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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Norman Milton Lear (July 27, 1922 – December 5, 2023) was an American screenwriter and producer who produced, wrote, created, or developed over 100 shows.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Lear created and produced numerous popular 1970s <a href="/wiki/Sitcoms_in_the_United_States" title="Sitcoms in the United States">sitcoms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a> (1971–1979), <a href="/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)" title="Maude (TV series)">Maude</a> (1972–1978), <a href="/wiki/Sanford_and_Son" title="Sanford and Son">Sanford and Son</a> (1972–1977), <a href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(1975_TV_series)" title="One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)">One Day at a Time</a> (1975–1984), <a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a> (1975–1985), and <a href="/wiki/Good_Times" title="Good Times">Good Times</a> (1974–1979). His shows introduced political and social themes to the sitcom format.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Norman Lear</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg/220px-Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg/330px-Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg/440px-Norman_Lear_Jeanne_Wolf_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="3084"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Lear in February 1977</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Norman Milton Lear</div> (1922-07-27)July 27, 1922 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 5, 2023(2023-12-05) (aged 101) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emerson_College" title="Emerson College">Emerson College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Screenwriter</li><li>producer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1946–2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Sitcoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist nowraplinks"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_and_Son" title="Sanford and Son">Sanford and Son</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Times" title="Good Times">Good Times</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)" title="Maude (TV series)">Maude</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(1975_TV_series)" title="One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)">One Day at a Time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hartman,_Mary_Hartman" title="Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman">Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Charlotte Rosen</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1956)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Lear" title="Frances Lear">Frances Loeb</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1956; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1985)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lyn Davis</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1987)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Technical_sergeant" title="Technical sergeant">Technical sergeant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/463d_Operations_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="463d Operations Group">463rd Bombardment Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations">European Theater of Operations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normanlear.com">normanlear.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Lear received many awards, including six <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime Emmy Awards</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Awards" title="Peabody Awards">Peabody Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> in 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> in 2017, and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Carol_Burnett_Award" title="Golden Globe Carol Burnett Award">Golden Globe Carol Burnett Award</a> in 2021. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Television_Academy_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Academy Hall of Fame">Television Academy Hall of Fame</a>. Lear was known for his political activism and funding of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> causes and politicians. In 1980, he founded the advocacy organization <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a> to counter the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> in politics, and in the early 2000s, he mounted a tour with a copy of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Military_career">2 Military career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Career">3 Career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1950%E2%80%931959">3.1 1950–1959</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1967%E2%80%931977">3.2 1967–1977</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1980%E2%80%931999">3.3 1980–1999</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2000%E2%80%932023">3.4 2000–2023</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Awards_and_honors">4 Awards and honors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Political_and_cultural_activities">5 Political and cultural activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#People_for_the_American_Way">5.1 People for the American Way</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Declaration_of_Independence">5.2 Declaration of Independence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Personal_life_and_death">6 Personal life and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#TV_productions">7 TV productions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sources">9.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Norman Milton Lear was born on July 27, 1922, in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-biography.com-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnfast-4">[4]</a> to Jeanette (née Seicol) and Hyman "Herman" Lear, a traveling salesman.<a href="#cite_note-cnnfast-4">[4]</a> He had a younger sister, Claire Lear Brown (1925–2015).<a href="#cite_note-Courant-SisterMarriage-2006-5">[5]</a> Lear grew up in a Jewish household in Connecticut and had a <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a> ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Aish-2001-6">[6]</a> Both parents were of Russian-Jewish descent.<a href="#cite_note-FamilySearch-Census-1930-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-WeRelate-HermanJeanette-1921-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-fdnr1-9">[9]</a> When Lear was nine years old and living with his family in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea, Massachusetts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> his father went to prison for selling fake bonds.<a href="#cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">[11]</a> Lear thought of his father as a "rascal" and said that the character of <a href="/wiki/Archie_Bunker" title="Archie Bunker">Archie Bunker</a> (whom Lear depicted as white Protestant on the show) was in part inspired by his father, and the character of <a href="/wiki/Edith_Bunker" title="Edith Bunker">Edith Bunker</a> was in part inspired by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">[11]</a> However, Lear has said the moment which inspired his lifetime of advocacy was another event which he experienced at the age of nine, when he first heard antisemitic Catholic radio priest Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a> while tinkering with his crystal radio set.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After hearing more of Coughlin's radio sermons, Lear said he found Coughlin would promote antisemitism by targeting people whom Jews considered to be "great heroes", such as US President Franklin Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Lear attended <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden_High_School" title="Samuel J. Tilden High School">Samuel J. Tilden High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> graduated from Weaver High School in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, in 1940 and attended <a href="/wiki/Emerson_College" title="Emerson College">Emerson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, but dropped out in 1942 to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCM-Bio-15">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Lear enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> in September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FamilySearch-WWIIEnlistment-1942-16">[16]</a> He served in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theater</a> as a radio operator and gunner on <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a> bombers with the <a href="/wiki/772nd_Expeditionary_Airlift_Squadron" title="772nd Expeditionary Airlift Squadron">772nd Bomb Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/463rd_Operations_Group" title="463rd Operations Group">463rd Bomb Group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a>; in a 2014 interview, he talked about bombing Germany.<a href="#cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">[11]</a> He flew 52 combat missions and received the <a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> with four oak leaf clusters.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Lear was discharged from the Army Air Forces in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His World War II crew members are featured in the book Crew Umbriago by Daniel P. Carroll.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1959">1950–1959</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1950–1959" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Lear had a career in <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">[11]</a> The career choice was inspired by his Uncle Jack: "My dad had a brother, Jack, who flipped me a quarter every time he saw me. He was a press agent so I wanted to be a press agent. That's the only role model I had. So all I wanted was to grow up to be a guy who could flip a quarter to a nephew."<a href="#cite_note-Aish-2001-6">[6]</a> Lear decided to move to California to restart his career in publicity, driving with his toddler daughter across the country.<a href="#cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">[11]</a> His first night in Los Angeles, Lear stumbled upon a production of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Major_Barbara" title="Major Barbara">Major Barbara</a> at the 90-seat <a href="/wiki/Theater-in-the-round" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater-in-the-round">theater-in-the-round</a> Circle Theater off Sunset Boulevard. One of the actors in the play was <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chaplin_(American_actor)" title="Sydney Chaplin (American actor)">Sydney Chaplin</a>, the son of actors <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lita_Grey" title="Lita Grey">Lita Grey</a>. Charlie Chaplin, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mowbray" title="Alan Mowbray">Alan Mowbray</a>, and Dame <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Cooper" title="Gladys Cooper">Gladys Cooper</a> sat in front of Lear, and after the show was over, Charlie Chaplin performed.