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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Phylogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Subdivision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Sections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_selected_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_selected_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1 List of selected species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_selected_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Section_Andinium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Andinium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1.1 Section Andinium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Andinium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Chamaemelanium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Chamaemelanium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1.2 Section Chamaemelanium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Chamaemelanium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Chilenium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Chilenium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1.3 Section Chilenium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Chilenium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_biogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_biogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Evolution and biogeography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_biogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticultural_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticultural_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Horticultural uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Horticultural_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Horticultural uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Horticultural_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species_and_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_and_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Species and cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_and_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedding_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedding_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bedding plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedding_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perennial_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Perennial cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Medicinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Perfume </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural associations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural associations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Geographical territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesbian_and_bisexual_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesbian_and_bisexual_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Lesbian and bisexual culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesbian_and_bisexual_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny_and_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny_and_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Phylogeny and taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopaedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopaedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Encyclopaedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopaedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Viola (plant)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" > 88 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="بنفسج (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنفسج (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99n%C3%B6v%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Bənövşə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bənövşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87" title="بنؤوشه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنؤوشه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фіялка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фіялка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Теменуга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теменуга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veigal" title="Veigal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Veigal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="མ་མེན་མེ་ཏོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་མེན་མེ་ཏོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubi%C4%8Dica" title="Ljubičica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljubičica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(bleunio%C3%B9)" title="Viola (bleunioù) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Viola (bleunioù)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Viola (gènere) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viola (gènere)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(tanom_nga_bulak)" title="Viola (tanom nga bulak) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Viola (tanom nga bulak)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violka" title="Violka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Violka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol" title="Viol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Viol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violat" title="Violat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Violat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veilchen" title="Veilchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Veilchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fija%C5%82ka" title="Fijałka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fijałka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannike" title="Kannike – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kannike" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βιολέτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολέτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B3la" title="Vióla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vióla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(g%C3%A9nero)" title="Viola (género) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viola (género)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violo" title="Violo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Violo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(generoa)" title="Viola (generoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Viola (generoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%87" title="بنفشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنفشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(plante)" title="Viola (plante) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viola (plante)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailchuach" title="Sailchuach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sailchuach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(x%C3%A9nero)" title="Viola (xénero) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viola (xénero)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%B9%84%EA%BD%83%EC%86%8D" title="제비꽃속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제비꽃속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Մանուշակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանուշակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fija%C5%82ka" title="Fijałka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fijałka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubica" title="Ljubica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljubica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violo" title="Violo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Violo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma" title="Sukma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sukma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Æрвдзæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрвдзæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B3la_(bl%C3%B3m)" title="Fjóla (blóm) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjóla (blóm)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(botanica)" title="Viola (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viola (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92)" title="סיגל (סוג) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיגל (סוג)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B4" title="نوٗنہٕ پوش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نوٗنہٕ پوش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Шегіргүл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шегіргүл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binef%C5%9F" title="Binefş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Binefş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Алагүл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алагүл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B9%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D3%B9%D1%88" title="Сӹрт пеледӹш – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сӹрт пеледӹш" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8" title="Банавша тӀутӀи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Банавша тӀутӀи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(genus_plantarum)" title="Viola (genus plantarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Viola (genus plantarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijol%C4%ABtes" title="Vijolītes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vijolītes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%A1lait%C4%97" title="Našlaitė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Našlaitė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibolya_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Ibolya (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibolya (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Љубичица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Љубичица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82)" title="വിയോള (സസ്യം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിയോള (സസ്യം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="بنفسج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنفسج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87" title="ونوشه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ونوشه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Нил цэцэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нил цэцэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viooltje" title="Viooltje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Viooltje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AC%E5%B1%9E" title="スミレ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スミレ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola" title="Viola – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Viola" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiolslekten" title="Fiolslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiolslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiolar" title="Fiolar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fiolar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(genre_vegetal)" title="Viola (genre vegetal) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Viola (genre vegetal)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binafsha" title="Binafsha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Binafsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84" title="چمبل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چمبل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fio%C5%82ek" title="Fiołek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fiołek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(planta)" title="Viola (planta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viola (planta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(gen_de_plante)" title="Viola (gen de plante) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viola (gen de plante)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фиалка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фиалка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Viola (plant)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjollca" title="Vjollca – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vjollca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(plant)" title="Violet (plant) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Violet (plant)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرفيون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرفيون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95" title="وەنەوشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەنەوشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Љубичица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љубичица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubica" title="Ljubica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljubica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvokit" title="Orvokit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orvokit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violsl%C3%A4ktet" title="Violsläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Violsläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyola_(halaman)" title="Biyola (halaman) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyola (halaman)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%88%D3%99" title="Миләүшә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миләүшә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A7" title="หน้าแมวจิ๋ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน้าแมวจิ๋ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Бунафша – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бунафша" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menek%C5%9Fe" title="Menekşe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menekşe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фіалка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фіалка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B4%DB%81" title="بنفشہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنفشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolotuhhein_(heim)" title="Zolotuhhein (heim) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Zolotuhhein (heim)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Hoa_t%C3%ADm" title="Chi Hoa tím – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Hoa tím" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(tanaman)" title="Viola (tanaman) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Viola (tanaman)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%87%E8%8F%9C%E5%B1%9E" title="堇菜属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="堇菜属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AB%E8%8F%9C%E5%B1%AC" title="菫菜屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菫菜屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%A1l%C4%81t%C4%97" title="Našlātė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Našlātė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%87%E8%8F%9C%E5%B1%9E" title="堇菜属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="堇菜属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genus of flowering plants. