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> changes, either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym, as in the case of <i>Paris</i>, where the <i>s</i> was formerly pronounced in French. Another example is the endonym for the German city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> original of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia</i></span> has evolved into <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Köln</i></span> in German, while the Italian and Spanish exonym <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Colonia</i></span> or the Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Colónia</i></span> closely reflects the Latin original. </p><p>In some cases, no <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardised spelling</a> is available, either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalysed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Finally, an endonym may be a <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> noun and may not naturally extend itself to <a href="/wiki/Adjective_phrase" title="Adjective phrase">adjectival</a> usage in another language like English, which has the propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_preferences">Official preferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Official preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country: </p> <ul><li>In 1782, <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">King Yotfa Chulalok</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> moved the government seat from <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Yai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok Yai District">Thon Buri Province</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Nakhon District">Phra Nakhon Province</a>. In 1972 the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Government">Thai government</a> merged Thon Buri and Phra Nakhon, forming the new capital, Krungthep Mahanakhon. However, outside of Thailand, the capital retained the old name and is still called <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</li> <li>In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> requested that foreign nations use the name <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> rather than Persia in official correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the country had <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">internally been Iran</a> since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> (224–651), whereas the name Persia is descended from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Persis</i></span> (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Περσίς</span></span></i>), referring to a single province which is officially known as <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a>.</li> <li>In 1949, the government of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> changed the name to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, although the former name's adjective in English (<i>Siamese</i>) was retained as the name for the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siamese_(cat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese (cat)">cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined twins</a>.</li> <li>In 1972, the government of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (the word is the <a href="/wiki/Anglicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicized">anglicized</a> form of Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Ceilão</i></span>) changed the name to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, although the name Ceylon was retained as the name for <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_tea" title="Ceylon tea">that type of tea</a>.</li> <li>In 1985, the government of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (see <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire#Etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">name of Côte d'Ivoire</a>). In most non-<a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> countries, however, the French version has not entered common parlance. For example, in German, the country is known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die Elfenbeinküste</i></span>, in Spanish as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Costa de Marfil</i></span> and in Italian as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Costa d'Avorio</i></span>.</li> <li>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Burma">government of Burma</a> requested that the English name of the country be <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>Myanma</i> as the adjective of the country and <i>Bamar</i> as the name of the inhabitants (see <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Burma">names of Burma</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> officially changed the English name of Bombay to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> in November 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following a trend of <a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">renaming of cities and states in India</a> that has occurred since independence.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be spelled <i>Kyiv</i> in English<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the traditional English exonym <i>Kiev</i> was derived from the Russian name <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kiyev</i></span> (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Киев</span></span></i>) (see <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Kyiv">Name of Kyiv</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarusian</a> government argues that the endonym <i>Belarus</i> should be used in all languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym <i>Byelorussia</i>/<i>Belorussia</i>, still used with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Soviet Republic</a>, has virtually died out; in other languages, exonyms are still much more common than <i>Belarus</i>, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviderusland" class="extiw" title="da:Hviderusland">Hviderusland</a></i></span>, Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Rusland" class="extiw" title="nl:Wit-Rusland">Wit-Rusland</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgevene" class="extiw" title="et:Valgevene">Valgevene</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> <span title="Faroese-language text"><i lang="fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtarussland" class="extiw" title="fo:Hvítarussland">Hvítarussland</a></i></span>, Finnish <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valko-Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4" class="extiw" title="fi:Valko-Venäjä">Valko-Venäjä</a></i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Frussland" class="extiw" title="de:Weißrussland">Weißrussland</a></i></span>, Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Lefkorosía</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:Λευκορωσία">Λευκορωσία</a></span></span>), Hungarian <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9roroszorsz%C3%A1g" class="extiw" title="hu:Fehéroroszország">Fehéroroszország</a></i></span>, Icelandic <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADta-R%C3%BAssland" class="extiw" title="is:Hvíta-Rússland">Hvíta-Rússland</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitryssland" class="extiw" title="sv:Vitryssland">Vitryssland</a></i></span>, Turkish <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz_Rusya" class="extiw" title="tr:Beyaz Rusya">Beyaz Rusya</a></i></span>, Chinese <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Bái'èluósī</i></span> (<i><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a></span></span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">rusia albayda'</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" class="extiw" title="ar:روسيا البيضاء">روسيا البيضاء</a></span></span>) (all literally 'White Russia'), or French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9lorussie" class="extiw" title="fr:Biélorussie">Biélorussie</a></i></span>, Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" class="extiw" title="it:Bielorussia">Bielorussia</a></i></span>, Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorr%C3%BAssia" class="extiw" title="pt:Bielorrússia">Bielorrússia</a></i></span>, Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrusia" class="extiw" title="es:Bielorrusia">Bielorrusia</a></i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Belorusija</i></span> (<span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="sr:Белорусија">Белорусија</a></span></span>).