<a href="#cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">[11]</a> Lear had a first cousin in Los Angeles, Elaine, who was married to an aspiring comedy writer named <a href="/wiki/Ed_Simmons_(screenwriter)" title="Ed Simmons (screenwriter)">Ed Simmons</a>. Simmons and Lear teamed up to sell home furnishings door-to-door for a company called The Gans Brothers and later sold family photos door-to-door. Throughout the 1950s, Lear and Simmons turned out comedy sketches for television appearances of <a href="/wiki/Martin_and_Lewis" title="Martin and Lewis">Martin and Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_and_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowan and Martin">Rowan and Martin</a>, and others. They frequently wrote for Martin and Lewis when they appeared on the Colgate Comedy Hour, and a 1953 article from <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> magazine stated that Lear and Simmons were guaranteed a record-breaking $52,000 (equivalent to $610,000 in 2024) each to write for five additional Martin and Lewis appearances on the <a href="/wiki/Colgate_Comedy_Hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colgate Comedy Hour">Colgate Comedy Hour</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In a 2015 interview with <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>, Lear said that <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a> had hired him and Simmons as writers for Martin and Lewis three weeks before the comedy duo made their first appearance on the Colgate Comedy Hour in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-2015-21">[21]</a> Lear also acknowledged in 1986 that he and Simmons were the main writers for <a href="/wiki/The_Martin_and_Lewis_Show" title="The Martin and Lewis Show">The Martin and Lewis Show</a> for three years.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1954, Lear was enlisted as a writer and asked to salvage the new <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> sitcom starring <a href="/wiki/Celeste_Holm" title="Celeste Holm">Celeste Holm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honestly,_Celeste!" title="Honestly, Celeste!">Honestly, Celeste!</a>, but the program was canceled after eight episodes. During this time he became the producer of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s short-lived (26 episodes) sitcom The Martha Raye Show, after <a href="/wiki/Nat_Hiken" title="Nat Hiken">Nat Hiken</a> left as the series director. Lear also wrote some of the opening monologs for <a href="/wiki/The_Tennessee_Ernie_Ford_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show">The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray-2015-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> which aired from 1956 to 1961. In 1959, Lear created his first television series, a half-hour western for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Media Studios">Revue Studios</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Deputy_(TV_series)" title="The Deputy (TV series)">The Deputy</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967–1977">1967–1977</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1967–1977" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors,_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg/220px-Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="2599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg/220px-Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg/330px-Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg/440px-Norman_Lear_standing_before_bank_of_camera_monitors%2C_1975.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lear standing before a bank of camera monitors in 1975</figcaption></figure> Starting out as a comedy writer, then a film director (he wrote and produced the 1967 film <a href="/wiki/Divorce_American_Style" title="Divorce American Style">Divorce American Style</a> and directed the 1971 film <a href="/wiki/Cold_Turkey_(1971_film)" title="Cold Turkey (1971 film)">Cold Turkey</a>, both starring <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a>), Lear tried to sell a concept for a sitcom about a <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> American family to <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>. They rejected the show after two pilots were taped: "Justice for All" in 1968<a href="#cite_note-All_In_the_Family_before_it_was_aired-25">[25]</a> and "Those Were the Days" in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> After a third pilot was taped, CBS picked up the show, known as <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a>. It premiered on January 12, 1971, to disappointing ratings, but it took home several <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a> that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and it flourished in the 1971–72 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After falling from the <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1 spot, All in the Family still remained in the top ten, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Top-rated_United_States_television_programs_of_1976%E2%80%9377" title="Top-rated United States television programs of 1976–77">1976-1977 television season</a> where it ranked No. 12,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and eventually became <a href="/wiki/Archie_Bunker%27s_Place" title="Archie Bunker's Place">Archie Bunker's Place</a>. The show was based loosely on the British sitcom <a href="/wiki/Till_Death_Us_Do_Part" title="Till Death Us Do Part">Till Death Us Do Part</a>, about an irascible working-class <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Tory</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> son-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Lear's second big TV sitcom, <a href="/wiki/Sanford_and_Son" title="Sanford and Son">Sanford and Son</a>, was also based on a British sitcom, <a href="/wiki/Steptoe_and_Son" title="Steptoe and Son">Steptoe and Son</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> about a west London junk dealer and his son. Lear changed the setting to the <a href="/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles" title="Watts, Los Angeles">Watts</a> section of Los Angeles and the characters to African Americans, and the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> show Sanford and Son was an instant hit.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Numerous hit shows followed thereafter, including <a href="/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)" title="Maude (TV series)">Maude</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-offs</a> of All in the Family), <a href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(1975_TV_series)" title="One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)">One Day at a Time</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Good_Times" title="Good Times">Good Times</a> (which is a spinoff of Maude).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Most of these Lear sitcoms share three features: they were shot on <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film</a>, used a live studio audience, and dealt with current social and political issues.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Maude is generally considered to be based on Lear's wife Frances, which she confirmed, with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hauck" title="Charlie Hauck">Charlie Hauck</a> serving as main producer and writer.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-FrancesObit-1996-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Lear's longtime producing partner was <a href="/wiki/Bud_Yorkin" title="Bud Yorkin">Bud Yorkin</a>, who also produced All in the Family, Sanford and Son, <a href="/wiki/What%27s_Happening!!" title="What's Happening!!">What's Happening!!</a>, Maude, and <a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Yorkin split with Lear in 1975. He started a production company with writers and producers <a href="/wiki/Saul_Turteltaub" title="Saul Turteltaub">Saul Turteltaub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Orenstein" title="Bernie Orenstein">Bernie Orenstein</a>; however, only two of their shows lasted longer than a year: What's Happening!! and <a href="/wiki/Carter_Country" title="Carter Country">Carter Country</a>. The Lear/Yorkin company was known as <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Productions" title="Tandem Productions">Tandem Productions</a> and was founded in 1958. Lear and talent agent <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Perenchio" title="Jerry Perenchio">Jerry Perenchio</a> founded <a href="/wiki/T.A.T._Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="T.A.T. Communications">T.A.T. Communications</a> ("T.A.T." stood for the Yiddish phrase tuchus affen tisch, "putting one's ass on the line".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>) in 1974, which co-existed with Tandem Productions and was often referred to in periodicals as Tandem/T.A.T. The Lear organization was one of the most successful independent TV producers of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> TAT produced the influential and award-winning 1981 film <a href="/wiki/The_Wave_(1981_film)" title="The Wave (1981 film)">The Wave</a> about <a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a>' social experiment.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Lear also developed the cult favorite TV series <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hartman,_Mary_Hartman" title="Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman">Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman</a> (MH MH) which was turned down by the networks as "too controversial" and placed it into first run syndication with 128 stations in January 1976. A year later, he added another program into first-run syndication along with MH MH, <a href="/wiki/All_That_Glitters_(American_TV_series)" title="All That Glitters (American TV series)">All That Glitters</a>. He planned in 1977 to offer three hours of prime-time Saturday programming directly having stations place his production company in the position of an <a href="/wiki/Fourth_television_network" title="Fourth television network">occasional network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-2015-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nadel-41">[41]</a> In 1977, African-American screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Eric_Monte" title="Eric Monte">Eric Monte</a> filed a lawsuit accusing <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> producers Norman Lear, <a href="/wiki/Bud_Yorkin" title="Bud Yorkin">Bud Yorkin</a>, and others of stealing his ideas for Good Times, The Jeffersons, and <a href="/wiki/What%27s_Happening!!" title="What's Happening!!">What's Happening!!</a> Monte received a $1-million settlement and a small percentage of the residuals from Good Times and one percent ownership of the show. Monte, due to his lack of business knowledge and experience as well as legal representation, would not receive royalties for other shows that he created. However, Lear and other Hollywood producers, outraged over the lawsuit, blacklisted Monte and labeled him too difficult to work with.