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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gardner Pinnacles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerio_uolos" title="Gardnerio uolos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gardnerio uolos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E5%B0%96%E7%A4%81" title="ガードナー尖礁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガードナー尖礁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gardner Pinnacles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B)" title="Гарднер (скалы) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарднер (скалы)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Гарднер-Піннаклс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарднер-Піннаклс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%89nh_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_Gardner" title="Các đỉnh nhọn Gardner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các đỉnh nhọn Gardner" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardnerpinnacles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gardnerpinnacles.jpg/400px-Gardnerpinnacles.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gardnerpinnacles.jpg/600px-Gardnerpinnacles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gardnerpinnacles.jpg/800px-Gardnerpinnacles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6190" data-file-height="3979" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>-coated Gardner Pinnacles.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png/290px-Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png/435px-Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the location of the Gardner Pinnacles in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian island chain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardner_map_lrg.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gardner_map_lrg.gif/220px-Gardner_map_lrg.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gardner_map_lrg.gif/330px-Gardner_map_lrg.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gardner_map_lrg.gif/440px-Gardner_map_lrg.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Gardner Pinnacles</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gardner Pinnacles</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <i lang="haw">Pūhāhonu</i>) are two barren <a href="/wiki/Rock_formations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formations in the United States">rock</a> outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a>. </p><p>The <b>Pūhāhonu volcano</b> responsible for the pinnacles is 511 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (946 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 588 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu, Hawaii">Honolulu</a> and 108 miles (94 nmi; 174 km) from <a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a>. The total area of the two small islets, remnants of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a>, the world's largest, is 5.939 acres (24,030 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest peak is 170 feet (52 meters).<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-I_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrounding reef has an area in excess of 1,904 square kilometres (470,000 acres; 735 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the <a href="/wiki/Whaling_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling ship">whaling ship</a> <i>Maro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rauzon2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rauzon2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-soest.hawaii.edu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soest.hawaii.edu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It holds the record for the largest and hottest <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_of_the_Kaalokai._(1909)_(14592257528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Log_of_the_Kaalokai._%281909%29_%2814592257528%29.jpg/220px-Log_of_the_Kaalokai._%281909%29_%2814592257528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Log_of_the_Kaalokai._%281909%29_%2814592257528%29.jpg/330px-Log_of_the_Kaalokai._%281909%29_%2814592257528%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Log_of_the_Kaalokai._%281909%29_%2814592257528%29.jpg/440px-Log_of_the_Kaalokai._%281909%29_%2814592257528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of the Gardner Pinnacles in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> <i>Maro,</i> commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.<sup id="cite_ref-Rauzon2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rauzon2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859, the position of the Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner <a href="/wiki/USS_Fenimore_Cooper_(1853)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Fenimore Cooper (1853)">USS <i>Fenimore Cooper</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the giant <a href="/wiki/Cellana" title="Cellana">opihi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cellana_talcosa" title="Cellana talcosa">Cellana talcosa</a></i>), a limpet known in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> as the <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">‘opihi ko‘ele</i></span>, which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous insects live on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903 the Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 it became a part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century it is part of <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> wildlife refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-I_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gardner Pinnacles were used as an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine the locations of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are <a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a> to the northwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg/220px-Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg/330px-Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg/440px-Starr_990524-0854_Portulaca_lutea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Gardner Pinnacles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg/220px-Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg/330px-Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg/440px-Starr_990524-0853_Portulaca_lutea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Gardner</figcaption></figure> <p>The island is made up of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> rock,<sup id="cite_ref-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which comes from lava erupted between 14 and 12 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rock is dark grey and dense,<sup id="cite_ref-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a high <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a> content implying the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> source was at 1,703 ± 56 °C (3,097 ± 101 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2020 report in <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>, Pūhāhonu contains approximately 150,000 cubic kilometres (36,000 cu mi) of rock, based on a 2014 sonar survey.