CINXE.COM

Council on Foreign Relations

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var dataLayer = [[]];</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <meta name="description" content="The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan member organization, think tank, and publisher." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org//themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="New York" /> <meta property="og:region" content="NY" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" /> <meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" /> <meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/search" /> <meta name="robots" content="noindex" /> <link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_9EmiuoL_e6MeEGXaUTz9-kQwAGGFEocj3uUM0_xAgKQ.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_OUguONaqMKR7AQ0xfh0z9t-vIG7NDXj_lZ3itSyejQA.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"search","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","currentQuery":{"keyword":"Lindsay Maizland"}},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9kttu5CAMhl8IhofY1Uq9Xu01cuBPcAshwk6m06dfJulhRpr2Bsm_P3wOY_NTrgNlV6iNQDbhS2qQNasPdZ3VN4zdTmg7kWrBQhO8ICjXWRzFjeaA6GnVGmpZMhQ7K8RZU1vdM20kofGinhb2mYdG7bIzmlDgKKPpjT1MlkvPYuXMGtKN56jQZkwUbiMkUHwv8RAE1O5-HoIdKUDFjr00NDGhNrjY1oXy6a6BSEqZLmhuQKKNa4e_tIS89HQx-k_Na61ZXFhFa_nNBbP0-fwTtF-kmGpv-AH-aT8pijwilhoDif7hmSX9APxV6jN84N84onavrmKw9q3WF4bfG-Xr5twj0UeM1I_AHPP6GNFhnTLPL_bMccI3wMY4i6VnejWZ3i7u-phjA3d34vbdnEpvrvTfQcQIK3po-P0oXPeokYv08biBBGYP7fb3VGpc87vkeR6vcD_N0GrOB2I_VHuo_wHpUisA","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search":true},"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}}},"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]}],"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:83c73f8349f6759bb94c3f7515c18d5f3065f7e690ef413cc6a061c833229945":{"view_name":"site_search","view_display_id":"page_1","view_args":"","view_path":"\/search","view_base_path":"search","view_dom_id":"83c73f8349f6759bb94c3f7515c18d5f3065f7e690ef413cc6a061c833229945","pager_element":0}}},"facets_views_ajax":{"publication_type":{"view_id":"site_search","current_display_id":"page_1","view_base_path":"search","ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax"}},"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XIMlUC5DxSL957ExeQbfOmMl67HrazEjW48P7tVUEUM.js?scope=header&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> <script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bkuE6ZcVhImEOv9sRH5dD7sYTUv7uZtHFHDcqEA9N08.js?scope=header&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&amp;delta=4&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?su4ap4" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CbV9V9GP4z2EKAekMUWajSbaWrzv5LACNDNnfYnq5WQ.js?scope=header&amp;delta=6&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> </head> <body> <div class="body-clip-overflow"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container search-page-layout"> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-topicnavigationblock"> <header class="main-header main-header--without-msp"> <div class="main-header__container"> <div class="main-header__search"> <div class="main-header__search-container"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel"> Cancel </button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__belt"> <div class="main-header__belt-container"> <div class="main-header__branding"> <a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="main-header__corporate"> <ul class="main-header__corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&amp;hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener"> Newsletters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-header__controls"> <ul class="main-header__controls-list"> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid"> <rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div> <ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list"> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta"> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu"> <div class="main-header__menu-hotspot"> <div class="main-header__menu-btn"> <span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search"> <div class="main-header__search-inline"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav-container"> <ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured"> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/initiative/ukraine" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Securing Ukraine</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense &amp; Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy &amp; International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy &amp; Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics &amp; Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe &amp; Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East &amp; North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research &amp; Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/economics" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Economics </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/american-views-economic-leadership " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">American Views on Economic Leadership</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/Cover_web_1.