<a href="#cite_note-npr.com-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1999">1980–1999</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980–1999" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1980, Lear founded the organization <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a> for the purpose of counteracting the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> group <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> which had been founded in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the fall of 1981, Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show <a href="/wiki/Quiz_Kids" title="Quiz Kids">Quiz Kids</a> for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982, Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought <a href="/wiki/Avco_Embassy_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Avco Embassy Pictures">Avco Embassy Pictures</a> from Avco Financial Corporation. In January 1982, after merging with company with T.A.T. Communications, the Avco was dropped, and the combined entity was renamed as Embassy Communications, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Embassy Pictures was led by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Horn">Alan Horn</a> and Martin Schaeffer, later co-founders of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_Entertainment" title="Castle Rock Entertainment">Castle Rock Entertainment</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In March 1982, Lear produced an ABC television special titled <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Liberty" title="I Love Liberty">I Love Liberty</a>, as a counterbalance to groups like the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liberty82-46">[46]</a> Among the many guests who appeared on the special was conservative icon and the 1964 U.S. presidential election's Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liberty82-46">[46]</a> On June 18, 1985, Lear and Perenchio sold Embassy Communications to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> (then owned by <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>), which acquired Embassy's film and television division (including Embassy's in-house television productions and the television rights to the Embassy theatrical library) for $485 million of shares of The Coca-Cola Company.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The brand <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Productions" title="Tandem Productions">Tandem Productions</a> was abandoned in 1986 with the cancellation of <a href="/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes" title="Diff'rent Strokes">Diff'rent Strokes</a>, and Embassy ceased to exist as a single entity in late 1986, having been split into different components owned by different entities.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Coca-Cola sold the film division to Dino De Laurentiis and the home video arm to Nelson Holdings (led by Barry Spikings).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The TV properties continued under the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures_Television" title="Columbia Pictures Television">Columbia Pictures Television</a> banner.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Lear's <a href="/wiki/Act_III_Communications" title="Act III Communications">Act III Communications</a> was founded in 1986 and in the following year, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._McGrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas B. McGrath">Thomas B. McGrath</a> was named president and chief operating officer of ACT III Communications Inc after previously serving as senior vice president.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On February 2, 1989, Norman Lear's Act III Communications formed a joint venture with Columbia Pictures Television called Act III Television to produce television series instead of managing.<a href="#cite_note-Knoedelseder-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Act III Communications purchased several business journals, including Channels magazine that had been founded by <a href="/wiki/Les_Brown_(journalist)" title="Les Brown (journalist)">Les Brown</a>, former New York Times TV correspondent. Channels closed in 1990, by which time Act III and Brown published and edited Television Business International (TBI).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_lear_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Norman_lear_2014.jpg/220px-Norman_lear_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Norman_lear_2014.jpg/220px-Norman_lear_2014.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Norman_lear_2014.jpg/330px-Norman_lear_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Norman_lear_2014.jpg/440px-Norman_lear_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Norman Lear was at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Book_Festival" title="Texas Book Festival">Texas Book Festival</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> In 1997, Lear and Jim George produced the <a href="/wiki/Kids%27_WB" title="Kids' WB">Kids' WB</a> series <a href="/wiki/Channel_Umptee-3" title="Channel Umptee-3">Channel Umptee-3</a>. The cartoon was notable for being the first television show to meet the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>'s then-new educational programming requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Variety_1997-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2023">2000–2023</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000–2023" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2003, Lear appeared on <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a> during the "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Little_Bit_Country" title="I'm a Little Bit Country">I'm a Little Bit Country</a>" episode, providing the voice of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>. He also served as a consultant on the episodes "I'm a Little Bit Country" and "<a href="/wiki/Cancelled_(South_Park)" title="Cancelled (South Park)">Cancelled</a>". He attended a South Park writers' retreat,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> with some of his ideas making it onto South Park,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and was the officiant at co-creator <a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a>'s wedding.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> South Park served as a bond between Lear and his son Benjamin, who was not familiar with his more known work from the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2014, Lear published Even This I Get to Experience, a memoir.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Lear is spotlighted in the 2016 documentary Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2017, he served as executive producer for <a href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)" title="One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)">One Day at a Time</a>, the reboot of his 1975–1984 show of the same name that premiered on <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Justina_Machado" title="Justina Machado">Justina Machado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a> as a Cuban-American family. He hosted a podcast, All of the Above with Norman Lear, since May 1, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On July 29, 2019, it was announced that Lear had teamed with <a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Kunes" title="Steven Kunes">Steven Kunes</a> to make an <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a> documentary about Moreno's life, tentatively titled <a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno:_Just_a_Girl_Who_Decided_to_Go_for_It" title="Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It">Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 2020, it was announced that Lear and Act III Productions would executive produce a revival of <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F" title="Who's the Boss?">Who's the Boss?</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> At the time of his death in 2023, he was overseeing multiple shows in development, including a planned reboot of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hartman,_Mary_Hartman" title="Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman">Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Lear has been honored for his influence on American television and culture.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Before All in the Family, television sitcoms in the 1950s and 1960s generally portrayed white American family life as comfortable and avoided raising issues such as racial discrimination and patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Beginning in 1971, All in the Family openly discussed current social and political topics and became the country's most popular show for five straight years.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAT2023-76">[76]</a> Lear's subsequent shows widened television's representation of racial and gender diversity, such as Good Times, the first television show centered on an African-American nuclear family;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Television screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a> said that Lear "put the American people [on screen] ... he took the audience and put them on the set".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> However, it has been acknowledged that <a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> TV series <a href="/wiki/Room_222" title="Room 222">Room 222</a>, which was not made by Lear and which debuted before Lear's shows debuted, was also among the first shows to not only feature an African American lead character in a less stereotypical role, a high school teacher, but also invoke serious contemporary issues, with the <a href="/wiki/Television_Academy_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Academy Foundation">Television Academy Foundation</a> stating that "A season and a half before Norman Lear made "relevant" programming a dominant genre with the introduction of programs like All in the Family and Maude, Room 222 was using the form of the half-hour comedy to discuss serious contemporary issues. During its five seasons on the air, the show included episodes that dealt with such topics as racism, sexism, homophobia, dropping out of school, shoplifting, drug use among both teachers and students, illiteracy, cops in school, guns in school, Vietnam war veterans, venereal disease, and teenage pregnancy".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg/220px-2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5379" data-file-height="3586"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg/220px-2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg/330px-2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg/440px-2017_Kennedy_Center_Honorees.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lear was among the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> recipients.</figcaption></figure> In 1999, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> awarded Lear the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a>, noting: "Norman Lear has held up a mirror to American society and changed the way we look at it."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> That year, he and <a href="/wiki/Bud_Yorkin" title="Bud Yorkin">Bud Yorkin</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Film_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Film Los Angeles">Women in Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Film_Crystal_%2B_Lucy_Awards#THE_LUCY_AWARD" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards">Lucy Award</a> in recognition of excellence and innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America" title="Producers Guild of America">Producers Guild of America</a> awarded Lear its Achievement Award in Television in 2006; by the next year, the honor was named the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear_Achievement_Award_in_Television" title="Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television">Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2017, he was awarded the fourth annual Woody Guthrie Prize presented by the <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie_Center" title="Woody Guthrie Center">Woody Guthrie Center</a>, recognizing an artist whose work represents the spirit of Woody Guthrie "as a positive force for social change".