CINXE.COM
Experts | Council on Foreign Relations
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /> <title>Experts | Council on Foreign Relations</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var dataLayer = [{"nodeid_dl":"63"}];</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" /> <meta property="og:type" content="chapter_detail" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Experts" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org//themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="New York" /> <meta property="og:region" content="NY" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" /> <meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" /> <meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "Experts", "name": "Experts", "description": "The Council on Foreign Relations’ David Rockefeller Studies Program—CFR’s “think tank”—is home to more than seventy full-time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners. Their expertise covers the world’s major regions as well as the critical issues shaping today’s global agenda.", "datePublished": "2016-10-24T20:42:46-0400", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Council on Foreign Relations", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations", "https://twitter.com/CFR_org", "https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr", "https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" ], "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" } }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.cfr.org/experts", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "CFR Editors" } } ] }</script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/experts" /> <meta name="description" content="The Council on Foreign Relations’ David Rockefeller Studies Program—CFR’s “think tank”—is home to more than seventy full-time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners. Their expertise covers…" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Council on Foreign Relations’ David Rockefeller Studies Program—CFR’s “think tank”—is home to more than seventy full-time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners. Their expertise covers…" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Experts" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Council on Foreign Relations’ David Rockefeller Studies Program—CFR’s “think tank”—is home to more than seventy full-time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners. Their expertise covers…" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vX06WjLNu0ziQTE1QY4jNMb7JoV7luO4tqxqkVAw2bo.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Po8f8oxmfxOzfgExhN9gSUmb2bxilcmgD4QDjHeIhkg.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/63","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNUtGO3CAM_CGyfMRVle752mfkgDfQGoywyV769SXZu2tOXVV9scTMAOOx_bW5hXgGshnaFZGMH1DkjBUWdIJeExexEFYoHoODruw5V0LFQyuQSGPr9gesIL6lqg5qcpTmBm07NBoxowXCpqfzvEwpj18muSX18cTgax3SiaCEVJYTcfc6ES7gz09HhIDtL2DyXBRftcPoixva0HoFunxqIoACwYbNzhhhTdzkhEWk4cWE4D4wp8wk1ndRzl9SxiIjo6f9q6Lftor_of4u2J5AceER0QP5x_lZMcsjReXgQfRrKkniPwQvCiP1B_yaAvJgtYvB7jzzz4TuiCXts7aPQBfwCp3UEPza7F5MhQZLgxrlPd4_yKWX2mcaDjEYQWg-ftoge0zrkkcTeVz0IkaS4m1Yc8e62MGokU1GDHYGQbMmvO3mR71kDp3eIJfKdRePpfWNie6S6R2d7uhvSkUpHw","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/experts":true},"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"type":"open_text","id":"229166","value":"dataLayer.push({\u0022contentGroup4\u0022: \u0022Section Pages\u0022});"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}}},"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]}],"customDimensionContentType":[{"contentType":"chapter_detail"}],"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:e40efa021dd526dd4d2e8f0e2df792f9f759566421e6c82e154d760e8f521426":{"view_name":"filtered_landing_blocks","view_display_id":"block_cfr_experts","view_args":"all\/All","view_path":"\/node\/63","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"e40efa021dd526dd4d2e8f0e2df792f9f759566421e6c82e154d760e8f521426","pager_element":0}}},"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XIMlUC5DxSL957ExeQbfOmMl67HrazEjW48P7tVUEUM.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> <script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bkuE6ZcVhImEOv9sRH5dD7sYTUv7uZtHFHDcqEA9N08.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?stjdi0" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CbV9V9GP4z2EKAekMUWajSbaWrzv5LACNDNnfYnq5WQ.js?scope=header&delta=6&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> </head> <body class="node-chapter_detail page--type--chapter_detail page--immersive page--immersive--white node--63 published"> <div class="body-clip-overflow"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-topicnavigationblock"> <header class="main-header main-header--without-msp"> <div class="main-header__container"> <div class="main-header__search"> <div class="main-header__search-container"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel"> Cancel </button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__belt"> <div class="main-header__belt-container"> <div class="main-header__branding"> <a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="main-header__corporate"> <ul class="main-header__corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener"> Newsletters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-header__controls"> <ul class="main-header__controls-list"> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid"> <rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div> <ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list"> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta"> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu"> <div class="main-header__menu-hotspot"> <div class="main-header__menu-btn"> <span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search"> <div class="main-header__search-inline"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav-container"> <ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured"> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/initiative/ukraine" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Securing