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id="toc-Islands_and_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Major islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_islands,_islets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_islands,_islets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Minor islands, islets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_islands,_islets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_islands,_atolls,_reefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_islands,_atolls,_reefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Partial islands, atolls, reefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_islands,_atolls,_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunamis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunamis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tsunamis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunamis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National Monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiian Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="جزر هاواي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر هاواي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipi%C3%A9lagu_de_%E1%B8%A4awai" title="Archipiélagu de Ḥawai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Archipiélagu de Ḥawai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havay_adalar%C4%B1" title="Havay adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Havay adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هاوایی آدالاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاوایی آدالاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Hawaiʻi Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hawaiʻi Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гавай утрауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гавай утрауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Гавайскія астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гавайскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Гавайскія астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гавайскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хавайски острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хавайски острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii-Insln" title="Hawaii-Insln – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hawaii-Insln" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Hawaii" title="Illes Hawaii – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%97%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гавайи утравӗсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гавайи утравӗсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hawaiian Islands" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajsk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Havajské ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Havajské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Hawaii" title="Ynysoedd Hawaii – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%C3%B8erne" title="Hawaiiøerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hawaiiøerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%A1ijasullot" title="Haváijasullot – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Haváijasullot" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Hawaii-Inseln" title="Liste der Hawaii-Inseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Hawaii-Inseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_saared" title="Hawaii saared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hawaii saared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipi%C3%A9lago_de_Haw%C3%A1i" title="Archipiélago de Hawái – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Archipiélago de Hawái" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajaj_Insuloj" title="Havajaj Insuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Havajaj Insuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_uharteak" title="Hawaii uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hawaii uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جزایر هاوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر هاوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipel_d%27Hawa%C3%AF" title="Archipel d'Hawaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archipel d'Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF-eilannen" title="Hawaï-eilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hawaï-eilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquip%C3%A9lago_de_Hawai" title="Arquipélago de Hawai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquipélago de Hawai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="하와이 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하와이 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokupuni_o_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Mokupuni o Hawaiʻi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokupuni o Hawaiʻi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հավայան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավայան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="हवाई द्वीपसमूह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हवाई द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajsko_oto%C4%8Dje" title="Havajsko otočje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Havajsko otočje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulas_Hawaii" title="Insulas Hawaii – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insulas Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Гавайийы сакъадæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гавайийы сакъадæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii-eyjaklasinn" title="Hawaii-eyjaklasinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hawaii-eyjaklasinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_delle_Hawaii" title="Isole delle Hawaii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole delle Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="איי הוואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי הוואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰავაის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰავაის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гавай аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гавай аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гавайи аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гавайи аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijules_Hawaii" title="Ijules Hawaii – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ijules Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaju_salas" title="Havaju salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Havaju salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajai_(salynas)" title="Havajai (salynas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Havajai (salynas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82" title="हवाइयन टापू – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हवाइयन टापू" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_O%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хавајски Oстрови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хавајски Oстрови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹവായി ദ്വീപുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹവായി ദ്വീപുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AFaanse_eilanden" title="Hawaïaanse eilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hawaïaanse eilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="हवाई टापुहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हवाई टापुहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="ハワイ諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワイ諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%C3%B8yene" title="Hawaiiøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hawaiiøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavayi_orollari" title="Gavayi orollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gavayi orollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaje_(archipelag)" title="Hawaje (archipelag) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hawaje (archipelag)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquip%C3%A9lago_do_Hava%C3%AD" title="Arquipélago do Havaí – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquipélago do Havaí" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavayi_atawlar%C4%B1" title="Gavayi atawları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gavayi atawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Hawaii" title="Insulele Hawaii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гавайские острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гавайские острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hawaiian Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajsk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Havajské ostrovy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Havajské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دوورگەکانی ھاوایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورگەکانی ھاوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Хаваји (архипелаг) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хаваји (архипелаг)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaijisaaret" title="Havaijisaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Havaijisaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%C3%B6arna" title="Hawaiiöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hawaiiöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuluan_ng_Hawaii" title="Kapuluan ng Hawaii – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapuluan ng Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அவாயித் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவாயித் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гавай утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гавай утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="หมู่เกาะฮาวาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะฮาวาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Hawaii Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hawaii Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Гавайські острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гавайські острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="جزائر ہوائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزائر ہوائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Hawaii" title="Quần đảo Hawaii – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần đảo Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="夏威夷群島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夏威夷群島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="夏威夷群島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏威夷群島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="夏威夷群島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏威夷群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="夏威夷群島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏威夷群島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192626#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=20_54_00_N_156_36_00_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°54′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">156°36′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.90000°N 156.60000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.90000; -156.60000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sandwich Islands" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_Islands_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sandwich Islands (disambiguation)">Sandwich Islands (disambiguation)</a>. For the list of individual islands belonging to the state of Hawaii, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">List of islands of Hawaii</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hawaiian Islands</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Native name</a>: <div class="nickname" lang="haw"><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Mokupuni Hawaiʻi</i></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg/260px-Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg/390px-Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg/520px-Hawaje-NoRedLine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="#Major_islands">Windward Islands</a> of Hawaii</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png/260px-Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png/390px-Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png/520px-Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=20_54_00_N_156_36_00_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°54′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">156°36′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.90000°N 156.60000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.90000; -156.60000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">137</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a></li><li>13,796 ft (4,205 m)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>United States</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unincorporated territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hawaiian Islands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <i lang="haw">Mokupuni Hawaiʻi</i>) are an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of eight major <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>, and numerous smaller <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a>, extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">island of Hawaiʻi</a> in the south to northernmost <a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a>. Formerly called the <b>Sandwich Islands</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Europeans (not by <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Kānaka Maoli</a>, the people native to the islands), the present name for the archipelago is derived from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. </p><p>The archipelago sits on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a>. The islands are exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a>, formed by <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic activity</a> over a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a>. The islands are about 1,860 miles (3,000 km) from the nearest continent and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> subregion of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the mostly uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a>), with the sole exception of <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minor Outlying Island">United States Minor Outlying Island</a>). Hawaii is the only U.S. state that is situated entirely on an archipelago, and the only state not geographically connected with <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The Northwestern islands (sometimes called the Leeward Islands) and surrounding seas are protected as a <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">National Monument</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islands_and_reefs">Islands and reefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Islands and reefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km<sup>2</sup>). Except for Midway, which is an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territory">unincorporated territory</a> of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>—the 50th state of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_to_State_and_Local_Census_Geography_–_Hawaii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_State_and_Local_Census_Geography_–_Hawaii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Hawaiian_Windward_Islands"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_islands">Major islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island </th> <th class="unsortable">Nickname </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Population<br />(as of 2020) </th> <th>Density </th> <th>Highest point </th> <th>Maximum elevation </th> <th>Age (<a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Big Island </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,629 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001498085898709036♠"></span>49.8/sq mi (19.2/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">13,796 ft (4,205 m) </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=19_34_N_155_30_W_type:isle&title=Hawaii"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°34′N</span> <span class="longitude">155°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.567°N 155.