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Executive Summary In the decades following World War II, the United States was the undisputed leader of the global economic system. It had the strongest economy in the world and championed a set o…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/matthew-p-goodman" class="card-article__authors-link">Matthew P. Goodman</a> and <a href="/bio/allison-j-smith" class="card-article__authors-link">Allison J. Smith</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 25, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/realecon" class="card-article__series"> RealEcon </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers &amp; Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books &amp; Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State &amp; Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Defense and Security </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/hauser-symposium-axis-autocracies " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Hauser Symposium: The Axis of Autocracies</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/axis%20of%20autocracies_1.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">In recent years, China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea have deepened their cooperation, raising concerns about an emerging “Axis of Autocracies” challenging U.S. global leadership. From military suppo…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Christopher S. Chivvis, Heather Conley, Ivo H. Daalder, Jennifer E. Kavanagh, Tanvi Madan, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/ebenezer-obadare" class="card-article__authors-link">Ebenezer Obadare</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-article__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a>, Suzanne Nossel and Laura Trevelyan</span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 27, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars &amp; Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research &amp; Analysis </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers &amp; Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books &amp; Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Communities </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State &amp; Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Events </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars &amp; Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="main-header__nav-corporate"> <ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&amp;hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter"> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> Member Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="block-newsalert"> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content search-page-layout__main-wrapper"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <div id="block-content-search-result-count" class="search-result-count"> <span class="search-result-count-span">3,883</span> Results for: </div> <div class="search-bar-container" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1" id="block-exposedformsite-searchpage-1"> <form block="block-exposedformsite-searchpage-1" action="/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-keyword js-form-item-keyword"> <label for="edit-keyword--3">Search</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-keyword" type="text" id="edit-keyword--3" name="keyword" value="Lindsay Maizland" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--3"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-reset" type="submit" id="edit-submit-site-search--3" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> </div> <div class="facet-inactive block-facets-ajax js-facet-block-id-facet__publication_type block-facet--links search-facets-filters" id="block-facet-publication-type"> <div class="search-facets-filters__filters-select"> <label>Filter</label> </div> <div class="facets-widget-links"> <ul data-drupal-facet-id="publication_type" data-drupal-facet-alias="publication-type" class="facet-inactive js-facets-links item-list__links"><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A82" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-82" data-drupal-facet-item-value="82" data-drupal-facet-item-count="42"><span class="facet-item__value">Article</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A83" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-83" data-drupal-facet-item-value="83" data-drupal-facet-item-count="23"><span class="facet-item__value">Backgrounder</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A102" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-102" data-drupal-facet-item-value="102" data-drupal-facet-item-count="12"><span class="facet-item__value">Book</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A99" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-99" data-drupal-facet-item-value="99" data-drupal-facet-item-count="16"><span class="facet-item__value">Conference Call</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A104" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-104" data-drupal-facet-item-value="104" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"><span class="facet-item__value">Council Special Report</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A100" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-100" data-drupal-facet-item-value="100" data-drupal-facet-item-count="244"><span class="facet-item__value">Event</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A87" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-87" data-drupal-facet-item-value="87" data-drupal-facet-item-count="8"><span class="facet-item__value">Expert Roundup</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A88" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-88" data-drupal-facet-item-value="88" data-drupal-facet-item-count="77"><span class="facet-item__value">Explainer Video</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A61832" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-61832" data-drupal-facet-item-value="61832" data-drupal-facet-item-count="50"><span class="facet-item__value">In Brief</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A90" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-90" data-drupal-facet-item-value="90" data-drupal-facet-item-count="52"><span class="facet-item__value">Interview</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A470" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-470" data-drupal-facet-item-value="470" data-drupal-facet-item-count="53"><span