</li> <li>The government of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> has been working to have the country renamed from the Russian-derived exonym of <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gruzia</i></span> in foreign languages to <i>Georgia</i>. Most countries have adopted this change, except for <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, which adopted <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Sakartvelas</i></span> (a Lithuanianised version of the country's endonym). As a response, Georgia changed the name of Lithuania in Georgian from the Russian-derived <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Lit’va</i></span> (<i><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ლიტვა</span></span></i>) to the endonym <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Liet’uva</i></span> (<i><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ლიეტუვა</span></span></i>). Ukrainian politicians have also suggested that Ukraine change the Ukrainian name of Georgia from <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Hruzia</i></span> (<i><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Грузія</span></span></i>) to <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn">Sakartvelo</i></span> (<i><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Сакартвело</span></span></i>).</li> <li>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> national government officially changed the Chinese name of its capital, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, from the exonym <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢城/汉城</span></span></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hànchéng</i></span>) derived from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> name (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한성</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">漢城</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hanseong</i></span>) to <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shŏu'ér</i></span> (<i><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">首爾/首尔</span></span></i>). This use has now been made official within China.</li> <li>In December 2021, a circular was issued by President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> ordering the use of Türkiye (also rendered Turkiye in English) instead of exonyms in official communications, no matter the language.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanyu_Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hanyu Pinyin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Chinese language romanization in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Chinese language romanisation in Singapore</a></div> <p>Following the 1979 declaration of <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> spelling as the standard <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation of Chinese">romanisation of Chinese</a>, many Chinese endonyms have successfully replaced English exonyms,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially city and most provincial names in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, for example: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (<span lang="zh">北京</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Běijīng</span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> (<i><span lang="zh">青岛</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qīngdǎo</span></i></i>), and the Province of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (<i><span lang="zh">广东</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guǎngdōng</span></i></i>). However, older English exonyms are sometimes used in certain contexts, for example: Peking (Beijing; <a href="/wiki/Peking_duck" title="Peking duck">duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">opera</a>, etc.), Tsingtao (Qingdao), and Canton (Guangdong). In some cases the traditional English exonym is based on a local <a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese variety">Chinese variety</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, where the name Amoy is closer to the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> pronunciation. </p><p>In the case of <i>Beijing</i>, the adoption of the exonym by media outlets quickly gave rise to a <a href="/wiki/Hyperforeignism" title="Hyperforeignism">hyperforeignised</a> pronunciation, with the result that many English speakers actualize the <i>j</i> in <i>Beijing</i> as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception of Pinyin standardization in mainland China is the spelling of the province <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, which is the mixed <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a>–Pinyin spelling of the province. That is because if Pinyin were used to spell the province, it would be indistinguishable from its neighboring province <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, where the pronunciations of the two provinces only differ by tones, which are usually not written down when used in English. </p><p>In Taiwan, however, the standardization of Hanyu Pinyin has only seen mixed results. In <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, most (but not all) street and district names shifted to Hanyu Pinyin. For example, the Sinyi District is now spelled <a href="/wiki/Xinyi_District,_Taipei" title="Xinyi District, Taipei">Xinyi</a>. However, districts like <a href="/wiki/Tamsui_District" title="Tamsui District">Tamsui</a> and even Taipei itself are not spelled according to Hanyu Pinyin spelling rules. As a matter of fact, most names of Taiwanese cities are still spelled using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Chinese postal romanization</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>. </p><p>During the 1980s, the Singapore Government encouraged the use of Hanyu Pinyin spelling for place names, especially those with Teochew, Hokkien or Cantonese names, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a> to promote Mandarin and discourage the use of dialects. For example, the area of Nee Soon, named after <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a>-Peranakan businessman <a href="/wiki/Lim_Nee_Soon" title="Lim Nee Soon">Lim Nee Soon</a> (Hanyu Pinyin: Lín Yìshùn) became Yishun and the neighbourhood schools and places established following the change used the Hanyu Pinyin spelling. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Hougang" title="Hougang">Hougang</a> is the Hanyu Pinyin spelling but the Hokkien pronunciation <i>au-kang</i> is most commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes to Hanyu Pinyin were not only financially costly but were unpopular with the locals, who opined that the Hanyu Pinyin versions were too difficult for non-Chinese or non-Mandarin speakers to pronounce. The government eventually stopped the changes by the 1990s, which has led to some place names within a locality having differing spellings. For example, Nee Soon Road and the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a> base Nee Soon Camp are both located in Yishun but retained the old spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exonyms_as_pejoratives">Exonyms as pejoratives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exonyms as pejoratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Special:EditPage/Endonym and exonym">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Matisoff wrote, "A group's autonym is often egocentric, equating the name of the people with 'mankind in general,' or the name of the language with 'human speech'."