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.567; -155.500</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Hawaii</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Valley Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">164,221 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002225826457645764♠"></span>225.8/sq mi (87.2/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">10,023 ft (3,055 m) </td> <td>1.3–0.8 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=20_48_N_156_20_W_type:isle&title=Maui"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°48′N</span> <span class="longitude">156°20′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.800°N 156.333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.800; -156.333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Maui</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Gathering Place </td> <td style="text-align:right;">596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,016,508 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7003170354952237305♠"></span>1,703.5/sq mi (657.7/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBala" title="Kaʻala">Mount Kaʻala</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">4,003 ft (1,220 m) </td> <td>3.7–2.6 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=21_28_N_157_59_W_type:isle&title=Oahu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">157°59′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.467°N 157.983°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.467; -157.983</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Oahu</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Garden Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,298 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002132714104653268♠"></span>132.7/sq mi (51.2/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawaikini" title="Kawaikini">Kawaikini</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">5,243 ft (1,598 m) </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=22_05_N_159_30_W_type:isle&title=Kauai"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">159°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.083°N 159.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.083; -159.500</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Kauai</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Friendly Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260.0 sq mi (673.4 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,345 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001282500000000000♠"></span>28.3/sq mi (10.9/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamakou" title="Kamakou">Kamakou</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,961 ft (1,512 m) </td> <td>1.9–1.8 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=21_08_N_157_02_W_type:isle&title=Molokai"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°08′N</span> <span class="longitude">157°02′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.133°N 157.033°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.133; -157.033</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Molokai</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Pineapple Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">140.5 sq mi (363.9 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,367 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001239644128113879♠"></span>24.0/sq mi (9.3/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81na%CA%BBihale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lānaʻihale">Lānaʻihale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,366 ft (1,026 m) </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=20_50_N_156_56_W_type:isle&title=Lanai"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">156°56′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.833°N 156.933°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.833; -156.933</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Lanai</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Forbidden Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69.5 sq mi (180.0 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000120863309352517♠"></span>1.2/sq mi (0.5/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_P%C4%81n%C4%AB%CA%BBau" title="Mount Pānīʻau">Mount Pānīʻau</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,250 ft (381 m) </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=21_54_N_160_10_W_type:isle&title=Niihau"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">160°10′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.900°N 160.167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.900; -160.167</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Niihau</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Target Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.6 sq mi (115.5 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0/sq mi (0/km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>Puʻu Moaulanui </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,483 ft (452 m) </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaiian_Islands&params=20_33_N_156_36_W_type:isle&title=Kahoolawe"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">156°36′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.550°N 156.600°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.550; -156.600</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Kahoolawe</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The eight major islands of Hawaii (Windward Islands) are listed above. All except Kaho'olawe are inhabited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_islands,_islets"><span id="Minor_islands.2C_islets"></span>Minor islands, islets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minor islands, islets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg/220px-ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg/330px-ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg/440px-ISS-38_Hawaiian_Island_chain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Hawaiian Islands from space.