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Viola_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Viola (disambiguation)">Viola (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of flowering plants</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Viola </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg/220px-Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg/330px-Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg/440px-Viola_reichenbachiana_LC0128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2173" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Viola_reichenbachiana" title="Viola reichenbachiana">Viola reichenbachiana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Viola_(plant)" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Violoideae">Violoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Violeae">Violeae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viola</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Viola_odorata" title="Viola odorata">Viola odorata</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;">L.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Sections</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> see <a href="#Subdivision">Subdivision</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">List</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Chrysion Spach</li> <li>Cittaronium Rchb.</li> <li>Crocion Nieuwl.</li> <li>Dischidium Rchb.</li> <li>Erpetion DC. ex Sweet</li> <li>Grammeionium Rchb.</li> <li>Ion Medik.</li> <li>Jacea Opiz</li> <li>Lophion Spach</li> <li>Mnemion Spach</li> <li>Oionychion Nieuwl.</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Viola is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the violet <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a>. It is the largest genus in the family, containing over 680 species. Most species are found in the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. Some Viola species are <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial plants</a>, some are <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plants</a>, and a few are small <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>. Many species, varieties and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/Pansy" title="Pansy">pansy</a> is normally used for those multi-colored large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(horticulture)" title="Bedding (horticulture)">bedding</a>. The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg/220px-Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg/330px-Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg/440px-Akkerviooltje_opengesprongen_doosvrucht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Opened seed capsule of <a href="/wiki/Viola_arvensis" title="Viola arvensis">Viola arvensis</a> (field pansy, Melanium), showing the seeds</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">Annual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Caulescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulescent">caulescent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acaulescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Acaulescent">acaulescent</a> (with or without a visible <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">plant stem</a> above the ground) <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a> or very rarely treelets. In acaulescent <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> the foliage and flowers appear to rise from the ground. The remainder have short stems with foliage and flowers produced in the axils of the leaves (axillary).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> Viola typically have heart-shaped or reniform (kidney-shaped), scalloped <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, though a number have linear or palmate leaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> The simple leaves of plants with either habit are arranged alternately; the acaulescent species produce basal rosettes. Plants always have leaves with <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a> that are often leaf-like. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> of the vast majority of the species are strongly <a href="/wiki/Zygomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomorphic">zygomorphic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">bilateral symmetry</a> and solitary, but occasionally form <a href="/wiki/Cymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymes">cymes</a>. The flowers are formed from five <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a>; four are upswept or fan-shaped with two per side, and there is one, broad, lobed lower petal pointing downward. This petal may be slightly or much shorter than the others and is weakly differentiated. The shape of the petals and placement defines many species, for example, some species have a "spur" on the end of each petal while most have a spur on the lower petal. The spur may vary from scarcely <a href="/wiki/Exserted" class="mw-redirect" title="Exserted">exserted</a> (projecting) to very long, such as in <a href="/wiki/Viola_rostrata" title="Viola rostrata">Viola rostrata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> Solitary flowers end long stalks with a pair of <a href="/wiki/Bracteoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracteoles">bracteoles</a>. The flowers have five <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a> that persist after blooming, and in some species the sepals enlarge after blooming. The <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (botany)">corolla</a> ranges from white to yellow, orange or various shades of blue and <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> or multicolored, often blue and yellow, with or without a yellow throat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> The flowers have five free <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> with short free filaments that are oppressed against the <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, with a dorsal connective appendage that is large, entire and oblong to ovate. Only the lower two stamens are <a href="/wiki/Calcarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarate">calcarate</a> (possessing <a href="/wiki/Nectary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectary">nectary</a> spurs that are inserted on the lowest petal into the spur or a pouch). The <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">styles</a> are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#Filiform" title="Glossary of botanical terms">filiform</a> (threadlike) or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#clavate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">clavate</a> (clubshaped), thickened at their tip, being <a href="/wiki/Globose" class="mw-redirect" title="Globose">globose</a> to <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#rostellate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">rostellate</a> (beaked). The <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmas</a> are head-like, narrowed or often beaked. The flowers have a superior ovary with one cell, which has three <a href="/wiki/Placentae" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentae">placentae</a>, containing many ovules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> After flowering, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsules</a> are produced that are thick walled, with few to many <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> per <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dehisce" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehisce">dehisce</a> (split open) by way of three valves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2001p.&nbsp;345-3">[3]</a> On drying, the capsules may eject seeds with considerable force to distances of several meters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendle1925p.&nbsp;208-4">[4]</a> The nutlike seeds, which are obovoid to globose, are typically <a href="/wiki/Arillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arillate">arillate</a> (with a specialized outgrowth) and have straight <a href="/wiki/Embryo#plant_embryos" title="Embryo">embryos</a>, flat <a href="/wiki/Cotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotyledons">cotyledons</a>, and soft fleshy <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> that is oily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1981-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phytochemistry">edit</a>]</div> One characteristic of some Viola is the elusive scent of their flowers; along with <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, a major component of the scent is a <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> compound called <a href="/wiki/Ionone" title="Ionone">ionone</a>, which temporarily desensitizes the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">receptors</a> of the nose, thus preventing any further scent being detected from the flower until the nerves recover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2017-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_Viola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First page of Linnaeus' 1753 description of Viola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Linnaeus_Viola.png/170px-Linnaeus_Viola.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Linnaeus_Viola.png/255px-Linnaeus_Viola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Linnaeus_Viola.png/340px-Linnaeus_Viola.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>' original description (1753)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> First formally described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1753<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753-7">[7]</a> with 19 species, the genus Viola bears his <a href="/wiki/Botanical_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical authority">botanical authority</a>, L.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWFO2019-8">[8]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Jussieu</a> established the hierarchical system of families (1789), he placed Viola in the <a href="/wiki/Cisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisti">Cisti</a> (rock roses),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJussieu1789-9">[9]</a> though by 1811 he suggested Viola be separated from these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853-10">[10]</a> However, in 1802 <a href="/wiki/Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsch">Batsch</a> had already established a separate family, which he called Violariae based on Viola as the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a>, with seven other genera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatsch1802-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPNI2020-12">[12]</a> Although Violariae continued to be used by some authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Bentham_and_Hooker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentham and Hooker">Bentham and Hooker</a> in 1862 (as Violarieae),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenthamHooker1862-13">[13]</a> most authors adopted the alternative name Violaceae, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/De_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamarck">de Lamarck</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="De Candolle">de Candolle</a> in 1805,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Lamarckde_Candolle1815-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Charles_Jean_Gingins_de_la_Sarraz" title="Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz">Gingins</a> (1823)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingins1823-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Saint-Hilaire" title="Augustin Saint-Hilaire">Saint-Hilaire</a> (1824).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint-Hilaire1824-16">[16]</a> However de Candolle also used Violarieae in his 1824 Prodromus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECandolle1824-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</div> Viola is one of about 25 genera and about 600 species in the large <a href="/wiki/Eudicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudicot">eudicot</a> family <a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a>, divided into subfamilies and tribes. While most genera are <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a>, Viola is a very large genus, variously circumscribed as having between 500 and 600 species. Historically it was placed in subfamily Violoideae, tribe Violeae. But these divisions have been shown to be artificial and not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">Molecular phylogenetic</a> studies show that Viola occurs in Clade I of the family, as Viola, <a href="/wiki/Schweiggeria" title="Schweiggeria">Schweiggeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noisettia" title="Noisettia">Noisettia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allexis" title="Allexis">Allexis</a>, in which Schweiggeria and Noisettia are monotypic and form a sister group to Viola.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWahlert_et_al2014-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYockteng_et_al2003-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al1998-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subdivision">edit</a>]</div> Viola is a large genus that has traditionally been treated in <a href="/wiki/Sections_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sections (botany)">sections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYockteng_et_al2003-19">[19]</a> One of these was that of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Charles_Jean_Gingins_de_la_Sarraz" title="Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz">Gingins</a> (1823),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingins1823-15">[15]</a> based on stigma morphology, with five sections (Nomimium, Dischidium, Chamaemelanium, Melanium, Leptidium).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYooJang2010-21">[21]</a> The extensive taxonomic studies of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Becker">Wilhelm Becker</a>, culminating in his 1925 conspectus, resulted in 14 sections and many infrasectional groups. The largest and most diverse, being section Viola, with 17 subsections. In addition to subsections, <a href="/wiki/Series_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Series (biology)">series</a> were also described.