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, the term <i><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">erdara/erdera</i></span></i> is used for speakers of any language other than Basque (usually Spanish or French). </p><p>Many millennia earlier, the Greeks thought that all non-Greeks were uncultured and so called them "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>", which eventually <a href="/wiki/Berber_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber (name)">gave rise</a> to the exonym "<a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_people">Slavic people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Slavic people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking", or "nonsense-speaking". One example is the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> term for the Germans, <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="sla"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/n%C4%9Bm%D1%8Cc%D1%8C#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němьcь">nemtsi</a></i></span></span>, possibly deriving from plural of <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><span lang="sla"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/n%C4%9Bm%D1%8A#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němъ">nemy</a></i></span></span> ("mute"); standard etymology<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has it that the <a href="/wiki/Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav">Slavic</a> peoples referred to their Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because they could not speak the "language". The term survives to this day in the Slavic languages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> німці (nimtsi); <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> немцы (nemtsy), <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> Nemčija), and was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> (in which case it referred specifically to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). </p><p>One of the more prominent theories regarding the origin of the term "<a href="/wiki/Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav">Slav</a>" suggests that it comes from the Slavic root <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slovo#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slovo">slovo</a></i></i></span> (hence "<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>" for example), meaning 'word' or 'speech'. In this context, the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> are describing Germanic people as "mutes"—in contrast to themselves, "the speaking ones".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common names of several <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> tribes derive from pejorative exonyms. The name "<a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>" most likely derives from a <a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> word meaning "enemy". The name "<a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>", an abbreviated form of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Nadouessioux</i></span>, most likely derived from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> term, <span title="Algonquian languages collective text">*<i lang="alg">-a·towe·</i></span> ('foreign-speaking).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "<a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a> word <span title="Comanche-language text"><i lang="com-Latn">kɨmantsi</i></span> meaning "enemy, stranger".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> are also known as the "Anasazi", a <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> word meaning "ancient enemies", and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Puebloans</a> discourage the use of the exonym.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNCO_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCO-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various Native-American autonyms are sometimes explained to English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusion_with_renaming">Confusion with renaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Confusion with renaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_East_Asia">In East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Special:EditPage/Endonym and exonym">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22">"Endonym and exonym"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Endonym+and+exonym%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> has not changed for quite some time while in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> (although the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialect</a> shifted from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing dialect</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a> during the 19th century), they were called <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanking</a> in English due to the older <a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Chinese postal romanization</a> convention, based largely on the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing dialect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, based largely on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a>, became the official <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> method for <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> in the 1970s. </p><p>As the Mandarin pronunciation does not perfectly map to an <a href="/wiki/English_phoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="English phoneme">English phoneme</a>, English speakers using either romanization will not pronounce the names correctly if standard English pronunciation is used. Nonetheless, many older English speakers still refer to the cities by their older English names, and even today they are often used in their traditional associations, such as <a href="/wiki/Peking_duck" title="Peking duck">Peking duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>. As for Nanjing, the historical event called the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> (1937) uses the city's older name because that was the name of the city at the time of occurrence. </p><p>Likewise, many Korean cities like <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Pusan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Inchǒn</a> respectively) also underwent changes in spelling due to changes in romanization, even though the Korean pronunciations have largely stayed the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Eurasia">In Eurasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">geographical renaming</a> as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, which became Petrograd (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Петроград</span></span></i>) in 1914, Leningrad (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ленинград</span></span></i>) in 1924, and again Saint Petersburg (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Санкт-Петербург</span></span></i>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sankt-Peterbúrg</i></span>) in 1991. In this case, although <i>Saint Petersburg</i> has a Dutch etymology, it was never a Dutch exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">Nieuw Amsterdam</a>, the Dutch name of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym. </p><p>Old place names that have become outdated after renaming may afterward still be used as <a