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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Daniel Ellsberg (April 7, 1931 – June 16, 2023) was an American political activist, economist, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a> analyst. While employed by the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, he precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a>, a top-secret <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> study of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> decision-making in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, and other newspapers. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Daniel Ellsberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_(cropped_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1157"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ellsberg in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1931-04-07)April 7, 1931 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Chicago, Illinois, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 16, 2023(2023-06-16) (aged 92) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_California" title="Kensington, California">Kensington, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, PhD)</li><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox" title="Ellsberg paradox">Ellsberg paradox</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Carol Cummings</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1965)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Patricia Marx</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellsberg" title="Robert Ellsberg">Robert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellsberg" title="Mary Ellsberg">Mary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellsberg" title="Michael Ellsberg">Michael</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1954–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellsberg.net">ellsberg.net</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In January 1973, Ellsberg was charged under the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering (committed by the same people who would later be involved in the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>), and his defense by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Boudin" title="Leonard Boudin">Leonard Boudin</a> and Harvard Law School professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nesson" title="Charles Nesson">Charles Nesson</a>, Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Matthew_Byrne_Jr." title="William Matthew Byrne Jr.">William Matthew Byrne Jr.</a> dismissed all charges against Ellsberg in May 1973. Ellsberg was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> in 2006. He was also known for having formulated an important example in <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox" title="Ellsberg paradox">Ellsberg paradox</a>; for his extensive studies on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">nuclear policy</a>; and for voicing support for <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>. Ellsberg was awarded the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme_Prize" title="Olof Palme Prize">Olof Palme Prize</a> for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage".<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_career">1 Early life and career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#RAND_Corporation_and_PhD">2 RAND Corporation and PhD</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Disaffection_with_Vietnam_War">3 Disaffection with Vietnam War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Pentagon_Papers">4 The Pentagon Papers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Release_and_publication">4.1 Release and publication</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fallout">4.2 Fallout</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fielding_break-in">5 Fielding break-in</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Trial_and_dismissal">6 Trial and dismissal</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Halperin_case">6.1 Halperin case</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Plumbers'_Ellsberg_neutralization_proposal">6.2 Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Activism_and_views">7 Activism and views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Release_of_classified_documents_proposing_1958_nuclear_attack_on_China">7.1 Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Anti-war_activism">7.2 Anti-war activism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Activism_against_US-led_war_against_Iraq">7.2.1 Activism against US-led war against Iraq</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Activism_against_US_military_action_against_Iran">7.2.2 Activism against US military action against Iran</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">7.2.3 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Support_for_American_whistleblowers">7.3 Support for American whistleblowers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Support_for_Occupy_Movement">7.4 Support for Occupy Movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#The_Doomsday_Machine">7.5 The Doomsday Machine</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Nuclear_threats_by_the_United_States">7.5.1 Nuclear threats by the United States</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ellsberg_Papers">8 Ellsberg Papers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Personal_life_and_death">9 Personal life and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Awards_and_honors">10 Awards and honors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Works">11 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Films">12 Films</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Pentagon_Papers_editions">15.1 Pentagon Papers editions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Other">15.2 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Ellsberg was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) Ellsberg. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> who had converted to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. In 2008, Ellsberg told a journalist that his parents considered the family Jewish, "but not in religion."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Ellsberg grew up in Detroit and attended the <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Schools" title="Cranbrook Schools">Cranbrook School</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a>. His mother wanted him to be a <a href="/wiki/Pianist#Classical_pianists" title="Pianist">concert pianist</a>, but he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father fell asleep at the wheel and crashed the family car into a bridge <a href="/wiki/Abutment" title="Abutment">abutment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Ellsberg entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> on a scholarship, graduating <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#Distinctions" title="Latin honors">summa cum laude</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">A.B.</a> in economics in 1952. He studied at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, for a year through funding from the <a href="/wiki/The_Institute_for_Citizens_%26_Scholars" title="The Institute for Citizens & Scholars">Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation</a>, initially for a diploma in economics and then changed his credits toward a PhD in the subject, before returning to Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1954, he enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> and earned a commission.<a href="#cite_note-bookragsbio-5">[5]</a> He served as a platoon leader and company commander in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a>, and was discharged in 1957 as a <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bookragsbio-5">[5]</a> Ellsberg returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Society of Fellows</a> for two years.<a href="#cite_note-bookragsbio-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="RAND_Corporation_and_PhD">RAND Corporation and PhD</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: RAND Corporation and PhD" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> for the summer of 1958 and then permanently in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">nuclear strategy</a>, working with leading strategists such as <a href="/wiki/Herman_Kahn" title="Herman Kahn">Herman Kahn</a> and challenging the existing plans of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7">[7]</a> Ellsberg completed a PhD in economics from Harvard in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-bookragsbio-5">[5]</a> His dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a> was based on a set of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> generally may not be consistent with well-defined subjective probabilities. Now known as the <a href="/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox" title="Ellsberg paradox">Ellsberg paradox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ellsberg1961-8">[8]</a> it formed the basis of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Choquet_expected_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Choquet expected utility">Choquet expected utility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Info-gap_decision_theory" title="Info-gap decision theory">info-gap decision theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Ellsberg worked in <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> from August 1964<a href="#cite_note-BBC4-10">[10]</a> under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> as special assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs <a href="/wiki/John_McNaughton_(government_official)" title="John McNaughton (government official)">John McNaughton</a>. He then went to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> for two years, working for General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Edward Lansdale</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On his return from South Vietnam, Ellsberg resumed working at RAND. In 1967, he contributed with 33 other analysts to a top-secret 47-volume study of <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> documents on the conduct of the Vietnam War, commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara and supervised by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_H._Gelb" title="Leslie H. Gelb">Leslie H. Gelb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morton_Halperin" title="Morton Halperin">Morton Halperin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-upi1971yearinreview-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheehan_on_authors_1971-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_2011-14">[14]</a> These 7,000 pages of documents, completed in late 1968 and presented to McNamara and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> early in the following year, later became known collectively as the "Pentagon Papers".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_2011-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheehan_on_authors_1971-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Disaffection_with_Vietnam_War">Disaffection with Vietnam War</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disaffection with Vietnam War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> By 1969, Ellsberg began attending <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> events while still remaining in his position at RAND. In April 1968, Ellsberg attended a <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> conference on "Revolution in a Changing World", where he met <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhian</a> peace activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janaki_Natarajan_Tschannerl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janaki Natarajan Tschannerl (page does not exist)">Janaki Natarajan Tschannerl</a> from India, who had a profound influence on him, and <a href="/wiki/Eqbal_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Eqbal Ahmed">Eqbal Ahmed</a>, a Pakistani fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute later to be indicted with Rev. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Berrigan" title="Philip Berrigan">Philip Berrigan</a> for anti-war activism. Ellsberg particularly recalled Tschannerl saying "In my world, there are no enemies", and that "she gave me a vision, as a Gandhian, of a different way of living and resistance, of exercising power nonviolently."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Ellsberg experienced an <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" title="Epiphany (feeling)">epiphany</a> attending a <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="War Resisters International">War Resisters International</a> conference at <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> in August 1969, listening to a talk given by <a href="/wiki/Randy_Kehler" title="Randy Kehler">Randy Kehler</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Draft_resister" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft resister">draft resister</a>, who said he was "very excited" that he would soon be able to join his friends in prison.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Decades later, Ellsberg described his reaction to hearing Kehler speak:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And he said this very calmly. I hadn't known that he was about to be sentenced for draft resistance. It hit me as a total surprise and shock, because I heard his words in the midst of actually feeling proud of my country listening to him. And then I heard he was going to prison. It wasn't what he said exactly that changed my worldview. It was the example he was setting with his life. How his words in general showed that he was a stellar American, and that he was going to jail as a very deliberate choice – because he thought it was the right thing to do. There was no question in my mind that my government was involved in an unjust war that was going to continue and get larger. Thousands of young men were dying each year. I left the auditorium and found a deserted men's room. I sat on the floor and cried for over an hour, just sobbing. The only time in my life I've reacted to something like that.