class="facet-item__value">News Releases</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A101" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-101" data-drupal-facet-item-value="101" data-drupal-facet-item-count="896"><span class="facet-item__value">Podcast</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A94" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-94" data-drupal-facet-item-value="94" data-drupal-facet-item-count="2324"><span class="facet-item__value">Post</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A1078" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-1078" data-drupal-facet-item-value="1078" data-drupal-facet-item-count="2"><span class="facet-item__value">Quiz</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A475" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-475" data-drupal-facet-item-value="475" data-drupal-facet-item-count="3"><span class="facet-item__value">Report</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A469" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-469" data-drupal-facet-item-value="469" data-drupal-facet-item-count="8"><span class="facet-item__value">Teaching Notes</span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/search?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;global%5B0%5D=publication-type%3A96" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="publication-type-96" data-drupal-facet-item-value="96" data-drupal-facet-item-count="10"><span class="facet-item__value">Timeline</span> </a></li></ul> </div> <div class="search-facets-filters__filters-btn"> <span class="search-facets-filters__filters-btn-text">Filters</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-83c73f8349f6759bb94c3f7515c18d5f3065f7e690ef413cc6a061c833229945 search-main-wrapper"> <header> </header> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> March 19, 2025 </p> <a href="/asia/taiwan" class="card-search-results__topic"> Taiwan </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations-tension-us-policy-trump" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > Why China-Taiwan Relations Are So Tense </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> Differences over Taiwan’s status have fueled rising tensions between the island and mainland. Taiwan is the likeliest potential flash point in U.S.-China relations. </p> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations-tension-us-policy-trump" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="452"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="452"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="419"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="346"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/01/TaiwanChina_BG.jpg.webp" width="520" height="346" alt="A man watches a news programme about Chinese military drills surrounding Taiwan, on a giant screen outside a shopping mall in Beijing on October 14, 2024." /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Backgrounder </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <span class="card-search-results__authors">Lindsay Maizland</span> and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-search-results__authors-link">Clara Fong</a> </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> February 15, 2025 </p> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-search-results__topic"> United States </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/article/twe-celebrates-presidents-day" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > TWE Celebrates Presidents’ Day </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> The forty-seven presidents of the United States have some interesting stories to tell.   </p> </div> <a href="/article/twe-celebrates-presidents-day" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="427"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="427"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="396"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="327"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-14%20152618.jpg.webp" width="520" height="327" alt="White House Front View " /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Article </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-search-results__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> </span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-search-results__series"> The Water&#039;s Edge </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> February 14, 2025 </p> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-search-results__topic"> United States </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/article/presidents-day-quiz" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > A Presidents’ Day Quiz </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> The fourteenth annual TWE Presidents' Day quiz. </p> </div> <a href="/article/presidents-day-quiz" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="658" height="407"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="658" height="407"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="390"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="322"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-11%20141014.jpg.webp" width="520" height="322" alt="Resolute Desk" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Article </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-search-results__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> </span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-search-results__series"> The Water&#039;s Edge </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> March 18, 2025 </p> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-search-results__topic"> United States </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/blog/american-public-support-ukraine-grows" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > American Public Support for Ukraine Grows </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> As Donald Trump pushes for a quick end to the war in Ukraine, Americans increasingly favor doing more to help Kyiv. </p> </div> <a href="/blog/american-public-support-ukraine-grows" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="470"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="470"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="436"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="360"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-18%20171531.jpg.webp" width="520" height="360" alt="Fighting in Ukraine January 2025" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Post </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-search-results__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> </span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-search-results__series"> The Water&#039;s Edge </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> January 21, 2025 </p> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-search-results__topic"> Climate Change </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </p> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="392"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="392"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="364"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="300"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp" width="520" height="300" alt="Muddy waters nearly submerge lines of cars during a flood in Colorado, United States. " /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Backgrounder </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <span class="card-search-results__authors">Lindsay Maizland</span> and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-search-results__authors-link">Clara Fong</a> </span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-search-results__series"> Renewing America </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> March 14, 2025 </p> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-search-results__topic"> United States </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/blog/donald-trumps-slumping-poll-numbers" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > Donald Trump’s Slumping Poll Numbers </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> The American public dislikes the president’s efforts to remake the U.S. economy and foreign policy, but they are unlikely to constrain him. </p> </div> <a href="/blog/donald-trumps-slumping-poll-numbers" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="451"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="451"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="418"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="345"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-14%20170753.jpg.webp" width="520" height="345" alt="Trump Cabinet Picture " /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Post </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-search-results__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> </span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-search-results__series"> The Water&#039;s Edge </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> March 3, 2025 </p> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-search-results__topic"> United States </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/blog/donald-trump-makes-his-case-joint-session-congress" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > Donald Trump Makes His Case to a Joint Session of Congress </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> The president will speak to an American public divided over his administration’s policies.   </p> </div> <a href="/blog/donald-trump-makes-his-case-joint-session-congress" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="611" height="403"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="611" height="403"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="611" height="403"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="343"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/03/Screenshot%202025-03-03%20150519.jpg.webp" width="520" height="343" alt="Trump Joint Congress Address 2017" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Post </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-search-results__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> </span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-search-results__series"> The Water&#039;s Edge </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> February 28, 2025 </p> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-search-results__topic"> United States </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/blog/trump-and-zelenskyy-clash-oval-office" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > Trump and Zelenskyy Clash in the Oval Office </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> The goal of negotiating an end to the war in Ukraine just got harder. </p> </div> <a href="/blog/trump-and-zelenskyy-clash-oval-office" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="415"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="415"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="385"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="318"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2025/02/Screenshot%202025-02-28%20165851.jpg.webp" width="520" height="318" alt="Trump Zelensky Confrontation Oval" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Post </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-search-results__authors-link">James M. Lindsay</a> </span> <a href="/blog/waters-edge" class="card-search-results__series"> The Water&#039;s Edge </a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--timeline card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> February 25, 2025 </p> <a href="/asia/india" class="card-search-results__topic"> India </a> <div class="card-search-results__info"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/timeline/us-india-relations" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > U.S.