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> He became the oldest recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> later that year at the age of 95.<a href="#cite_note-USAT2023-76">[76]</a> Lear's star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> is located at 6615 <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> He received other numerous honorary accolades, including:<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <ul><li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Awards" title="Peabody Awards">Peabody Awards</a>: Lifetime achievement</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>: Humanist Arts Award</li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">Academy of Achievement</a> Golden Plate Award</li> <li>1984: Television Academy: Hall of Fame</li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Awards" title="Britannia Awards">Britannia Awards</a> Excellence in Television</li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Media_Coalition" title="National Hispanic Media Coalition">National Hispanic Media Coalition</a> Media Icon</li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Awards" title="Peabody Awards">Peabody Awards</a>: Lifetime achievement</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Political_and_cultural_activities">Political and cultural activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political and cultural activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles,_CA,_USA_(51817534586).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="3083"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg/330px-Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg/440px-Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2851817534586%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> and Norman Lear at a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> awareness rally in 2020</figcaption></figure> Lear was an outspoken supporter of <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> and liberal causes. The only time that he did not support the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate for president was in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> when he supported <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John Anderson</a> over <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> because he considered the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> to be "a complete disaster".<a href="#cite_note-klo-91">[91]</a> Lear was one of the wealthy Jewish Angelenos known as the <a href="/wiki/Malibu_Mafia" title="Malibu Mafia">Malibu Mafia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brownstein1990-92">[92]</a> In the 1970s and 1980s, the group discussed progressive and liberal political issues, and worked together to fund them. They helped to fund the legal defense of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a> who had released the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brownstein1987-93">[93]</a> and they backed the struggling progressive magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> to keep it afloat.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1975, they formed the Energy Action Committee to oppose <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a>'s powerful lobby in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Brownstein1987-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_for_the_American_Way">People for the American Way</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: People for the American Way" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1981, Lear founded <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a> (PFAW), a progressive advocacy organization formed in reaction to the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brownstein1987-93">[93]</a> PFAW ran several advertising campaigns opposing the interjection of religion in politics.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> PFAW and other like-minded groups succeeded in their efforts to block Reagan's 1987 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Lear, a longtime critic of the Religious Right, was an advocate for the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-learrel09-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-learrel87-98">[98]</a> Prominent right-wing Christians including <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> have accused Lear of being an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> and holding an anti-Christian bias.<a href="#cite_note-learrel09-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-learrel87-98">[98]</a> In the January 21, 1987, issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a>, Lear associate <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Martin E. Marty</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> professor of church history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">University of Chicago Divinity School</a> between 1963 and 1998) rejected those allegations, stating the television producer honored religious moral values and complimenting Lear's understanding of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-learrel87-98">[98]</a> Marty noted that while Lear and his family had never practiced <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-learrel87-98">[98]</a> the television producer was a follower of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-learrel87-98">[98]</a> In a 2009 interview with <a href="/wiki/US_News" class="mw-redirect" title="US News">US News</a> journalist Dan Gilgoff, Lear rejected claims by right-wing Christian nationalists that he was an atheist and prejudiced against Christianity. Lear held religious beliefs and integrated some evangelical Christian language into his Born Again American campaign. He believed that religion should be kept separate from politics and policymaking.<a href="#cite_note-learrel09-97">[97]</a> In a 2014 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles">The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles</a> journalist Rob Eshman, Lear described himself as a "total Jew" but said he was never a practicing one.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 1989, Lear founded the Business Enterprise Trust, an educational program that used annual awards, business school case studies, and videos to spotlight exemplary social innovations in American business until it ended in 1998. He announced in 1992 that he was reducing his political activism.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2000, he provided an endowment for a multidisciplinary research and public policy center, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear_Center" title="Norman Lear Center">Norman Lear Center</a>, that explored the convergence of entertainment, commerce, and society at the <a href="/wiki/USC_Annenberg_School_for_Communication_and_Journalism" title="USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism">USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Lear served on the National Advisory Board of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Storytellers_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Storytellers Foundation">Young Storytellers Foundation</a>. He wrote articles for <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. He was a trustee of <a href="/wiki/The_Paley_Center_for_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="The Paley Center for Media">The Paley Center for Media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Declaration of Independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2001, Lear and his wife, Lyn, purchased a <a href="/wiki/Dunlap_broadside" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunlap broadside">Dunlap broadside</a>—one of the first published copies of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>—for $8.1 million. <a href="/wiki/John_Dunlap" title="John Dunlap">John Dunlap</a> printed about 200 copies of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Twenty-five copies survive today and only four of those are in private hands.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Lear said in a press release and on the <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today</a> show that his intent was to tour the document around the United States so that the country could experience its "birth certificate" firsthand.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Through the end of 2004, the document traveled throughout the United States on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> Road Trip, which Lear organized, visiting several presidential libraries, dozens of museums, as well as the <a href="/wiki/2002_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Olympics">2002 Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVI" title="Super Bowl XXXVI">Super Bowl XXXVI</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Live_8" title="Live 8">Live 8</a> concert in Philadelphia. Lear and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a> produced a filmed, dramatic reading of the Declaration of Independence—the last project filmed by famed <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Hall" title="Conrad Hall">Conrad Hall</a>—on July 4, 2001, at <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The film is introduced by <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Bates" title="Kathy Bates">Kathy Bates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benicio_del_Toro" title="Benicio del Toro">Benicio del Toro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene_(actor)" title="Graham Greene (actor)">Graham Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming-Na_Wen" title="Ming-Na Wen">Ming-Na Wen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton" title="Edward Norton">Edward Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a> appear as readers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Arvin_Brown" title="Arvin Brown">Arvin Brown</a> and scored by <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2004, Lear established <a href="/wiki/Declare_Yourself" title="Declare Yourself">Declare Yourself</a> which is a national nonpartisan, nonprofit campaign created to empower and encourage eligible 18- to 29-year-olds in America to register and vote. It has registered almost 4 million young people.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Lear was one of 98 "prominent members of Los Angeles' Jewish community" who signed an open letter supporting the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">proposed nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers</a> led by the United States. The letter called for the passage of the bill and warned that the ending of the agreement by Congress would be a "tragic mistake".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Lear was married three times.<a href="#cite_note-TCM-Bio-15">[15]</a> His first marriage was to Charlotte Rosen in 1943. They divorced in 1956. He was married to <a href="/wiki/Frances_Lear" title="Frances Lear">Frances Loeb</a>, from 1956 to 1985.