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-size_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-size-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would make it Earth's largest single volcano. Only about one-third of that volume is exposed above the sea floor while the rest is buried beneath a ring of debris, broken coral, and other material that has eroded from the peak. By comparison, from sea floor to peak, <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a>, on Hawaii's Big Island, is the tallest <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> on Earth, but it is nowhere near as massive as Pūhāhonu. Another volcano on the Big Island is <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>; a 2013 study estimates Mauna Loa's volume at 83,000 cubic kilometres (20,000 cu mi) which is believed to be an overestimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-size_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-size-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pūhāhonu is so heavy, researchers note, that it has caused Earth's crust nearby—and thus the volcano itself—to sink hundreds of meters over millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research.<sup id="cite_ref-soest.hawaii.edu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soest.hawaii.edu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pūhāhonu and West Pūhāhonu volcanoes result from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaii hotspot</a> which is fed by the Hawaiian plume which had a major magmatic flux pulse at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A longer magmatic flux pulse produced the Hawaiian Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2020_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five seamounts of the Naifeh Chain to the north of Pūhāhonu have a completely different tectonic origin, and are older (<a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sotomayor2023_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotomayor2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time they were hypothesised to be related to the Pūhāhonu volcano because of arch volcanism, which can not be the case, given the newly determined age difference.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotomayor2023_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotomayor2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island has one plant known to grow on it, the succulent <a href="/wiki/Sesuvium_portulacastrum" title="Sesuvium portulacastrum">sea purslane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are over a dozen species of bird observed here, many nesting.<sup id="cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a variety of insect species on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the surrounding waters there is variety of sealife, which is noted as habitat for a limpet, the giant ophi which lives in tidal areas of the rocky island.<sup id="cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many species of fish and coral life in the nearby waters.<sup id="cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large numbers of birds have coated many surfaces of the island in <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, giving it a whitish appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clapp_1972_pp._1–25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the fish species in the nearby waters include <a href="/wiki/Ember_parrotfish" title="Ember parrotfish">red lip parrotfish</a>, doublebar <a href="/wiki/Goatfish" title="Goatfish">goatfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reef_triggerfish" title="Reef triggerfish">reef triggerfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Gardner comes from its discovery in 1820, when the Captain Joseph Allen of the ship <i>Maro</i> named it Gardner's Island.<sup id="cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also discovered <a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a>, which is named for that sailing ship.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has sometimes been called Gardner Rock or Gardner Island, besides the Gardner Pinnacles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hawaiian name, <i>Pūhāhonu</i>, means 'turtle surfacing for air', from <i>pūhā</i> 'to breathe at the surface' and <i>honu</i> 'turtle'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Hawaiian_%E2%80%93_Emperor_seamount_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain">List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikumaroro" title="Nikumaroro">Nikumaroro</a> (aka Gardner Island)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-I-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-I_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia et. al. 2020<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1. Introduction">: 1. Introduction </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia et. al. 2020<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Abstract">: Abstract </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia et. al. 2020<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Conclusion">: Conclusion </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia et. al. 2020<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 4.3. What caused Pūhāhonu's large volume?">: 4.3. What caused Pūhāhonu's large volume? </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-size-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-size_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-size_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia et. al. 2020<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 4.2. How massive is Pūhāhonu?">: 4.2. How massive is Pūhāhonu? </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Tamu_Massif" title="Tamu Massif">Tamu Massif</a>, a 4-kilometer-tall volcanic feature the size of the British Isles on the sea floor east of Japan, contains almost 7 million cubic kilometers of material and was once thought to be the world's largest shield volcano. But Tamu Massif is now believed to have formed along a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> rather than over a single source of magma. That makes Pūhāhonu