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg/300px-2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg/450px-2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg/600px-2003-3d-hawaiian-islands-usgs-i2809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>3-D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands, with the white summits of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> (4,170 m or 13,680 ft high) and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> (4,207.3 m or 13,803 ft high). The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes, the bulk of which lie below the sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from violet (5,750 m or 18,860 ft deep northeast of <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>) and indigo to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows are shown in red, erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hualalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualalai">Hualalai</a> volcanoes on <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Diamond_Head_Hawaii_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5421" data-file-height="3719" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Lēʻahi or <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii" title="Diamond Head, Hawaii">Diamond Head</a>, Oʻahu </figcaption></figure> <p>The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number includes all minor islands (small islands), <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> (even smaller islands) offshore of the major islands (listed above), and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBula" title="Kaʻula">Kaʻula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ohikaipu" title="Kāohikaipu">Kāohikaipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehua" title="Lehua">Lehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81nana" title="Mānana">Mānana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokolea_Rock" title="Mokolea Rock">Mōkōlea Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokoli%CA%BBi" title="Mokoliʻi">Mokoliʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moku_Manu" title="Moku Manu">Moku Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Goat Island (Hawaii)">Mokuauia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Oahu_Island)" title="Coconut Island (Oahu Island)">Moku o Loʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Hawaii_Island)" title="Coconut Island (Hawaii Island)">Moku Ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Mokuʻumeʻume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokini" title="Molokini">Molokini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81_Mokulua" class="mw-redirect" title="Nā Mokulua">Nā Mokulua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_islands,_atolls,_reefs"><span id="Partial_islands.2C_atolls.2C_reefs"></span>Partial islands, atolls, reefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partial islands, atolls, reefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png/300px-NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png/450px-NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png/600px-NASA_Hawaiian_Islands_full_quality.png 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>A composite satellite image from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> of the Hawaiian Islands taken from <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Partial islands, atolls, reefs—those west of Niʻihau are <a href="/wiki/Uninhabited_island" title="Uninhabited island">uninhabited</a> except Midway Atoll—form the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> (Leeward Islands): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a> (Mokumana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Necker Island (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands)">Necker</a> (Mokumanamana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a> (Kānemilohaʻi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner Pinnacles</a> (Pūhāhonu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a> (Nalukākala)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a> (Kauō)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski Island</a> (Papaʻāpoho)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes Atoll</a> (Holoikauaua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (Pihemanu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a> (Mokupāpapa)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaii hotspot</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaii rivers">List of Hawaii rivers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_hotspot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawaii_hotspot.jpg/260px-Hawaii_hotspot.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawaii_hotspot.jpg/390px-Hawaii_hotspot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawaii_hotspot.jpg/520px-Hawaii_hotspot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Eruptions from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaii hotspot</a> left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific over millions of years, called the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Seamounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Seamounts">Emperor Seamounts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This chain of islands, or <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, developed as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a> slowly moved northwestward over a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a> at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this study and others,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is estimated that the northwesternmost island, <a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a>, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeasternmost island, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a>, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, <a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa</a> (formerly Loʻihi). The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism. <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> had been erupting nearly continuously since 1983 when it stopped August 2018. </p><p>Almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> of the hotspot has the composition of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a> is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian-type eruptions</a> because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin. </p><p>Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Earthquakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">List of earthquakes in Hawaii</a></div> <p>The Hawaiian Islands have many <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, generally triggered by and related to volcanic activity. Seismic activity, as a result, is currently highest in the southern part of the chain. Both historical and modern earthquake databases have correlated higher magnitude earthquakes with flanks of active volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The combination of erosional forces, which cause slumping and landslides, with the pressure exerted by rising magma put a great amount of stress on the volcanic flanks. The stress is released when the slope fails, or slips, causing an earthquake. This type of seismicity is unique because the forces driving the system are not always consistent over time, since rates of volcanic activity fluctuate. Seismic hazard near active, seaward volcanic flanks is high, partially because of the especially unpredictable nature of the forces that trigger earthquakes, and partially because these events occur at relatively shallow depths. Flank earthquakes typically occur at depths ranging from 5 to 20 km, increasing the hazard to local infrastructure and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earthquakes and landslides on the island chain have also been known to cause <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. </p><p>Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a>, by missionaries <a href="/wiki/Titus_Coan" title="Titus Coan">Titus Coan</a> and Sarah J. Lyman and her family. Between 1833 and 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, earthquakes are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>. </p><p>Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a> 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/2006_Kiholo_Bay_earthquake" title="2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake">On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake</a> with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the <a href="/wiki/Kona_District,_Hawaii" title="Kona District, Hawaii">Kona</a> area. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershock</a>. Minor to moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported. </p><p>On May 4, 2018, there was a <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_earthquake" title="2018 Hawaii earthquake">6.9 earthquake</a> in the zone of volcanic activity from <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>. </p><p>Earthquakes are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunamis">Tsunamis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tsunamis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg/220px-1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg/330px-1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg/440px-1960-Chilean-tsunami-Hilo-HI-USGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Chilean tsunami</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a>, Hawaiʻi, where the tsunami left 61 people dead and 282 seriously injured. The waves reached 35 feet (11 m) high.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hawaiian Islands are subject to <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, great <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away. </p><p>Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a> had a catastrophic collapse or <a href="/wiki/Debris_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris avalanche">debris avalanche</a> over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The <a href="/wiki/Hilina_Slump" title="Hilina Slump">Hilina Slump</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">island of Hawaiʻi</a> is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami. </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a> on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of <a href="/wiki/Hilo_Bay" title="Hilo Bay">Hilo Bay</a>. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens. </p><p>A tsunami resulting from an <a href="/wiki/2010_Chile_earthquake" title="2010 Chile earthquake">earthquake in Chile</a> hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event. </p><p>A tsunami resulting from an <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">earthquake in Japan</a> hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Open-File_Report_2012-1229_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Open-File_Report_2012-1229-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volcanoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp/220px-Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp/330px-Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp/440px-Lava_From_Kilauea_Volcano.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Lava erupting from Kīlauea, one of six active volcanoes in the Hawaiian islands. Kīlauea is the most active, erupting nearly continuously from 1983 to 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only the two Hawaiian islands furthest to the southeast have active volcanoes: <a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a> on Maui, and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kilauea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hual%C4%81lai" title="Hualālai">Hualalai</a>, all on the Big Island. The volcanoes on the remaining islands are extinct as they are no longer over the Hawaii hotspot. The <a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount</a> is an active submarine volcano that is expected to become the newest Hawaiian island when it rises above the ocean's surface in 10,000–100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazards from these volcanoes include lava flows that can destroy and bury the surrounding surface, volcanic gas emissions, earthquakes and tsunamis listed above, submarine eruptions affecting the ocean, and the possibility of an explosive eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger,_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg/220px-Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg/330px-Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg/440px-Death_of_Captain_Cook_by_John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Aquatint_Francis_Jukes_HMA_I259817_TePapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6444" data-file-height="3990" /></a><figcaption>Death of the first European visitor to the Hawaiian Islands, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">Kealakekua Bay</a> on February 14, 1779</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></div> <p>There is no definitive date for the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> discovery of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. However, high-precision <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating_in_Hawaii" title="Radiocarbon dating in Hawaii">radiocarbon dating in Hawaii</a> using chronometric hygiene analysis, and taxonomic identification selection of samples, puts the initial such settlement of the Hawaiian Islands sometime between 940-1250 C.E., originating from earlier settlements first established in the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> around 1025 to 1120 C.E., and in the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a> sometime between 1100 and 1200 C.E. </p><p>The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaiian Islands</a> were discovered and settled by <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">polynesian people</a> who arrived sometime between 940 and 1200 AD. The first recorded and sustained contact with Europeans occurred by chance when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> sighted the islands in January 1778 during his <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">third voyage of exploration</a>. Aided by European military technology, <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a> conquered and unified the islands for the first time, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> in 1795. The kingdom became prosperous and important for its agriculture and strategic location in the Pacific. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> immigration, led by Protestant <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, and Native Hawaiian emigration, mostly on whaling ships but also in high numbers as indentured servants and as forced labour, began almost immediately after Cook's arrival. Americans established plantations to grow crops for export. Their farming methods required substantial labor. Waves of permanent immigrants came from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a> to work in the cane and pineapple fields. The government of Japan organized and gave special protection to its people, who comprised about 25 percent of the Hawaiian population by 1896. The Hawaiian monarchy encouraged this multi-ethnic society, initially establishing a constitutional monarchy in 1840 that promised equal voting rights regardless of race, gender, or wealth. </p><p>The population of Native Hawaiians declined precipitously from an unknown number prior to 1778 (estimated to be around 300,000). It fell to around 142,000 in the 1820s based on a census conducted by American missionaries, 82,203 in the 1850 Hawaiian Kingdom census, 40,622 in the final Hawaiian Kingdom census of 1890, 39,504 in the sole census by the Republic of Hawaii in 1896, and 37,656 in the first census conducted by the United States in 1900. Thereafter the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii increased with every census, reaching 680,442 in 2020 (including people of mixed heritage). </p><p>In 1893 Queen <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a> was illegally deposed and placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> by businessmen (who included members of <a href="/wiki/Dole_plc#1900–1969:_Expansion_and_acquisition" title="Dole plc">the Dole family</a>) with help