Ukraine</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/international-law" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> International Law </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/book/eastward-westward " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Eastward, Westward</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Few Americans have done more than Jerome A. Cohen to advance the rule of law in East Asia. The founder of the study of Chinese law in the United States and a tireless advocate for human rights, Cohen…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Book</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/jerome-cohen" class="card-article__authors-link">Jerome A. Cohen</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 4, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/beijing30-global-status-women " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Beijing+30: The Global Status of Women</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/status%20of%20woman.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As member states convene for the 69th UN Commission on the Status of Women and commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, please join us for a dialogue on th…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Susana Malcorra, Rachel B. Vogelstein and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/linda-robinson" class="card-article__authors-link">Linda Robinson</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 13, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research & Analysis </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Communities </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Events </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="main-header__nav-corporate"> <ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter"> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> Member Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="block-newsalert"> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <article class="main-wrapper expert-page cfr-transported-content main-wrapper--starts-with-landing-filters"> <div> <header class="header-contextual header-contextual--immersive header-contextual--with-content header-contextual--content-typeless header-contextual--color-white header-contextual--with-dropdown header-contextual--without-image empty page--immersive--white header-contextual--top-spacer"> <div class="header-contextual__main-wrapper"> <div class="header-contextual__section-wrapper"> <h1 class="header-contextual__main-title">Experts</h1> </div> </div> <div class="header-contextual__content-container"> <section class="header-contextual__content-wrapper"> The Council on Foreign Relations’ David Rockefeller Studies Program—CFR’s “think tank”—is home to more than seventy full-time, adjunct, and visiting scholars and practitioners. Their expertise covers the world’s major regions as well as the critical issues shaping today’s global agenda. </section> </div> </header> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay"> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__close-btn"></div> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel"> <span class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__title">Experts</span> <ul class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="main-wrapper__article-body"> <div class="field body-content"> <div class="field body-content body-content--with-right-rail"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--block-reference paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-views-block-filtered-landing-blocks-block-cfr-experts"> <div block="block-views-block-filtered-landing-blocks-block-cfr-experts"><div class="card-hub--group card-hub__group js-view-dom-id-e40efa021dd526dd4d2e8f0e2df792f9f759566421e6c82e154d760e8f521426"> <div class="exposed-experts-landing"><form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-filtered-landing-blocks-block-cfr-experts" action="/experts" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-filtered-landing-blocks-block-cfr-experts" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-expertise js-form-item-expertise"> <label for="edit-expertise">Expertise</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-expertise" id="edit-expertise" name="expertise" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="64000">5G</option><option value="164">Afghanistan</option><option value="421">Aging, Youth Bulges, and Population</option><option value="114">Americas</option><option value="756">Arab Spring</option><option value="784">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</option><option value="115">Asia</option><option value="887">Authoritarianism</option><option value="254">Bahrain</option><option value="396">Biotechnology</option><option value="290">Botswana</option><option value="671">Brexit</option><option value="371">Budget, Debt, and Deficits</option><option value="372">Capital Flows</option><option value="403">Censorship and Freedom of Expression</option><option value="169">China</option><option value="408">Civil Society</option><option value="387">Climate Change</option><option value="134">Colombia</option><option value="373">Competitiveness</option><option value="360">Conflict Prevention</option><option value="409">Congresses and Parliaments</option><option value="374">Corporate Governance</option><option value="410">Corruption</option><option value="135">Cuba</option><option value="347">Cybersecurity</option><option value="348">Defense Technology</option><option value="338">Defense and Security</option><option value="411">Democracy</option><option value="298">Democratic Republic of Congo</option><option value="375">Development</option><option value="61151">Digital Currencies</option><option value="376">Digital Policy</option><option value="339">Diplomacy and International Institutions</option><option value="388">Disasters</option><option value="806">East Asia</option><option value="377">Economic Crises</option><option