href="/wiki/Historicisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicisms">historicisms</a>. For example, even today one would talk about the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, not the Siege of St. Petersburg because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Калининград</span></span></i>), as it has been called since 1946. </p><p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (Turkish: <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">İstanbul</i></span>) is still called <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Constantinople</i></span> (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Κωνσταντινούπολη</span></span></i>) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to dissociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul#Istanbul" title="Names of Istanbul">derives from a Medieval Greek phrase</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Constantinople</i></span>, the city was known in Greek as <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βυζάντιον</span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Byzantium</i>), named after its mythical founder, <a href="/wiki/Byzas" title="Byzas">Byzas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_India">In India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">Renaming of cities in India</a></div> <p>Following independence from the UK in 1947, many regions and cities have been renamed in accordance with local languages, or to change the English spelling to more closely match the indigenous local name. The name <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, may be <a href="/wiki/Chennai#Etymology" title="Chennai">a special case</a>. When the city was first <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">settled by English people</a>, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. They possibly referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madrasi, a term for a native of the city, has often been used derogatorily to refer to the people of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> origin from the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern states of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_exonyms">Lists of exonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lists of exonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_exonyms" title="Latin exonyms">Latin exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English exonyms">List of English exonyms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_exonyms_for_German_toponyms" title="List of English exonyms for German toponyms">English exonyms for German toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_translated_personal_names" title="List of English translated personal names">English-translated personal names</a></li></ul></li> <li>List of <a href="/wiki/German_exonyms" title="German exonyms">German exonyms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_names_for_Central_European_towns" title="German names for Central European towns">German names for Central European towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Belgium" title="List of German exonyms for places in Belgium">German exonyms for places in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Croatia" title="List of German exonyms for places in Croatia">German exonyms for places in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Denmark" title="List of German exonyms for places in Denmark">German exonyms for places in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Estonia" title="List of German exonyms for places in Estonia">German exonyms for places in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Hungary" title="List of German exonyms for places in Hungary">German exonyms for places in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Latvia" title="List of German exonyms for places in Latvia">German exonyms for places in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms_for_places_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German exonyms for places in Slovakia">German exonyms for places in Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_place_names_for_places_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German place names for places in Switzerland">German exonyms for places in Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_exonyms" title="List of European exonyms">List of European exonyms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages">Names of European cities in different languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_exonyms" title="Finnish exonyms">Finnish exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Greek exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_exonyms" title="Italian exonyms">Italian exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_exonyms" title="Portuguese exonyms">Portuguese exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_exonyms" title="Icelandic exonyms">Icelandic exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian exonyms">Russian exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_toponyms_for_Greek_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic toponyms for Greek places">Slavic toponyms for Greek places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_placenames#Welsh_names_for_other_places_in_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh placenames">Welsh names for other places in Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li>African/Asian/Middle-Eastern/Eurasian exonyms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_exonyms" title="Arabic exonyms">Arabic exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_exonyms" title="List of Azerbaijani exonyms">Azerbaijani exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Armenian_exonyms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Armenian exonyms (page does not exist)">Armenian exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exonyms" title="Chinese exonyms">Chinese exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese exonyms">Japanese exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_exonyms" title="Vietnamese exonyms">Vietnamese exonyms</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exonyms_per_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exonyms_per_language" title="Template:Exonyms per language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exonyms_per_language" title="Template talk:Exonyms per language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exonyms_per_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exonyms per language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exonyms_per_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">Exonyms</a> per language</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_exonyms" title="Albanian exonyms">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_exonyms" title="Arabic exonyms">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_Turkish_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Azerbaijani Turkish exonyms">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_exonyms" title="Bulgarian exonyms">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exonyms" title="Chinese exonyms">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_exonyms" title="Cornish exonyms">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_exonyms" title="Croatian exonyms">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_exonyms" title="Czech exonyms">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_exonyms" title="Danish exonyms">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_exonyms" title="Dutch exonyms">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_exonyms" title="English exonyms">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_exonyms" title="Finnish exonyms">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German exonyms">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_exonyms" title="Hungarian