from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Marines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is from a student publication may not be peer reviewed. Consequently, it may not be authoritative. (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> governed for a short time until Hawaii was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1898 as the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a>. In 1959, the islands became the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">50th American state</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands">Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_species_introduced_to_the_Hawaiian_Islands" title="List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands">List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_plant_species_in_Hawaii" title="List of invasive plant species in Hawaii">List of invasive plant species in Hawaii</a></div> <p>The islands are home to a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species. Since human settlement, first by <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>, non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population of humans, especially through European and American colonisation and development, has also led to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">forest degradation</a>, treeless grasslands, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shih_2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shih_2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct—with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming with the importation of industrialized farming practices through European and American encroachment, <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultural crop production</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">multi-species systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shih_2019_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shih_2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molokai_Creeper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Molokai_Creeper.jpg/220px-Molokai_Creeper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Molokai_Creeper.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>'I'iwi (<i>Drepanis coccinea</i>) and other endemic species have been heavily impacted by human activity, such as invasive species and habitat loss</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands">list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands</a>. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, many of the remaining endemic species are considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Monument">National Monument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 15, 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> issued a public proclamation creating <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest<sup id="cite_ref-Expansion_2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expansion_2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> added Papahānaumokuākea to its <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Oceania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania">list</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 26, 2016, former President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hawaii" title="Climate of Hawaii">Climate of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG/220px-Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG/330px-Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG/440px-Lanikai_beach_culture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lanikai_Beach" title="Lanikai Beach">Lanikai Beach</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hawaiian Islands are <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> but experience many different climates, depending on altitude and surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrology_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands receive most rainfall from the <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of <a href="/wiki/Orographic_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic precipitation">orographic precipitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrology_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks, or <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">leeward</a> sides, tend to be drier.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrology_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).<sup id="cite_ref-hydrology_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrology_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">tropical storms</a>, and occasional <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, tend to occur from July through November.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrology_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer months the average temperature is about 84 °F (29 °C), in the winter months it is approximately 79 °F (26 °C). As the temperature is relatively constant over the year the probability of dangerous thunderstorms is approximately low.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Hawaii">List of Ultras of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">Maritime fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline of Hawaii</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The old name came from British naval officer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, who chose it in honor of the <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">4th Earl of Sandwich</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>. Cook came across the islands by chance when crossing the Pacific Ocean on his <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">Third Voyage</a> in 1778, on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a>; he was later killed on the islands on a return visit.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guide_to_State_and_Local_Census_Geography_–_Hawaii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guide_to_State_and_Local_Census_Geography_–_Hawaii_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/geo/hi_gslcg.pdf">"Guide to State and Local Census Geography – Hawaii"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. September 9, 2013. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006175353/http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/geo/hi_gslcg.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+State+and+Local+Census+Geography+%E2%80%93+Hawaii&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.hawaii.gov%2Fdbedt%2Fcensus%2Fgeo%2Fhi_gslcg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. <i>Kauai‘’s Geologic History: A Simplified Guide.</i> Kaua‘i: TEOK Investigations, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974472300" title="Special:BookSources/9780974472300">9780974472300</a>. (Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/thestateofhawaiithealohastate_new.asp">"Hawaiian Encyclopedia : The Islands"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Encyclopedia+%3A+The+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiianencyclopedia.com%2Fthestateofhawaiithealohastate_new.