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></blockquote> Reflecting on Kehler's decision, Ellsberg added:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Randy Kehler never thought his going to prison would end the war. If I hadn't met Randy Kehler it wouldn't have occurred to me to copy [the Pentagon Papers]. His actions spoke to me as no mere words would have done. He put the right question in my mind at the right time.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></blockquote> After leaving RAND, Ellsberg was employed as a senior research associate at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>'s Center for International Studies from 1970 to 1972.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In a 2002 memoir, Ellsberg wrote about the Vietnam War, stating that:<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <blockquote>It was no more a "civil war" after 1955 or 1960 than it had been during the U.S.–supported French attempt at colonial reconquest. A war in which one side was entirely equipped and paid by a foreign power – which dictated the nature of the local regime in its own interest – was not a civil war. To say that we had "interfered" in what is "really a civil war," as most American academic writers and even liberal critics of the war do to this day, simply screened a more painful reality and was as much a myth as the earlier official one of "aggression from the North." In terms of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a> and of our own avowed ideals, it was a war of foreign aggression, American aggression. </blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="The_Pentagon_Papers">The Pentagon Papers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Pentagon Papers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 230px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="230" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_1972_press_conference_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ellsberg, speaking at a press conference, New York City, 1972</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></div> In late 1969, with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Russo_(whistleblower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Russo (whistleblower)">Anthony Russo</a>, Ellsberg secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access; these later became known as the Pentagon Papers. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war as then resourced could most likely not be won. Further, as an editor of The New York Times was to write much later, these documents "demonstrated, among other things, that the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Presidency_(1963%E2%80%931969)" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson Administration</a> had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">Congress</a>, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance".<a href="#cite_note-Apple-23">[23]</a> Shortly after Ellsberg copied the documents, he resolved to meet some of the people who had influenced both his change of heart on the war and his decision to act. One of them was Randy Kehler. Another was the poet <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, whom he had met in Kyoto in 1960, and with whom he had argued about U.S. foreign policy; Ellsberg was finally prepared to concede that Snyder had been right, about both the situation and the need for action against it.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_and_publication">Release and publication</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Release and publication" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Throughout 1970, Ellsberg covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a> – among them <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, a leading opponent of the war – to release the papers on the Senate floor, because a Senator could not be prosecuted for anything he said on the record before the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Ellsberg allowed some copies of the documents to circulate privately, including among scholars at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="Institute for Policy Studies">Institute for Policy Studies</a> (IPS), <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Raskin" title="Marcus Raskin">Marcus Raskin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Stavins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Stavins (page does not exist)">Ralph Stavins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP_obituary_2023-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Secrets-27">[27]</a> Ellsberg also shared the documents with The New York Times correspondent and former Vietnam-era acquaintance <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a>, who wrote a story based on what he had received both directly from Ellsberg and from contacts at IPS.<a href="#cite_note-wildmanreviewinreason-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Secrets-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott_2021-29">[29]</a> While Ellsberg had asked him to only take notes of the documents in his apartment, Sheehan defied Ellsberg's wishes on March 2,<a href="#cite_note-Secrets-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chokshi_2017-30">[30]</a> by frantically copying them in various Boston-area shops while Ellsberg was vacationing in the West Indies. Sheehan then flew the copies to his home in Washington and then New York.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2021-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanger_Scott_2021-31">[31]</a> On Sunday, June 13, 1971, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published the first of nine excerpts from, and commentaries on, the 7,000-page collection. For 15 days, The New York Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a>. Meanwhile, while eluding an <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> manhunt for thirteen days, Ellsberg gave the documents to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bagdikian" title="Ben Bagdikian">Ben Bagdikian</a>, then-national editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and former RAND Corporation colleague, in a Boston-area motel.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Secrets-27">[27]</a> On June 30, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> allowed the resumption of publication by The New York Times (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a>). Two days prior to the Supreme Court's decision, Ellsberg publicly admitted his role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the press, and surrendered to federal authorities at the U.S. Attorney's office in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-Secrets-27">[27]</a> On June 29, 1971, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds – pages which he had received from Ellsberg via Ben Bagdikian on June 26.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Secrets-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fallout">Fallout</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fallout" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The release of these papers was politically embarrassing not only to those involved in the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Johnson</a> administrations, but also to the incumbent Nixon administration. Nixon's <a href="/wiki/Watergate_tapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate tapes">Oval Office tape</a> from June 14, 1971, shows <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a> describing the situation to Nixon:<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="844" data-mwtitle="Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman,_Monday,_14_June_1971,_309_p.m.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman,_Monday,_14_June_1971,_309_p.m.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman%2C_Monday%2C_14_June_1971%2C_309_p.m.wav/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman%2C_Monday%2C_14_June_1971%2C_309_p.m.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman%2C_Monday%2C_14_June_1971%2C_309_p.m.wav/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman%2C_Monday%2C_14_June_1971%2C_309_p.m.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman%2C_Monday%2C_14_June_1971%2C_309_p.m.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman, Monday, June 14, 1971, 3:09 pm (Quote begins at about 7:30 into the recording.)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a> was making this point this morning... To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of gobbledygook. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing.... You can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment; and the – the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because It shows that people do things the president wants to do even though it's wrong, and the president can be wrong.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John Mitchell</a>, Nixon's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a>, almost immediately issued a telegram to The New York Times ordering that it halt publication. The New York Times refused, and the government brought suit against it. Although The New York Times eventually won the case before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, prior to that, an <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a> ordered that the New York Times temporarily halt further publication. This was the first time the federal government was able to restrain the publication of a major newspaper since the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> during the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a>. Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to seventeen other newspapers in rapid succession.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a>. The Supreme Court ruling has been called one of the "modern pillars" of <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights with respect to freedom of the press.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In response to the leaks, Nixon White House staffers began a campaign against further leaks and against Ellsberg personally.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Aides <a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Young_(Watergate)" title="David Young (Watergate)">David Young</a>, under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a>, created the "<a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a>", which would later lead to the Watergate burglaries. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a>, a friend of Ellsberg, came to see him as "one of those accidental characters of history who show the pattern of a whole era" and thought that he was the "triggering mechanism for events which would link Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a> in one continuous 1961-to-1975 story."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Fielding_break-in">Fielding break-in</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fielding break-in" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 417px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="417" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg_psychiatrist_filing_cabinet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fielding's filing cabinet, with break-in marks, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian National Museum of American History">Smithsonian National Museum of American History</a></figcaption></figure> In August 1971, Krogh and Young met with <a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a> in a basement office in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Executive_Office_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Executive Office Building">Old Executive Office Building</a>. Hunt and Liddy recommended a "covert operation" to get a "mother lode" of information about Ellsberg's mental state to discredit him. Krogh and Young sent a memo to Ehrlichman seeking his approval for a "covert operation [to] be undertaken to examine all of the medical files still held by Ellsberg's psychiatrist", Lewis Fielding. Ehrlichman approved under the condition that it be "done under your assurance that it is not traceable."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> On September 3, 1971, the burglary of Fielding's office – titled "Hunt/Liddy Special Project No. 1" in Ehrlichman's notes – was carried out by <a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a> Hunt, Liddy, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a>, Felipe de Diego, and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a> (the latter three were, or had been, recruited CIA agents).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Plumbers found Ellsberg's file, but it apparently did not contain the potentially embarrassing information they sought, as they left it discarded on the floor of Fielding's office.