value="72938">Economic Security</option><option value="885">Economic Statecraft</option><option value="340">Economics</option><option value="255">Egypt</option><option value="412">Elections and Voting</option><option value="669">Emerging Economies</option><option value="378">Emerging Markets</option><option value="389">Energy and Climate Policy</option><option value="341">Energy and Environment</option><option value="212">Europe</option><option value="116">Europe and Eurasia</option><option value="649">European Union</option><option value="67239">Financial Literacy</option><option value="379">Financial Markets</option><option value="1088">Fiscal Policy</option><option value="61858">Fisheries Subsidies</option><option value="390">Food and Water Security</option><option value="361">Foreign Aid</option><option value="61979">Foreign Policy</option><option value="60830">Gender</option><option value="404">Genocide and Mass Atrocities</option><option value="216">Germany</option><option value="117">Global Commons</option><option value="362">Global Governance</option><option value="663">Globalization</option><option value="363">Grand Strategy</option><option value="342">Health</option><option value="397">Health Policy and Initiatives</option><option value="349">Homeland Security</option><option value="343">Human Rights</option><option value="425">Immigration and Migration</option><option value="477">India</option><option value="380">Inequality</option><option value="398">Infectious Diseases</option><option value="381">Infrastructure</option><option value="351">Intelligence</option><option value="664">International Economic Policy</option><option value="61150">International Economics</option><option value="665">International Finance</option><option value="61857">International Investment</option><option value="364">International Law</option><option value="365">International Organizations</option><option value="734">International Relations</option><option value="256">Iran</option><option value="758">Iran Nuclear Agreement</option><option value="257">Iraq</option><option value="109">Islamic State</option><option value="258">Israel</option><option value="173">Japan</option><option value="310">Kenya</option><option value="754">Kurds</option><option value="383">Labor and Employment</option><option value="865">Latin America</option><option value="399">Maternal and Child Health</option><option value="414">Media</option><option value="146">Mexico</option><option value="63035">Middle East</option><option value="118">Middle East and North Africa</option><option value="675">Military History</option><option value="352">Military Operations</option><option value="384">Monetary Policy</option><option value="181">Myanmar</option><option value="742">NAFTA</option><option value="736">NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)</option><option value="1126">National Security</option><option value="858">National Security Council (NSC)</option><option value="321">Nigeria</option><option value="400">Noncommunicable Diseases</option><option value="353">Nonproliferation, Arms Control, and Disarmament</option><option value="184">North Korea</option><option value="393">Nuclear Energy</option><option value="1047">Nuclear Weapons</option><option value="265">Palestinian Territories</option><option value="354">Peacekeeping</option><option value="808">Persian Gulf</option><option value="401">Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines</option><option value="415">Political History and Theory</option><option value="416">Political Movements</option><option value="417">Political Transitions</option><option value="344">Politics and Government</option><option value="418">Polls and Public Opinion</option><option value="426">Privacy</option><option value="402">Public Health Threats and Pandemics</option><option value="428">Radicalization and Extremism</option><option value="30512">Regulation and Deregulation</option><option value="429">Religion</option><option value="395">Renewable Energy</option><option value="67238">Retirement Policy</option><option value="419">Rule of Law</option><option value="237">Russia</option><option value="367">Sanctions</option><option value="355">Security Alliances</option><option value="407">Sexual Violence</option><option value="345">Social Issues</option><option value="329">South Africa</option><option value="738">Southeast Asia</option><option value="252">Space</option><option value="420">State and Local Governments (U.S.)</option><option value="121">Sub-Saharan Africa</option><option value="331">Sudan</option><option value="63991">Supply Chains</option><option value="190">Taiwan</option><option value="385">Technology and Innovation</option><option value="357">Terrorism and Counterterrorism</option><option value="192">Thailand</option><option value="386">Trade</option><option value="358">Transnational Crime</option><option value="368">Treaties and Agreements</option><option value="245">Turkey</option><option value="674">U.S. Congress</option><option value="666">U.S. Foreign Policy</option><option value="246">Ukraine</option><option value="160">United States</option><option value="162">Venezuela</option><option value="30528">Venture Capital</option><option value="359">Wars and Conflict</option><option value="60829">Women and Women's Rights</option><option value="789">World Trade Organization (WTO)</option><option value="337">Zimbabwe</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-programs js-form-item-programs"> <label for="edit-programs">Centers & Programs</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-programs" id="edit-programs" name="programs" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="430">Africa Program</option><option value="431">Asia Program</option><option value="433">Center for Preventive Action</option><option value="72645">China Strategy Initiative</option><option value="69836">Diamonstein-Spielvogel Project on the Future of Democracy</option><option value="435">Digital and Cyberspace Policy Program</option><option value="436">Energy Security and Climate Change Program</option><option value="437">Europe