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1925-22">[22]</a> Alternatively, some authors have preferred to subdivide the genus into subgenera. Subsequent treatments were by Gershoy (1934)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGershoy1934-23">[23]</a> and Clausen (1964),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausen1964-24">[24]</a> using subsections and series. These were all based on morphological characteristics. Subsequent studies using <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> methods, such as that of Ballard et al. (1998) have shown that many of these traditional divisions are not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, the problem being related to a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Hybridization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridization (biology)">hybridization</a>. In particular section Nomimium was dismembered into several new sections and transferring part of it to section Viola. Section Viola s. lat. is represented by four sections, Viola sensu stricto, Plagiostigma s. str., Nosphinium sensu lato. and the V. spathulata group. In that analysis, the S American sections appear to be the <a href="/wiki/Basal_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal group">basal groups</a>, starting with Rubellium, then Leptidium. However, the exact phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved, as a consequence many different taxonomic nomenclatures are in use, including groupings referred to as <a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al1998-20">[20]</a> Marcussen et al. place the five S American sections, Andinium, Leptidium, Tridens, Rubellium and Chilenium at the base of the phylogenetic tree, in that order. These are followed by the single Australian section, Erpetion, as sister group to Chilenium, the northern hemisphere sections and finally the single African section, V. abyssinica. These sections are morphologically, chromosomally, and geographically distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcussen_et_al2015-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan_et_al2015-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalobecki_et_al2016-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sections">Sections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sections">edit</a>]</div> Seventeen sections are recognized, listed alphabetically (approximate no. species);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcussen_et_al2012-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcussen_et_al2015-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson_et_al2019-29">[29]</a> <ul><li>Sect. Andinium W.Becker (113) S America<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson_et_al2019-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Sect. Chamaemelanium Ging. <a href="/wiki/S.lat." class="mw-redirect" title="S.lat.">s.lat.</a> (61) N America, northeast Asia (includes Dischidium, Orbiculares) <ul><li>Subsect. Chamaemelanium</li> <li>Subsect. Nudicaules</li> <li>Subsect. Nuttalianae</li></ul></li> <li>Sect. Chilenium W.Becker (8) southern S America<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBioLib2019-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Sect. Danxiaviola W. B. Liao et Q. Fan (1) China<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan_et_al2015-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Sect. Delphiniopsis W.Becker (3) western Eurasia: southern Spain; Balkans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECSIC2020-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Sect. Erpetion (Banks) W.Becker (11–18) eastern Australia; Tasmania</li> <li>Sect. Leptidium Ging. (19) S America<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreitasSosa2002-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Sect. Melanium Ging. (125) western Eurasia (pansies)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYockteng_et_al2003-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagriniScoppola2015-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Sect. Nosphinium W.Becker s.lat. (31–50) N, C and northern S America; Beringia; Hawaii<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcussen_et_al2012-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Sect. nov. A (V. abyssinica group) (1–3) Africa: equatorial high mountains</li> <li>Sect. nov. B (V. spathulata group) (7–9) western and central Asia: northern Iraq to Mongolia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan_et_al2015-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Sect. Plagiostigma Godr. (120) northern hemisphere (includes Diffusae)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENing2012-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2008-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikhomirov2015-36">[36]</a> <ul><li>Grex Primulifolia</li></ul></li> <li>Sect. Rubellium W.Becker (3–6) S America: Chile<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al1998-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Sect. Sclerosium W.Becker (1–4) northeastern Africa to southwestern Asia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahrestani_et_al2014-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Sect. Tridens W.Becker (2) southern S America</li> <li>Sect. Viola s.str. (Rostellatae <a href="/wiki/Nom._illeg." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. illeg.">nom. illeg.</a>) (75) northern hemisphere (violets) (includes Repentes)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalobecki_et_al2016-27">[27]</a> <ul><li>Subsect. Rostratae Kupffer (W.Becker) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanihelka2010-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Subsect. Viola</li></ul></li> <li>Sect. Xylinosium W.Becker (3–4) Mediterranean region</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Species">Species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> The genus includes <a href="/wiki/Dog_violet" title="Dog violet">dog violets</a>, a group of scentless species which are the most common Viola in many areas, sweet violet (<a href="/wiki/Viola_odorata" title="Viola odorata">Viola odorata</a>) (named from its sweet scent), and many other species whose common name includes the word "violet". But not other "violets": Neither <a href="/wiki/Streptocarpus_sect._Saintpaulia" title="Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia">Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia</a> ("African violets", <a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a>) nor <a href="/wiki/Erythronium_dens-canis" title="Erythronium dens-canis">Erythronium dens-canis</a> ("dogtooth violets", <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>) are related to Viola. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="List_of_selected_species">List of selected species</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of selected species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Viola_species" title="List of Viola species">List of Viola species</a>.</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_canina_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola canina flower and leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Viola_canina_100.jpg/130px-Viola_canina_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Viola_canina_100.jpg/195px-Viola_canina_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Viola_canina_100.jpg/260px-Viola_canina_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_canina" title="Viola canina">Viola canina</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Andinium">Section Andinium</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Section Andinium">edit</a>]</div> With about 113 species, the South American section Andinium is the largest of the Viola sections. It is one of the four sections distributed primarily or exclusively in South America, and the basal group of Viola. New species continue to be identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzálesCano2016-39">[39]</a> Species include;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallardIltis2012-40">[40]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_escarapela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola escarapela (page does not exist)">Viola escarapela</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatsonFlores2003-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_lilliputana" title="Viola lilliputana">Viola lilliputana</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallardIltis2012-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola biflora flower and leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg/130px-Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg/195px-Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg/260px-Viola_biflora_Kilpisjarvi_2012-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="3568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_biflora" title="Viola biflora">Viola biflora</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Chamaemelanium">Section Chamaemelanium</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Section Chamaemelanium">edit</a>]</div> Chamaemelanium was one of a number of sections originally classified on the basis of the shape of the stigma, in this case one that was facial shaped, had an absent beak and had lateral beards. But this section has subsequently been shown to be paraphyletic, requiring revision. It occurs at high altitudes (above 600 m) in both N America and northeast Asia, including Siberia and Korea, and the species are perennial, caulous and herbaceous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhang2002-42">[42]</a> With about 61 species including; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_biflora" title="Viola biflora">Viola biflora</a> – yellow wood violet, twoflower violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_glabella" title="Viola glabella">Viola glabella</a> – stream violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pedunculata" title="Viola pedunculata">Viola pedunculata</a> – yellow pansy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_praemorsa" title="Viola praemorsa">Viola praemorsa</a> – canary violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pubescens" title="Viola pubescens">Viola pubescens</a> – downy yellow violet</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_reichei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola reichei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Viola_reichei.JPG/130px-Viola_reichei.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Viola_reichei.JPG/195px-Viola_reichei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Viola_reichei.JPG/260px-Viola_reichei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="3331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_reichei" title="Viola reichei">Viola reichei</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Chilenium">Section Chilenium</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Section Chilenium">edit</a>]</div> A small S American section with about 8 species, as sister group to Erpetion, including; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_reichei" title="Viola reichei">Viola reichei</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Section Danxiaviola <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_hybanthoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola hybanthoides (page does not exist)">Viola hybanthoides</a></li></ul> Section Delphiniopsis <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola Cazorlensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg/170px-JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg/255px-JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg/340px-JDCANO_Viola_Cazorlensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Viola Cazorlensis</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_cazorlensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola cazorlensis (page does not exist)">Viola cazorlensis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_delphinantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola delphinantha (page does not exist)">Viola delphinantha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_kosaninii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola kosaninii (page does not exist)">Viola kosaninii</a></li></ul> Section Erpetion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThieleProber2003-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_banksii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola banksii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Viola_banksii.jpg/170px-Viola_banksii.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Viola_banksii.jpg/255px-Viola_banksii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Viola_banksii.jpg/340px-Viola_banksii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Viola banksii</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_banksii" title="Viola banksii">Viola banksii</a> – Australian native violet, ivy-leaved violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_hederacea" title="Viola hederacea">Viola hederacea</a> – Australian native violet, ivy-leaved violet</li></ul> Section Leptidium <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Viola stipularis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG/170px-Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG/255px-Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG/340px-Viola_stipularis-La_Soufri%C3%A8re-Guadeloupe_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_stipularis" title="Viola stipularis">Viola stipularis</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_stipularis" title="Viola stipularis">Viola stipularis</a></li></ul> Section Melanium (pansies)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYockteng_et_al2003-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChervin_et_al2019-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Violet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Viola tricolor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Common_Violet.JPG/170px-Common_Violet.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Common_Violet.JPG/255px-Common_Violet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Common_Violet.JPG/340px-Common_Violet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_tricolor" title="Viola tricolor">Viola tricolor</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_arvensis" title="Viola arvensis">Viola arvensis</a> – field pansy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola bicolor">Viola bicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pedunculata" title="Viola pedunculata">Viola pedunculata</a> – yellow pansy, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_bertolonii" title="Viola bertolonii">Viola bertolonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_calcarata" title="Viola calcarata">Viola calcarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_cheiranthifolia" title="Viola cheiranthifolia">Viola cheiranthifolia</a> – Teide violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_cornuta" title="Viola cornuta">Viola cornuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_lutea" title="Viola lutea">Viola lutea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_tricolor" title="Viola tricolor">Viola tricolor</a> – wild pansy, heartsease</li></ul> Section Nosphinium <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_pedata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Viola pedata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Viola_pedata.jpg/170px-Viola_pedata.