<a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune-FrancesLear-1988-109">[109]</a> They separated in 1983, with Loeb eventually receiving $112 million from Lear in their divorce settlement, part of which she used to found <a href="/wiki/Lear%27s" title="Lear's">Lear's</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-FrancesObit-1996-35">[35]</a> In 1987, he married Lyn Davis, who survived him. When she met Lear in 1984, Lyn was in the process of earning a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>. She later became a documentary filmmaker through her production company Lyn Lear Productions.<a href="#cite_note-thirdmarriage-110">[110]</a> From his three marriages, he had six children.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He was a godparent to actress and singer <a href="/wiki/Katey_Sagal" title="Katey Sagal">Katey Sagal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tvguide.com-112">[112]</a> Lear died at his Los Angeles home on December 5, 2023, from cardiac arrest, as a complication of heart failure. He was 101. His body was cremated.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-NormanObit-2023-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Numerous celebrities paid tribute to Lear, including <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Jimmy Kimmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Bertinelli" title="Valerie Bertinelli">Valerie Bertinelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Bob Iger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Amos" title="John Amos">John Amos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Crystal" title="Billy Crystal">Billy Crystal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinta_Brunson" title="Quinta Brunson">Quinta Brunson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brooks" title="Albert Brooks">Albert Brooks</a> and more. <a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Boat" title="Murder, She Boat">The Simpsons' episode 9 from the 35th season</a> ends with the words "In memory of Norman Lear" and a picture of Lear where he is depicted as a character from the Simpsons. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="TV_productions">TV productions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: TV productions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ezozwfk2wdqz811gto5ojwoooeaefa9"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)" coords="929,492,1081,516" title="One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)" alt="One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Channel_Umptee%2D3" coords="626,473,771,497" title="Channel Umptee-3" alt="Channel Umptee-3"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/704_Hauser" coords="570,454,675,478" title="704 Hauser" alt="704 Hauser"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Powers_That_Be_(TV_series)" coords="537,434,696,458" title="The Powers That Be (TV series)" alt="The Powers That Be (TV series)"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sunday_Dinner_(TV_series)" coords="525,415,650,439" title="Sunday Dinner (TV series)" alt="Sunday Dinner (TV series)"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/a.k.a._Pablo" coords="411,395,529,419" title="a.k.a. Pablo" alt="a.k.a. Pablo"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Palmerstown%2C_U.S.A." coords="348,376,513,400" title="Palmerstown, U.S.A." alt="Palmerstown, U.S.A."><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Baxters" coords="340,357,451,381" title="The Baxters" alt="The Baxters"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hanging_In" coords="339,337,444,361" title="Hanging In" alt="Hanging In"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes" coords="327,318,478,342" title="Diff'rent Strokes" alt="Diff'rent Strokes"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/America_2%2DNight" coords="318,298,456,322" title="America 2-Night" alt="America 2-Night"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/A_Year_at_the_Top" coords="307,279,459,303" title="A Year at the Top" alt="A Year at the Top"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fernwood_2_Night" coords="306,260,451,284" title="Fernwood 2 Night" alt="Fernwood 2 Night"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/All_That_Glitters" coords="302,240,454,264" title="All That Glitters" alt="All That Glitters"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Nancy_Walker_Show" coords="294,221,472,245" title="The Nancy Walker Show" alt="The Nancy Walker Show"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/All%27s_Fair" coords="293,201,398,225" title="All's Fair" alt="All's Fair"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Dumplings_(TV_series)" coords="283,182,408,206" title="The Dumplings (TV series)" alt="The Dumplings (TV series)"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mary_Hartman%2C_Mary_Hartman" coords="282,163,494,187" title="Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman" alt="Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(1975_TV_series)" coords="281,143,433,167" title="One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)" alt="One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hot_L_Baltimore" coords="267,124,405,148" title="Hot L Baltimore" alt="Hot L Baltimore"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" coords="267,104,399,128" title="The Jeffersons" alt="The Jeffersons"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Good_Times" coords="252,85,357,109" title="Good Times" alt="Good Times"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)" coords="230,66,301,90" title="Maude (TV series)" alt="Maude (TV series)"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sanford_and_Son" coords="219,46,358,70" title="Sanford and Son" alt="Sanford and Son"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" coords="203,27,355,51" title="All in the Family" alt="All in the Family"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/The_Deputy_(TV_series)" coords="24,7,129,31" title="The Deputy (TV series)" alt="The Deputy (TV series)"></map><img usemap="#timeline_ezozwfk2wdqz811gto5ojwoooeaefa9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ezozwfk2wdqz811gto5ojwoooeaefa9.png"></div> The chart does not include the made-for-television movies <a href="/wiki/The_Wave_(1981_film)" title="The Wave (1981 film)">The Wave</a>, which aired on October 4, 1981, or <a href="/wiki/Heartsounds" title="Heartsounds">Heartsounds</a>, which aired on September 30, 1984. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Lear, Norman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104941/http://www.normanlear.com/backstory_writings.html">Liberty and Its Responsibilities</a>". Broadcast Journalism, 1979–1981. The Eighth Alfred I. DuPont Columbia University Survey, Ed. By Marvin Barrett. New York: Everest House, 1982. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-896-96160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-896-96160-9">978-0-896-96160-9</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8347364">8347364</a>.</li> <li>Lear, Norman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518100108/http://www.normanlear.com/backstory_writings_3.html">Our Political Leaders Mustn't Be Evangelists</a>", <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, August 17, 1984.</li> <li>Lear, Norman and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518092527/http://www.normanlear.com/backstory_writings_4.html">A Debate on Religious Freedom</a>", <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>, October 1984.</li> <li>Lear, Norman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518080441/http://www.normanlear.com/backstory_writings_5.html">Our Fragile Tower of Greed and Debt</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, April 5, 1987.</li> <li>Lear, Norman. Even This I Get to Experience. New York: The Penguin Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-594-20572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-594-20572-9">978-1-594-20572-9</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870919776">870919776</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLear2014" class="citation book cs1">Lear, Norman (2014). Even This I Get To Experience. Penguin. pp. preface. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143127963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143127963"><bdi>978-0143127963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Even+This+I+Get+To+Experience&rft.pages=preface&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0143127963&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2023" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Chris (December 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/norman-lear-tv-legend-dies-133220344.html">"Norman Lear, TV Legend, Dies at 101"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206163324/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/norman-lear-tv-legend-dies-133220344.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%2C+TV+Legend%2C+Dies+at+101&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fnorman-lear-tv-legend-dies-133220344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biography.com-3"><a href="#cite_ref-biography.com_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430084235/http://www.biography.com/people/norman-lear-9376137">"Norman Lear Biography: Screenwriter, Television Producer, Pilot (1922–)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biography.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography.com">Biography.com</a> (<a href="/wiki/FYI_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="FYI (TV network)">FYI</a> / <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/norman-lear-9376137">the original</a> on April 30, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+Lear+Biography%3A+Screenwriter%2C+Television+Producer%2C+Pilot+%281922%E2%80%93%29&rft.pub=Biography.com+%28FYI+%2F+A%26E+Networks%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fnorman-lear-9376137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnfast-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnnfast_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnnfast_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/us/norman-lear-fast-facts/">"Norman Lear Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. September 30, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429005704/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/us/norman-lear-fast-facts">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+Lear+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2Fus%2Fnorman-lear-fast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courant-SisterMarriage-2006-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Courant-SisterMarriage-2006_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2006" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, M.A.C. (March 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.courant.com/2006-03-12/features/0603100717_1_yearbook-san-diego-people">"Their Junior High Romance Has Lasted 60 Happy Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224238/http://articles.courant.com/2006-03-12/features/0603100717_1_yearbook-san-diego-people">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Their+Junior+High+Romance+Has+Lasted+60+Happy+Years&rft.date=2006-03-12&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=M.A.