-India Relations </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> Since India’s independence, ties with the United States have weathered Cold War–era distrust and estrangement over India’s nuclear program. Relations have warmed in recent years and cooperation has s… </p> </div> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Timeline </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <span class="card-search-results__authors">Lindsay Maizland</span>, <span class="card-search-results__authors">Eleanor Albert</span>, and <span class="card-search-results__authors">Beina Xu</span> </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="views-row"> <section class="card-search-results card-search-results--article card-search-results--without-image card-search-results--with-topic"> <div class="card-search-results__container"> <p class="card-search-results__date"> May 8, 2024 </p> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="card-search-results__topic"> Energy and Environment </a> <div class="card-search-results__info card-search-results__info--with-image"> <div class="card-search-results__left"> <a href="/article/goal-conserve-30-percent-planet-2030-biodiversity-climate" class="card-search-results__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3" > The Push to Conserve 30 Percent of the Planet: What’s at Stake? </a> <p class="card-search-results__dek"> See how six countries are faring amid efforts to protect 30 percent of the planet’s land and waters by 2030, and what will be saved if they succeed.  </p> </div> <a href="/article/goal-conserve-30-percent-planet-2030-biodiversity-climate" class="card-search-results__image" > <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_2x_680/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_xl_3x_680/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="454"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_2x_680/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_l_3x_680/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="454"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_2x_630/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_m_3x_630/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="630" height="421"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_2x/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s_3x/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="520" height="347"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/large_s/public/image/2022/12/Biodiversity_Lead_FINAL%20%281%29.jpg.webp" width="520" height="347" alt="A monastery sits in between tree-covered mountains. " /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="card-search-results__metadata"> <span class="card-search-results__publication-type"> Article </span> <span class="card-search-results__authors"> by <span class="card-search-results__authors">Lindsay Maizland</span> </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager="automatic"> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?keyword=Lindsay%20%20Maizland&amp;page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> <footer> <div class="hide hidden result-count-refresher">3883</div> </footer> </div> </div> <aside class="search-right-rail"> <div class="views-element-container search-suggested-matches" id="block-global-search-suggestions"> <h2 class="search-suggested-matches__title">Explore More on This Topic</h2> <div block="block-global-search-suggestions"><div class="js-view-dom-id-26c16155bf154ea28fc25fa7b97dfec1d9e9649b4172ca6992a18f1225abe1b4"> <div class="search-suggested-matches__list-wrapper"> <h2>Blog Series</h2> <ul class="search-suggested-matches__list-container"> <li class="search-suggested-matches__list-suggestion"><span class="search-suggested-matches__card-link"><a href="/blog/waters-edge" hreflang="en">The Water&#039;s Edge</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="search-suggested-matches__list-wrapper"> <h2>Podcast Series</h2> <ul class="search-suggested-matches__list-container"> <li class="search-suggested-matches__list-suggestion"><span class="search-suggested-matches__card-link"></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container search-experts" id="block-views-block-search-people-block-topic-experts"> <h2 class="search-right-rail__title">Experts on this Topic</h2> <div block="block-views-block-search-people-block-topic-experts"><div class="js-view-dom-id-9cc876069eb250d50abf33fbfb7a1c7e3543db9a97e639f37f86a1f49dcdfbb9"> <div class="search-experts-list"> <div class="search-experts-list__row search-experts-list__row--is-expert search-experts-list__row--with-body"> <section class="card-expert card-expert--no-content"> <div class="card-expert__container"> <div class="card-expert__info-block"> <div class="card-expert__avatar-container"> <span class="card-expert__avatar-block"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.webp?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.webp?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.webp?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.webp?