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Hunt and Liddy subsequently planned to break into Fielding's home, but Ehrlichman did not approve the second burglary. The break-in was not known to Ellsberg or to the public until it came to light during Ellsberg's and Russo's trial in April 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Trial_and_dismissal">Trial and dismissal</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trial and dismissal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> On June 28, 1971, two days before a Supreme Court ruling saying that a federal judge had ruled incorrectly about the right of The New York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers,<a href="#cite_note-upi1971yearinreview-12">[12]</a> Ellsberg publicly surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">United States Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. In admitting to giving the documents to the press, Ellsberg said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I felt that as an <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">American citizen</a>, as a responsible citizen, I could no longer cooperate in concealing this information from the American public. I did this clearly at my own jeopardy and I am prepared to answer to all the consequences of this decision.<a href="#cite_note-upi1971yearinreview-12">[12]</a></blockquote> He and Russo faced charges under the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> and other charges including theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years for Ellsberg and 35 years for Russo. Their trial commenced in Los Angeles on January 3, 1973, presided over by U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Matthew_Byrne_Jr." title="William Matthew Byrne Jr.">William Matthew Byrne Jr.</a> Ellsberg tried to claim that the documents were "illegally" classified to keep them not from an enemy, but from the American public. However, that argument was ruled "irrelevant", and Ellsberg was silenced before he could begin. In a 2014 interview, Ellsberg stated that his "lawyer, exasperated, said he 'had never heard of a case where a defendant was not permitted to tell the jury why he did what he did.' The judge responded: 'Well, you're hearing one now'. And so it has been with every subsequent whistleblower under indictment".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In spite of being effectively denied a defense, Ellsberg began to see events turn in his favor when the break-in of Fielding's office was revealed to Judge Byrne in a memo on April 26; Byrne ordered that it be shared with the defense.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-byrneobit-46">[46]</a> On May 9, further evidence of illegal <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a> against Ellsberg was revealed in court. The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> had recorded numerous conversations between <a href="/wiki/Morton_Halperin" title="Morton Halperin">Morton Halperin</a> and Ellsberg without a <a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">court order</a>, and furthermore the prosecution had failed to share this evidence with the defense.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During the trial, Byrne also revealed that he personally met twice with John Ehrlichman, who offered him directorship of the FBI. Byrne said he refused to consider the offer while the Ellsberg case was pending, though he was criticized for even agreeing to meet with Ehrlichman during the case.<a href="#cite_note-byrneobit-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A courtroom sketch of three men, attorneys in suits in a federal court in 1973" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg/186px-PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg/186px-PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg" data-alt="A courtroom sketch of three men, attorneys in suits in a federal court in 1973" data-width="186" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg/279px-PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg/372px-PentPapers-DavidRoseCopyr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Artist <a href="/wiki/David_Rose_(artist)" title="David Rose (artist)">David Rose</a>'s rendering of attorneys during the 1973 trial of Ellsberg and Russo in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> Because of the gross governmental misconduct and illegal evidence gathering, and the defense by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Boudin" title="Leonard Boudin">Leonard Boudin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nesson" title="Charles Nesson">Charles Nesson</a>, Judge Byrne dismissed all charges against Ellsberg and Russo on May 11, 1973, after the government claimed it had lost records of wiretapping against Ellsberg. Byrne ruled: "The totality of the circumstances of this case which I have only briefly sketched offend a sense of justice. The bizarre events have incurably infected the prosecution of this case."<a href="#cite_note-byrneobit-46">[46]</a> As a result of the revelations involving the Watergate scandal, <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a> were forced out of office on April 30, and all would later be convicted of crimes related to <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a> later pleaded guilty to conspiracy, and <a href="/wiki/White_House_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="White House counsel">White House counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> pleaded no contest for obstruction of justice in the burglary.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halperin_case">Halperin case</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halperin case" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It was also revealed in 1973, during Ellsberg's trial, that the telephone calls of <a href="/wiki/Morton_Halperin" title="Morton Halperin">Morton Halperin</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a> staff suspected of leaking information about the secret U.S. bombing of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Cambodia</a> to The New York Times, were being recorded by the FBI at the request of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> to <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Halperin and his family sued several federal officials, claiming the wiretap violated their <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> rights and Title III of the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a>. The court agreed that Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and H. R. Haldeman had violated the Halperins' Fourth Amendment rights and awarded them $1 in nominal damages.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plumbers'_Ellsberg_neutralization_proposal">Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ellsberg later claimed that after his trial ended, Watergate prosecutor <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Merrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Merrill (page does not exist)">William H. Merrill</a> informed him of an aborted plot by Liddy and the "<a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">Plumbers</a>" to have 12 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban Americans</a> who had previously worked for the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> "totally incapacitate" Ellsberg when he appeared at a public rally. It is unclear whether they were meant to assassinate Ellsberg or merely to hospitalize him.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In his autobiography, Liddy describes an "Ellsberg neutralization proposal" originating from Howard Hunt, which involved drugging Ellsberg with <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, by dissolving it in his soup, at a fund-raising dinner in Washington to "have Ellsberg incoherent by the time he was to speak" and thus "make him appear a near burnt-out drug case" and "discredit him". The plot involved waiters from the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">Miami Cuban</a> community. According to Liddy, when the plan was finally approved, "there was no longer enough lead time to get the Cuban waiters up from their Miami hotels and into place in the Washington Hotel where the dinner was to take place" and the plan was "put into abeyance pending another opportunity."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Activism_and_views">Activism and views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Activism and views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Ellsberg's first published book was Papers on the War (New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>, 1972). The book included a revised version of Ellsberg's earlier award-winning "The Quagmire Myth and the Stalemate Machine", originally published in Public Policy, and ends with "The Responsibility of Officials in a Criminal War".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ellsberghq.webm/220px--Ellsberghq.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="120" data-durationhint="1251" data-mwtitle="Ellsberghq.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ellsberghq.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ellsberghq.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="768" data-height="418"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Ellsberghq.webm/Ellsberghq.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="140"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Ellsberghq.webm/Ellsberghq.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="232"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Ellsberghq.webm/Ellsberghq.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="348"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Ellsberghq.webm/Ellsberghq.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="348"></source></video><figcaption>Video interview with Daniel Ellsberg at <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Universitets_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskilde Universitets Center">Roskilde Universitets Center</a>, Denmark, October 26, 2004 (unedited; the first 10 seconds are black)</figcaption></figure> After the Vietnam War, Ellsberg continued his political activism, giving lecture tours and speaking out about current events. Reflecting on his time in government, Ellsberg said the following, based on his extensive access to classified material:<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The public is lied to every day by the President, by his spokespeople, by his officers. If you can't handle the thought that the President lies to the public for all kinds of reasons, you couldn't stay in the government at that level, or you're made aware of it, a week. ... The fact is Presidents rarely say the whole truth – essentially, never say the whole truth – of what they expect and what they're doing and what they believe and why they're doing it and rarely refrain from lying, actually, about these matters.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_of_classified_documents_proposing_1958_nuclear_attack_on_China">Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On May 22, 2021, during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a>, The New York Times reported Ellsberg had released classified documents revealing the Pentagon in 1958 drew up plans to launch a nuclear attack on China amid tensions over the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a>. According to the documents, US military leaders supported a first-use nuclear strike even though they believed China's ally, the Soviet Union, would retaliate and millions of people would perish. Ellsberg told The New York Times he copied the classified documents about the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait_crisis_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Strait crisis of 1958">Taiwan Strait crisis</a> fifty years earlier when he copied the Pentagon Papers, but chose not to release the documents then. Instead, Ellsberg released the documents in the spring of 2021 because he said he was concerned about mounting tensions between the U.S. and China over the fate of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. He assumed the Pentagon was involved again in contingency planning for a nuclear strike on China should a military conflict with conventional weapons fail to deliver a decisive victory. "I do not believe the participants were more stupid or thoughtless than those in between or in the current cabinet", said Ellsberg, who urged President Biden, Congress and the public to take notice.<a href="#cite_note-Savage-57">[57]</a> In releasing the classified documents, Ellsberg offered himself as a defendant in a test case challenging the U.S. Justice Department's use of the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> to punish whistleblowers. Ellsberg noted the Act applies to everyone, not just spies, and prohibits a defendant from explaining the reasons for revealing classified information in the public interest.<a href="#cite_note-Savage-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-war_activism">Anti-war activism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anti-war activism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Now">Democracy Now</a> on May 18, 2018, Ellsberg was critical of U.S. intervention overseas especially in the Middle East, stating, "I think, in Iraq, America has never faced up to the number of people who have died because of <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="United States invasion of Iraq">our invasion</a>, our aggression against Iraq, and Afghanistan over the last 30 years, since we first inspired a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">CIA-sponsored</a> <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the Soviets there, and led to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invasion by the Soviets</a>. What we've done to the Middle East has been hell."