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Irina A. Faskianos | Council on Foreign Relations

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class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense &amp; Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy &amp; International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy &amp; Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics &amp; Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe &amp; Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East &amp; North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research &amp; Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/global-commons/space" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Space </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/task-force-report/securing-space " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Securing Space: A Plan for U.S. Action</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Executive Summary It is impossible to overstate the importance of space to the United States. For Americans, modern life depends on information from the thousands of satellites orbiting the globe,…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Task Force Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Nina M. Armagno, Jane Harman, <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> and <a href="/bio/anya-schmemann" class="card-article__authors-link">Anya Schmemann</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 11, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers &amp; Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books &amp; Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State &amp; Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/c-peter-mccolough-series-international-economics-michael-s-barr " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">C. Peter McColough Series on International Economics: A Conversation with Michael S. Barr (171796)</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/Michael%20Barr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Vice Chair for Supervision Michael S. Barr discusses the potential impacts of AI on financial stability and the regulatory considerations surrounding it. The C. 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Faskianos" class="header-editorial__profile-image__src" /> </div> </div> <h3 class="header-editorial__subheader"><a href="/staff">CFR Staff</a></h3> <h2 class="header-editorial__name">Irina A. Faskianos</h2> <p class="header-editorial__dek">Vice President for the National Program & Outreach </p> </div> </div> </header> <article class="main-wrapper"> <div class="expert-bio expert-bio--editorial"> <aside class="contact-sidebar contact-sidebar--expanded expert-tab-content"> <div class="contact-sidebar__main-wrapper"> <div> <section class="contact-sidebar__contact contact-sidebar__section"> <h3 class="contact-sidebar__contact-title contact-sidebar__section-title"> Contact </h3> <div class="contact-sidebar__contact-email contact-sidebar__contact-field"> <label class="contact-sidebar__contact-field-label"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 15" class="icon icon-e-mail" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M23 0H0v15h23V0zm-1.661.776l-9.967 7.5-9.736-7.5h19.703zM.767 14.224V1.06l10.605 8.173L22.233 1.06v13.164H.767z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </label> <div class="contact-sidebar__contact-email-entries"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#2c454a4d5f47454d42435f6c4f4a5e02435e4b" class="contact-sidebar__contact-entry"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="28414e495b43414946475b684b4e5a06475a4f">[email&#160;protected]</span></a> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div> </div> </aside> <div class="expert-bio__content-wrapper"> <div class="expert-bio__main expert-bio__main--collapsed"> <div class="expert-bio__main-body"> <div class="body-content"><p>Irina A. Faskianos is vice president for the National Program and Outreach at CFR, where she directs programming for CFR members residing outside of New York and Washington. Ms. Faskianos also manages the development and implementation of CFR’s Outreach Initiatives that connect CFR’s resources with educators and students, religion and congregational leaders, state and local officials, and local journalists. Ms. Faskianos received an MM and a BA from Yale University.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field body-content"> <div class="field body-content body-content--with-right-rail"> <div class="careers careers--module1"> <div class="panel"> <h3 class="careers__title">Learn More</h3> <div class="careers__section-container"> <section class="careers__section careers__section--"> <h4 class="careers__section-title"> <a href="/member-programs/national-program">National Program</a> </h4> <div class="careers__section-blurb"> <p>CFR is truly a national organization, with a plurality of its membership based outside of New York and Washington, DC. The National Program provides a forum for these members across the country and around the world to discuss pressing foreign policy issues and contribute to CFR’s research.</p> </div> </section> <section class="careers__section careers__section--"> <h4 class="careers__section-title"> <a href="/communities">Communities</a> </h4> <div class="careers__section-blurb"> <p>CFR is dedicated to promoting an informed citizenry by making CFR’s independent, nonpartisan analysis and commentary on international relations and the role of the United States in the world accessible to all. Explore the initiatives and programs below for the best way to connect with CFR’s experts, resources, and communities.</p> </div> </section> <section class="careers__section careers__section--"> <h4 class="careers__section-title"> <a href="/about">About CFR</a> </h4> <div class="careers__section-blurb"> <p>The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR takes no institutional positions on matters of policy.