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Viola_pedata.jpg/255px-Viola_pedata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Viola_pedata.jpg/340px-Viola_pedata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_pedata" title="Viola pedata">Viola pedata</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pedata" title="Viola pedata">Viola pedata</a></li></ul> Section A (V. abyssinica group) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flower of Viola abyssinica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg/170px-Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg/255px-Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg/340px-Viola_abyssinica_mt_kenya_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_abyssinica" title="Viola abyssinica">Viola abyssinica</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_abyssinica" title="Viola abyssinica">Viola abyssinica</a></li></ul> Section B (V. spathulata group) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_spathulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola spathulata (page does not exist)">Viola spathulata</a></li></ul> Section Plagiostigma <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flower of Viola epipsila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg/170px-Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg/255px-Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg/340px-Viola_epipsila_5999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_epipsila" title="Viola epipsila">Viola epipsila</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_epipsila" title="Viola epipsila">Viola epipsila</a></li></ul> Section Rubellium <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_capillaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola capillaris (page does not exist)">Viola capillaris</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV_capillaris2020-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_portalesia" title="Viola portalesia">Viola portalesia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatsonWatson2012-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_rubella" title="Viola rubella">Viola rubella</a></li></ul> Section Sclerosium <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_cinerea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola cinerea (page does not exist)">Viola cinerea</a></li></ul> Section Tridens <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three-Toothed_Violet_(3279657452).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Viola tridentata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Three-Toothed_Violet_%283279657452%29.jpg/170px-Three-Toothed_Violet_%283279657452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Three-Toothed_Violet_%283279657452%29.jpg/255px-Three-Toothed_Violet_%283279657452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Three-Toothed_Violet_%283279657452%29.jpg/340px-Three-Toothed_Violet_%283279657452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_tridentata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola tridentata (page does not exist)">Viola tridentata</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_tridentata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola tridentata (page does not exist)">Viola tridentata</a> – mountain violet</li></ul> Section Viola (violets) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers of Viola sororia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg/170px-Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg/255px-Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg/340px-Trip_And_Spring_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Viola sororia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_canina" title="Viola canina">Viola canina</a> – heath dog violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_hirta" title="Viola hirta">Viola hirta</a> – hairy violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_labradorica" title="Viola labradorica">Viola labradorica</a> – alpine violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_odorata" title="Viola odorata">Viola odorata</a> – sweet violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_persicifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola persicifolia">Viola persicifolia</a> – fen violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_riviniana" title="Viola riviniana">Viola riviniana</a> – common dog violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_rostrata" title="Viola rostrata">Viola rostrata</a> – long-spurred violet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Viola sororia</a> – common blue violet, hooded violet</li></ul> Section Xylinosium <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flower of Viola decumbens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg/170px-Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg/255px-Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg/340px-Viola_decumbens_Kogelberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Viola_decumbens" title="Viola decumbens">Viola decumbens</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_decumbens" title="Viola decumbens">Viola decumbens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_biogeography">Evolution and biogeography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evolution and biogeography">edit</a>]</div> One <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> seed of †Viola rimosa has been extracted from <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">borehole</a> samples of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> fresh water deposits in <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Sacz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowy Sacz">Nowy Sacz</a> Basin, <a href="/wiki/West_Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="West Carpathians">West Carpathians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁańcucka-Środoniowa1979-47">[47]</a> The genus is thought to have arisen in S America, most likely the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYockteng_et_al2003-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al1998-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a> has been shown to have minimal effect on the genetic diversity and gene flow of the North American woodland violet Viola pubescens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulley_et_al2007-48">[48]</a> This may be partially attributed to the ability of Viola pubescens to continue to persist within a largely agricultural matrix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulleyGrubb2003-49">[49]</a> This trend of unexpectedly high genetic diversity is also observed in Viola palmensis, a Canary Island endemic known only from a 15 square kilometer range on La palma island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatistaSosa2002-50">[50]</a> High levels of genetic diversity within these species indicate that these plants are outcrossing, even though many violet species can produce many clonal offspring throughout the year via cleistogamous flowers. Plants that produce copious amounts of clonal seeds from cleistogamous flowers often experience increased levels of inbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulleyKlooster2007-51">[51]</a> These reportedly high rates of outcrossing and genetic diversity indicate that these violets are strong competitors for pollinators during the early spring when they are in bloom and that those pollinators can travel considerable distances between often fragmented populations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> The worldwide northern temperate distribution of the genus distinguishes it from the remaining largely tropical Violaceae genera, restricted to either Old World or New World species, while in the tropics the distribution is primarily in high mountainous areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard_et_al2013-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centres_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centres of diversity">Centres of diversity</a> occur mainly in the northern hemisphere, in mountainous regions of eastern Asia, Melanesia, and southern Europe, but also occur in the Andes and the southern Patagonian cone of South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallardIltis2012-40">[40]</a> One of the highest species concentrations is in the former USSR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYooJang2010-21">[21]</a> Australia is home to a number of Viola species, including <a href="/wiki/Viola_hederacea" title="Viola hederacea">Viola hederacea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_betonicifolia" title="Viola betonicifolia">Viola betonicifolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola_banksii" title="Viola banksii">Viola banksii</a>, first collected by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a> on the <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Cook</a> voyage to <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYockteng_et_al2003-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> Viola species are used as food plants by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species, including the <a href="/wiki/Giant_leopard_moth" title="Giant leopard moth">giant leopard moth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_yellow_underwing" title="Large yellow underwing">large yellow underwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_broad-bordered_yellow_underwing" title="Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing">lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_brown_fritillary" title="High brown fritillary">high brown fritillary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_pearl-bordered_fritillary" title="Small pearl-bordered fritillary">small pearl-bordered fritillary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl-bordered_fritillary" title="Pearl-bordered fritillary">pearl-bordered fritillary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regal_fritillary" title="Regal fritillary">regal fritillary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argynnis_pandora" title="Argynnis pandora">cardinal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Setaceous_Hebrew_character" title="Setaceous Hebrew character">Setaceous Hebrew character</a>. The larvae of many fritilary butterfly species use violets as an obligate host plant, although these butterflies do not always ovaposit directly onto violets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopper_et_al2000-52">[52]</a> While the ecology of this genera is extremely diverse, violets are mainly pollinated by members within the orders <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattie1971-53">[53]</a> Showy flowers are produced in early spring, and clonal <a href="/wiki/Cleistogamy" title="Cleistogamy">cleistogamous</a> flowers are produced from late spring until the end of the growing season under favorable conditions. Cleistogamy allows plants to produce offspring year round and have more chances for establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord1981-54">[54]</a> This system is especially important in violets, as these plants are often weak competitors for pollination due to their small size. Many violet species exhibit two modes of seed dispersal. Once seed capsules have matured, seeds are dispelled around the plant through explosive dehiscence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieLyons1975-55">[55]</a> Viola pedata seeds have been reported being dispersed distances of up to 5 meters away from the parent plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieLyons1975-55">[55]</a> Often, seeds are then further dispersed by ants through a process called <a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulverBeattie1978-56">[56]</a> Violets whose seeds are dispersed this way have specialized structures on the exterior of the seeds called <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a>. This interaction allows violet seed to germinate and establish in a protected, stable environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeattieLyons1975-55">[55]</a> Many violet seeds exhibit physiological <a href="/wiki/Seed_dormancy" title="Seed dormancy">dormancy</a> and require some period of cold <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(seeds)" title="Stratification (seeds)">stratification</a> to induce germination under ex situ conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskinBaskin1972-57">[57]</a> Rates of germination are often quite poor, especially when seeds are stored for extended periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisafenko2015-58">[58]</a> In North American <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">habitat restoration</a>, native violets are in high demand due to their relationship with the aforementioned fritillary butterflies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuey_et_al2016-59">[59]</a> Violet species occupy a diverse array of habitats, from bogs (<a href="/wiki/Viola_lanceolata" title="Viola lanceolata">Viola lanceolata</a>) to dry hill prairies (<a href="/wiki/Viola_pedata" title="Viola pedata">V. pedata</a>) to woodland understories (<a href="/wiki/Viola_labradorica" title="Viola labradorica">V. labradorica</a>). While many of these species are indicators of high quality habitat, some violets are capable of thriving in a human altered landscape. Two species of zinc violet (<a href="/wiki/Viola_calaminaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola calaminaria">V. calaminaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola_guestphalica" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola guestphalica">V. guestphalica</a>) are capable of living in soils severely contaminated with heavy metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrandt_et_al1999-60">[60]</a> Many violets form relationships with <a href="/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</a>, and in the case of the zinc violets, this allows them to tolerate such highly contaminated soils. Flowering is often profuse, and may last for much of the spring and summer. Viola are most often spring-blooming with <a href="/wiki/Chasmogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasmogamous">chasmogamous</a> flowers that have well-developed petals pollinated by insects. Many species also produce self-pollinated <a href="/wiki/Cleistogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleistogamous">cleistogamous</a> flowers in summer and autumn that do not open and lack petals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltersKeil1996p.&nbsp;332-61">[61]</a> In some species the showy chasmogamous flowers are infertile (e.g.,<a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Viola sororia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-62">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVC2020-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horticultural_uses">Horticultural uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Horticultural uses">edit</a>]</div> The international registration authority for the genus is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Violet_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Violet Society (page does not exist)">American Violet Society</a>, where growers register new Viola <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVS2007-64">[63]</a> A coding system is used for cultivar description of ten horticultural divisions, such as Violet (Vt) and Violetta (Vtta).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2009-65">[64]</a> Examples include Viola 'Little David' (Vtta)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS_Little_David2020-66">[65]</a> and Viola 'Königin Charlotte' (Vt).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS_Konigin_Charlotte2020-67">[66]</a> In this system violets (Vt) are defined as "<a href="/wiki/Stoloniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoloniferous">stoloniferous</a> perennials with small, highly fragrant, self-coloured purple, blue or white flowers in late winter and early spring".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2009-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_and_cultivars">Species and cultivars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Species and cultivars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27,_SC,_Vic.,_15.9.2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg/170px-Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg/255px-Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg/340px-Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Viola cultivar showing the large round flowers and the novel coloration that has been achieved through breeding.