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb 1x"/> <img width="55" height="55" alt="James M. Lindsay" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/James%20Lindsay_Headshot_1.JPG?h=d9cef3bb" /> </picture> </span> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> <div class="card-expert__expertise-info"> <a href="/expert/james-m-lindsay" class="card-expert__name clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> James M. Lindsay </a> <p class="card-expert__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="5"> Mary and David Boies Distinguished Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy and Director of Fellowship Affairs </p> <p class="card-expert__expertises"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-expert__expertise">United States</a> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="card-expert__expertise">Politics and Government</a> <a href="/politics-and-government/polls-and-public-opinion" class="card-expert__expertise">Polls and Public Opinion</a> </p> <span class="card-expert__follow-cta"></span> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> <div class="main-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="main-footer__menu"> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/member-programs">Member Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/support-cfr">Support</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/media">For Media</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&amp;hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank">Newsletters</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/career-opportunities">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-footer__fineprint"> <div class="main-footer__fineprint__wrapper"> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">©2025 Council on Foreign Relations.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">All rights reserved.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="/terms-use" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Terms of Use</a>. </span> </div> <div class="main-footer__share-kit-wrapper"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--small share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CFR_org" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr/featured" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-youtube" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.051 1.999h.089c.822.003 4.987.033 6.11.335a2.01 2.01 0 0 1 1.415 1.42c.101.38.172.883.22 1.402l.01.104.022.26.008.104c.065.914.073 1.77.074 1.957v.075c-.001.194-.01 1.108-.082 2.06l-.008.105-.009.104c-.05.572-.124 1.14-.235 1.558a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415 1.42c-1.16.312-5.569.334-6.18.335h-.142c-.309 0-1.587-.006-2.927-.052l-.17-.006-.087-.004-.171-.007-.171-.007c-1.11-.049-2.167-.128-2.654-.26a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415-1.419c-.111-.417-.185-.986-.235-1.558L.09 9.82l-.008-.104A31.4 31.4 0 0 1 0 7.68v-.123c.002-.215.01-.958.064-1.778l.007-.103.003-.052.008-.104.022-.26.01-.104c.048-.519.119-1.023.22-1.402a2.007 2.007 0 0 1 1.415-1.42c.487-.13 1.544-.21 2.654-.26l.17-.007.172-.006.086-.003.171-.007A99.788 99.788 0 0 1 7.858 2h.193zM6.4 5.209v4.818l4.157-2.408L6.4 5.209z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-instagram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8 0C5.829 0 5.556.01 4.703.048 3.85.088 3.269.222 2.76.42a3.917 3.917 0 0 0-1.417.923A3.927 3.927 0 0 0 .42 2.76C.222 3.268.087 3.85.048 4.7.01 5.555 0 5.827 0 8.001c0 2.172.01 2.444.048 3.297.04.852.174 1.433.372 1.942.205.526.478.972.923 1.417.444.445.89.719 1.416.923.51.198 1.09.333 1.942.372C5.555 15.99 5.827 16 8 16s2.444-.01 3.298-.048c.851-.04 1.434-.174 1.943-.372a3.916 3.916 0 0 0 1.416-.923c.445-.445.718-.891.923-1.417.197-.509.332-1.09.372-1.942C15.99 10.445 16 10.173 16 8s-.01-2.445-.048-3.299c-.04-.851-.175-1.433-.372-1.941a3.926 3.926 0 0 0-.923-1.417A3.911 3.911 0 0 0 13.24.42c-.51-.198-1.092-.333-1.943-.372C10.443.01 10.172 0 7.998 0h.003zm-.717 1.442h.718c2.136 0 2.389.007 3.232.046.78.035 1.204.166 1.486.275.373.145.64.319.92.599.28.28.453.546.598.92.11.281.24.705.275 1.485.039.843.047 1.096.047 3.231s-.008 2.389-.047 3.232c-.035.78-.166 1.203-.275 1.485a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.599.919c-.28.28-.546.453-.92.598-.28.11-.704.24-1.485.276-.843.038-1.096.047-3.232.047s-2.39-.009-3.233-.047c-.78-.036-1.203-.166-1.485-.276a2.478 2.478 0 0 1-.92-.598 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.6-.92c-.109-.281-.24-.705-.275-1.485-.038-.843-.046-1.096-.046-3.233 0-2.136.008-2.388.046-3.231.036-.78.166-1.204.276-1.486.145-.373.319-.64.599-.92.28-.28.546-.453.92-.598.282-.11.705-.24 1.485-.276.738-.034 1.024-.044 2.515-.045v.002zm4.988 1.328a.96.96 0 1 0 0 1.92.96.96 0 0 0 0-1.92zm-4.27 1.122a4.109 4.109 0 1 0 0 8.217 4.109 4.109 0 0 0 0-8.217zm0 1.441a2.667 2.667 0 1 1 0 5.334 2.667 2.667 0 0 1 0-5.334z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script id="share-kit--template" type="text/template"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-white share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </script> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_-V8o-Thp4NuCgqxnXk6LperKTGa_VmtjhClMOA4uMp4.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@0.2.4/dist/web-vitals.es5.umd.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BlJ7xjc-edcuDH8YRQeq9uszQiCUvjSVaH8AIbBPZVg.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_homepage_sections/js/advanced_autocomplete.js?su4ap4" async defer></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/data-layer-helper/0.1.0/data-layer-helper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_gRRK4Rhgh3woXIQ2KUW_03fCzkIjeigZ_dvbvwnn5hk.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=5&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.11" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bTi_wjKFLjUks1iAV1LGCNgg3XYxL7eIv-8VuBxx4eA.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=7&amp;language=en&amp;theme=cfr_theme&amp;include=eJx9UsuO2zAM_CE5-ogWBXouehZoiba0S1kGSTt1v760hd0maNCLAA5Hw-EjThw0Y0U_UxuBBsIZ4uGi4R3xFXhCpAvKreIKMwbBqKUt4iHtsERMATZtsdWVUPHiChTSzJt_gx0kclk1wFoClZGBD5dAgeBA9hlpRX4ARsywl8biCH4f_nycIHDMT2X85fxWy1Iq0C2KuNgYfeJttfjJkRyiWP0Igg63EFt7LxiudDkb8K_AkHCCjdSlFD7dBW2NxH_G301XXjHiJtrq11JxEZvVT0H-AopzO5v_l76XhO2Hgm4v1daWIoh-s2Yl_4dgCqxuL3g_Je291ZY2wg6FskymoLbByI2oU4YPdOiomyCiyscge3TrVHiDX6_zVJb34V7SjHodQL-rvrehc4bJbgJtrw_3xSg2Ypv6tmhgnCzOdg1_FYCQHxXHebB9z2b2XjTmh0xGSE9fe3En1poZw3BJ-bPVP5sDKwA"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10