exonyms">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_exonyms" title="Icelandic exonyms">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_exonyms" title="Irish exonyms">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_exonyms" title="Italian exonyms">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese exonyms">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_exonyms" title="Latin exonyms">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_exonyms" title="Lithuanian exonyms">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_exonyms" title="Luxembourgish exonyms">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse exonyms">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_exonyms" title="Norwegian exonyms">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_exonyms" title="Portuguese exonyms">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_exonyms" title="Romansh exonyms">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_exonyms" title="List of Russian exonyms">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_place_names#Exonyms" title="Scottish Gaelic place names">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_exonyms" title="Serbian exonyms">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_exonyms" title="Slovak exonyms">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian exonyms">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_exonyms" title="Spanish exonyms">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_exonyms" title="Ukrainian exonyms">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_exonyms" title="Vietnamese exonyms">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_exonyms" title="Welsh exonyms">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">Shibboleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_lists">Other lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_and_their_capitals_in_native_languages" title="List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages">List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_and_demonymic_forms_of_place_names" title="List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names">List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_names" title="List of language names">List of language names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_country_names" title="List of alternative country names">List of alternative country names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country names in various languages">List of country names in various languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin place names in Europe">List of Latin place names in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_with_alternative_names" title="List of European regions with alternative names">List of European regions with alternative names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_rivers_with_alternative_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European rivers with alternative names">List of European rivers with alternative names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Greek_place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional Greek place names">List of traditional Greek place names</a></li> <li>List of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic placenames">Coptic placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Place names in Irish">Place names in Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_places_in_Finland_in_Finnish_and_in_Swedish" title="Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish">Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_Indian_cities_and_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renamed Indian cities and states">List of renamed Indian cities and states</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/exonym-and-endonym-names-1690691">"Exonym and Endonym"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Exonym+and+Endonym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fexonym-and-endonym-names-1690691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormeling-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ormeling_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmeling" class="citation web cs1">Ormeling, Ferjan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_ICAcourses/_HtmlModules/_Documents/D13/Documents/D13-01_Ormeling.pdf">"Exonyms in Cartography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names&rft.atitle=Exonyms+in+Cartography&rft.aulast=Ormeling&rft.aufirst=Ferjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F_data_ICAcourses%2F_HtmlModules%2F_Documents%2FD13%2FDocuments%2FD13-01_Ormeling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom199614-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom199614_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoom1996">Room 1996</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harder1996-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harder1996_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarder1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harder, Kelsey B. (1996). "156. Names in Language Contact: Exonyms (Namen im Sprachaustausch: Exonyme I Les noms dans des echanges de /angues: exonymes)". In Eichler, Ernst (ed.). <i>Namenforschung/Name Studies/Les noms propres</i>. 2/11 in the series Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) (in German). Vol. 2. Halbband+Registerband. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110203431">10.1515/9783110203431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110148794" title="Special:BookSources/9783110148794"><bdi>9783110148794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=156.+Names+in+Language+Contact%3A+Exonyms+%28Namen+im+Sprachaustausch%3A+Exonyme+I+Les+noms+dans+des+echanges+de+%2Fangues%3A+exonymes%29&rft.btitle=Namenforschung%2FName+Studies%2FLes+noms+propres&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=2%2F11+in+the+series+Handb%C3%BCcher+zur+Sprach-+und+Kommunikationswissenschaft+%2F+Handbooks+of+Linguistics+and+Communication+Science+%28HSK%29&rft.pages=1012&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110203431&rft.isbn=9783110148794&rft.aulast=Harder&rft.aufirst=Kelsey+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110203431-toc/pdf">TOC</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aurousseau1957-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aurousseau1957_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurousseau1957" class="citation book cs1">Aurousseau, Marcel (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renderingofgeogr0000auro/page/17/mode/1up"><i>The Rendering of Geographical Names</i></a></span>. London: Hutchinson university library. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rendering+of+Geographical+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Hutchinson+university+library&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Aurousseau&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenderingofgeogr0000auro%2Fpage%2F17%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO1984" class="citation book cs1">UNESCO (1984). <i>African ethnonyms and toponyms</i>. France: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101944-9"><bdi>978-92-3-101944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+ethnonyms+and+toponyms&rft.place=France&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-92-3-101944-9&rft.au=UNESCO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, Loulou. 