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activism_against_US-led_war_against_Iraq">Activism against US-led war against Iraq</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Activism against US-led war against Iraq" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg/220px-DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg/220px-DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg/330px-DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg/440px-DanielEllsberg.THF.WH.WDC.3jul06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Protesting with anti-war group <a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> During the runup to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> he warned of a possible "<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Tonkin Gulf scenario</a>" that could be used to justify going to war, and called on government "insiders" to go public with information to counter the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration's</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_relations_preparations_for_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq">pro-war propaganda campaign</a>, praising <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a> for his efforts in that regard.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He later supported the whistleblowing efforts of British <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a> translator <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Gun" title="Katharine Gun">Katharine Gun</a> and called on others to leak any papers that reveal government deception about the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-expertwitnessradio.org-61">[61]</a> Ellsberg also testified at the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> hearing of <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Mejia" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilo Mejia">Camilo Mejia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill, Oklahoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-expertwitnessradio.org-61">[61]</a> Ellsberg was arrested, in November 2005, for violating a county ordinance for trespassing while protesting against <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s conduct of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Ellsberg criticized the arrest of <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a>, who had exposed U.S. war crimes in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activism_against_US_military_action_against_Iran">Activism against US military action against Iran</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Activism against US military action against Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In September 2006, Ellsberg wrote in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a> that he hoped someone would leak information about a potential U.S. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In a speech on March 30, 2008, in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist</a> church, Ellsberg observed that <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> does not have the authority to declare <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> "off the table", as she had done with respect to George W. Bush. The oath of office taken by members of congress requires them to "defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic". He also pointed out that under <a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">Article VI</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>, treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> and international labor rights accords that the United States has signed, become the supreme law of the land that neither the states, the president, nor the congress have the power to break. For example, if the Congress votes to authorize an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation, that authorization would not make the attack legal. A president citing the authorization as just cause could be prosecuted in the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In April 2022, Ellsberg said that Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> "is a bad guy, very clearly. His aggression is murderous and as illegitimate as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>. Or the <a href="/wiki/US_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="US invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion of Afghanistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/U.S._Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Invasion of Iraq">Iraq</a>. Or <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/German_Invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>." He compared Putin's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_threats_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear threats during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">nuclear threats</a> to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s self-proclaimed "<a href="/wiki/Madman_theory" title="Madman theory">madman strategy</a>". He expressed concern that global cooperation among major powers on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear arms reduction</a> would be impossible.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In April 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Ellsberg appeared on <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>'s Upfront and stated that major <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms manufacturers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> or <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, were <a href="/wiki/War_profiteering#War_in_Ukraine" title="War profiteering">profiting from the war in Ukraine</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen</a>, saying that "A failing war is just as profitable as a winning one," "It's the old Latin slogan, Cui Bono, who benefits?", "We're not after all a European nation and we have no particular role in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. But in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> – that's as the <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a> says <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a>, our thing – we control NATO pretty much and NATO gives us an excuse and a reason to sell enormous amounts of arms to now to the formerly <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> nations," and, "Russia is an indispensable enemy." He said both the United States and Russia have their <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military-industrial complexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In June 2022, he said that "The Russian invasion of Ukraine has made the world far more dangerous, not only in the short run, but in ways that may be irreversible. It is a tragic and criminal attack. We are seeing humanity at its almost worst, but not quite the worst – so far, since 1945 we haven't seen <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_(2545923457).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg_Speaking_%282545923457%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ellsberg speaking in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg,_Mike_Myatt,_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_(15180381714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="3736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg%2C_Mike_Myatt%2C_%26_Robert_Rosenthal_%2815180381714%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ellsberg with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jon_Rosenthal" title="Robert Jon Rosenthal">Robert Rosenthal</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg_at_San_Francisco_Pride_Parade_2013..JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>At San Francisco Pride Parade 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_American_whistleblowers">Support for American whistleblowers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Support for American whistleblowers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ellsberg said that in regard to former FBI translator turned whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a>, what she has is "far more explosive than the Pentagon Papers".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> He also participated in the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Whistleblowers_Coalition" title="National Security Whistleblowers Coalition">National Security Whistleblowers Coalition</a> founded by Edmonds,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and in 2008, he condemned many U.S. media outlets for purportedly ignoring articles about Edmonds's allegations regarding <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> published in <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On December 9, 2010, Ellsberg appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> where he commented that the existence of <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> helps to build a better government.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On March 21, 2011, Ellsberg, along with 35 other demonstrators, was arrested during a demonstration outside the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a>, in protest of <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a>'s current detention at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Brig,_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Brig, Quantico">Marine Corps Brig, Quantico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On June 10, 2013, Ellsberg published an editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper praising the actions of former <a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen</a> worker <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> in revealing top-secret surveillance programs of the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>. Ellsberg believed that the United States had fallen into an "abyss" of total tyranny, but said that because of Snowden's revelations, "I see the unexpected possibility of a way up and out of the abyss."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In June 2013, Ellsberg and numerous celebrities appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In June 2010, Ellsberg was interviewed regarding the parallels between his actions in releasing the Pentagon Papers and those of Manning, who was arrested by the U.S. military in Iraq after allegedly providing to <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> a classified video showing <a href="/wiki/July_12,_2007,_Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike">U.S. military helicopter gunships strafing and killing Iraqis</a> alleged to be civilians. Ellsberg said that he fears for Manning and for Julian Assange, as he feared for himself after the initial publication of the Pentagon Papers. WikiLeaks initially said it had not received the cables, but did plan to post the video of an <a href="/wiki/Garani_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Garani airstrike">attack that killed 86 to 145 Afghan civilians</a> in the village of Garani. Ellsberg expressed hope that either Assange or President Obama would post the video, and expressed his strong support for Assange and Manning, whom he called "two new heroes of mine".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a> devoted a substantial portion of its July 4, 2013, program to "How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published By the Beacon Press Told by Daniel Ellsberg & Others." Ellsberg said there are hundreds of public officials right now who know that the public is being lied to about Iran. If they follow orders, they may become complicit in starting an unnecessary war. If they are faithful to their oath to protect the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, they could prevent that war. Exposing official lies could however carry a heavy personal cost as they could be imprisoned for unlawful disclosure of classified information.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2012, Ellsberg co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-eff-82">[82]</a> In September 2015, Ellsberg and 27 members of the <a href="/wiki/Veteran_Intelligence_Professionals_for_Sanity" title="Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity">Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity</a> steering group wrote a letter to the president challenging a recently published book that claimed to rebut the report of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Intelligence_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Intelligence Committee">United States Senate Intelligence Committee</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'s use of torture.<a href="#cite_note-AndyWorthington2015-09-15-83">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] In 2020, Ellsberg testified in defense of Assange during Assange's extradition hearings.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Ellsberg spoke out vociferously against the threats to press freedom from such whistleblower prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In a December 2022 interview with <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, Ellsberg said that he was given all of the Manning information before it came out in the press by Assange.