the largest known shield volcano on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiuliani-Hoffman" class="citation web cs1">Giuliani-Hoffman, Francesca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/puhahonu-largest-volcano-trnd-scn/index.html">"The largest volcano in the world sits beneath two small rocky peaks in Hawaii"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. December 14, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rauzon2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rauzon2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rauzon2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J._Rauzon2001" class="citation book cs1">Mark J. Rauzon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Liof5xfsCM8C&pg=PA95"><i>Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geosphere&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+the+age+and+origin+of+two+small+Cretaceous+seamount+chains+proximal+to+the+Northwestern+Hawaiian+Ridge&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-405&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGES02580.1&rft.aulast=Sotomayor&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Balbas%2C+A.&rft.au=Konrad%2C+K.&rft.au=Koppers%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Konter%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Wanless%2C+V.+D.&rft.au=Hourigan%2C+T.+F.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+C.&rft.au=Raineault%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1130%252FGES02580.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner+Pinnacles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papahanaumokuakea.gov-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papahanaumokuakea.gov_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html">"Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument"</a>. <i>www.papahanaumokuakea.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.papahanaumokuakea.gov&rft.atitle=Papahanaumokuakea+Marine+National+Monument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papahanaumokuakea.gov%2Fvisit%2Fgardner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner+Pinnacles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Hawaiian_Islands/about/Gardner_Pinnacles.html">"Gardner Pinnacles - Hawaiian Islands - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gardner+Pinnacles+-+Hawaiian+Islands+-+U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Frefuge%2FHawaiian_Islands%2Fabout%2FGardner_Pinnacles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner+Pinnacles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/maro.html">"Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument"</a>. <i>www.papahanaumokuakea.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.papahanaumokuakea.gov&rft.atitle=Papahanaumokuakea+Marine+National+Monument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papahanaumokuakea.gov%2Fvisit%2Fmaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner+Pinnacles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/logofkaalokai00walk/logofkaalokai00walk#page/n35/mode/1up">"Log of the Kaalokai"</a>. 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Log+of+the+Kaalokai&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flogofkaalokai00walk%2Flogofkaalokai00walk%23page%2Fn35%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner+Pinnacles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-puhahonu--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=P%C5%ABh%C4%81honu&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka&af=1&fqf=ED">"Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi"</a>. <i>wehewehe.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wehewehe.org&rft.atitle=N%C4%81+Puke+Wehewehe+%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwehewehe.org%2Fgsdl2.85%2Fcgi-bin%2Fhdict%3Fa%3Dq%26r%3D1%26hs%3D1%26m%3D-1%26o%3D-1%26qto%3D4%26e%3Dd-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%25252ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-puhahonu--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00%26q%3DP%25C5%25ABh%25C4%2581honu%26fqv%3Dtextpukuielbert%25252ctextmamaka%26af%3D1%26fqf%3DED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGardner+Pinnacles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Pinnacles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402214113/http://www.bishopmuseum.org/research/nwhi/gardner.html">Archived</a> April 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/kure/diaries/gardner.html">Quick Facts on the Gardner Pinnacles</a> – from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=PBS_Ocean_Adventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBS Ocean Adventures (page does not exist)">PBS Ocean Adventures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082931/http://pmnmims.org/">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html">Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hawaiian_volcanism_topics_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaiian_volcanism" title="Template:Hawaiian 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/South_Arch_volcanic_field" title="South Arch volcanic field">South Arch volcanic field</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81hukona" title="Māhukona">Māhukona</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Iki" title="Kīlauea Iki">Kīlauea Iki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauahi_Crater" title="Pauahi Crater">Pauahi Crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Ulu" title="Mauna Ulu">Mauna Ulu</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hual%C4%81lai" title="Hualālai">Hualālai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)">Kohala</a></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBula" title="Kaʻula">Kaʻula</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></b></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Maui_Mountains" title="West Maui Mountains">West Maui</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Bank" title="Penguin Bank">Penguin Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Molokai_Volcano" title="West Molokai Volcano">West Molokai Volcano</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_Molokai_Volcano" title="East Molokai Volcano">East Molokai Volcano</a></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></b></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Volcanics" title="Honolulu Volcanics">Honolulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaena_Ridge" title="Kaena Ridge">Kaʻena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%CA%BBolau_Range" title="Koʻolau Range">Koʻolau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Arch_volcanic_field" title="North Arch volcanic field">North Arch volcanic