2009. "What's in a Name? Classification of proper names by language". Pp. 141–53 in <i>Linguistic landscape: expanding the scenery</i>, edited by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. Goh, CL.: "The names of monarchs, popes, and non-contemporary authors as well as place names are commonly translated. Foreign names for geographic <a href="/wiki/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper names">proper names</a> are called exonyms. Fourment-Berni Canani (1994) discusses the (im)possibility of translating proper names. He gives examples of the place names <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and London. The Italian city <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;">Venezia</span></span> has been renamed Venice in English and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Venise</span></span> in French. A city in the American state <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> is also called Venice, but this name is not changed into <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Venezia</span></span> in Italian and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Venise</span></span> in French. Similarly, the English city <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> has been renamed <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Londres</span></span> in French and <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;">Londra</span></span> in Italian. However, the Canadian city called London is not translated into French and Italian in this way. Thus, as Fourment-Berni Canani concludes, a place name can be translated if the place, as a unique referent, has already been renamed in the target language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeršič2020" class="citation web cs1">Geršič, M., ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ungegn.zrc-sazu.si/">"Introduction"</a>. <i>UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms</i>. Slovenia: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2536-1732">2536-1732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Exonyms&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2536-1732&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fungegn.zrc-sazu.si%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2021" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Peter (3–7 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/2nd_session_2021/documents/GEGN.2_2021_73_CRP73_13_Exonyms_cultural_heritage.pdf"><i>Exonyms as part of the cultural heritage</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Provisional agenda item 13 - submission by Austria)</span>. New York: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Second session.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exonyms+as+part+of+the+cultural+heritage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names%2C+Second+session&rft.date=2021-05-03%2F2021-05-07&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fungegn%2Fsessions%2F2nd_session_2021%2Fdocuments%2FGEGN.2_2021_73_CRP73_13_Exonyms_cultural_heritage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatisoff1986" class="citation book cs1">Matisoff, James (1986). "The languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman: an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications". In McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15093829"><i>Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies</i></a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07850-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07850-9"><bdi>90-04-07850-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15093829">15093829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+languages+and+dialects+of+Tibeto-Burman%3A+an+alphabetic%2Fgenetic+listing%2C+with+some+prefatory+remarks+on+ethnonymic+and+glossonymic+complications&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Sino-Tibetan+studies&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15093829&rft.isbn=90-04-07850-9&rft.aulast=Matisoff&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F15093829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S13/S13_001index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"UNGEGN-ICA webcourse on Toponymy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311022407/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S13/S13_001index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=%22UNGEGN-ICA+webcourse+on+Toponymy%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F_data_icacourses%2F_HtmlModules%2F_Selfstudy%2FS13%2FS13_001index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalla" class="citation web cs1">Challa, Janaki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/30/242429836/why-being-gypped-hurts-the-roma-more-than-it-hurts-you">"Why Being 'Gypped' Hurts The Roma More Than It Hurts You"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Hancock tells me the word "gypsy" itself is an "exonym" — a term imposed upon an ethnic group by outsiders. When the Roma people moved westward from India towards the European continent, they were mistaken to be Egyptian because of their features and dark skin. We see the same phenomenon across several languages, not only English. Victor Hugo, in his epic Hunchback of Notre Dame, noted that the Medieval French term for the Roma was egyptiens. In Spanish, the word for gypsy is "gitano," which comes from the word egipcio, meaning Egyptian — in Romanian: tigan, in Bulgarian: tsiganin, in Turkish: cingene — all of which are variations of slang words for "Egyptian" in those languages."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Being+%27Gypped%27+Hurts+The+Roma+More+Than+It+Hurts+You&rft.pub=NPR&rft.aulast=Challa&rft.aufirst=Janaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2013%2F12%2F30%2F242429836%2Fwhy-being-gypped-hurts-the-roma-more-than-it-hurts-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Meulen2022" class="citation web cs1">Van der Meulen, Martin (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-low-countries.com/article/why-i-will-never-again-refer-to-the-ukrainian-capital-city-as-kiev">"Why I Will Never Again Refer to the Ukrainian Capital City as Kiev"</a>. The Low Countries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Will+Never+Again+Refer+to+the+Ukrainian+Capital+City+as+Kiev&rft.pub=The+Low+Countries&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Van+der+Meulen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-low-countries.com%2Farticle%2Fwhy-i-will-never-again-refer-to-the-ukrainian-capital-city-as-kiev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxánTagle" class="citation web cs1">Luxán, Marga Azcárate; Tagle, Bárbara Alonso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.es/resources/acercaDe/libDigPub/exonyms_in_spanish.pdf">"EXONYMS IN SPANISH Criteria and usage in cartography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGN)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXONYMS+IN+SPANISH+Criteria+and+usage+in+cartography&rft.pub=NATIONAL+GEOGRAPHIC+INSTITUTE+OF+SPAIN+%28IGN%29&rft.aulast=Lux%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Marga+Azc%C3%A1rate&rft.au=Tagle%2C+B%C3%A1rbara+Alonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.es%2Fresources%2FacercaDe%2FlibDigPub%2Fexonyms_in_spanish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandro Toniolo, <i>I perché e i nomi della geografia</i>, Istituto Geografico Militare, Florence 2005, p. 88-89, n. 170-171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress" class="citation web cs1">Press, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?id=33828&i=Introduction%20Excerpt.html">"Start reading The Discovery of Iran | Ali Mirsepassi"</a>. <i>www.sup.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sup.org&rft.atitle=Start+reading+The+Discovery+of+Iran+%7C+Ali+Mirsepassi&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Stanford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Fextra%2F%3Fid%3D33828%26i%3DIntroduction%2520Excerpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/crp/9th_UNCSGN_e-conf-98-crp-32.pdf">"Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Ninth+United+Nations+Conference+on+the+Standardization+of+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F9th-uncsgn-docs%2Fcrp%2F9th_UNCSGN_e-conf-98-crp-32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-burma-different-names-explained-8af64e33cf89c565b074eec9cbe22b72">"Myanmar, Burma and why the different names matter"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 2021-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Myanmar%2C+Burma+and+why+the+different+names+matter&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmyanmar-burma-different-names-explained-8af64e33cf89c565b074eec9cbe22b72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2006" class="citation news cs1">Beam, Christopher (2006-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/07/how-bombay-became-mumbai.html">"Mumbai? What About Bombay?