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.courant.com%2F2006-03-12%2Ffeatures%2F0603100717_1_yearbook-san-diego-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aish-2001-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aish-2001_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aish-2001_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/ci/be/48880147.html">"An Interview with Norman Lear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aish_HaTorah" title="Aish HaTorah">Aish HaTorah</a>. March 6, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000535/http://www.aish.com/ci/be/48880147.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish+HaTorah&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Norman+Lear&rft.date=2001-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fci%2Fbe%2F48880147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FamilySearch-Census-1930-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FamilySearch-Census-1930_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103418/https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/XQR5-HR5">"Norman Lear – United States Census, 1930"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/XQR5-HR5">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear+%E2%80%93+United+States+Census%2C+1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fpal%3A%2FMM9.1.1%2FXQR5-HR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeRelate-HermanJeanette-1921-8"><a href="#cite_ref-WeRelate-HermanJeanette-1921_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Family:Herman_Lear_and_Jeanette_Seicol_(1)">"Family:Herman Lear and Jeanette Seicol (1)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WeRelate" title="WeRelate">WeRelate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023054130/http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Family:Herman_Lear_and_Jeanette_Seicol_(1)">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeRelate&rft.atitle=Family%3AHerman+Lear+and+Jeanette+Seicol+%281%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werelate.org%2Fwiki%2FFamily%3AHerman_Lear_and_Jeanette_Seicol_%281%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fdnr1-9"><a href="#cite_ref-fdnr1_9-0">^</a> Stated on <a href="/wiki/Finding_Your_Roots" title="Finding Your Roots">Finding Your Roots</a>, January 26, 2016, PBS </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WGBH_89_7_FM_20220116_170000?start=562">Radio interview with Norman Lear, January 16 2022</a> archived from <a href="/wiki/WGBH_(FM)" title="WGBH (FM)">WGBH (FM)</a> broadcast </li> <li id="cite_note-WNYC-Lopate-2014-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WNYC-Lopate-2014_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNYC-Lopate-2014_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNYC-Lopate-2014_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNYC-Lopate-2014_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNYC-Lopate-2014_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNYC-Lopate-2014_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopate2014" class="citation news cs1">Lopate, Leonard (October 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/story/the-leonard-lopate-show-2014-10-15/">"Norman Lear's Storytelling, the Brooklyn Museum's Killer Heels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Leonard_Lopate_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Leonard Lopate Show">The Leonard Lopate Show</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNYC" title="WNYC">WNYC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016062357/http://www.wnyc.org/story/the-leonard-lopate-show-2014-10-15/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leonard+Lopate+Show&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%27s+Storytelling%2C+the+Brooklyn+Museum%27s+Killer+Heels&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Lopate&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fstory%2Fthe-leonard-lopate-show-2014-10-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2019" class="citation web cs1">Schneider, Michael (September 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/norman-lear-people-for-the-american-way-1203337825/">"How Norman Lear Devoted Himself to a Lifetime of Advocacy"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195058/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/norman-lear-people-for-the-american-way-1203337825/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=How+Norman+Lear+Devoted+Himself+to+a+Lifetime+of+Advocacy&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fnorman-lear-people-for-the-american-way-1203337825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/155521188">"Norman Lear: 'Just Another Version Of You'"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195020/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/155521188">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+Lear%3A+%27Just+Another+Version+Of+You%27&rft.pub=NPR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftranscripts%2F155521188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/25/norman_lear_on_nixons_enemies_list">"TV Legend Norman Lear on the Black Panthers, Nixon's Enemies List & What Gives Him Hope"</a>. Democracy Now. October 25, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171905/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/25/norman_lear_on_nixons_enemies_list">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now&rft.atitle=TV+Legend+Norman+Lear+on+the+Black+Panthers%2C+Nixon%27s+Enemies+List+%26+What+Gives+Him+Hope&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2016%2F10%2F25%2Fnorman_lear_on_nixons_enemies_list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCM-Bio-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCM-Bio_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCM-Bio_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/110472%7C118487/Norman-Lear/">"Overview for Norman Lear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002127/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/110472%7C118487/Norman-Lear/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Overview+for+Norman+Lear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Fperson%2F110472%257C118487%2FNorman-Lear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FamilySearch-WWIIEnlistment-1942-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FamilySearch-WWIIEnlistment-1942_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8LF-8H6">"Norman M Lear – United States World War II Army Enlistment Records"</a>. FamilySearch. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=Norman+M+Lear+%E2%80%93+United+States+World+War+II+Army+Enlistment+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fpal%3A%2FMM9.1.1%2FK8LF-8H6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIervolino2023" class="citation web cs1">Iervolino, Stephen (December 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/norman-lear-producer-family-jeffersons-dead-101/story?id=101670832">"Norman Lear, producer of 'All in the Family,' 'The Jeffersons,' dead at 101"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195106/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/norman-lear-producer-family-jeffersons-dead-101/story?id=101670832">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%2C+producer+of+%27All+in+the+Family%2C%27+%27The+Jeffersons%2C%27+dead+at+101&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Iervolino&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2FCulture%2Fnorman-lear-producer-family-jeffersons-dead-101%2Fstory%3Fid%3D101670832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2023" class="citation web cs1">Sands, Nicole (December 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/norman-lear-dead-obituary-7501941">"Norman Lear, Prolific TV Writer and Producer Who Created 'All in the Family,' Dead at 101"</a>. People. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195114/https://people.com/norman-lear-dead-obituary-7501941">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%2C+Prolific+TV+Writer+and+Producer+Who+Created+%27All+in+the+Family%2C%27+Dead+at+101&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fnorman-lear-dead-obituary-7501941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195112/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1991/11/06/tail-gunner-we-were-a-crazy-bunch-of-guys/">"Tail-Gunner: 'We Were a Crazy Bunch of Guys'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>. November 6, 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1991/11/06/tail-gunner-we-were-a-crazy-bunch-of-guys/">the original</a> on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Tail-Gunner%3A+%27We+Were+a+Crazy+Bunch+of+Guys%27&rft.date=1991-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F1991%2F11%2F06%2Ftail-gunner-we-were-a-crazy-bunch-of-guys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgoEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Martin+and+Lewis%22+radio+intitle%3ABillboard&pg=PA12-IA1">"52G to Simmons, Lear to Do Five Martin-Lewis TV Shows"</a>. Billboard. October 31, 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195112/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgoEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Martin+and+Lewis%22+radio+intitle%3ABillboard&pg=PA12-IA1#v=snippet&q=%22Martin%20and%20Lewis%22%20radio%20intitle%3ABillboard&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=52G+to+Simmons%2C+Lear+to+Do+Five+Martin-Lewis+TV+Shows&rft.date=1953-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgoEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522Martin%2Band%2BLewis%2522%2Bradio%2Bintitle%253ABillboard%26pg%3DPA12-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-2015-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-2015_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-2015_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-2015_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2015" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Tim (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/tv/features/norman-lear-recalls-early-days-as-tv-comedy-writer-1201629371/">"Norman Lear Looks Back on Early Days as TV Comedy Writer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002704/https://variety.com/2015/tv/features/norman-lear-recalls-early-days-as-tv-comedy-writer-1201629371/">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+Lear+Looks+Back+on+Early+Days+as+TV+Comedy+Writer&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ftv%2Ffeatures%2Fnorman-lear-recalls-early-days-as-tv-comedy-writer-1201629371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normanlear.com/backstory/interviews/writing-for-early-live-television/">"Writing for Early Live Television | television, film, political and social activist, philanthropist"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520050555/http://www.normanlear.com/backstory/interviews/writing-for-early-live-television/">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writing+for+Early+Live+Television+%26%23124%3B+television%2C+film%2C+political+and+social+activist%2C+philanthropist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.normanlear.com%2Fbackstory%2Finterviews%2Fwriting-for-early-live-television%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSickels2013" class="citation book cs1">Sickels, Robert C. (August 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXCjAQAAQBAJ&q=tennessee+ernie+ford+show+norman+lear&pg=PA330">100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598848311" title="Special:BookSources/9781598848311"><bdi>9781598848311</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195159/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXCjAQAAQBAJ&q=tennessee+ernie+ford+show+norman+lear&pg=PA330">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Entertainers+Who+Changed+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture+Luminaries+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture+Luminaries&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.isbn=9781598848311&rft.aulast=Sickels&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXCjAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtennessee%2Bernie%2Bford%2Bshow%2Bnorman%2Blear%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1959" class="citation news cs1">Jones, John N. (June 4, 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/alton-evening-telegraph-john-n-jones/131200627/">"TV digest"</a>. Alton (Illinois) Evening Telegraph. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904152622/https://www.newspapers.com/article/alton-evening-telegraph-john-n-jones/131200627/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alton+%28Illinois%29+Evening+Telegraph&rft.atitle=TV+digest&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1959-06-04&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Falton-evening-telegraph-john-n-jones%2F131200627%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_In_the_Family_before_it_was_aired-25"><a href="#cite_ref-All_In_the_Family_before_it_was_aired_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OzG4qnpTvI&t=108s">"Justice For All"</a>. September 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/5OzG4qnpTvI">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+For+All&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5OzG4qnpTvI%26t%3D108s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7QTS8ARMNg&t=145s">"Those Were The Days"</a>. October 8, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/F7QTS8ARMNg">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Those+Were+The+Days&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF7QTS8ARMNg%26t%3D145s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1980" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Geoffrey (March 28, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ONKnx6JA0IC&q=all+in+the+family+1971+summer+reruns&pg=PA29">See No Evil</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671254117" title="Special:BookSources/9780671254117"><bdi>9780671254117</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195156/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ONKnx6JA0IC&q=all+in+the+family+1971+summer+reruns&pg=PA29#v=snippet&q=all%20in%20the%20family%201971%20summer%20reruns&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=See+No+Evil&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1980-03-28&rft.isbn=9780671254117&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ONKnx6JA0IC%26q%3Dall%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bfamily%2B1971%2Bsummer%2Breruns%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardGuerrero2013" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, David J; Guerrero, Lisa (April 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oarWAQAAQBAJ&q=all+in+the+family+nielsen+ratings+five+years+1971-1976&pg=PA45">African Americans on Television: Race-ing for Ratings</a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275995157" title="Special:BookSources/9780275995157"><bdi>9780275995157</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206195155/https://books.google.com/books?id=oarWAQAAQBAJ&q=all+in+the+family+nielsen+ratings+five+years+1971-1976&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+on+Television%3A+Race-ing+for+Ratings&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.isbn=9780275995157&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=David+J&rft.au=Guerrero%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoarWAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dall%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bfamily%2Bnielsen%2Bratings%2Bfive%2Byears%2B1971-1976%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksMarsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 1688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49773-4"><bdi>978-0-345-49773-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Directory+to+Prime+Time+Network+and+Cable+TV+Shows+1946-Present&rft.pages=1688&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-345-49773-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Earle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrial1983" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Prial" title="Frank J. Prial">Prial, Frank J.</a> (May 12, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524140239/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/12/arts/cbs-tv-is-dropping-archie-bunker.html">"CBS-TV is Dropping Archie Bunker"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/12/arts/cbs-tv-is-dropping-archie-bunker.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CBS-TV+is+Dropping+Archie+Bunker&rft.date=1983-05-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Prial&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F05%2F12%2Farts%2Fcbs-tv-is-dropping-archie-bunker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2016" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Noel (July 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/sanford-and-son-may-have-copied-other-shows-but-redd-f-1798249550">"Sanford And Son may have copied other shows, but Redd Foxx was an original"</a>. The A.V. Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925030238/https://www.avclub.com/sanford-and-son-may-have-copied-other-shows-but-redd-f-1798249550">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Sanford+And+Son+may+have+copied+other+shows%2C+but+Redd+Foxx+was+an+original&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fsanford-and-son-may-have-copied-other-shows-but-redd-f-1798249550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeggans2022" class="citation news cs1">Deggans, Eric (February 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/news/features/significance-sanford-and-son">"The Significance of Sanford and Son"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Television Academy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724122306/https://www.emmys.com/news/features/significance-sanford-and-son">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+Sanford+and+Son&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.aulast=Deggans&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fsignificance-sanford-and-son&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2021" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Tim (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2021/tv/spotlight/all-in-the-family-spinoffs-the-jeffersons-good-times-1234878187/">"How 'All in the Family' Spawned the Most Spinoffs of Any Sitcom"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118160315/https://variety.com/2021/tv/spotlight/all-in-the-family-spinoffs-the-jeffersons-good-times-1234878187/">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=How+%27All+in+the+Family%27+Spawned+the+Most+Spinoffs+of+Any+Sitcom&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Ftv%2Fspotlight%2Fall-in-the-family-spinoffs-the-jeffersons-good-times-1234878187%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinman2008" class="citation web cs1">Weinman, Jaime (September 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/uncategorized/is-it-time-for-sitcoms-to-go-back-to-videotape/">"Is It Time For Sitcoms To Go Back to Videotape?"</a>. 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Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Is+It+Time+For+Sitcoms+To+Go+Back+to+Videotape%3F&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft.aulast=Weinman&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Funcategorized%2Fis-it-time-for-sitcoms-to-go-back-to-videotape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-FrancesObit-1996-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-FrancesObit-1996_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-FrancesObit-1996_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemy1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enid_Nemy" title="Enid Nemy">Nemy, Enid</a> (October 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204164803/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/01/us/frances-lear-a-mercurial-figure-of-the-media-and-a-magazine-founder-dead-at-73.html?pagewanted=all">"Frances Lear, a Mercurial Figure of the Media and a Magazine Founder, Dead at 73"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/01/us/frances-lear-a-mercurial-figure-of-the-media-and-a-magazine-founder-dead-at-73.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frances+Lear%2C+a+Mercurial+Figure+of+the+Media+and+a+Magazine+Founder%2C+Dead+at+73&rft.date=1996-10-01&rft.aulast=Nemy&rft.aufirst=Enid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F10%2F01%2Fus%2Ffrances-lear-a-mercurial-figure-of-the-media-and-a-magazine-founder-dead-at-73.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2020" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Janet W. (November 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2020/tv/obituaries-people-news/charlie-hauck-dead-maude-frasier-writer-1234836972/">"Charlie Hauck, Writer-Producer of 'Maude' and 'Frasier,' Dies at 79"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925032515/https://variety.com/2020/tv/obituaries-people-news/charlie-hauck-dead-maude-frasier-writer-1234836972/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925032708/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/19/arts/television/bud-yorkin-writer-and-producer-of-all-in-the-family-dies-at-89.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bud+Yorkin%2C+Writer+and+Producer+of+%27All+in+the+Family%2C%27+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F19%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2Fbud-yorkin-writer-and-producer-of-all-in-the-family-dies-at-89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Miller, Taylor Cole (2017). "Chapter 2: Rewriting Genesis: Queering Genre in Norman Lear's First-Run Syndicated Serials". Syndicated Queerness: Television Talk Shows, Rerun Syndication, and the Serials of Norman Lear (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Syndicated+Queerness%3A+Television+Talk+Shows%2C+Rerun+Syndication%2C+and+the+Serials+of+Norman+Lear&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Taylor+Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2015" class="citation news cs1">Banks, Miranda (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/writers/">"The Writers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131416/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/writers/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Writers&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Fwriters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988">, excerpted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2015" class="citation book cs1">Banks, Miranda J. (January 14, 2015). 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Retrieved September 6, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907010117/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5591655/">Archived</a> September 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524083526/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/25/arts/lear-tv-ads-to-oppose-the-moral-majority.html">"Lear TV Ads to Oppose The Moral Majority"</a>. The New York Times. June 25, 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/25/arts/lear-tv-ads-to-oppose-the-moral-majority.