</figcaption></figure> Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture the term <a href="/wiki/Pansy" title="Pansy">pansy</a> is normally used for those multi-colored, large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(horticulture)" title="Bedding (horticulture)">bedding</a>. The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVS2007-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2009-65">[64]</a> Cultivars of <a href="/wiki/Viola_cornuta" title="Viola cornuta">Viola cornuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_cucullata" title="Viola cucullata">Viola cucullata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viola_odorata" title="Viola odorata">Viola odorata</a>, are commonly grown from seed. Other species often grown include <a href="/wiki/Viola_labradorica" title="Viola labradorica">Viola labradorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_pedata" title="Viola pedata">Viola pedata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viola_rotundifolia" title="Viola rotundifolia">Viola rotundifolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008-68">[67]</a> The modern garden <a href="/wiki/Pansy" title="Pansy">pansy</a> (V. × wittrockiana) is a plant of complex hybrid origin involving at least three species, <a href="/wiki/Viola_tricolor" title="Viola tricolor">V. tricolor</a> (wild pansy or heartsease), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_altaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola altaica (page does not exist)">V. altaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viola_lutea" title="Viola lutea">V. lutea</a> (mountain pansy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittrock1892–1897a-69">[68]</a> The hybrid horned pansy (V. × williamsii) originates from hybridization involving <a href="/wiki/Garden_pansy" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden pansy">garden pansy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola_cornuta" title="Viola cornuta">Viola cornuta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittrock1892–1897-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedding_plants">Bedding plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bedding plants">edit</a>]</div> In 2005 in the United States, Viola cultivars (including pansies) were one of the top three <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(horticulture)" title="Bedding (horticulture)">bedding</a> plant crops and 111 million dollars worth of flats of Viola were produced for the bedding flower market. Pansies and violas used for bedding are generally raised from seed, and <a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a> seed strains have been developed which produce compact plants of reasonably consistent flower coloring and appearance. Bedding plants are usually discarded after one growing season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_et_al2007-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_cultivars">Perennial cultivars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Perennial cultivars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg/220px-Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg/330px-Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg/440px-Viola_cultivars_at_BBC_Gardeners%27_World_-_20110616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Selection of cultivated violas at the <a href="/wiki/Gardeners%27_World_Live" title="Gardeners' World Live">Gardeners' World Live</a> show, in June 2011.</figcaption></figure> There are hundreds of perennial viola and violetta cultivars; many of these do not breed true from seed and therefore have to be <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagated</a> from cuttings. Violettas can be distinguished from violas by the lack of ray markings on their petals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAVS2007-64">[63]</a> The following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2018-72">[71]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>'Aspasia'<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li>'Clementina'<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li> <li>'Huntercombe Purple'<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></li> <li>'Jackanapes'<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></li> <li>'Molly Sanderson'<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li> <li>'Moonlight'<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></li> <li>'Nellie Britton'<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li></ul> </div> Other popular examples include:<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>'Ardross Gem' (viola)</li> <li>'Blackjack'</li> <li>'Buttercup' (violetta)</li> <li>'Columbine' (viola)</li> <li>'Dawn' (violetta)</li> <li>'Etain' (viola)</li> <li>'Irish Molly' (viola)</li> <li>'Maggie Mott' (viola)</li> <li>'Martin' (viola)</li> <li>'Rebecca' (violetta)</li> <li>'Vita' (viola)</li> <li>'Zoe' (violetta)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culinary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violet_candy_from_Savoie,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Violet_candy_from_Savoie%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Violet_candy_from_Savoie%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Violet_candy_from_Savoie%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Violet_candy_from_Savoie%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Violet_candy_from_Savoie%2C_2023.jpg/440px-Violet_candy_from_Savoie%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5445" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>Violet-flavored candy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Violette,_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc,_2025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/La_Violette%2C_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc%2C_2025.jpg/220px-La_Violette%2C_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc%2C_2025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/La_Violette%2C_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc%2C_2025.jpg/330px-La_Violette%2C_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc%2C_2025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/La_Violette%2C_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc%2C_2025.jpg/440px-La_Violette%2C_Brasserie_du_Mont-Blanc%2C_2025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="4810" /></a><figcaption>French violet-flavored beer</figcaption></figure> When newly opened, Viola flowers may be used to decorate salads or in stuffings for poultry or fish. Soufflés, cream, and similar desserts can be flavoured with essence of Viola flowers. The young leaves are edible raw or cooked as a mild-tasting <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a>. The flowers and leaves of the cultivar 'Rebecca', one of the Violetta violets, have a distinct vanilla flavor with hints of wintergreen. The pungent perfume of some varieties of V. odorata adds inimitable sweetness to desserts, fruit salads, and teas while the mild pea flavor of V. tricolor combines equally well with sweet or savory foods, like grilled meats and steamed vegetables. The heart-shaped leaves of V. odorata provide a free source of greens throughout a long growing season,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> while the petals are used for fragrant flavoring in milk puddings and ice cream or in salads and as garnishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobuchon1997-83">[82]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Candied_fruit" title="Candied fruit">candied</a> violet or crystallized violet is a flower, usually of Viola odorata, preserved by a coating of egg white and crystallised sugar. Alternatively, hot syrup is poured over the fresh flower (or the flower is immersed in the syrup) and stirred until the sugar recrystallizes and has dried. This method is still used for <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> petals and was applied to <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a> flowers in the past (when <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> or orange peel are treated this way they are called <a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">pralines</a>). Candied violets are still made commercially in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France, where they are known as violettes de Toulouse. They are used as decorating cakes or trifles or included in aromatic desserts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobuchon1997-83">[82]</a> The French are also known for their violet <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a>, most commonly made from an extract of violets. In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow" title="Marshmallow">marshmallows</a>. Viola essence flavours the <a href="/wiki/Liqueurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqueurs">liqueurs</a> <a href="/wiki/Creme_Yvette" title="Creme Yvette">Creme Yvette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creme_de_Violette" class="mw-redirect" title="Creme de Violette">Creme de Violette</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parfait_d%27Amour" class="mw-redirect" title="Parfait d'Amour">Parfait d'Amour</a>. It is also used in confectionery, such as <a href="/wiki/Parma_Violets" title="Parma Violets">Parma Violets</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._Howard%27s_Violet_candies" title="C. Howard's Violet candies">C. Howard's Violet candies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal">Medicinal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Medicinal">edit</a>]</div> Many Viola species contain <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> called <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>. Fourteen anthocyanins from V. yedoensis and V. prionantha have been identified. Some anthocyanins show strong antioxidant activities.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Most violas tested and many other plants of the family Violaceae contain <a href="/wiki/Cyclotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclotides">cyclotides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> which have a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> biological activities when isolated from the plant, including uterotonic, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Viola canescens, a species from India, exhibited in vitro activity against <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_cruzi" title="Trypanosoma cruzi">Trypanosoma cruzi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Viola has been evaluated in different clinical indications in human studies. A double blind clinical trial showed that the adjuvant use of Viola odorata syrup with short-acting β-agonists can improve the <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a> suppression in children with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-PDR_for_Herbal_Medicines-91">[90]</a> In another study intranasal administration of Viola odorata extract oil showed to be effective in patients with <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PDR_for_Herbal_Medicines-91">[90]</a> Topical use of an herbal formulation containing Viola tricolor extract also showed promising effects in patients with mild-to-moderate <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfume">Perfume</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Perfume">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Viola_odorata" title="Viola odorata">Viola odorata</a> is used as a source for scents in the perfume industry. Violet is known to have a 'flirty' scent as its fragrance comes and goes. <a href="/wiki/Ionone" title="Ionone">Ionone</a> is present in the flowers, which turns off the ability for humans to smell the fragrant compound for moments at a time.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_associations">Cultural associations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cultural associations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Birth">edit</a>]</div> Violet is the traditional <a href="/wiki/Birth_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth flower">birth flower</a> for February in English tradition.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_territories">Geographical territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Geographical territories">edit</a>]</div> In the United States, the common blue violet <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Viola sororia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">state flower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viola_cucullata" title="Viola cucullata">Viola cucullata</a> is the provincial flower of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, adopted in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Viola_riviniana" title="Viola riviniana">Viola riviniana</a> is the county flower of <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesbian_and_bisexual_culture">Lesbian and bisexual culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lesbian and bisexual culture">edit</a>]</div> Violets became symbolically associated with romantic love between women.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> This connection originates from fragments of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> about a lost love, in which she describes her as "Close by my side you put around yourself [many wreaths] of violets and roses."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In another poem, Sappho describes her lost love as wearing "violet tiaras, braided rosebuds, dill and crocus twined around" her neck.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 1926, one of the first plays to involve a <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> relationship, <a href="/wiki/The_Captive_(play)" title="The Captive (play)">La Prisonnière</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Bourdet" title="Édouard Bourdet">Édouard Bourdet</a>, used a bouquet of violets to signify lesbian love.