Program</option><option value="438">Global Health Program</option><option value="432">Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies</option><option value="439">International Institutions and Global Governance Program</option><option value="440">Latin America Studies Program</option><option value="441">Middle East Program</option><option value="442">National Security and Defense Program</option><option value="444">U.S. Foreign Policy Program</option><option value="445">Women and Foreign Policy Program</option></select> </div> <div class="expert-name-search"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-name js-form-item-name form-no-label"> <input placeholder="Search by name" data-drupal-selector="edit-name" type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <a class="desktop-search-click"></a></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-alp" type="hidden" name="alp" value="all" /> <div class="glosarry-list"> <span data-value="a" class="glossary-filter">A</span> <span data-value="b" class="glossary-filter">B</span> <span data-value="c" class="glossary-filter">C</span> <span data-value="d" class="glossary-filter">D</span> <span data-value="e" class="glossary-filter">E</span> <span data-value="f" class="glossary-filter">F</span> <span data-value="g" class="glossary-filter">G</span> <span data-value="h" class="glossary-filter">H</span> <span data-value="i" class="glossary-filter">I</span> <span data-value="j" class="glossary-filter">J</span> <span data-value="k" class="glossary-filter">K</span> <span data-value="l" class="glossary-filter">L</span> <span data-value="m" class="glossary-filter">M</span> <span data-value="n" class="glossary-filter">N</span> <span data-value="o" class="glossary-filter">O</span> <span data-value="p" class="glossary-filter">P</span> <span disabled data-value="q" class="glossary-filter disable-list">Q</span> <span data-value="r" class="glossary-filter">R</span> <span data-value="s" class="glossary-filter">S</span> <span data-value="t" class="glossary-filter">T</span> <span disabled data-value="u" class="glossary-filter disable-list">U</span> <span data-value="v" class="glossary-filter">V</span> <span data-value="w" class="glossary-filter">W</span> <span disabled data-value="x" class="glossary-filter disable-list">X</span> <span data-value="y" class="glossary-filter">Y</span> <span disabled data-value="z" class="glossary-filter disable-list">Z</span> <span data-value="all" class="glossary-filter active">ALL</span> </div><div class="glosarry-list-mobile"> <span data-value="a" class="glossary-filter-mobile">A</span> <span data-value="b" class="glossary-filter-mobile">B</span> <span data-value="c" class="glossary-filter-mobile">C</span> <span data-value="d" class="glossary-filter-mobile">D</span> <span data-value="e" class="glossary-filter-mobile">E</span> <span data-value="f" class="glossary-filter-mobile">F</span> <span data-value="g" class="glossary-filter-mobile">G</span> <span data-value="h" class="glossary-filter-mobile">H</span> <span data-value="i" class="glossary-filter-mobile">I</span> <span data-value="j" class="glossary-filter-mobile">J</span> <span data-value="k" class="glossary-filter-mobile">K</span> <span data-value="l" class="glossary-filter-mobile">L</span> <span data-value="m" class="glossary-filter-mobile">M</span> <span data-value="n" class="glossary-filter-mobile">N</span> <span data-value="o" class="glossary-filter-mobile">O</span> <span data-value="p" class="glossary-filter-mobile">P</span> <span disabled data-value="q" class="glossary-filter-mobile disable-list">Q</span> <span data-value="r" class="glossary-filter-mobile">R</span> <span data-value="s" class="glossary-filter-mobile">S</span> <span data-value="t" class="glossary-filter-mobile">T</span> <span disabled data-value="u" class="glossary-filter-mobile disable-list">U</span> <span data-value="v" class="glossary-filter-mobile">V</span> <span data-value="w" class="glossary-filter-mobile">W</span> <span disabled data-value="x" class="glossary-filter-mobile disable-list">X</span> <span data-value="y" class="glossary-filter-mobile">Y</span> <span disabled data-value="z" class="glossary-filter-mobile disable-list">Z</span> <span data-value="all" class="glossary-filter-mobile active">ALL</span> </div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-filtered-landing-blocks" type="submit" id="edit-submit-filtered-landing-blocks" value="Submit" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> </div> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"><div class="landing-cards-grid landing-cards-grid--experts"> <ul class="landing-cards-grid__list-container"> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/png" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.png 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/png" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.png 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/png" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.png 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/png" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.png 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Elliott Abrams" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/EABRAMS_CFR.png" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/elliott-abrams" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Elliott Abrams </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="card-expert__expertise">Middle East and North Africa</a> <a href="/politics-and-government/democracy" class="card-expert__expertise">Democracy</a> <a href="/human-rights" class="card-expert__expertise">Human Rights</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJFL8ly3o5U" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> The Risks of Iran Talks </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> March 18, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJFL8ly3o5U" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/png" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.png 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/png" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.png 