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_Occupy_Movement">Support for Occupy Movement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Support for Occupy Movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On November 16, 2011, Ellsberg camped on the <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> <a href="/wiki/Sproul_Plaza" title="Sproul Plaza">Sproul Plaza</a> as part of an effort to support the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Cal" title="Occupy Cal">Occupy Cal</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Doomsday_Machine">The Doomsday Machine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Doomsday Machine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In December 2017, Ellsberg published The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. He said that his primary job from 1958 until releasing the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a> in 1971 was as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a> planner for United States presidents <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson">Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Nixon</a>. He concluded that United States nuclear war policy was completely crazy and he could no longer live with himself without doing what he could to expose it, even if it meant he would spend the rest of his life in prison. However, he also felt that as long as the U.S. was still involved in the Vietnam War, the United States electorate would not likely listen to a discussion of nuclear war policy. He therefore copied two sets of documents, planning to release first the Pentagon Papers and later documentation of nuclear war plans. However, the nuclear planning materials were hidden in a <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> and then lost because of the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Doria" title="Tropical Storm Doria">tropical storm Doria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> His overriding concerns were as follows: <ol><li>As long as the world maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is not a matter of if, but when, a nuclear war will occur.</li> <li>The vast majority of the population of an initiator state would likely starve to death during a "nuclear autumn" or "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>" if they did not die earlier from retaliation or fallout. If the nuclear war dropped only roughly 100 nuclear weapons on cities, as in a <a href="/wiki/War_between_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War between India and Pakistan">war between India and Pakistan</a>, the effect would be similar to the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>" that followed the <a href="/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">1815 eruption of Mount Tambora</a>, except that it would last more like a decade, because soot would not settle out of the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> as quickly as the volcanic debris, and roughly a third of the people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange would starve to death, because of the resulting crop failures. However, if more than roughly 2 percent of the U.S. nuclear arsenal were used, the results would more likely be a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>, leading to the deaths from starvation of 98 percent of people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange.</li> <li>To preserve the ability of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapon state</a> to retaliate from a <a href="/wiki/Decapitation_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitation strike">"decapitation" attack</a>, every country with nuclear weapons seems to have delegated broadly the authority to respond to an apparent nuclear attack.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li></ol> As an example of the third concern, Ellsberg discussed an interview he had in 1958 with a major, who commanded a squadron of 12 <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">F-100</a> fighter-bombers at <a href="/wiki/Kunsan_Air_Base" title="Kunsan Air Base">Kunsan Air Base</a>, South Korea. His aircraft were equipped with <a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">Mark 28</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear weapons">thermonuclear weapons</a> with a yield of 1.1 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons</a> each, roughly half the explosive power of all the bombs dropped by the U.S. in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> both in Europe and the Pacific. The major said his official orders were to wait for orders from his superiors in <a href="/wiki/Osan_Air_Base" title="Osan Air Base">Osan Air Base</a>, South Korea, or in Japan before ordering his F-100s into the air. However, the major also said that standard military doctrine required him to protect his forces. That meant that if he had reason to believe that a war had already begun when his communications with Osan and Japan were broken, he was required to launch his dozen F-100s with their thermonuclear weapons. They never practiced that launch, because the risk of an accident was too great. Ellsberg then asked what might happen if he gave such launch orders and the sixth plane succumbed to a thermonuclear accident on the runway. After some thought, the major agreed that the five planes already in the air would likely conclude that a nuclear war had begun, and they would likely deliver their <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a> to their preassigned targets.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> According to Ellsberg the "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">nuclear football</a>" carried by an aide near the U.S. president at all times is primarily a piece of <a href="/wiki/Political_drama" title="Political drama">political theater</a>, a hoax, to keep the public ignorant of the real problems of nuclear command and control.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In Russia, this included a semi-automatic "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a>" system, whereby a nuclear explosion in Moscow, whether accidental or by a foreign state or terrorists, would induce low-level officers to launch <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBMs</a> toward targets in the U.S., presumed to be the origin of such attacks. The first ICBMs launched in this way "would beep a Go signal to any ICBM sites they passed over", which would launch those other ICBMs without further human intervention.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_threats_by_the_United_States">Nuclear threats by the United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nuclear threats by the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ellsberg wrote in his 1981 essay Call to Mutiny that, "every president from Truman to Reagan, with the possible exception of Ford, has felt compelled to consider or direct serious preparations for possible imminent U.S. initiation of tactical or strategic nuclear warfare".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some of these threats were implicit; many were explicit. Many governmental officials and authors claimed that those threats made major contributions to achieving important policy objectives. Ellsberg's examples are summarized in the following table:<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>President</th> <th>Target</th> <th>Incident </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman (1945–1953)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> (June 24, 1948 – May 12, 1949).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#China_intervenes_(October%E2%80%93December_1950)" title="Korean War">Chinese intervention in the Korean War (October 1950)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1953–1961)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  China </td> <td>Korean War,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and Taiwan Strait crises of <a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">1954–55</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">1958</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halperin1966-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Vietnamese communists</a> </td> <td>U.S. offers nuclear support to the French at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Dien Bien Phu (1954)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Soviet Union </td> <td>1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1958%E2%80%931959" title="Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959">1958–59 Berlin crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nixon1985-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraq</a> </td> <td>To deter an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1961–1963)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and 1962 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1963–1969)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Battle of Khe Sanh</a>, Vietnam, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon (1969–1974)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Soviet Union </td> <td>To deter an attack on Chinese nuclear capability, 1969–70, or a Soviet response to possible Chinese intervention against India in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1971">Indo-Pakistan War of 1971</a>, or an intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Arab-Israeli War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nixon1985-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  North Vietnam </td> <td>Secret threats of massive escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Vietnamization,_1969%E2%80%931972" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, including possible use of nuclear weapons, 1969–1972.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1971">Indo-Pakistan War of 1971</a><a href="#cite_note-Nixon1985-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford (1974–1977)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  North Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident" title="Korean axe murder incident">Korean axe murder incident</a>, in which two US army officers were killed while trying to trim a tree blocking open observation of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Demilitarized Zone</a>. Two days later, the tree was cut to a stump 6 meters tall in a massive show of force that included a <a href="/wiki/B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52">B-52</a> nuclear-capable bomber flying straight toward <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> escorted by high performance fighter aircraft, while a US aircraft carrier task force moved into station just offshore. Ellsberg noted that it might be more accurate to classify this incident not as "nuclear threat" but a "show of force".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter (1977–1981)</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Soviet Union </td> <td rowspan="2">The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a> on the Middle East to deter the Soviets, already in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, from moving next door into Iran to try to control the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, through which the majority of the world's oil flowed at that time.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan (1981–1989)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush (1989–1993)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Operation Desert Storm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton (1993–2001)</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  North Korea </td> <td>Secret threats in 1995 on its nuclear reactor program.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a> </td> <td>Public warning of a nuclear option against Libya's underground chemical weapons facility in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush (2001–2009)</a> and all presidents and leading candidates since </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Iran </td> <td>Threats of a nuclear attack against Iran's nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Ellsberg_Papers">Ellsberg Papers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ellsberg Papers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a> acquired Ellsberg's papers.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personal life and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="8736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg/330px-Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg/440px-Daniel_Ellsberg_2020_06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ellsberg in 2020</figcaption></figure> Ellsberg was married twice. His first marriage was in 1952 to Carol Cummings, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>) whose father was a Marine Corps brigadier general. It lasted 13 years before ending in divorce (at her request, as he stated in his memoir Secrets). They have two children, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellsberg" title="Robert Ellsberg">Robert Ellsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellsberg" title="Mary Ellsberg">Mary Ellsberg</a>. In 1970, he married Patricia Marx, daughter of toy maker <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marx" title="Louis Marx">Louis Marx</a>. They lived for some time afterward in <a href="/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California" title="Mill Valley, California">Mill Valley, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> They have a son, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellsberg" title="Michael Ellsberg">Michael Ellsberg</a>, who is an author and journalist.<a href="#cite_note-motherjones1982-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In February 2023, Ellsberg was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> and given three to six months to live; he publicly disclosed his diagnosis the following month.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vargas_2023-119">[119]</a> Ellsberg died at his home in <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_California" title="Kensington, California">Kensington, California</a>, on June 16, 2023, at the age of 92.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Awards and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Ellsberg was the recipient of the inaugural <a href="/wiki/The_Ridenhour_Prizes" title="The Ridenhour Prizes">Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize</a>, a prize established in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation Institute">The Nation Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fertel_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertel Foundation">Fertel Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 1978, he accepted the <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a> from <a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a>. On September 28, 2006, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> for "putting peace and truth first, at considerable personal risk, and dedicating his life to inspiring others to follow his example".