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lear+TV+Ads+to+Oppose+The+Moral+Majority&rft.date=1981-06-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F25%2Farts%2Flear-tv-ads-to-oppose-the-moral-majority.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/05/business/avco-embassy.html">"Avco Embassy"</a>. The New York Times. 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E!. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723213411/https://www.eonline.com/news/1347325/norman-lear-says-theres-nobody-in-our-business-hes-admired-more-than-this-surprising-comedy-duo">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2023. 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July 26, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925175522/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/norman-lear/even-this-i-get-to-experience/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021. 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Retrieved April 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=All+of+the+Above+With+Norman+Lear%3A+the+94-year-old+king+of+podcasts&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Verdier&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2017%2Fmay%2F11%2Fall-of-above-norman-lear-podcasts-sitcom-veteran-amy-poehler-jerrod-carmichael-chatshow-guests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/all-of-the-above-with-norman-lear/id1229548410">"All of the Above with Norman Lear on Apple Podcasts"</a>. Apple Podcasts. 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Retrieved April 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Podcasts&rft.atitle=All+of+the+Above+with+Norman+Lear+on+Apple+Podcasts&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpodcasts.apple.com%2Fus%2Fpodcast%2Fall-of-the-above-with-norman-lear%2Fid1229548410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander2019" class="citation web cs1">Friedlander, Whitney (July 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/29/entertainment/rita-moreno-doc-lin-manuel-miranda-norman-lear/index.html">"Rita Moreno documentary coming from Lin-Manuel Miranda and Norman Lear"</a>. 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Retrieved July 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Digital&rft.atitle=Rita+Moreno+documentary+coming+from+Lin-Manuel+Miranda+and+Norman+Lear&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F29%2Fentertainment%2Frita-moreno-doc-lin-manuel-miranda-norman-lear%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2020" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Rick (August 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/whos-boss-sequel-works-at-sony-1305982">"'Who's the Boss' Sequel in the Works at Sony"</a>. 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Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Norman+Lear%3A+Just+Another+Version+of+You%27%3A+Homage+to+a+visionary+TV+producer&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft.aulast=Hornaday&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgoingoutguide%2Fmovies%2Fnorman-lear-just-another-version-of-you-homage-to-a-visionary-tv-producer%2F2016%2F07%2F21%2Fd21fa436-49de-11e6-bdb9-701687974517_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanArendonk2023" class="citation news cs1">VanArendonk, Kathryn (December 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2023/12/remembrance-norman-lear-19222023.html">"Norman Lear's Truth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vulture_(website)" title="Vulture (website)">Vulture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206232909/https://www.vulture.com/2023/12/remembrance-norman-lear-19222023.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. 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Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%2C+TV%27s+Greatest+American&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Poniewozik&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F06%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2Fnorman-lear-all-in-the-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinberg2022" class="citation news cs1">Winberg, Oscar (August 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/08/01/norman-lear-remade-tv-decades-later-he-still-shapes-what-we-watch/">"Norman Lear remade TV, and decades later he still shapes what we watch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623194247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/08/01/norman-lear-remade-tv-decades-later-he-still-shapes-what-we-watch/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear+remade+TV%2C+and+decades+later+he+still+shapes+what+we+watch&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Winberg&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fmade-by-history%2F2022%2F08%2F01%2Fnorman-lear-remade-tv-decades-later-he-still-shapes-what-we-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAT2023-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAT2023_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAT2023_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianco2023" class="citation news cs1">Bianco, Robert (December 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2023/12/06/norman-lear-appreciation-genius-revolutionized-television/2055436002/">"He changed television forever. Why we all owe thanks to the genius of Norman Lear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206232933/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2023/12/06/norman-lear-appreciation-genius-revolutionized-television/2055436002/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=He+changed+television+forever.+Why+we+all+owe+thanks+to+the+genius+of+Norman+Lear.&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Bianco&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Ftv%2F2023%2F12%2F06%2Fnorman-lear-appreciation-genius-revolutionized-television%2F2055436002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/individual-award-norman-lear/">"Individual Award: Norman Lear"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Awards" title="Peabody Awards">Peabody Awards</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112155837/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/individual-award-norman-lear/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2023. 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Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%2C+Sitcom+King+Who+Changed+TV+%E2%80%93+And+America&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Mathes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Fnorman-lear-sitcom-king-who-changed-tv-and-america-fc390205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsKuo2023" class="citation news cs1">Abrams, Jonathan; Kuo, Christopher (December 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/arts/television/norman-lear-good-times-the-jeffersons.html">"Norman Lear Reshaped How America Saw Black Families"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209110341/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/arts/television/norman-lear-good-times-the-jeffersons.html/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2023. 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Retrieved December 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Norman+Lear%27s+Cause+Of+Death+Revealed&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2023%2F12%2Fnorman-lear-cause-of-death-1235671856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Lear" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning" title="CBS News Sunday Morning">CBS News Sunday Morning</a> interview with Norman Lear on January 10, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-makes-norman-lear-at-98-still-tick/">"What makes Norman Lear, at 98, still tick?"</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Campbell, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71369349">The Sitcoms of Norman Lear.</a> Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-42763-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-42763-5">978-0-786-42763-5</a>.</li> <li>Carroll, Daniel P., and Albert K. Brown. Crew Umbriago. [S.l.]: D.P. Carroll, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29466034">29466034</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Taylor Cole. Syndicated Queerness: Television Talk Shows, Rerun Syndication, and the Serials of Norman Lear. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000387759">1000387759</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/norman-lear-about-the-film/7402/">Just Another Version of You</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a> documentary. PBS. 2016.</li> <li>Turner Publishing Co. 772nd Bomb Squadron: The Men – the Memories of the 463rd Bomb Group (The Swoose Group). Paducah, KY: Turner Pub. Co, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-563-11320-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-563-11320-8">978-1-563-11320-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39273210">39273210</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norman_Lear" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norman_Lear" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/video-gallery/hall-of-fame#videoId=438226">Norman Lear Hall of Fame Induction 1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Television Academy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64EZ0K0fWBc">Good Times With Norman Lear – Dispatches From Quarantine</a>, June 29, 2020, Silver Screen Studios</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.normanlear.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1270283#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005131/">Norman Lear</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/interviews/norman-lear">Norman Lear</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Interviews:_An_Oral_History_of_Television" title="The Interviews: An Oral History of Television">The Interviews: An Oral History of Television</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1270283#P5773" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1983">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Norman+Lear">Norman Lear</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&oldid=1271789081">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&oldid=1271789081</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lear&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 January 2025, at 18:42 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="نورمان لير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورمان لير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نورمن لیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورمن لیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Նորման Լիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորման Լիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A8" title="נורמן ליר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורמן ליר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="نورمان لاير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورمان لاير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лир, Норман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лир, Норман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نۆرمن لیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆرمن لیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norman Lear" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li 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