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/png" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.png 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/png" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.png 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Edward Alden" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Alden_Bio.png" /> </picture> </span> <a href="https://twitter.com/edwardalden" class="card-expert__follow-cta" target="_blank">@edwardalden</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/edward-alden" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Edward Alden </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Senior Fellow </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/economics/trade" class="card-expert__expertise">Trade</a> <a href="/social-issues/immigration-and-migration" class="card-expert__expertise">Immigration and Migration</a> <a href="/economics" class="card-expert__expertise">Economics</a> </p> <a href="https://twitter.com/edwardalden" class="card-expert__follow-cta mobile-twitter-icon" target="_blank">@edwardalden</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2025/02/14/Looking-Back-2020-Summer-Love/" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> Looking Back at the 2020 ‘Summer of Love,’ Major Lessons Emerge </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via The Tyee</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> February 14, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2025/02/14/Looking-Back-2020-Summer-Love/" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--no-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Alyssa Ayres" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <a href="https://twitter.com/AyresAlyssa" class="card-expert__follow-cta" target="_blank">@AyresAlyssa</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/alyssa-ayres" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Alyssa Ayres </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/asia" class="card-expert__expertise">Asia</a> <a href="/asia/india" class="card-expert__expertise">India</a> <a href="/economics/emerging-markets" class="card-expert__expertise">Emerging Markets</a> </p> <a href="https://twitter.com/AyresAlyssa" class="card-expert__follow-cta mobile-twitter-icon" target="_blank">@AyresAlyssa</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="/event/religion-and-foreign-policy-webinar-indias-2024-general-elections" class="card-expert__content-link" > <p class="card-expert__content-title"> Religion and Foreign Policy Webinar: India's 2024 General Elections </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Event </span> <span class="card-expert__date"> April 23, 2024 </span> <a href="/webinar-series/rfp-calls" class="card-expert__content-series"> Religion and Foreign Policy Webinars </a> </p> </div> <div> <a href="/event/religion-and-foreign-policy-webinar-indias-2024-general-elections" class="card-expert__content-link" > <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-image"> <span class="card-expert__content-icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <picture> <source type="image/webp" width="80" height="80" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2024/05/CMS_Reuters%20Staff_0.webp 1x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="80" height="80" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2024/05/CMS_Reuters%20Staff_0.jpg 1x"/> <img width="80" height="80" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2024/05/CMS_Reuters%20Staff_0.jpg" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2024/05/CMS_Reuters%20Staff_0.jpg 1x" /> </picture> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Barkey.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Barkey.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Barkey.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Barkey.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Barkey.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Barkey.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Barkey.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Barkey.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Henri J. Barkey" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Barkey.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <a href="https://twitter.com/hbarkey" class="card-expert__follow-cta" target="_blank">@hbarkey</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/experts/henri-j-barkey" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Henri J. Barkey </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="card-expert__expertise">Middle East and North Africa</a> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/turkey" class="card-expert__expertise">Turkey</a> <a href="/thekurds" class="card-expert__expertise">Kurds</a> </p> <a href="https://twitter.com/hbarkey" class="card-expert__follow-cta mobile-twitter-icon" target="_blank">@hbarkey</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://thegreekcurrent.simplecast.com/episodes/a-deal-to-end-turkeys-40-year-kurdish-conflict?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=43089b51-f265-4ece-b38a-a42f95db6855" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> A deal to end Turkey's 40-year Kurdish conflict? </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via The Greek Current</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> January 29, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://thegreekcurrent.simplecast.com/episodes/a-deal-to-end-turkeys-40-year-kurdish-conflict?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=43089b51-f265-4ece-b38a-a42f95db6855" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="John B. Bellinger III" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Bellinger.