&nbsp;Our goal is to start a conversation in this country about the need for Americans to better understand the world.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-group card-group--foreign-affairs"> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title"> <svg viewBox="0 0 180 71" class="icon icon-foreign-affairs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Foreign Affairs</title> <path d="M55.241 1.078c1.487.278 2.676.539 2.955 4.032.13 2.007 0 2.954 0 4.812v10.722c0 1.876 0 2.006-.13 4.292-.13 2.954 0 4.57-2.007 4.812-.669.13-1.078 0-1.078.409 0 .279.13.409.54.409.278 0 3.084-.13 4.812-.13 1.598 0 4.44.13 4.812.13.409 0 .669 0 .669-.409s-.409-.409-.948-.409c-1.728 0-2.266-1.486-2.415-2.806-.13-2.136-.13-4.292-.13-6.168V15.96c1.077 0 3.214-.13 4.032 0 .539 0 .817.13.948.818 2.006 9.513 7.116 14.734 14.474 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2.006.13 4.161 3.085 1.208 1.598 2.806 2.545 3.215 2.545.279 0 .409-.13.409-.408 0-.41-.948-2.007-1.078-2.806-.669-1.84-.948-2.657-.948-3.456zM18.377 54.703H10.61c-.409 0-.279-.41-.279-.54.948-2.545 4.162-10.46 4.44-11.11 0 0 .131 0 .41.668.539 1.598 3.623 10.982 3.623 10.982h-.427zm120.628 14.456c-5.89-5.092-8.436-11.39-9.792-17.15 0-.13.278-.28.538-.41 2.806-.817 6.04-3.493 6.04-7.246 0-6.299-6.43-7.767-10.74-7.767-2.546 0-6.04.279-7.117.279-2.806 0-4.943-.279-5.221-.279-.28 0-.41.13-.41.409 0 .279.13.409.54.409 1.486.278 2.675.538 2.954 4.032.13 2.006 0 2.954 0 4.812v10.74c0 1.877 0 2.007-.13 4.292-.13 2.955 0 4.571-2.007 4.813-.669.13-1.078 0-1.078.409 0 .278.13.408.54.408.278 0 3.084-.13 4.812-.13 1.598 0 4.44.13 4.812.13.39 0 .67 0 .67-.408 0-.41-.41-.41-.948-.41-1.728 0-2.267-1.486-2.416-2.805-.13-2.137-.13-4.292-.13-6.169v-4.812c1.078 0 3.215-.13 4.032 0 .539 0 .818 0 .948.817 2.006 9.514 7.116 14.735 14.474 17.69.54.13.54 0 .54-.13.166-.447.036-.707-.911-1.524zM124.679 50.54h-4.571v-8.974c0-2.955.669-3.624 3.344-3.624 4.441 0 8.027 1.598 8.027 6.04.038 2.935-1.579 6.558-6.8 6.558z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </h3> <p class="card-group__intro"> Published by the Council on Foreign Relations since 1922, just a year after the organization’s founding, <em>Foreign Affairs</em> has long been America’s leading forum for serious discussion of foreign policy and international affairs. </p> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russia/why-no-one-winning-ukraine-ryan" target="_blank" class="card-article__link"> <span class="card-article__link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Why No One Is Winning in Ukraine</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/images/2025/02/20/2024-02-03T091751Z_844457919_RC2BU5AOA6TL_RTRMADP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-DRONES_0.jpg></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> with </span> <span class="card-article__source"> via Foreign Affairs</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 20, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div 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<div class="explore-more-promotional main-wrapper "> <div class="explore-more-promotional__wrapper"> <div class="card-group card-group--related card-group--bg-color-default"> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title"> </h3> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/mexico" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Mexico </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/mexicos-long-war-drugs-crime-and-cartels " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/08/MexicoDrugWar_BG.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Violence continues to rage some two decades after the Mexican government launched a war against drug cartels. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 21, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/how-us-asylum-process-works " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How the U.S. Asylum Process Works</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/06/Immigration_BG.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Asylum has become a central part of the U.S. immigration debate in recent years after border crossings reached a record high in fiscal year 2023. 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But there was a reason the United States abandoned the approach a century ago. The gains would be few and the costs enormous. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/edward-alden" class="card-article__authors-link">Edward Alden</a> and <a href="/expert/jennifer-hillman" class="card-article__authors-link">Jennifer Hillman</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 14, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/realecon" class="card-article__series"> RealEcon </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/india-united-states-and-future-international-trade-order " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">India, the United States and the Future of the International Trade Order</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/2025-02/ModiTrump_HP.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="2">India has enjoyed bipartisan support in the U.S. as a critical economic counterbalance to China, but the United States still has a tenuous grasp on its interests. In this series, three experts examine India’s position on digital trade, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and industrial policy. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/manjari-chatterjee-miller" class="card-article__authors-link">Manjari Chatterjee Miller</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 10, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article__series"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 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