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Mumbai%3F+What+About+Bombay%3F&rft.date=2006-07-12&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2006%2F07%2Fhow-bombay-became-mumbai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/turkey">"Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World"</a>. <i>Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkiye+-+The+latest+news+from+TRT+World&rft.atitle=Turkiye+-+The+latest+news+from+TRT+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fturkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209232534/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602">"Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters"</a>. <i>Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602">the original</a> on 2023-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Why+Turkey+is+now+%27Turkiye%27%2C+and+why+that+matters&rft.atitle=Why+Turkey+is+now+%27Turkiye%27%2C+and+why+that+matters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Fwhy-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002</i>. New York: United Nations. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-100915-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-100915-4"><bdi>92-1-100915-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52095159">52095159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighth+United+Nations+Conference+on+the+Standardization+of+Geographical+Names+Berlin%2C+27+August-5+September+2002&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52095159&rft.isbn=92-1-100915-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLima1994" class="citation book cs1">Lima, Susan D. (1994). Corrigan, Roberta; Iverson, Gregory K. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746747262"><i>The Reality of Linguistic Rules</i></a>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8203-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8203-3"><bdi>978-90-272-8203-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746747262">746747262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reality+of+Linguistic+Rules.&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F746747262&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8203-3&rft.aulast=Lima&rft.aufirst=Susan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F746747262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavageYeoh2013" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda S. (2013). <i>Toponymics: A Study of Singapore Street Names</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814408356" title="Special:BookSources/9789814408356"><bdi>9789814408356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymics%3A+A+Study+of+Singapore+Street+Names&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789814408356&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Victor+R.&rft.au=Yeoh%2C+Brenda+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeh, Yun-Tsui. (2013) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files/publish/1217_ff4a4d61.pdf">Erased Place Names" and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Sociology_(journal)" title="Sociology (journal)">Sociology</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownson1992" class="citation book cs1">Townson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dNRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78"><i>Mother-tongue and Fatherland: Language and Politics in German</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719034398" title="Special:BookSources/9780719034398"><bdi>9780719034398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother-tongue+and+Fatherland%3A+Language+and+Politics+in+German&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780719034398&rft.au=Townson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dNRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Errico2005" class="citation web cs1">d'Errico, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html">"Native American Indian Studies - A Note on Names"</a>. University of Massachusetts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+Indian+Studies+-+A+Note+on+Names&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=d%27Errico&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Flegal%2Fderrico%2Fname.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1992" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Edward (1992). "Southern Paiute Dictionary". In Bright, William (ed.). <i>The Collected Works of Edward Sapir</i>. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Paiute+Dictionary&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Edward+Sapir&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+deGruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellMcBrinn2012" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012). <i>Archaeology of the Southwest</i> (3 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Southwest&rft.edition=3&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=McBrinn%2C+Maxine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCO-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNCO_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709073248/http://hewit.unco.edu/dohist/puebloan/begin.htm">"Puebloan Culture"</a>. <i>University of Northern Colorado</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hewit.unco.edu/DOHIST/puebloan/begin.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Northern+Colorado&rft.atitle=Puebloan+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhewit.unco.edu%2FDOHIST%2Fpuebloan%2Fbegin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Names of Kōnstantinoúpolis". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi. 5. Ciltli. 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBag2021" class="citation news cs1">Bag, Ahana (October 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madrascourier.com/opinion/its-time-to-end-the-madrasi-stereotype/">"It's time to end the 'Madrasi' stereotype"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Madras_Courier" title="Madras Courier">Madras Courier</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madras+Courier&rft.atitle=It%27s+time+to+end+the+%27Madrasi%27+stereotype&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=Bag&rft.aufirst=Ahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadrascourier.com%2Fopinion%2Fits-time-to-end-the-madrasi-stereotype%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Jordan, Peter, Hubert Bergmann, Caroline Burgess, and Catherine Cheetham, eds. 2010 & 2011. "Trends in Exonym Use." <i>Proceedings of the 10th UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Meeting</i>. Tainach (28–30 April 2010). Hamburg (2011). <i>Name & Place</i> 1.</li> <li>Jordan, Peter, Milan Orožen Adamič, and Paul Woodman, eds. 2007. "Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names." <i>Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction</i>. Wien and Berlin. <i>Wiener Osteuropastudien</i> 24.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom1996" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEtiAAAAMAAJ"><i>An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies</i></a>. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810831698" title="Special:BookSources/9780810831698"><bdi>9780810831698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alphabetical+Guide+to+the+Language+of+Name+Studies&rft.place=Lanham+and+London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780810831698&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEtiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndonym+and+exonym" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exonym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:exonym">exonym</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endonym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:endonym">endonym</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp14.pdf">2006 UN document discussing exonyms</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823162305/http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/jw37/EUROPE/europe.html">Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities</a> (archived 23 August 2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translationdirectory.com/article103.htm">"Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?"</a> by Verónica Albin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://familientagebuch.de/rainer/2007/09.html#ibc">Looking up</a> in exonym database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115055657/http://www.eurogeonames.eu/">European geographical names infrastructure and services</a> on EuroGeoNames (archived 15 January 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp49.pdf">UN document describing EuroGeoNames (PDF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endonymmap.com">World map of country endonyms</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&oldid=1252272868">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&oldid=1252272868</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exonyms" title="Category:Exonyms">Exonyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demonyms" title="Category:Demonyms">Demonyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnicity" title="Category:Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnonyms" title="Category:Ethnonyms">Ethnonyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Etymology" title="Category:Etymology">Etymology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_terminology" title="Category:Geopolitical terminology">Geopolitical terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_names" title="Category:Human names">Human names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_naming" title="Category:Language naming">Language naming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Onomastics" title="Category:Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semantics" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Toponymy" title="Category:Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from December 2022">Articles that may contain original research from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2022">Articles needing additional references from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2023">Articles needing additional references from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text">Articles containing Albanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_M%C4%81ori-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Māori-language text">Articles containing Māori-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text">Articles containing Icelandic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Finnish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text">Articles containing Finnish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovene-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovene-language text">Articles containing Slovene-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Avar-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Avar-language text">Articles containing Avar-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbian-language text">Articles containing Serbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Neapolitan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Neapolitan-language text">Articles containing Neapolitan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Basque-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Basque-language text">Articles containing Basque-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2020">Articles needing additional references from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Estonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Estonian-language text">Articles containing Estonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Faroese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Faroese-language text">Articles containing Faroese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Slavic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Slavic languages">Articles with text in Slavic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Algonquian_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Algonquian languages">Articles with text in Algonquian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Comanche-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Comanche-language text">Articles containing Comanche-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 16:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endonym_and_exonym&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rzfvc","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.068","walltime":"1.320","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6742,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":223643,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13561,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":147988,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1075.237 1 -total"," 19.67% 211.461 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.88% 127.769 14 Template:Cite_web"," 10.50% 112.878 126 Template:Lang"," 9.94% 106.900 1 Template:Linguistics"," 9.74% 104.707 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.54% 102.558 16 Template:Wikt-lang"," 7.63% 82.052 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 6.49% 69.731 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.33% 68.081 7 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.645","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22189650,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAurousseau1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBag2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordellMcBrinn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeršič2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLima1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxánTagle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatisoff1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrmeling\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapir1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavageYeoh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Meulen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Errico2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Endonym and exonym\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnicity\"] = 1,\n [\"Exonyms per language\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 124,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 30,\n [\"Linguistics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 2,\n [\"PIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 9,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 2,\n [\"Unsourced\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 16,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5498","timestamp":"20241124161337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Endonym and exonym","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endonym_and_exonym","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22920493","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22920493","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-24T19:22:04Z","dateModified":"2024-10-20T16:30:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Germany_Name_European_Languages.png","headline":"linguistic terms"}</script> </body> </html>