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Dresden-123">[123]</a> He received the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme_Prize" title="Olof Palme Prize">Olof Palme Prize</a> and the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Sam_Adams_Award" title="Sam Adams Award">Sam Adams Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-saa-ellsberg-124">[124]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Papers-on-the-War/Daniel-Ellsberg/9781439193761">Papers on the War</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439193761" title="Special:BookSources/9781439193761"><bdi>9781439193761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+the+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9781439193761&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonandschuster.com%2Fbooks%2FPapers-on-the-War%2FDaniel-Ellsberg%2F9781439193761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (1981). "Introduction". In <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson, E. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dan_Smith_(British_author)" title="Dan Smith (British author)">Smith, Dan</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/protest_and_survive/">Protest and Survive</a>. New York: Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853455820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853455820"><bdi>978-0853455820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Protest+and+Survive&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0853455820&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2Fproduct%2Fprotest_and_survive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6fOB0XuZ1cC">Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815340225" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815340225"><bdi>978-0815340225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk%2C+Ambiguity%2C+and+Decision&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0815340225&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6fOB0XuZ1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528101739/http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780142003428,00.html?Secrets_Daniel_Ellsberg">Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670030309" title="Special:BookSources/0670030309"><bdi>0670030309</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780142003428,00.html?Secrets_Daniel_Ellsberg">the original</a> on May 28, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets%3A+A+Memoir+of+Vietnam+and+the+Pentagon+Papers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0670030309&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.penguingroup.com%2Fnf%2FBook%2FBookDisplay%2F0%2C%2C9780142003428%2C00.html%3FSecrets_Daniel_Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/doomsday-machine-9781608196746/">The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608196708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608196708"><bdi>978-1608196708</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1608196708&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fus%2Fdoomsday-machine-9781608196746%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Films" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers_(Film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagon Papers (Film)">The Pentagon Papers</a> (2003) is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama film">historical film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Holcomb" title="Rod Holcomb">Rod Holcomb</a> about the Pentagon Papers and Ellsberg's involvement in their publication. The movie, in which he is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/James_Spader" title="James Spader">James Spader</a>, documents Ellsberg's life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Dangerous_Man_in_America:_Daniel_Ellsberg_and_the_Pentagon_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers">The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers</a> (2009) a feature-length documentary by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Ehrlich" title="Judith Ehrlich">Judith Ehrlich</a> and Rick Goldsmith traced the decision-making processes by which Ellsberg came to leak the Pentagon Papers to the press, The New York Times decision to publish, the fallout in the media after publication, and the Nixon Administration's legal and extra-legal campaign to discredit and incarcerate Ellsberg. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won a Peabody Award after its 2010 POV broadcast on PBS.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearts_and_Minds_(film)" title="Hearts and Minds (film)">Hearts and Minds</a>, a 1974 Academy Award winning documentary film about the Vietnam War with extensive interviews with Ellsberg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a> is a 2017 historical drama film directed and co-produced by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> from a script written by <a href="/wiki/Liz_Hannah" title="Liz Hannah">Liz Hannah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Singer" title="Josh Singer">Josh Singer</a> about <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>'s battle with the federal government over its right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the movie, Ellsberg is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rhys" title="Matthew Rhys">Matthew Rhys</a>. The film also stars <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> as <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_Who_Said_NO!_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boys Who Said NO! (film)">The Boys Who Said NO!</a>, a 2020 documentary film about the draft resistance movement during the Vietnam War, including interviews with Ellsberg where he talks about the impact resisters had on his decision to risk life in prison for releasing the Pentagon Papers. Directed by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Judith Ehrlich.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/American_Experience_(season_35)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Experience (season 35)">The Movement and the 'Madman'</a>", a 2023 PBS <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> documentary film reports how two enormous antiwar protests in the fall of 1969 pressured President Nixon to cancel his secret "madman" plans for a major escalation of the war in Vietnam, including threats to use nuclear weapons. The film was directed and produced by Stephen Talbot and features a key interview with Ellsberg.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netflix.com/title/81614129">Turning Point: The Bomb and The Cold War</a>” Episode 3, Netflix: “With firsthand accounts and access to prominent figures around the world, this comprehensive docuseries explores the Cold War and its aftermath. Episode 3 includes an inspiring, recent interview with Ellsberg and his self-sacrificing choice to release information to the public that would enlighten the world’s understanding of Nuclear Weapons forever and hopefully eventually put an end to the insane development of real life “Doomsday Machines” that still threaten the existence of civilization.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(columnist)" title="Jack Anderson (columnist)">Jack Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Andrews Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tran_Ngoc_Chau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Ngoc Chau">Tran Ngoc Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Winner" title="Reality Winner">Reality Winner</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmefonden.se/2018-daniel-ellsberg-2/">"2018 – Daniel Ellsberg | Olof Palmes Minnesfond"</a> (in Swedish). Retrieved January 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+%E2%80%93+Daniel+Ellsberg+%7C+Olof+Palmes+Minnesfond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmefonden.se%2F2018-daniel-ellsberg-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jewish Telegraphic Agency June 16, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2001" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Tom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml_ZepYWGdkC&pg=PA36">Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 36, 39, 70–95, 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312177195" title="Special:BookSources/9780312177195"><bdi>9780312177195</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Daniel+Ellsberg&rft.pages=36%2C+39%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E95%2C+267&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780312177195&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml_ZepYWGdkC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/ellsberg/document/letter-from-cambridge-university-general-board-of-faculties-to-daniel-ellsberg-february-5-1953/">"Letter from Cambridge University General Board of Faculties to Daniel Ellsberg, February 5, 1953 |"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Cambridge+University+General+Board+of+Faculties+to+Daniel+Ellsberg%2C+February+5%2C+1953+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fellsberg%2Fdocument%2Fletter-from-cambridge-university-general-board-of-faculties-to-daniel-ellsberg-february-5-1953%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookragsbio-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bookragsbio_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookragsbio_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookragsbio_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookragsbio_5-3">d</a> Daniel Ellsberg Biography @ Encyclopedia of World Biography, via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/daniel-ellsberg">BookRags.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Host: Dave Davies (December 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/01/19/579101965/daniel-ellsberg-explains-why-he-leaked-the-pentagon-papers">"Daniel Ellsberg Explains Why He Leaked The Pentagon Papers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a>. National Public Radio. WHYY-FM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fresh+Air&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F01%2F19%2F579101965%2Fdaniel-ellsberg-explains-why-he-leaked-the-pentagon-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation cs2">Anderson, David L. (2000), "Daniel Ellsberg", The Human Tradition in the Vietnam Era, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 201, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2763-2"><bdi>978-0-8420-2763-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel+Ellsberg&rft.btitle=The+Human+Tradition+in+the+Vietnam+Era&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2763-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellsberg1961-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellsberg1961_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ellsberg, Daniel</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs47605.pdf">"Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Economics">Quarterly Journal of Economics</a>. 75 (4): 643–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1884324">10.2307/1884324</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884324">1884324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Risk%2C+Ambiguity%2C+and+the+Savage+Axioms&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E669&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1884324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1884324%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dklevine.com%2Farchive%2Frefs47605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_GolmanNikolos_GurneyGeorge_Loewenstein2020" class="citation cs2">Russell Golman; Nikolos Gurney; George Loewenstein (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/golman/information-gaps-for-risk-and-ambiguity-golman_gurney_loewenstein-final-june-2020.pdf">Information Gaps for Risk and Ambiguity</a> (PDF), Carnegie Mellon University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Gaps+for+Risk+and+Ambiguity&rft.pub=Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Russell+Golman&rft.au=Nikolos+Gurney&rft.au=George+Loewenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmu.edu%2Fdietrich%2Fsds%2Fdocs%2Fgolman%2Finformation-gaps-for-risk-and-ambiguity-golman_gurney_loewenstein-final-june-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC4-10"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC4_10-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> <a href="/wiki/Storyville_(television_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storyville (television series)">Storyville</a> – 2009–2010 – 14. 