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributes">Tributes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tributes">edit</a>]</div> Violets, and badges depicting them,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gracie2012-109">[108]</a> were sold in fund-raising efforts in Australia and New Zealand on and around <a href="/wiki/Violet_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet Day">Violet Day</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> in commemoration of the lost soldiers of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rosalia (festival)</a>, a festival of roses which sometimes involved violas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansy" title="Pansy">Pansy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> V. papilionacea is considered a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of V. sororia </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2">"Viola L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAVS2007_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAVS2007_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAVS2007_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAVS2007">AVS 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2009-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2009_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2009_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2009_65-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2009">RHS 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS_Little_David2020-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS_Little_David2020_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS_Little_David2020">RHS Little David 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS_Konigin_Charlotte2020-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS_Konigin_Charlotte2020_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS_Konigin_Charlotte2020">RHS Konigin Charlotte 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmitage2008_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmitage2008">Armitage 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittrock1892–1897a-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittrock1892–1897a_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittrock1892–1897a">Wittrock 1892–1897a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittrock1892–1897-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittrock1892–1897_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittrock1892–1897">Wittrock 1892–1897</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_et_al2007-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly_et_al2007_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly_et_al2007">Kelly et al 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2018-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2018_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2018">RHS 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/69362/Viola-Aspasia-(Va)/Details">"RHS Plant Selector Viola 'Aspasia'"</a>. RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+Viola+%27Aspasia%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F69362%2FViola-Aspasia-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/86348/Viola-Clementina-(Va)/Details">"RHS Plant Selector Viola 'Clementina'"</a>. RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+Viola+%27Clementina%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F86348%2FViola-Clementina-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/55414/Viola-Huntercombe-Purple-(Va)/Details">"RHS Plant Selector Viola 'Huntercombe Purple'"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+Viola+%27Huntercombe+Purple%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F55414%2FViola-Huntercombe-Purple-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/82434/Viola-Jackanapes-(Va)/Details">"Viola 'Jackanapes'"</a>. RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viola+%27Jackanapes%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F82434%2FViola-Jackanapes-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/82731/Viola-Molly-Sanderson-(Va)/Details">"Viola 'Molly Sanderson'"</a>. RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viola+%27Molly+Sanderson%27&rft.pub=RHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F82731%2FViola-Molly-Sanderson-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/77516/Viola-Moonlight-(Va)/Details">"RHS Plant Selector Viola 'Moonlight'"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+Viola+%27Moonlight%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F77516%2FViola-Moonlight-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/52163/Viola-Nellie-Britton-(Va)/Details">"RHS Plant Selector Viola 'Nellie Britton'"</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+Viola+%27Nellie+Britton%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F52163%2FViola-Nellie-Britton-%28Va%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> RHS Plant Finder 2008-2009, Dorling Kindersley (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3190-6">978-1-4053-3190-6</a> pp787–791 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker" class="citation web cs1">Whittaker, Debbie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanvioletsociety.org/Cooking_N_Decorating/ViolaChef_01.htm">"Cooking and Decorating With Violets"</a>. The Culinary Violet. The American Violet Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223050014/http://americanvioletsociety.org/Cooking_N_Decorating/ViolaChef_01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-23. 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Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55078-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55078-9"><bdi>978-0-521-55078-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.D.+and+Sapphic+Modernism+1910-1950&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=216&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55078-9&rft.aulast=Collecott&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1958" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Mary (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sappho00sapp">Sappho: A New Translation</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223127" title="Special:BookSources/9780520223127"><bdi>9780520223127</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58006520">58006520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58006520&rft.isbn=9780520223127&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsappho00sapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Stratyner2014" class="citation web cs1">Cohen-Stratyner, Barbara (January 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/blog/2014/01/14/violets-vandamm">"Violets and Vandamm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Violets+and+Vandamm&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.aulast=Cohen-Stratyner&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2014%2F01%2F14%2Fviolets-vandamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSova2004" class="citation book cs1">Sova, Dawn B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bannedplayscenso0000sova">Banned Plays: Censorship Histories of 125 Stage Dramas</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bannedplayscenso0000sova/page/37">37–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4018-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4018-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-4018-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banned+Plays%3A+Censorship+Histories+of+125+Stage+Dramas&rft.pages=37-40&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4018-6&rft.aulast=Sova&rft.aufirst=Dawn+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbannedplayscenso0000sova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=34929">NMA Collections Search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105254/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=34929">Archived</a> 2014-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Museum of Australia (2003-2010) - Violet Day 1917 fundraising badge </li> <li id="cite_note-Gracie2012-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Gracie2012_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGracie2012" class="citation cs2">Gracie, Carol (2012), Spring Wildflowers of the Northeast: A Natural History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 221, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691144665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691144665"><bdi>978-0691144665</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spring+Wildflowers+of+the+Northeast%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0691144665&rft.aulast=Gracie&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ach.familyhistorysa.info/ww1violetday.html">Family History South Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109212657/http://www.ach.familyhistorysa.info/ww1violetday.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Leadbeater, B (2006). World War 1 Violet Day South Australia. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=CHP19140903.1.8&e=-------10--1----0--">"Violet Day, Press, 3 September 1914, p.8, col. 8"</a> (Newspaper). The National Library of New Zealand. 3 September 1914. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135809/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violet+Day%2C+Press%2C+3+September+1914%2C+p.8%2C+col.+8&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+National+Library+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=1914-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DCHP19140903.1.8%26e%3D-------10--1----0--&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2008" class="citation book cs1">Armitage, Allan M. (1 May 2008) [1989]. "Viola". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kA6VgfxsstIC">Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture, and Garden Attributes</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cool_Springs_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool Springs Press">Cool Springs Press</a>. pp. 1038ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-380-0"><bdi>978-1-61058-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viola&rft.btitle=Herbaceous+Perennial+Plants%3A+A+Treatise+on+their+Identification%2C+Culture%2C+and+Garden+Attributes&rft.pages=1038ff&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cool+Springs+Press&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61058-380-0&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=Allan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkA6VgfxsstIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQXHjuqht40C">additional excerpts</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard_et_al2013" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Harvey E; Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Wahlert, Gregory A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270759276">"Violaceae"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, Klaus</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vlkyAEACAAJ">Flowering Plants. 11 Eudicots: Malpighiales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 303–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39417-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39417-1"><bdi>978-3-642-39417-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plants.+11+Eudicots%3A+Malpighiales&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-642-39417-1&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Harvey+E&rft.au=Paula-Souza%2C+Juliana+de&rft.au=Wahlert%2C+Gregory+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F270759276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">(Also preview at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-642-39416-4">Springer</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Becker">Becker, Wilhelm</a> (1925) [1887–1915]. "Viola". In <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler, Adolf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Anton_Prantl" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Anton Prantl">Prantl, Karl</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duncker-humblot.de/buch/die-natuerlichen-pflanzenfamilien-nebst-ihren-gattungen-und-wichtigeren-arten-insbesondere-den-nutzpflanzen-9783428011513/?page_id=0&typ=buc">Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten</a> (in German). Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 363–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viola&rft.btitle=Die+nat%C3%BCrlichen+Pflanzenfamilien+nebst+ihren+Gattungen+und+wichtigeren+Arten%2C+insbesondere+den+Nutzpflanzen%2C+unter+Mitwirkung+zahlreicher+hervorragender+Fachgelehrten&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duncker-humblot.de%2Fbuch%2Fdie-natuerlichen-pflanzenfamilien-nebst-ihren-gattungen-und-wichtigeren-arten-insbesondere-den-nutzpflanzen-9783428011513%2F%3Fpage_id%3D0%26typ%3Dbuc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronquist1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist, Arthur</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron">An integrated system of classification of flowering plants</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron/page/404">404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231038805" title="Special:BookSources/9780231038805"><bdi>9780231038805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+integrated+system+of+classification+of+flowering+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780231038805&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintegratedsystem0000cron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2001" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, James, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2kxDjY_JgwC">Handbook of North European Garden Plants: With Keys to Families and Genera</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00411-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00411-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00411-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+European+Garden+Plants%3A+With+Keys+to+Families+and+Genera&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00411-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2kxDjY_JgwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S_M_Walters" class="mw-redirect" title="S M Walters">Walters, S M</a> (2011) [1984]. "Viola Linnaeus". In Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaD8XmgCYHsC">The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. Vol IV Aquifoliaceae - Hydropyhllacea</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 102–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76160-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76160-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viola+Linnaeus&rft.btitle=The+European+Garden+Flora+Flowering+Plants%3A+A+Manual+for+the+Identification+of+Plants+Cultivated+in+Europe%2C+Both+Out-of-Doors+and+Under+Glass.+Vol+IV+Aquifoliaceae+-+Hydropyhllacea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76160-4&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=S+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaD8XmgCYHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2014). "Violet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Companion to Food</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violet&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">, see also <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food">The Oxford Companion to Food</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershoy1934" class="citation book cs1">Gershoy, A (1934). Studies in North American violets. III. Chromosome numbers and species characters. Bulletin no. 367. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+North+American+violets.+III.+Chromosome+numbers+and+species+characters.+Bulletin+no.