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/365308">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Island of Hawaiʻi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/362237">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maui Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/359508">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oʻahu Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/358305">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kauaʻi Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/362468">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Molokaʻi Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/361712">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lānaʻi Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/359509">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Niʻihau Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/359804">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kahoʻolawe Island</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82975">"Hawaii : Image of the Day"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. January 29, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110044108/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82975">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Hawaii+%3A+Image+of+the+Day&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D82975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022150920/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/library/facts/Facts_and_Figures_State_and_Counties.pdf">"Hawai'i Facts & Figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>state web site</i>. State of Hawaii Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/library/facts/Facts_and_Figures_State_and_Counties.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state+web+site&rft.atitle=Hawai%27i+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaii.gov%2Fdbedt%2Finfo%2Feconomic%2Flibrary%2Ffacts%2FFacts_and_Figures_State_and_Counties.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611080721/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Faculty/Morden/BotZool450/Clague1989.pdf">"Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Volcanic Chain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Geology of North America, Volume N: The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii</i>. The Geology Society of America. 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Faculty/Morden/BotZool450/Clague1989.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Geology+of+North+America%2C+Volume+N%3A+The+Eastern+Pacific+Ocean+and+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Tectonics%2C+geochronology%2C+and+origin+of+the+Hawaiian-Emperor+Volcanic+Chain&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2FFaculty%2FMorden%2FBotZool450%2FClague1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougallSwanson1972" class="citation journal cs1">McDougall, IAN; Swanson, D. A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/83/12/3731.abstract">"Potassium-Argon Ages of Lavas from the Hawi and Pololu Volcanic Series, Kohala Volcano, Hawaii"</a>. <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>83</b> (12). Geology Society of American Bulletin: 3731–3738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972GSAB...83.3731M">1972GSAB...83.3731M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281972%2983%5B3731%3APAOLFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3731:PAOLFT]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524010430/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/83/12/3731/7435/Potassium-Argon-Ages-of-Lavas-from-the-Hawi-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Potassium-Argon+Ages+of+Lavas+from+the+Hawi+and+Pololu+Volcanic+Series%2C+Kohala+Volcano%2C+Hawaii&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3731-3738&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281972%2983%5B3731%3APAOLFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972GSAB...83.3731M&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=IAN&rft.au=Swanson%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsabulletin.gsapubs.org%2Fcontent%2F83%2F12%2F3731.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClagueDalrympleMoberly1975" class="citation journal cs1">Clague, David A.; Dalrymple, G. Brent; Moberly, Ralph (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/7/991">"Petrography and K-Ar Ages of Dredged Volcanic Rocks from the Western Hawaiian Ridge and the Southern Emperor Seamount Chain"</a>. <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>86</b> (7). Geology Society of America Bulletin: 991–998. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975GSAB...86..991C">1975GSAB...86..991C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281975%2986%3C991%3APAKAOD%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<991:PAKAOD>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606">0016-7606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111123116/http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/7/991">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 26, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120220151/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/26/fact-sheet-president-obama-create-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+President+Obama+to+Create+the+World%27s+Largest+Marine+Protected+Area&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2016%2F08%2F26%2Ffact-sheet-president-obama-create-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2016" class="citation news cs1">Barnett, Cynthia (August 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829145038/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/">"Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas"</a>. <i>NationalGeographic.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/">the original</a> on August 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NationalGeographic.com&rft.atitle=Hawaii+Is+Now+Home+to+an+Ocean+Reserve+Twice+the+Size+of+Texas&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F08%2Fobama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydrology-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hydrology_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydrology_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydrology_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydrology_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydrology_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydrology_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauMink2006" class="citation book cs1">Lau, Leung-Ku Stephen; Mink, John Francis (October 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJjf0Oh2EBIC&pg=PA49"><i>Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 39, 43, 49, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824829483" title="Special:BookSources/9780824829483"><bdi>9780824829483</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118063804/https://books.google.com/books?id=BJjf0Oh2EBIC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrology+of+the+Hawaiian+Islands&rft.pages=39%2C+43%2C+49%2C+53&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.isbn=9780824829483&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Leung-Ku+Stephen&rft.au=Mink%2C+John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJjf0Oh2EBIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaiiurlaub.de/hawaii-wetter-klima/">"So ist das Wetter auf Hawaii"</a>. <i>Hawaiiurlaub.de</i> (in German). July 24, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807115838/https://www.hawaiiurlaub.de/hawaii-wetter-klima/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaiiurlaub.de&rft.atitle=So+ist+das+Wetter+auf+Hawaii&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiiurlaub.de%2Fhawaii-wetter-klima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Joseph R. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaiiuniquegeog0000morg/page/8/mode/2up">"Volcanic Landforms"</a></span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaiiuniquegeog0000morg"><i>Hawai'i: A Unique Geography</i></a></span>. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573060219" title="Special:BookSources/9781573060219"><bdi>9781573060219</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/693187693">693187693</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Landforms&rft.btitle=Hawai%27i%3A+A+Unique+Geography&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pub=Bess+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F693187693&rft.isbn=9781573060219&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawaiiuniquegeog0000morg%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1880" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Yate_Johnson" title="James Yate Johnson">Johnson, James Yate</a> (1880). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/The_Hawaiian_or_Sandwich_Islands">"The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). p. 528-532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hawaiian+or+Sandwich+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=528-532&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James+Yate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/Hawaii">An integrated information website focused on the Hawaiian Archipelago</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/PRIDE/">Pacific Region Integrated Data Enterprise (PRIDE)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Macdonald" title="Gordon A. Macdonald">Macdonald, Gordon A.</a>; Abbott, Agatin (2021) [1970]. <i>Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824885786">10.1515/9780824885786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824885786" title="Special:BookSources/9780824885786"><bdi>9780824885786</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1253313940">1253313940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+in+the+Sea%3A+The+Geology+of+Hawaii&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1253313940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824885786&rft.isbn=9780824885786&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Agatin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>1970 edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesinseage00macd">Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(registration required)</span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radlab.soest.hawaii.edu/atlas/">The Ocean Atlas of Hawai‘i</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053417/http://radlab.soest.hawaii.edu/atlas/">Archived</a> April 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> – SOEST at University of Hawaiʻi.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305015414/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/hawaii/intro/intro.html">"Hawaiian Volcanoes – Introduction – Department of Geosciences"</a>. Corvallis, OR, US. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/hawaii/intro/intro.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Volcanoes+%E2%80%93+Introduction+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Geosciences&rft.place=Corvallis%2C+OR%2C+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.oregonstate.edu%2Feducation%2Fhawaii%2Fintro%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu">Volcano World |; Your World is Erupting</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University_College_of_Science" title="Oregon State University College of Science">Oregon State University College of Science</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Seamount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Governance" title="Hawaii">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_parks" title="List of Hawaii state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hawaii" title="List of people from Hawaii">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaiian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hawaii" title="Abortion in Hawaii">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hawaii" title="Crime in Hawaii">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Demographics" title="Hawaii">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Economy" title="Hawaii">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education" title="Hawaii State Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Gun laws in Hawaii">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Hawaii">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hawaii">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_Hawaii" title="Folklore in Hawaii">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hawaii" title="Media in Hawaii">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Sports in Hawaii">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern <br /> Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hawaii" title="List of places in Hawaii">Notable communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii" title="Kailua-Kona, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kāneʻohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapolei,_Hawaii" title="Kapolei, Hawaii">Kapolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-statehood history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_geographies" title="Template:U.S. political divisions geographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_geographies" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions geographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_geographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions geographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama" title="Geography of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alaska" title="Geography of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arizona" title="Geography of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arkansas" title="Geography of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_California" title="Geography of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colorado" title="Geography of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Connecticut" title="Geography of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Idaho" title="Geography of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Illinois" title="Geography of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indiana" title="Geography of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iowa" title="Geography of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kansas" title="Geography of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kentucky" title="Geography of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maryland" title="Geography of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Michigan" title="Geography of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota" title="Geography of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montana" title="Geography of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nevada" title="Geography of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Jersey" title="Geography of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Mexico" title="Geography of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Carolina" title="Geography of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Dakota" title="Geography of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oklahoma" title="Geography of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oregon" title="Geography of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Dakota" title="Geography of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tennessee" title="Geography of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Utah" title="Geography of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vermont" title="Geography of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Washington_(state)" title="Geography of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wisconsin" title="Geography of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wyoming" title="Geography of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Geography of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guam" title="Geography of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Geography of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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