field</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waianae_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Waianae Range">Waiʻanae</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Scheme of a Hawaiian eruption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg/120px-Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg/180px-Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg/240px-Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Leeward<br />Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gardner Pinnacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes Atoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Emperor<br />Seamounts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Seamount" title="Abbott Seamount">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colahan_Seamount" title="Colahan Seamount">Colahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikakuji_Guyot" title="Daikakuji Guyot">Daikakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Seamount" title="Detroit Seamount">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Seamount" title="Hancock Seamount">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB_Seamount" title="Jingū Seamount">Jingū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammu_Seamount" title="Kammu Seamount">Kammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmei_Seamount" title="Kimmei Seamount">Kimmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koko_Guyot" title="Koko Guyot">Koko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Seamount" title="Meiji Seamount">Meiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintoku_Seamount" title="Nintoku Seamount">Nintoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojin_Seamount" title="Ojin Seamount">Ojin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiko_Seamount" title="Suiko Seamount">Suiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomei_Seamount" title="Yomei Seamount">Yomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuryaku_Seamount" title="Yuryaku Seamount">Yuryaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable eruptions<br />and vents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_Hawaiian_submarine_eruption" title="1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption">1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="1975 eruption of Mauna Loa">1975 eruption of Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="1984 eruption of Mauna Loa">1984 eruption of Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_lower_Puna_eruption" title="2018 lower Puna eruption">2018 lower Puna eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="2022 eruption of Mauna Loa">2022 eruption of Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keanakakoi_eruption" title="Keanakakoi eruption">Keanakakoi eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAil%C4%81%CA%BBau_eruption" title="ʻAilāʻau eruption">ʻAilāʻau eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu" title="Halemaʻumaʻu">Halemaʻumaʻu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Caldera" title="Kīlauea Caldera">Kīlauea Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Iki" title="Kīlauea Iki">Kīlauea Iki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Ulu" title="Mauna Ulu">Mauna Ulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_Caldera" title="Powers Caldera">Powers Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBA%CA%BB%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻAʻā">ʻAʻā (lava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Hawaiian_volcanoes" title="Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes">Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81_National_Park" title="Haleakalā National Park">Haleakalā National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions" title="List of Kīlauea eruptions">Kīlauea eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">Lava fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limu_o_Pele" title="Limu o Pele">Limu o Pele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mauna_Loa_eruptions" title="List of Mauna Loa eruptions">Mauna Loa eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81hoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāhoehoe">Pāhoehoe (lava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_hair" title="Pele's hair">Pele's hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_tears" title="Pele's tears">Pele's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_Geothermal_Venture" title="Puna Geothermal Venture">Puna Geothermal Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_House" title="Volcano House">Volcano House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Hawaii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaii" title="Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaii" title="Template talk:Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Hawaii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hawaii-related_articles" title="Index of Hawaii-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Seamount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Governance" title="Hawaii">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_parks" title="List of Hawaii state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hawaii" title="List of people from Hawaii">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaiian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hawaii" title="Abortion in Hawaii">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hawaii" title="Crime in Hawaii">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Demographics" title="Hawaii">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Economy" title="Hawaii">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education" title="Hawaii State Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Gun laws in Hawaii">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Hawaii">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hawaii">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_Hawaii" title="Folklore in Hawaii">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hawaii" title="Media in Hawaii">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Sports in Hawaii">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Main islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern <br /> Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hawaii" title="List of places in Hawaii">Notable communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii" title="Kailua-Kona, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kāneʻohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapolei,_Hawaii" title="Kapolei, Hawaii">Kapolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-statehood history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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