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/john-b-bellinger-iii" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> John B. Bellinger III </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/international-law" class="card-expert__expertise">International Law</a> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/treaties-and-agreements" class="card-expert__expertise">Treaties and Agreements</a> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/sanctions" class="card-expert__expertise">Sanctions</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/detaining-illegal-immigrants-guantanamo-result-legal-challenges-slow-deportations-experts-say" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> Detaining Illegal Immigrants at Guantanamo Could Result in Legal Challenges, Slow Deportations, Experts Say </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via Fox News</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> February 5, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/detaining-illegal-immigrants-guantanamo-result-legal-challenges-slow-deportations-experts-say" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--no-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/betts_1.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/betts_1.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/betts_1.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/betts_1.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/betts_1.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/betts_1.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/betts_1.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/betts_1.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Richard K. Betts" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/betts_1.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/richard-k-betts" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Richard K. Betts </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for National Security Studies </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-expert__expertise">Defense and Security</a> <a href="/defense-and-security/intelligence" class="card-expert__expertise">Intelligence</a> <a href="/defense-and-security/military-operations" class="card-expert__expertise">Military Operations</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="/podcasts/big-red-button" class="card-expert__content-link" > <p class="card-expert__content-title"> The Big Red Button </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__date"> October 23, 2019 </span> <a href="" class="card-expert__content-series"> </a> </p> </div> <div> <a href="/podcasts/big-red-button" class="card-expert__content-link" > <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" width="80" height="80" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2020/03/Ballistic-Missile-Launched-From-Ocean-480-320.webp 1x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="80" height="80" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2020/03/Ballistic-Missile-Launched-From-Ocean-480-320.jpg 1x"/> <img width="80" height="80" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2020/03/Ballistic-Missile-Launched-From-Ocean-480-320.jpg" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2020/03/Ballistic-Missile-Launched-From-Ocean-480-320.jpg 1x" /> </picture> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Stephen Biddle" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Biddle%20Headshot%20Cropped.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/stephen-biddle" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Stephen Biddle </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-expert__expertise">Defense and Security</a> <a href="/defense-and-security/wars-and-conflict" class="card-expert__expertise">Wars and Conflict</a> <a href="/defense-and-security/military-operations" class="card-expert__expertise">Military Operations</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/false-promise-ukraines-deep-strikes-russia" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> The False Promise of Ukraine’s Deep Strikes Into Russia </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via Foreign Affairs</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> August 28, 2024 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/false-promise-ukraines-deep-strikes-russia" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-book-report"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Robert D. Blackwill" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/robert-d-blackwill" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Robert D. Blackwill </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/us-foreign-policy" class="card-expert__expertise">U.S. Foreign Policy</a> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="card-expert__expertise">Europe and Eurasia</a> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/russia" class="card-expert__expertise">Russia</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="/report/no-limits-china-russia-relationship-and-us-foreign-policy" class="card-expert__content-link" > <p class="card-expert__content-title"> No Limits? The China-Russia Relationship and U.S. Foreign Policy </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Council Special Report </span> <span class="card-expert__date"> December 12, 2024 </span> <a href="/programs/us-foreign-policy-program" class="card-expert__content-series"> U.S. Foreign Policy Program </a> </p> </div> <div> <a href="/report/no-limits-china-russia-relationship-and-us-foreign-policy" class="card-expert__content-link" > <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/12/CSR_99.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/12/CSR_99.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/12/CSR_99.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/12/CSR_99.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="380" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/12/CSR_99.