Backgrounders | Council on Foreign Relations

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class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="2">International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/economics" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Economics </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/american-views-economic-leadership " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">American Views on Economic Leadership</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/Cover_web_1.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">CFR’s RealEcon team traveled across the country to ask Americans what they think of trade, aid, and other international economic policies. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/matthew-p-goodman" class="card-article__authors-link">Matthew P. Goodman</a> and <a href="/bio/allison-j-smith" class="card-article__authors-link">Allison J. Smith</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 25, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/realecon" class="card-article__series"> RealEcon </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Defense and Security </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/hauser-symposium-axis-autocracies " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Hauser Symposium: The Axis of Autocracies</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/axis%20of%20autocracies_1.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">In recent years, China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea have deepened their cooperation, raising concerns about an emerging “Axis of Autocracies” challenging U.S. global leadership. From military support and weapons transfers to economic backing, these alliances are reshaping the geopolitical landscape. This symposium will examine the extent of their collaboration, its global implications, and how the United States should respond to the threats it poses to U.S. national security. Click <strong>here</strong> to view the full agenda. This <strong>Hauser Symposium</strong> is made possible by the generous support of the Hauser Foundation. If you wish to attend virtually, log-in information and instructions on how to participate during the question and answer portion will be provided the evening before the event to those who register. Please note the audio, video, and transcript of this hybrid event will be posted on the <strong>CFR website</strong>. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Christopher S. Chivvis, Heather Conley, Ivo H. Daalder, Jennifer E. Kavanagh, Tanvi Madan, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/ebenezer-obadare" class="card-article__authors-link">Ebenezer Obadare</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a>, Suzanne Nossel and Laura Trevelyan</span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 27, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img 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class="header-contextual__main-title">Backgrounders</h1> </div> </div> <div class="header-contextual__content-container"> <section class="header-contextual__content-wrapper"> Authoritative, accessible, and regularly updated primers on hundreds of foreign policy topics. </section> </div> </header> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay"> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__close-btn"></div> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel"> <div class="button-container button-container--with-breakpoints header-contextual__dropdown-btn header-contextual__dropdown-btn--above-mobile header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel-title"> <button class="button-container__btn header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__title__btn">Close</button> </div> <ul class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="two-hub-promos-across"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__wrapper"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__container"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__promos-container"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__article-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations-tension-us-policy-trump" target="_blank" class="two-hub-promos-across__article-anchor"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__image-container"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__image"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </div> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__data-container"> <p class="two-hub-promos-across__topic"> <a href="/asia/taiwan" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Taiwan </a> </p> <a href="/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations-tension-us-policy-trump" target="_blank"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__title"> Why China-Taiwan Relations Are So Tense </div> </a>  <div class="two-hub-promos-across__intro"> <p>Differences over Taiwan’s status have fueled rising tensions between the island and mainland. Taiwan is the likeliest potential flash point in U.S.-China relations.</p> </div> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__metadata"> <p class="two-hub-promos-across__byline"> <span class="two-hub-promos-across__pub-type">Backgrounder </span> by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/lindsay-maizland" class="two-hub-promos-across__byline--author">Lindsay Maizland</a> and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/clara-fong" class="two-hub-promos-across__byline--author">Clara Fong</a> <span class="two-hub-basic-promo__date"> Mar 19, 2025 </span> </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__article-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/how-us-oil-and-gas-industry-works" target="_blank" class="two-hub-promos-across__article-anchor"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__image-container"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__image"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m/public/image/2022/08/Oil_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </div> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__data-container"> <p class="two-hub-promos-across__topic"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Energy and Environment </a> </p> <a href="/backgrounder/how-us-oil-and-gas-industry-works" target="_blank"> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__title"> How the U.S. Oil and Gas Industry Works </div> </a>  <div class="two-hub-promos-across__intro"> <p>The United States is the world’s top producer of oil and natural gas. Its decision to either continue at this pace or curb production to achieve its climate goals will have global consequences.</p> </div> <div class="two-hub-promos-across__metadata"> <p class="two-hub-promos-across__byline"> <span class="two-hub-promos-across__pub-type">Backgrounder </span> by <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/lindsay-maizland" class="two-hub-promos-across__byline--author">Lindsay Maizland</a> and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/anshu-siripurapu" class="two-hub-promos-across__byline--author">Anshu Siripurapu</a> <span class="two-hub-basic-promo__date"> Aug 11, 2022 </span> </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-wrapper__article-body"> <div class="field body-content"> <div class="field body-content body-content--with-right-rail"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--block-reference paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-views-block-secondary-destination-pages-backgrounder-block"> <h2>Explainers Video Filters and Cards</h2> <div block="block-views-block-secondary-destination-pages-backgrounder-block"><div class="js-view-dom-id-924287ac5163faa994ab5d92b48275b1b05a8c7e69bd72592e5b790ed543dd11"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-secondary-destination-pages-backgrounder-filters-block" action="/backgrounders" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-secondary-destination-pages-backgrounder-filters-block" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-topics js-form-item-topics"> <label for="edit-topics">Topics</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-topics" id="edit-topics" name="topics" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="338">Defense and Security</option><option value="339">Diplomacy and International Institutions</option><option value="340">Economics</option><option value="341">Energy and Environment</option><option value="342">Health</option><option value="343">Human Rights</option><option value="344">Politics and Government</option><option value="345">Social Issues</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-regions js-form-item-regions"> <label for="edit-regions">Regions</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-regions" id="edit-regions" name="regions" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="114">Americas</option><option value="115">Asia</option><option value="116">Europe and Eurasia</option><option value="117">Global Commons</option><option value="118">Middle East and North Africa</option><option value="119">Oceania</option><option value="121">Sub-Saharan Africa</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-secondary-destination-pages" type="submit" id="edit-submit-secondary-destination-pages" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/economics/trade" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Trade </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/what-are-tariffs " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> What Are Tariffs? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/06/Tariffs_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">President Donald Trump has begun his second term imposing tariffs against some of the United States’ leading trading partners to correct what he says are decades of imbalances harmful to the U.S. economy. Here’s how these taxes work.   </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Anshu Siripurapu and Noah Berman</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> April 1, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/health/public-health-threats-and-pandemics" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Public Health Threats and Pandemics </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/fentanyl-and-us-opioid-epidemic " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Fentanyl and the U.S. Opioid Epidemic </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/04/Fentanyl_HP.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Opioid addiction has become one of the United States’ biggest killers, endangering public health, the economy, and national security. But closing the floodgates on fentanyl poses a significant foreign policy challenge. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> and Claire Klobucista</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 28, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/international-criminal-court" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> International Criminal Court </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/role-icc " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Role of the ICC </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2019/05/ICC.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The International Criminal Court was created to bring justice to the world’s worst war criminals, but debate over the court still rages. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> and Claire Klobucista</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/taiwan" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Taiwan </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations-tension-us-policy-trump " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Why China-Taiwan Relations Are So Tense </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Differences over Taiwan’s status have fueled rising tensions between the island and mainland. Taiwan is the likeliest potential flash point in U.S.-China relations. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Clara Fong</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 19, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/united-nations" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United Nations </a> </div> <a href="/article/funding-united-nations-what-impact-do-us-contributions-have-un-agencies-and-programs " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Funding the United Nations: How Much Does the U.S. Pay? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/FundingUN_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Many UN agencies, programs, and missions receive crucial funding from the United States. In his second administration, President Trump is again calling for greater scrutiny of U.S. funding and involvement in the global body, and he has signaled sharp cutbacks in some payments. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 28, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/mexico" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Mexico </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/mexicos-long-war-drugs-crime-and-cartels " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/08/MexicoDrugWar_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Violence continues to rage some two decades after the Mexican government launched a war against drug cartels. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 21, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/how-us-asylum-process-works " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> How the U.S. Asylum Process Works </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/06/Immigration_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Asylum has become a central part of the U.S. immigration debate in recent years after border crossings reached a record high in fiscal year 2023. Here’s how the asylum process works. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 19, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/what-fdas-role-public-health " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> What Is the FDA’s Role in Public Health? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/09/FDA_IB.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The U.S. health agency regulates the country’s foods and drugs, among other products. With the FDA’s role in drug development and nutrition policy and its COVID-19 pandemic response driving controversy, President Donald Trump is set to shake up its leadership.   </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> and Claire Klobucista</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/lebanon" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Lebanon </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/lebanon-how-israel-hezbollah-and-regional-powers-are-shaping-its-future " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Lebanon: How Israel, Hezbollah, and Regional Powers Are Shaping Its Future </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/12/Lebanon2_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">An array of domestic and foreign powers are vying for influence in Lebanon, including the Lebanese Armed Forces, Hezbollah, Israel, Iran, Syria, and the United States. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Jonathan Masters</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Clara Fong</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article-large__series"> Renewing America </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa/somalia" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Somalia </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/somaliland-horn-africas-breakaway-state " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Somaliland: The Horn of Africa’s Breakaway State </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/01/Somaliland_BG_0.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The would-be independent state stands in contrast to Somalia as a place of relative stability, and despite its lack of international recognition, Somaliland continues to push its own foreign policy. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> and Claire Klobucista</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 21, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/southeast-asia" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Southeast Asia </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/what-asean " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> What Is ASEAN? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2017/03/ASEAN-Flags-1280.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization that brings together disparate neighbors to address economic and security issues, but the group’s impact remains limited. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 15, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/china-influence-latin-america-argentina-brazil-venezuela-security-energy-bri " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> China’s Growing Influence in Latin America </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/LatamChina_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">For more than two decades, China has developed close economic and security ties with many Latin American countries, including Brazil and Venezuela. But Beijing’s growing sway in the region has raised concerns in Washington and beyond. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 10, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/puerto-rico" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Puerto Rico </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/puerto-rico-us-territory-crisis " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Puerto Rico: A U.S. Territory in Crisis </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/PuertoRico_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Caribbean island, which shares a close yet fraught relationship with the U.S. mainland, faces a multilayered economic and social crisis rooted in long-standing policy and compounded by natural disasters, the COVID-19 pandemic, migration, and government mismanagement. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> and Amelia Cheatham</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 8, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/health/public-health-threats-and-pandemics" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Public Health Threats and Pandemics </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/what-avian-flu " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> What Is Avian Flu? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/AvianFlu_BG%20%282%29_1.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A recent surge in avian flu outbreaks in birds and some mammals, including humans, is worrying farmers, scientists, and public health experts. The threat of the virus becoming a pandemic is said to be low, but its evolution continues to raise alarms and pointed questions about preparedness. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 7, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager="automatic"> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chapters"> <div class="chapters__btn-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 11" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-up-arrow"> <path d="M1 10l9.09-8.333L19.183 10" class="icon-stroke" 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