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Retrieved May 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Real+News+Network&rft.atitle=Daniel+Ellsberg+on+Julian+Assange%27s+Espionage+Charges&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherealnews.com%2Fstories%2Fdaniel-ellsberg-on-julian-assanges-espionage-charges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-63832899">"Pentagon Papers whistle-blower Daniel Ellsberg was Wikileaks' secret back-up"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved December 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Papers+whistle-blower+Daniel+Ellsberg+was+Wikileaks%27+secret+back-up&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-us-canada-63832899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbee.com/2011/11/16/4059116/daniel-ellsberg-part-of-uc-berkeley.html">Daniel Ellsberg part of UC Berkeley Occupy protest</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Kevin Canfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/The-Doomsday-Machine-by-Daniel-Ellsberg-12413956.php">'The Doomsday Machine,' by Daniel Ellsberg</a> San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 21, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2023" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Dave (June 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/06/23/1183973731/remembering-daniel-ellsberg-who-leaked-the-pentagon-papers">"Remembering Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked the Pentagon Papers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Remembering+Daniel+Ellsberg%2C+who+leaked+the+Pentagon+Papers&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F06%2F23%2F1183973731%2Fremembering-daniel-ellsberg-who-leaked-the-pentagon-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation cs2">Daniel Ellsberg (December 5, 2017), "chapter 3. Delegation", The Doomsday Machine, Bloomsbury, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608196708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608196708"><bdi>978-1608196708</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+3.+Delegation&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1608196708&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 52ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2010" class="citation cs2">Betts, Richard K. (December 1, 2010), Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance, Brookings Institution Press, p. 7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1708-9"><bdi>978-0-8157-1708-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Blackmail+and+Nuclear+Balance&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-1708-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> For more on this, see especially <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellsberg.net/call-to-mutiny/">"Call to Mutiny"</a>. Protest and Survive. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874626" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874626">Q63874626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protest+and+Survive&rft.atitle=Call+to+Mutiny&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellsberg.net%2Fcall-to-mutiny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_BlechmanStephen_Kaplan1978" class="citation cs2">Barry Blechman; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaplan_(paranormal_investigator)" title="Stephen Kaplan (paranormal investigator)">Stephen Kaplan</a> (1978), Force without War: U.S. Armed forces as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874634" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874634">Q63874634</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+without+War%3A+U.S.+Armed+forces+as+a+political+instrument&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Barry+Blechman&rft.au=Stephen+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Gerson2007" class="citation cs2">Joseph Gerson (2007), Empire and the bomb: How the U.S. uses nuclear weapons to dominate the world, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874641" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874641">Q63874641</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+the+bomb%3A+How+the+U.S.+uses+nuclear+weapons+to+dominate+the+world&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Joseph+Gerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonrad_Ege1982" class="citation journal cs1">Konrad Ege (July 1982). "U.S. Nuclear Threats: A documentary history". <a href="/wiki/CounterSpy_(magazine)" title="CounterSpy (magazine)">CounterSpy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-4322">0739-4322</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874649" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874649">Q63874649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CounterSpy&rft.atitle=U.S.+Nuclear+Threats%3A+A+documentary+history&rft.date=1982-07&rft.issn=0739-4322&rft.au=Konrad+Ege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_K._Betts1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Betts" title="Richard K. Betts">Richard K. Betts</a> (1987), Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874665" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874665">Q63874665</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Blackmail+and+Nuclear+Balance&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Richard+K.+Betts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, especially the second-to-last chapter. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> At the outset of this incident, Truman deployed B-29s similar to those that dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but not the nuclear-capable <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a> version, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command_in_the_United_Kingdom#Berlin_Blockade" title="Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom">to bases in Britain and Germany</a> to deter the Soviet Union from officially transferring to East Germany control of the land corridor to Berlin, an explicit part of the Soviet plan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Herken1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Herken" title="Gregg Herken">Gregg Herken</a> (1980), The winning weapon: The atomic bomb in the cold war, 1945-1950, Knopf, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63873810" class="extiw" title="d:Q63873810">Q63873810</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+winning+weapon%3A+The+atomic+bomb+in+the+cold+war%2C+1945-1950&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Gregg+Herken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 256–274, cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 319, 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> For Eisenhower's secret nuclear threats against China to force and maintain a settlement in Korea in 1953, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwight_D._Eisenhower1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1963), Mandate for Change: The White House Years 1953-1956: A Personal Account, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61945939" class="extiw" title="d:Q61945939">Q61945939</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandate+for+Change%3A+The+White+House+Years+1953-1956%3A+A+Personal+Account&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 178–181, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_L._GeorgeRichard_Smoke1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_L._George" title="Alexander L. George">Alexander L. George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smoke" title="Richard Smoke">Richard Smoke</a> (1974), Deterrence in American Foreign Policy, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874409" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874409">Q63874409</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deterrence+in+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Alexander+L.+George&rft.au=Richard+Smoke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 237–241, cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 319, 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-Halperin1966-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Halperin1966_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton_Halperin1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Halperin" title="Morton Halperin">Morton Halperin</a> (December 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2006/RM4900.pdf">"The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A documentary history"</a> (PDF). RAND Corporation Research Memoranda (RM-4900-ISA). <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874609" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874609">Q63874609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation+Research+Memoranda&rft.atitle=The+1958+Taiwan+Straits+Crisis%3A+A+documentary+history&rft.issue=RM-4900-ISA&rft.date=1966-12&rft.au=Morton+Halperin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_memoranda%2F2006%2FRM4900.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 320, 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hearts_and_Minds_(film)" title="Hearts and Minds (film)">Hearts and Minds</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe_DrummondGaston_Coblentz1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Drummond" title="Roscoe Drummond">Roscoe Drummond</a>; Gaston Coblentz (1960), Duel at the Brink, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874430" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874430">Q63874430</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel+at+the+Brink&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Roscoe+Drummond&rft.au=Gaston+Coblentz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 121–122; see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Nixon" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8159713W">8159713W</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874435" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874435">Q63874435</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Richard+Nixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL8159713W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Richard+Nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 150–155; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 319, 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nixon1985-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon1985_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon1985_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nixon1985_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Nixon1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (July 29, 1985). "A nation coming into its own". <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63885038" class="extiw" title="d:Q63885038">Q63885038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+nation+coming+into+its+own&rft.date=1985-07-29&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.au=Richard+Nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 320, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_BlechmanStephen_Kaplan1978" class="citation cs2">Barry Blechman; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaplan_(paranormal_investigator)" title="Stephen Kaplan (paranormal investigator)">Stephen Kaplan</a> (1978), Force without War: U.S. Armed forces as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874634" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874634">Q63874634</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+without+War%3A+U.S.+Armed+forces+as+a+political+instrument&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Barry+Blechman&rft.au=Stephen+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 238, 256, cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 320, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, ch. 10, "Berlin and the Missile Gap"; also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_BlechmanStephen_Kaplan1978" class="citation cs2">Barry Blechman; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaplan_(paranormal_investigator)" title="Stephen Kaplan (paranormal investigator)">Stephen Kaplan</a> (1978), Force without War: U.S. Armed forces as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874634" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874634">Q63874634</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+without+War%3A+U.S.+Armed+forces+as+a+political+instrument&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Barry+Blechman&rft.au=Stephen+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 343–439; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 320, 379. Note: On p. 176, Ellsberg mentioned "ending the Berlin Crisis in 1961". Later, on p. 321, he mentioned "the 1961–62 Berlin crisis." There is a Wikipedia article on "Berlin Crisis of 1961". I therefore decided to ignore the reference to 1962 in this context, as I have not seen other references to Berlin crisis in 1962 and mentioning it would produce an apparent conflict with the title of the existing Wikipedia article on that. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, ch. 12. "My Cuban Missile Crisis" and ch. 13. "Cuba: The real story". </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Y._Schandler1977" class="citation cs2">Herbert Y. Schandler (1977), The Unmaking of a President, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63887635" class="extiw" title="d:Q63887635">Q63887635</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unmaking+of+a+President&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Herbert+Y.+Schandler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 89–91; also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Westmoreland1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1976), A Soldier Reports, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63888313" class="extiw" title="d:Q63888313">Q63888313</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Soldier+Reports&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1976&rft.au=William+Westmoreland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, p. 338; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 320, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Robbins_Haldeman1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">Harry Robbins Haldeman</a> (1978), The Ends of Power, <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63888819" class="extiw" title="d:Q63888819">Q63888819</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ends+of+Power&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Harry+Robbins+Haldeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 81–85, 97–98; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Nixon" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8159713W">8159713W</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874435" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874435">Q63874435</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Richard+Nixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL8159713W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Richard+Nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 393–414; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_Hersh" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42194571" class="extiw" title="d:Q42194571">Q42194571</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+Kissinger+in+the+Nixon+White+House&rft.au=Seymour+Hersh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_C._Bolt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ernest C. Bolt (January 2002). "No Peace, No Honor: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam". History: Reviews of New Books. 