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.jpg 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.jpg 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Thomas J. Bollyky" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Tom_Bollyky.jpg" /> </picture> </span> <a href="https://twitter.com/TomBollyky" class="card-expert__follow-cta" target="_blank">@TomBollyky</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Thomas J. Bollyky </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Bloomberg Chair in Global Health; Senior Fellow for International Economics, Law, and Development; and Director of the Global Health Program </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/health" class="card-expert__expertise">Health</a> <a href="/economics/trade" class="card-expert__expertise">Trade</a> <a href="/economics/development" class="card-expert__expertise">Development</a> </p> <a href="https://twitter.com/TomBollyky" class="card-expert__follow-cta mobile-twitter-icon" target="_blank">@TomBollyky</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2413253" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> Bollyky: The Role of Importation in Remediating U.S. Generic Drug Shortages </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via New England Journal of Medicine</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> January 8, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2413253" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.webp?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.webp?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.webp?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.webp?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.jpg?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.jpg?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.jpg?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.jpg?h=57c68b9c 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Max Boot" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Max%20Boot%20Headshot%20JPG%202023.jpg?h=57c68b9c" /> </picture> </span> <a href="https://twitter.com/maxboot" class="card-expert__follow-cta" target="_blank">@maxboot</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/max-boot" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Max Boot </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/us-foreign-policy" class="card-expert__expertise">U.S. Foreign Policy</a> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-expert__expertise">Defense and Security</a> <a href="/military-history" class="card-expert__expertise">Military History</a> </p> <a href="https://twitter.com/maxboot" class="card-expert__follow-cta mobile-twitter-icon" target="_blank">@maxboot</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/02/19/national-endowment-democracy-musk-doge/" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> While Musk dismantles a pro-democracy group, America’s enemies cheer </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via Washington Post</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> February 19, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/02/19/national-endowment-democracy-musk-doge/" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--with-offsite-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.webp?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.webp?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.webp?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.webp?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.jpg?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.jpg?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.jpg?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.jpg?h=a7cf66e2 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Luciana L. Borio" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/borio_luciana_abosch3000-1.jpg?h=a7cf66e2" /> </picture> </span> <a href="https://twitter.com/llborio" class="card-expert__follow-cta" target="_blank">@llborio</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/luciana-l-borio" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Luciana L. Borio </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Senior Fellow for Global Health </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/health/public-health-threats-and-pandemics" class="card-expert__expertise">Public Health Threats and Pandemics</a> <a href="/health/pharmaceuticals-and-vaccines" class="card-expert__expertise">Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines</a> <a href="/health/biotechnology" class="card-expert__expertise">Biotechnology</a> </p> <a href="https://twitter.com/llborio" class="card-expert__follow-cta mobile-twitter-icon" target="_blank">@llborio</a> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/01/02/bird-flu-biden-trump/" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <p class="card-expert__content-title"> Biden faltered on bird flu. Here’s how Trump can course-correct. </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Offsite </span> <span class="card-expert__source">Via The Washington Post</span> <span class="card-expert__date"> January 3, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/01/02/bird-flu-biden-trump/" class="card-expert__content-link" target="_blank"> <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--no-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.webp?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.webp?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.webp?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.webp?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg?h=72f2984d 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="Esther Brimmer" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg?h=72f2984d" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Esther Brimmer </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/global-governance" class="card-expert__expertise">Global Governance</a> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/international-organizations" class="card-expert__expertise">International Organizations</a> <a href="/global-commons/space" class="card-expert__expertise">Space</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__content"> <div> <a href="/article/why-space-national-security-priority" class="card-expert__content-link" > <p class="card-expert__content-title"> Why Space Is a National Security Priority </p> </a> <p class="card-expert__content-metadata"> <span class="card-expert__publication-type"> Article </span> <span class="card-expert__date"> February 11, 2025 </span> </p> </div> <div> <a href="/article/why-space-national-security-priority" class="card-expert__content-link" > <div class="card-expert__content-info"> <span class="card-expert__content-image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" width="80" height="80" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2025/02/TFR_OpEd_A.webp 1x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="80" height="80" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2025/02/TFR_OpEd_A.jpg 1x"/> <img width="80" height="80" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2025/02/TFR_OpEd_A.jpg" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_square_scale_and_crop_80x80/public/image/2025/02/TFR_OpEd_A.jpg 1x" /> </picture> </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> <div class="main-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="main-footer__menu"> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/member-programs">Member Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/support-cfr">Support</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/media">For Media</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank">Newsletters</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/career-opportunities">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-footer__fineprint"> <div class="main-footer__fineprint__wrapper"> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">©2025 Council on Foreign Relations.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">All rights reserved.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="/terms-use" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Terms of Use</a>. </span> </div> <div class="main-footer__share-kit-wrapper"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--small share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CFR_org" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr/featured" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-youtube" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.051 1.999h.089c.822.003 4.987.033 6.11.335a2.01 2.01 0 0 1 1.415 1.42c.101.38.172.883.22 1.402l.01.104.022.26.008.104c.065.914.073 1.77.074 1.957v.075c-.001.194-.01 1.108-.082 2.06l-.008.105-.009.104c-.05.572-.124 1.14-.235 1.558a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415 1.42c-1.16.312-5.569.334-6.18.335h-.142c-.309 0-1.587-.006-2.927-.052l-.17-.006-.087-.004-.171-.007-.171-.007c-1.11-.049-2.167-.128-2.654-.26a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415-1.419c-.111-.417-.185-.986-.235-1.558L.09 9.82l-.008-.104A31.4 31.4 0 0 1 0 7.68v-.123c.002-.215.01-.958.064-1.778l.007-.103.003-.052.008-.104.022-.26.01-.104c.048-.519.119-1.023.22-1.402a2.007 2.007 0 0 1 1.415-1.42c.487-.13 1.544-.21 2.654-.26l.17-.007.172-.006.086-.003.171-.007A99.788 99.788 0 0 1 7.858 2h.193zM6.4 5.209v4.818l4.157-2.408L6.4 5.209z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-instagram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8 0C5.829 0 5.556.01 4.703.048 3.85.088 3.269.222 2.76.42a3.917 3.917 0 0 0-1.417.923A3.927 3.927 0 0 0 .42 2.76C.222 3.268.087 3.85.048 4.7.01 5.555 0 5.827 0 8.001c0 2.172.01 2.444.048 3.297.04.852.174 1.433.372 1.942.205.526.478.972.923 1.417.444.445.89.719 1.416.923.51.198 1.09.333 1.942.372C5.555 15.99 5.827 16 8 16s2.444-.01 3.298-.048c.851-.04 1.434-.174 1.943-.372a3.916 3.916 0 0 0 1.416-.923c.445-.445.718-.891.923-1.417.197-.509.332-1.09.372-1.942C15.99 10.445 16 10.173 16 8s-.01-2.445-.048-3.299c-.04-.851-.175-1.433-.372-1.941a3.926 3.926 0 0 0-.923-1.417A3.911 3.911 0 0 0 13.24.42c-.51-.198-1.092-.333-1.943-.372C10.443.01 10.172 0 7.998 0h.003zm-.717 1.442h.718c2.136 0 2.389.007 3.232.046.78.035 1.204.166 1.486.275.373.145.64.319.92.599.28.28.453.546.598.92.11.281.24.705.275 1.485.039.843.047 1.096.047 3.231s-.008 2.389-.047 3.232c-.035.78-.166 1.203-.275 1.485a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.599.919c-.28.28-.546.453-.92.598-.28.11-.704.24-1.485.276-.843.038-1.096.047-3.232.047s-2.39-.009-3.233-.047c-.78-.036-1.203-.166-1.485-.276a2.478 2.478 0 0 1-.92-.598 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.6-.92c-.109-.281-.24-.705-.275-1.485-.038-.843-.046-1.096-.046-3.233 0-2.136.008-2.388.046-3.231.036-.78.166-1.204.276-1.486.145-.373.319-.64.599-.92.28-.28.546-.453.92-.598.282-.11.705-.24 1.485-.276.738-.034 1.024-.044 2.515-.045v.002zm4.988 1.328a.96.96 0 1 0 0 1.92.96.96 0 0 0 0-1.92zm-4.27 1.122a4.109 4.109 0 1 0 0 8.217 4.109 4.109 0 0 0 0-8.217zm0 1.441a2.667 2.667 0 1 1 0 5.334 2.667 2.667 0 0 1 0-5.334z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script id="share-kit--template" type="text/template"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-white share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </script> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Ys1jys_sLLbz9co_52U6VHza2NUR3ZWV4TR6LVpMIgU.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@0.2.4/dist/web-vitals.es5.umd.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BlJ7xjc-edcuDH8YRQeq9uszQiCUvjSVaH8AIbBPZVg.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_homepage_sections/js/advanced_autocomplete.js?stjdi0" async defer></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/data-layer-helper/0.1.0/data-layer-helper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_gRRK4Rhgh3woXIQ2KUW_03fCzkIjeigZ_dvbvwnn5hk.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.11" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_rxbpPd00flkbBNAzNzLIRhozM4tgU58eiRNFUT5OzZs.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9kkFu3DAMRS8kjw6RokDWSdcCLXEstZQoiJQn7ukr20g6aQbdCODjN_lJ01-b04gZ7UI8A02EC_jN-MFPYjO0KyIdKHLGCgs6Qa-Ji1gIKxSPwUFX9pwroeKhFUiksXX7E1YQ31JVBzU5SnODtpkACgQbNhuRKrY7MGOENXETQ_B7s_tjBKH5-KmNPZxfciopA128iPHc0IbW64g_OZJNFLOdQdBgd575V0J3pNM-gH0EXcArdFITgvtw55SZxH7Ez6OuPFJUDh5Evw97Ev8jeFFoD1v4Lsr5W8pYZCz7h2B7AsWF9-19la8pII9i2h_a-afaExfFoq9bRVOhwdKgRnnf3V9y6aX2mcYIGMya8LY3Gu8lc-iEJ3KpXMeYOg7DNyY6JdM7nU56nMV5bREhYJv8buJNO9zn8G1cg04EJaSy3CWABr-L52UaP34Z5W9JffxS3sjofRtbcceXdvfyB0GkKR8"></script> </body> </html>