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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawn_weed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawn_weed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بنفشه آبی چمنزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنفشه آبی چمنزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%A7%80%EB%82%98%EB%AC%BC" title="종지나물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종지나물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukma_biru_biasa" title="Sukma biru biasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sukma biru biasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيولا سوروريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيولا سوروريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="アメリカスミレサイシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカスミレサイシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fio%C5%82ek_motylkowy" title="Fiołek motylkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fiołek motylkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Фиалка мотыльковая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фиалка мотыльковая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhosorvokki" title="Perhosorvokki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perhosorvokki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rilsviol" title="Fjärilsviol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjärilsviol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Viola sororia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1077055#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Viola sororia</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg/220px-Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg/330px-Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg/440px-Viola_sororia_in_Wisconsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Viola_(plant)" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)"><i>Viola</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>V. sororia</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Viola sororia</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Willd." class="mw-redirect" title="Willd.">Willd.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FNA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Viola affinis</i> Leconte</li> <li><i>Viola chalcosperma</i> Brainerd</li> <li><i>Viola floridana</i> Brainerd</li> <li><i>Viola latiuscula</i> Greene</li> <li><i>Viola palmata</i> var. <i>sororia</i> (Willd.) Pollard</li> <li><i>Viola papilionacea</i> Pursh</li> <li><i>Viola priceana</i> Pollard</li> <li><i>Viola rosacea</i> Brainerd</li> <li><i>Viola septentrionalis</i> Greene</li> <li><i>Viola wilmattiae</i> Pollard & Cockerell</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg/220px-CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg/330px-CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg/440px-CATU_herbarium_V_sororia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i>Viola sororia</i> herbarium specimen.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Viola sororia</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">vy-<span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-lə sə-<span style="font-size:90%">ROR</span>-ee-ə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known commonly as the <b>common blue violet</b>, is a short-stemmed herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> native to eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. It is known by a number of common names, including <b>common meadow violet</b>, <b>purple violet</b>, <b>woolly blue violet</b>, <b>hooded violet</b>, and <b>wood violet</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This perennial plant is distributed in the eastern half of the United States, Canada, and a part of eastern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its native habitats are rich, moist woods, and swamps located in the eastern half of the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its cultivar 'Albiflora' has gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-seeding freely in <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>, it can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> by some. <a href="/wiki/Cleistogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleistogamous">Cleistogamous</a> seed heads may also appear on short stems in late summer and early autumn. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Blue_Violet_(Viola_sororia)_color_variant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia) color variant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia%29_color_variant.jpg/220px-Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia%29_color_variant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia%29_color_variant.jpg/330px-Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia%29_color_variant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia%29_color_variant.jpg/440px-Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia%29_color_variant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Common Blue Violet (<i>Viola sororia</i>) color variant</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Viola sororia</i> is a short-stemmed, herbaceous perennial plant that grows in well-drained and shady habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 15–25 centimeters (6–10 in) wide violet has glossy, heart-shaped leaves and are topped with purple flowers with white throats. The lower three petals are hairy and the stem of the flower droops slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These flowers can be found in the woods, thickets, and near stream beds.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>V. sororia</i> can live and reproduce for more than 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blooming in the spring and summer (April–August), <i>Viola sororia</i> can be found in colors of white, blue, or purple.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hairless common blue violets with purple flowers and bearded spurred petals have been variously called <i>Viola sororia</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_affinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola affinis (page does not exist)">Viola affinis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Viola_pratincola" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola pratincola">Viola pratincola</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fotcr2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotcr2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miflora_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miflora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> region, this hairless form is most frequently found in weedy areas such as old fields and lawns. Hairy purple violets with blue flowers have been called "true" <i>Viola sororia</i> and are rarely seen outside of <a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant</a> wooded areas.<sup id="cite_ref-fotcr2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotcr2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A form with white flowers that have a purple center has been called <i>Viola sororia</i> f. <i>priceana</i> (Confederate violet).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Viola sororia</i> has several named hybrids:<sup id="cite_ref-FNA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Viola</i> × <i>bernardii</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Viola_pedatifida" title="Viola pedatifida">Viola pedatifida</a></i> var. <i>pedatifida</i> × <i>V. sororia</i>)</li> <li><i>Viola</i> × <i>bissellii</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Viola_cucullata" title="Viola cucullata">Viola cucullata</a></i> × <i>V. sororia</i>)</li> <li><i>Viola</i> × <i>cordifolia</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Viola_hirsutula" title="Viola hirsutula">Viola hirsutula</a></i> × <i>V. sororia</i>)</li> <li><i>Viola</i> × <i>conjugens</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Viola_sagittata" title="Viola sagittata">Viola sagittata</a></i> var. <i>sagittata</i> × <i>V. sororia</i>)</li> <li><i>Viola</i> × <i>insolita</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Viola_pedatifida" title="Viola pedatifida">Viola pedatifida</a></i> var. <i>brittoniana</i> × <i>V. sororia</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg/220px-Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg/330px-Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg/440px-Viola_septentrionalis_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i>Viola septentrionalis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-de-Batiscan" title="Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan">Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Viola sororia</i> is found primarily in forests and is <a href="/wiki/Interfertile" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfertile">interfertile</a>, meaning it is likely and able to breed with other closely related <i>Viola</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species grows on forest floors and can adapt to sunny or partly shady conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves develop in the early spring when the surrounding tree crowns are not fully closed.