+367&rft.pub=Vermont+Agricultural+Experiment+Station&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Gershoy&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2017" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Catherine (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">"Perfumed melodies, Violet memories: Scent and remembrance in the nineteenth century"</a>. Scents and Sensibility: Perfume in Victorian Literary Culture. <a href="/wiki/OUP_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP Oxford">OUP Oxford</a>. pp. 66–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100521-3"><bdi>978-0-19-100521-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perfumed+melodies%2C+Violet+memories%3A+Scent+and+remembrance+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.btitle=Scents+and+Sensibility%3A+Perfume+in+Victorian+Literary+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100521-3&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZ83DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">(additional excerpts as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zg6DwAAQBAJ">e-book</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobuchon1997" class="citation book cs1">Robuchon, Joël, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireLarousseGastronomique/page/n1105/mode/2up">"Violette"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pa6SnAEACAAJ">Larousse gastronomique</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Larousse</a>. p. 1106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-560227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-560227-5"><bdi>978-2-03-560227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violette&rft.btitle=Larousse+gastronomique&rft.pages=1106&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-03-560227-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDictionnaireLarousseGastronomique%2Fpage%2Fn1105%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">, (see also <a href="/wiki/Larousse_Gastronomique" title="Larousse Gastronomique">Larousse Gastronomique</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendle1925" class="citation book cs1">Rendle, Alfred Barton (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuo8AAAAIAAJ">The Classification of Flowering Plants: Volume 2, Dicotyledons</a>. <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06057-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06057-8"><bdi>978-0-521-06057-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classification+of+Flowering+Plants%3A+Volume+2%2C+Dicotyledons&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=978-0-521-06057-8&rft.aulast=Rendle&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuo8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">(Full text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95518#/summary">available</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersKeil1996" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vascularplanttax00walt">Vascular Plant Taxonomy</a> (4th ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9"><bdi>978-0-7872-2108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vascular+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7872-2108-9&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Dirk+R.&rft.au=Keil%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvascularplanttax00walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">, (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC">available</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatsch1802" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch">Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl</a> (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31965#page/77/mode/1up">"Violariae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7569#/summary">Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis, quam delineavit, et nunc ulterius adumbratam</a> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir. pp. 57–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violariae&rft.btitle=Tabula+affinitatum+regni+vegetabilis%2C+quam+delineavit%2C+et+nunc+ulterius+adumbratam&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Landes-Industrie-Comptoir&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Batsch&rft.aufirst=August+Johann+Georg+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F31965%23page%2F77%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenthamHooker1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, J.D.</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14680#page/125/mode/1up">"Violarieae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary">Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</a> (3 vols.). Vol. 1. London: L Reeve & Co. pp. 114–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violarieae&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum+ad+exemplaria+imprimis+in+herbariis+kewensibus+servata+definita&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=L+Reeve+%26+Co.&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hooker%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F14680%23page%2F125%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandolle1824" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">de Candolle, A. P.</a> (1824–1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/154246#page/294/mode/1up">"Violarieae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/286#/summary">Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols</a>. Vol. 1. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. pp. 287–316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violarieae&rft.btitle=Prodromus+systematis+naturalis+regni+vegetabilis%2C+sive%2C+Enumeratio+contracta+ordinum+generum+specierumque+plantarum+huc+usque+cognitarium%2C+juxta+methodi+naturalis%2C+normas+digesta+17+vols.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Treuttel+et+W%C3%BCrtz&rft.date=1824%2F1873&rft.aulast=de+Candolle&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F154246%23page%2F294%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussieu1789" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de</a> (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/389/mode/1up">"Cisti: Viola"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125">Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV</a> (in Latin). Paris. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5161409">5161409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cisti%3A+Viola&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum%3A+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita%2C+juxta+methodum+in+Horto+regio+parisiensi+exaratam%2C+anno+M.DCC.LXXIV&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=294&rft.date=1789&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5161409&rft.aulast=Jussieu&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Laurent+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7125%23page%2F389%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lamarckde_Candolle1815" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamarck">de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste</a>; <a href="/wiki/AP_de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="AP de Candolle">de Candolle, AP</a> (1815) [1805]. "Violaceae". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfATAAAAQAAJ">Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique</a> (in French). Vol. IV(2) (3rd ed.). Paris: Desray. pp. 801−810.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft.btitle=Flore+fran%C3%A7aise+ou+descriptions+succinctes+de+toutes+les+plantes+qui+croissent+naturellement+en+France+dispos%C3%A9es+selon+une+nouvelle+m%C3%A9thode+d%27analyse%3B+et+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es+par+un+expos%C3%A9+des+principes+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaires+de+la+botanique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=801%E2%88%92810&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Desray&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=de+Lamarck&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=de+Candolle%2C+AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfATAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> (Latin Index page 931)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley, John</a> (1853) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/454/mode/1up">"Violaceae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary">The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system</a> (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. pp. 338−339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft.btitle=The+Vegetable+Kingdom%3A+or%2C+The+structure%2C+classification%2C+and+uses+of+plants%2C+illustrated+upon+the+natural+system&rft.place=London&rft.pages=338%E2%88%92339&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Bradbury+%26+Evans&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F173373%23page%2F454%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/375/mode/1up">"Viola"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</a>. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 933–937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viola&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E933-%3C%2Fspan%3E937&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F13830%23page%2F375%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">, see also <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskinBaskin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C. (November 1972). 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(31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240367">"Allozyme Diversity in Natural Populations of Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. 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S.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb45-free/anb45-233.pdf">"Viola nanlingensis (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China"</a> (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 45 (3): 233–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5735%2F085.045.0312">10.5735/085.045.0312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84616726">84616726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Botanici+Fennici&rft.atitle=Viola+nanlingensis+%28Violaceae%29%2C+a+new+species+from+Guangdong%2C+southern+China&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5735%2F085.045.0312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84616726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sekj.org%2FPDF%2Fanb45-free%2Fanb45-233.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phylogeny_and_taxonomy">Phylogeny and taxonomy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Phylogeny and taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallardSytsma2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ballard, Harvey E.; Sytsma, Kenneth J. 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Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 32 (4): 397–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11110%2Fkjpt.2002.32.4.397">10.11110/kjpt.2002.32.4.397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+of+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.atitle=A+taxonomic+study+of+Viola+section+Chamaemelanium+in+Korea-based+on+morphological+characters&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11110%2Fkjpt.2002.32.4.397&rft.aulast=Whang&rft.aufirst=Sung+Soo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323803706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittrock1892–1897" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Veit_Brecher_Wittrock" title="Veit Brecher Wittrock">Wittrock, Veit Brecher</a> (1892–1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExUYAAAAYAAJ">"Viola-studier I. Morfologisk-biologiska och systematiska studier öfver Viola tricolor (L.) och hennes närmare anförvandter"</a>. Acta Horti Bergiani: Meddelanden Från Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Trädgård Bergielund (in Swedish). 2 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horti+Bergiani%3A+Meddelanden+Fr%C3%A5n+Kongl.+Svenska+Vetenskaps-Akademiens+Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd+Bergielund&rft.atitle=Viola-studier+I.+Morfologisk-biologiska+och+systematiska+studier+%C3%B6fver+Viola+tricolor+%28L.%29+och+hennes+n%C3%A4rmare+anf%C3%B6rvandter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1892%2F1897&rft.aulast=Wittrock&rft.aufirst=Veit+Brecher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExUYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">(also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/86025#page/7/mode/1up">here</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittrock1892–1897a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (1892–1897a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExUYAAAAYAAJ">"Viola-studier II. Bidrag till de odlade penséernas historia med särskild hänsyn till deras härkomst"</a>. Acta Horti Bergiani: Meddelanden Från Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Trädgård Bergielund (in Swedish). 2 (7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horti+Bergiani%3A+Meddelanden+Fr%C3%A5n+Kongl.+Svenska+Vetenskaps-Akademiens+Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd+Bergielund&rft.atitle=Viola-studier+II.+Bidrag+till+de+odlade+pens%C3%A9ernas+historia+med+s%C3%A4rskild+h%C3%A4nsyn+till+deras+h%C3%A4rkomst&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1892%2F1897&rft.aulast=Wittrock&rft.aufirst=Veit+Brecher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExUYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">(also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/86025#page/441/mode/1up">here</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopaedias">Encyclopaedias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Encyclopaedias">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosch2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hosch, William L. (23 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/Viola-plant-genus">Viola</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viola&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft.aulast=Hosch&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplant%2FViola-plant-genus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Violet">"Violet" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Violets">"Violets" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work">The New Student's Reference Work </a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violets&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_(plant)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBioLib2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38844/">"Viola"</a>. BioLib: Biological library. 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BioLib%3A+Biological+library&rft.atitle=Viola&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biolib.cz%2Fen%2Ftaxon%2Fid38844%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> (taxonomy) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV_capillaris2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id418060/">"Viola capillaris Pers"</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viola+capillaris+Pers.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biolib.cz%2Fen%2Ftaxon%2Fid418060%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAVS2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080019/http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm">"American Violet Society"</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Violet+Society&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanvioletsociety.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHS_Little_David2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/83544/Viola-Little-David-(Vtta)/Details">"Viola 'Little David' (Vtta)"</a>. Plants. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Viola+%27Little+David%27+%28Vtta%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F83544%2FViola-Little-David-%28Vtta%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHS_Konigin_Charlotte2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/215144/Viola-Konigin-Charlotte-(Vt)/Details">"Viola 'Königin Charlotte' (Vt)"</a>. Plants. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Viola+%27K%C3%B6nigin+Charlotte%27+%28Vt%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F215144%2FViola-Konigin-Charlotte-%28Vt%29%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVC2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voyageurcountry.com/htmls/floweringplants/plants/violetblue.html">"Violet, Common Blue (Viola papilionacea)"</a>. Voyageur Country: Flowering plants. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voyageur+Country%3A+Flowering+plants&rft.atitle=Violet%2C+Common+Blue+%28Viola+papilionacea%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voyageurcountry.com%2Fhtmls%2Ffloweringplants%2Fplants%2Fvioletblue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCSIC2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175843/http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html">"Natural history and research on Viola cazorlensis"</a>. Alonso-Herrera Lab. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a> (CSIC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alonso-Herrera+Lab&rft.atitle=Natural+history+and+research+on+Viola+cazorlensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febd06.ebd.csic.es%2Forganisms%2Fvcazorlensis%2FVcazorlensis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly_et_al2007" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, R.O.; Deng, Z.; Harbaugh, B.K. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/17/73/00001/EP32700.pdf">"Evaluation of Viola Cultivars as Bedding Plants for Florida"</a> (PDF). Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences">Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Data+Information+Source+%28EDIS%29&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Viola+Cultivars+as+Bedding+Plants+for+Florida&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=R.O.&rft.au=Deng%2C+Z.&rft.au=Harbaugh%2C+B.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu%2FIR%2F00%2F00%2F17%2F73%2F00001%2FEP32700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHS2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">"AGM Plants (Ornamental)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. November 2018. pp. 109–110. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGM+Plants+%28Ornamental%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fagm-lists%2Fagm-ornamentals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Databases</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWFO2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000040312">"Viola L."</a> World Flora Online. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Flora+Online&rft.atitle=Viola+L.&rft.date=2019&rft.au=WFO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfloraonline.org%2Ftaxon%2Fwfo-4000040312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPOTWO2020" class="citation web cs1">POTWO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2">"Viola L."</a> <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Viola+L.&rft.au=POTWO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000540-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPNI2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/120884-3">"Viola L., Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1754)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viola+L.%2C+Genera+Plantarum+ed.+5+%281754%29&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.au=IPNI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F120884-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleMcKinney2003" class="citation web cs1">Little, R. John; McKinney, Landon E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134607">"Viola"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">Flora of North America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Viola&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=R.+John&rft.au=McKinney%2C+Landon+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D134607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaula-SouzaBallard2009" class="citation web cs1">Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Ballard, Harvey E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Violaceae.htm">"Neotropical Violaceae"</a>. Neotropikey: Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neotropikey%3A+Interactive+key+and+information+resources+for+flowering+plants+of+the+Neotropics&rft.atitle=Neotropical+Violaceae&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Paula-Souza&rft.aufirst=Juliana+de&rft.au=Ballard%2C+Harvey+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2Fscience%2Ftropamerica%2Fneotropikey%2Ffamilies%2FViolaceae.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu_et_al2004" class="citation web cs1">Fu, Kunjun; Ohba, Hideaki; Gilbert, Michael G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134607">"Viola Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 933. 1753"</a>. pp. 72, 74. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viola+Linnaeus%2C+Sp.+Pl.+2%3A+933.+1753&rft.pages=72%2C+74&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Kunjun&rft.au=Ohba%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D134607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">, (in <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">Flora of China online</a> vol. 13)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlssonMarcussen2010" class="citation web cs1">Karlsson, Thomas; Marcussen, Thomas, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floranordica.org/Review/-Review_public/accounts/Viola.html">"Viola L."</a> Flora Nordica 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+Nordica+6&rft.atitle=Viola+L.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floranordica.org%2FReview%2F-Review_public%2Faccounts%2FViola.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHS2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708035929/http://www.rhs.org.uk/RHSPlantFinder/GenusClass.asp?Genus=Viola">"Viola Horticultural Classification"</a>. RHS Plant Finder: Genus. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/RHSPlantFinder/GenusClass.asp?Genus=Viola">the original</a> on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RHS+Plant+Finder%3A+Genus&rft.atitle=Viola+Horticultural+Classification&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FRHSPlantFinder%2FGenusClass.asp%3FGenus%3DViola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFNY2020" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Flora_of_New_York/Violaceae">"Violaceae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>: Flora of New York. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikibooks%3A+Flora+of+New+York&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FFlora_of_New_York%2FViolaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Images</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinRepo" class="citation web cs1">Rein, Pasi; Repo, Paula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/violaceae.htm">"Violaceae"</a>. Walking routes in Spain - Plants. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walking+routes+in+Spain+-+Plants&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=Pasi&rft.au=Repo%2C+Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topwalks.net%2Fplants%2Fgeneros%2Fviolaceae.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_sumireka_apg3_210.htm">"Violaceae"</a>. Wild herbs and Alpine Plants, Japan. Flavon's Art Gallery. 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+herbs+and+Alpine+Plants%2C+Japan&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpine-plants-jp.com%2Fart%2Findex_sumireka_apg3_210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewforum.php?f=384">"Violaceae"</a>. Botanische-spaziergaenge: Bilder von Österreichs Flora (in German). Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botanische-spaziergaenge%3A+Bilder+von+%C3%96sterreichs+Flora&rft.atitle=Violaceae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanische-spaziergaenge.at%2Fviewforum.php%3Ff%3D384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/50829-Viola">"Violets (Genus Viola)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iNaturalist&rft.atitle=Violets+%28Genus+Viola%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finaturalist.ca%2Ftaxa%2F50829-Viola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> includes maps</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_flowers" title="Template talk:US state flowers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_flowers_of_the_United_States619" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">State flowers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> <a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_quercifolia" title="Hydrangea quercifolia">Oak-leaf hydrangea</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a> <a href="/wiki/Myosotis_alpestris" title="Myosotis alpestris">Forget-me-not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a> <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">Saguaro cactus blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a> <a href="/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica" title="Eschscholzia californica">California poppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_coerulea" title="Aquilegia coerulea">Rocky Mountain columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a> CH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a> <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange blossom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a> WF, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_laevigata" title="Rosa laevigata">Cherokee rose</a> FE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hibiscus" title="Hawaiian hibiscus">Hawaiian hibiscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_lewisii" title="Philadelphus lewisii">Syringa, mock orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">Milkweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Peony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iris_giganticaerulea" title="Iris giganticaerulea">Louisiana iris</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">White pine cone and tassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudbeckia_hirta" title="Rudbeckia hirta">Black-eyed susan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Mayflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">Dwarf lake iris</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a> <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_reginae" title="Cypripedium reginae">Pink and white lady's slipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a> <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">Hawthorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitterroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a> <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata" title="Artemisia tridentata">Sagebrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a> <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">Purple lilac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_acaule" title="Cypripedium acaule">Pink lady's slipper</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a> <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Flowering dogwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilium_michauxii" title="Lilium michauxii">Carolina lily</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a> <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">Scarlet carnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">Large white trillium</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaillardia_pulchella" title="Gaillardia pulchella">Indian blanket</a> WF, <a href="/wiki/Phoradendron_leucarpum" title="Phoradendron leucarpum">Mistletoe</a> FE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahonia aquifolium">Oregon grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Securigera_varia" title="Securigera varia">Penngift crown vetch</a> BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> <a href="/wiki/Gelsemium_sempervirens" title="Gelsemium sempervirens">Yellow jessamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidago_altissima" title="Solidago altissima">Goldenrod</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla_nuttalliana" title="Pulsatilla nuttalliana">Pasque flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passiflora_incarnata" title="Passiflora incarnata">Purple passionflower</a> WF, <a href="/wiki/Echinacea_tennesseensis" title="Echinacea tennesseensis">Tennessee coneflower</a> WF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> <a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet sp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a> <a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Sego lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a> <a href="/wiki/Trifolium_pratense" title="Trifolium pratense">Red clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">American dogwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum" title="Rhododendron macrophyllum">Coast rhododendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_maximum" title="Rhododendron maximum">Rhododendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Wood violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a> <a href="/wiki/Castilleja_linariifolia" title="Castilleja linariifolia">Indian paintbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Paogo (Ulafala)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a> <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea_spectabilis" title="Bougainvillea spectabilis">Bougainvillea spectabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Flores mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a> <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_grandiflora" title="Thespesia grandiflora">Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Tecoma_stans" title="Tecoma stans">Yellow elder</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>Italics: state wildflower WF, state children's flower CH, state floral emblem FE, beautification and conservation BC</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Viola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146095" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q146095">Q146095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Viola_(L.)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Viola (L.)">Viola (L.)</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/195852">195852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/91625">91625</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38844">38844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121166">121166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/86VM">86VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1VIOG">1VIOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21793">21793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134607">134607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134607">134607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2874237">2874237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12719">12719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/50829">50829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/41602-1">41602-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1332414">1332414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22030">22030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000464877">NHMSYS0000464877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13757">13757</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/8cee38f2-ca13-4605-9492-fb1b5f54778a">8cee38f2-ca13-4605-9492-fb1b5f54778a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=295597">295597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/VIOLA">VIOLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000540-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40024459">40024459</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1822">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/9c45bdc8-58d7-4dec-91a3-b03c01aa9f61">9c45bdc8-58d7-4dec-91a3-b03c01aa9f61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000040312">wfo-4000040312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=425767">425767</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146095#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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