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the forest canopy closes, the leaves continue to grow and develop.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soils preferred by <i>V. sororia</i> are moist, rich, and well drained.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Argynnini" title="Argynnini">Fritillary butterfly</a> caterpillars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Speyeria_cybele" class="mw-redirect" title="Speyeria cybele">great spangled fritillary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euptoieta_claudia" title="Euptoieta claudia">variegated fritillary</a>, are dependent on these and other plants in genus <i>Viola</i>. The plants serve as food for wild turkeys, rabbits, deer, livestock, the mourning dove, the bobwhite, and the white-footed mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native bees such as the <a href="/wiki/Mason_bee" title="Mason bee">mason bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halictidae" title="Halictidae">sweat bees</a>, and the violet specialist <a href="/wiki/Andrena" title="Andrena">mining bee</a>, visit the <i>Viola sororia</i> plant for its nectar in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterflies are also known to pollinate the species.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pollinated flowers result in a normal seed distribution like most flowering plants; however, <i>Viola sororia</i> produces seeds in the late summer from a process called <a href="/wiki/Cleistogamy" title="Cleistogamy">cleistogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that it self-fertilizes inside the plant, without opening.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seed capsules eventually turn upright, open, and shoot out their seeds as far as 2.7 meters (9 ft) away from the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violets employ <a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a>, which is the process of seed dispersal by ants. The seeds are coated with ant-attracting protein- and lipid-rich morsels, also known as <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a>. The ants then gather the seeds and take them back to their nests. When the coating is consumed by the ants, the seed is discarded into their waste piles and can germinate.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>V. sororia</i> has no known toxicities. It has a low fire tolerance,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has no serious insect or disease problems. Its foliage usually declines in hot summers.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawn_weed">Lawn weed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lawn weed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Viola sororia</i> is known as a wild violet that may be hard to control due to its sometime weedy nature. Halauxifen-methyl has shown promising results on hard-to-control weeds, including <i>Viola sororia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beyond its use as a common lawn and garden plant, <i>Viola sororia</i> has historically been used for food and for medicine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The flowers and leaves are edible, and some sources suggest the roots can also be eaten.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> have used it to treat colds and headaches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Rafinesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, in his <i>Medical Flora, a Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America</i> (1828–1830), wrote of <i>Viola sororia</i> being used by his American contemporaries for coughs, sore throats, and constipation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Viola sororia</i> can be used to decorate walkways and park areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used as a wildflower in lawns, though some consider <i>Viola sororia</i> a weed despite its being a resource for pollinators<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and importance as host plant to various fritillary butterflies, including the greater fritillaries in genus <a href="/wiki/Speyeria" title="Speyeria">Speyeria</a>. </p><p><i>Viola sororia</i> is high in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamins A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young leaves and flower buds can be eaten raw or cooked, or brewed for a tea.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also work as an anti-inflammatory and has been used topically for skin conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Viola sororia</i> is deer resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Viola sororia</i> leaves and flowers are edible in moderation and also safe to plant around pets.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>V. sororia</i> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state flowers">state flower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus <i>Viola</i> is known as a symbol of love and modesty by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French play that achieved popularity on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> in the late 1920s, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Captive_(play)" title="The Captive (play)">The Captive</a></i>, featured a lesbian character who won over her love interests with violets.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-luu2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luu2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inspired a violet fad among the play's supporters, and possibly a violet boycott among its detractors. It is the reason the violet is sometimes called "the lesbian flower".<sup id="cite_ref-luu2021_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luu2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Blue_Violet_(Viola_sororia_var._sororia)_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower"><img alt="Flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia_var._sororia%29_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg/120px-Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia_var._sororia%29_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia_var._sororia%29_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg/180px-Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia_var._sororia%29_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia_var._sororia%29_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg/240px-Common_Blue_Violet_%28Viola_sororia_var._sororia%29_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VioletAlba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White flowering form"><img alt="White flowering form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/VioletAlba.jpg/114px-VioletAlba.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/VioletAlba.jpg/171px-VioletAlba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/VioletAlba.jpg/228px-VioletAlba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White flowering form</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="V. sororia 'Freckles'"><img alt="V. sororia 'Freckles'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg/120px-Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg/180px-Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg/240px-Viola_sororia_%22Freckles%22_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>V. sororia</i> 'Freckles'</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNatureServe2023" class="citation web cs1">NatureServe (2 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.143480/Viola_sororia">"<i>Viola sororia</i>"</a>. <i>NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer</i>. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Network+Biodiversity+Location+Data+accessed+through+NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Viola+sororia&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft.au=NatureServe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.143480%2FViola_sororia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+sororia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33800484">"<i>Viola sororia</i> Willd."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Botanical Gardens">Missouri Botanical Gardens</a> – via <a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tropicos&rft.atitle=Viola+sororia+Willd%26%2346%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Ftro-33800484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+sororia" class="Z3988"></span> Note that this website has been superseded by <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50176323">"<i>Viola sororia var. missouriensis</i> (Greene) L.E.McKinney"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Botanical Gardens">Missouri Botanical Gardens</a> – via <a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tropicos&rft.atitle=Viola+sororia+var.+missouriensis+%28Greene%29+L.E.McKinney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Ftro-50176323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+sororia" class="Z3988"></span> Note that this website has been superseded by <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FNA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FNA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleMcKinney2015" class="citation cs1">Little, R. John; McKinney, Landon E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417476">"<i>Viola sororia</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 6. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Flora+Online&rft.atitle=Viola+L.&rft.date=2019&rft.au=WFO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfloraonline.org%2Ftaxon%2Fwfo-4000040312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+sororia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPOTWO2020" class="citation web cs1">POTWO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2">"Viola L."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Viola+L.&rft.au=POTWO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000540-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+sororia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210000000000/https://ct-botanical-society.org/plants/view/702">"Connecticut Plants"</a>, Connecticut Botanical Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connecticut+Plants&rft.pub=Connecticut+Botanical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210000000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fct-botanical-society.org%2Fplants%2Fview%2F702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViola+sororia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529054952/http://ipm.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/viopp.htm"><i>Viola sororia</i></a> from the Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide</li> <li>Duke, James. 1992. Handbook of Edible Weeds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2010/yang_paj/adaptation.htm"><i>Viola sororia</i>: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_sororia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paenflowered.org/apgii/malpighiales/violaceae/viola/viola-sororia">Flora of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_flowers" title="Template talk:US state flowers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_flowers_of_the_United_States619" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">State flowers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_quercifolia" title="Hydrangea quercifolia">Oak-leaf hydrangea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Myosotis_alpestris" title="Myosotis alpestris">Forget-me-not</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">Saguaro cactus blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica" title="Eschscholzia californica">California poppy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_coerulea" title="Aquilegia coerulea">Rocky Mountain columbine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_laevigata" title="Rosa laevigata">Cherokee rose</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hibiscus" title="Hawaiian hibiscus">Hawaiian hibiscus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_lewisii" title="Philadelphus lewisii">Syringa, mock orange</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">Milkweed</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Peony</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_giganticaerulea" title="Iris giganticaerulea">Louisiana iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">White pine cone and tassel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rudbeckia_hirta" title="Rudbeckia hirta">Black-eyed susan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Mayflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">Dwarf lake iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_reginae" title="Cypripedium reginae">Pink and white lady's slipper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">Hawthorn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitterroot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata" title="Artemisia tridentata">Sagebrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">Purple lilac</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_acaule" title="Cypripedium acaule">Pink lady's slipper</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Flowering dogwood</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_michauxii" title="Lilium michauxii">Carolina lily</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">Scarlet carnation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">Large white trillium</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma rose</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaillardia_pulchella" title="Gaillardia pulchella">Indian blanket</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoradendron_leucarpum" title="Phoradendron leucarpum">Mistletoe</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahonia aquifolium">Oregon grape</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Securigera_varia" title="Securigera varia">Penngift crown vetch</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Gelsemium_sempervirens" title="Gelsemium sempervirens">Yellow jessamine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solidago_altissima" title="Solidago altissima">Goldenrod</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla_nuttalliana" title="Pulsatilla nuttalliana">Pasque flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora_incarnata" title="Passiflora incarnata">Purple passionflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_tennesseensis" title="Echinacea tennesseensis">Tennessee coneflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet sp.</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Sego lily</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Trifolium_pratense" title="Trifolium pratense">Red clover</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">American dogwood</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum" title="Rhododendron macrophyllum">Coast rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_maximum" title="Rhododendron maximum">Rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wood violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Castilleja_linariifolia" title="Castilleja linariifolia">Indian paintbrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Paogo (Ulafala)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea_spectabilis" title="Bougainvillea spectabilis">Bougainvillea spectabilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Flores mayo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_grandiflora" title="Thespesia grandiflora">Maga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tecoma_stans" title="Tecoma stans">Yellow elder</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><i>Italics</i>: state wildflower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, state children's flower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span>, state floral emblem <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span>, beautification and conservation <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Viola sororia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077055" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1077055">Q1077055</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Viola_sororia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Viola sororia">Viola sororia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=3566">3566</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=3736">3736</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121759">121759</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9426">9426</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BHLM">5BHLM</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/584565">584565</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417476">242417476</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5331238">5331238</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=402751">402751</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/82816">82816</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/266976-2">266976-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10857781">10857781</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/117861">117861</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22169">22169</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2798">2798</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287524">287524</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.143480/">2.143480</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13758">13758</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/198144/">198144</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=295613">295613</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=11815">11815</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33800484">tro-33800484</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/VISO">VISO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A266976-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:266976-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/46675/wd/Details">46675</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/33800484">33800484</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/9498">9498</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=5404">5404</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001144694">wfo-0001144694</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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