30 (3): 93–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03612759.2002.10526085">10.1080/03612759.2002.10526085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-2759">0361-2759</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58522397" class="extiw" title="d:Q58522397">Q58522397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History%3A+Reviews+of+New+Books&rft.atitle=No+Peace%2C+No+Honor%3A+Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+Betrayal+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03612759.2002.10526085&rft.issn=0361-2759&rft.au=Ernest+C.+Bolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Farrell2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Farrell" title="John A. Farrell">John A. Farrell</a> (2017), Richard Nixon: The Life, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63889289" class="extiw" title="d:Q63889289">Q63889289</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon%3A+The+Life&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2017&rft.au=John+A.+Farrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 320, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._NorrisHans_M._Kristensen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert S. Norris; Hans M. Kristensen (September 1, 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: Then and now". <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. 62 (5): 69–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2968%2F062005016">10.2968/062005016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62111338" class="extiw" title="d:Q62111338">Q62111338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=U.S.+nuclear+threats%3A+Then+and+now&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2968%2F062005016&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.au=Robert+S.+Norris&rft.au=Hans+M.+Kristensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_K._Singlaub1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Singlaub" title="John K. Singlaub">John K. Singlaub</a> (1991), Hazardous Duty: An American soldier in the twentieth century, Summit Books, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63892384" class="extiw" title="d:Q63892384">Q63892384</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hazardous+Duty%3A+An+American+soldier+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.au=John+K.+Singlaub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Mobley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Richard A. Mobley (June 22, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Revisiting+the+Korean%3a+tree-trimming+incident.-a0125914014">"Revisiting the Korean Tree-Trimming Incident"</a>. Joint Force Quarterly. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-0692">1070-0692</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63893129" class="extiw" title="d:Q63893129">Q63893129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joint+Force+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Korean+Tree-Trimming+Incident&rft.date=2003-06-22&rft.issn=1070-0692&rft.au=Richard+A.+Mobley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FRevisiting%2Bthe%2BKorean%253a%2Btree-trimming%2Bincident.-a0125914014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 110–111, 113–114; consistent with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_BlechmanStephen_Kaplan1978" class="citation cs2">Barry Blechman; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kaplan_(paranormal_investigator)" title="Stephen Kaplan (paranormal investigator)">Stephen Kaplan</a> (1978), Force without War: U.S. Armed forces as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63874634" class="extiw" title="d:Q63874634">Q63874634</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+without+War%3A+U.S.+Armed+forces+as+a+political+instrument&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Barry+Blechman&rft.au=Stephen+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 321, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> This event was virtually unknown at the time outside secret government circles. It was discussed six years later by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_F._Schemmer1986" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin F. Schemmer (September 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90B01390R000400540048-5.pdf">"Was the US ready to resort to nuclear weapons for the Persian Gulf in 1980?"</a> (PDF). Armed Forces Journal International. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0196-3597">0196-3597</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63917293" class="extiw" title="d:Q63917293">Q63917293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Was+the+US+ready+to+resort+to+nuclear+weapons+for+the+Persian+Gulf+in+1980%3F&rft.date=1986-09-01&rft.issn=0196-3597&rft.au=Benjamin+F.+Schemmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP90B01390R000400540048-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> and picked up by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Halloran1986" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Halloran (September 2, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/02/us/washington-talk-how-leaders-think-the-unthinkable.html">"Washington Talk; How leaders think the unthinkable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63916660" class="extiw" title="d:Q63916660">Q63916660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Washington+Talk%26%2359%3B+How+leaders+think+the+unthinkable&rft.date=1986-09-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Richard+Halloran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F09%2F02%2Fus%2Fwashington-talk-how-leaders-think-the-unthinkable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">. It was described by Carter's Press Secretary Jody Powell as "the most serious nuclear crisis since the Cuban Missile Crisis." See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 321, 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._NorrisHans_M._Kristensen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert S. Norris; Hans M. Kristensen (September 1, 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: Then and now". <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. 62 (5): 69–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2968%2F062005016">10.2968/062005016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62111338" class="extiw" title="d:Q62111338">Q62111338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=U.S.+nuclear+threats%3A+Then+and+now&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2968%2F062005016&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.au=Robert+S.+Norris&rft.au=Hans+M.+Kristensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, p. 71; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Arkin1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Arkin" title="William Arkin">William Arkin</a> (October 16, 1996). "Calculated Ambiguity: Nuclear weapons and the Gulf War". <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Quarterly" title="The Washington Quarterly">The Washington Quarterly</a>. 19 (4): 2–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-660X">0163-660X</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63919049" class="extiw" title="d:Q63919049">Q63919049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Calculated+Ambiguity%3A+Nuclear+weapons+and+the+Gulf+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1996-10-16&rft.issn=0163-660X&rft.au=William+Arkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 321, 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._NorrisHans_M._Kristensen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert S. Norris; Hans M. Kristensen (September 1, 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: Then and now". <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. 62 (5): 69–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2968%2F062005016">10.2968/062005016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62111338" class="extiw" title="d:Q62111338">Q62111338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=U.S.+nuclear+threats%3A+Then+and+now&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2968%2F062005016&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.au=Robert+S.+Norris&rft.au=Hans+M.+Kristensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, p. 70, citing testimony by General <a href="/wiki/Eugene_E._Habiger" title="Eugene E. Habiger">Eugene E. Habiger</a> before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee</a>, March 13, 1977; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 321, 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._NorrisHans_M._Kristensen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert S. Norris; Hans M. Kristensen (September 1, 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: Then and now". <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. 62 (5): 69–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2968%2F062005016">10.2968/062005016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62111338" class="extiw" title="d:Q62111338">Q62111338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=U.S.+nuclear+threats%3A+Then+and+now&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2968%2F062005016&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.au=Robert+S.+Norris&rft.au=Hans+M.+Kristensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Burns1996" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Burns (May 1, 1996). "Nuclear weapons only option for USA to hit buried targets". <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-3818">0265-3818</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63919240" class="extiw" title="d:Q63919240">Q63919240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Defence+Weekly&rft.atitle=Nuclear+weapons+only+option+for+USA+to+hit+buried+targets&rft.date=1996-05-01&rft.issn=0265-3818&rft.au=Robert+Burns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">; cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 322, 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ellsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26425340M">26425340M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63862699" class="extiw" title="d:Q63862699">Q63862699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26425340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.au=Daniel+Ellsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988">, pp. 327–332, 380–381 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaguszewski" class="citation web cs1">Blaguszewski, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/historic-collection-whistleblower-daniel">"Historic Collection of Whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg's Life Work Acquired by University of Massachusetts Amherst Materials Include His Prominent Role in the Pentagon Papers, Fight Against Nuclear Weapons"</a>. University of Massachusetts AMherst. Retrieved October 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Massachusetts+AMherst&rft.atitle=Historic+Collection+of+Whistleblower+Daniel+Ellsberg%27s+Life+Work+Acquired+by+University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst+Materials+Include+His+Prominent+Role+in+the+Pentagon+Papers%2C+Fight+Against+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.aulast=Blaguszewski&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2Farticle%2Fhistoric-collection-whistleblower-daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mr_eSX79PIE">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031015707/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr_eSX79PIE&feature=youtu.be">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (September 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr_eSX79PIE">"The Daniel Ellsberg Collection: I. 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Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=PopPolitics%3A+Daniel+Ellsberg+on+a+key+moment+that+didn%27t+make+%27The+Post%27&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2018%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fdaniel-ellsberg-the-post-pentagon-papers-1202679514%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penningtonlibrary.org/boyssaidno/">"Documentary film discussion with director Judith Ehrlich"</a>. Pennington Public Library. March 27, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentary+film+discussion+with+director+Judith+Ehrlich&rft.pub=Pennington+Public+Library&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penningtonlibrary.org%2Fboyssaidno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/movement-and-madman/">"The Movement and the "Madman" | PBS"</a>. PBS. 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Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Movement+and+the+%22Madman%22&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fnuclear-vault-vietnam%2F2023-03-24%2Fmovement-and-madman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentagon_Papers_editions">Pentagon Papers editions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pentagon Papers editions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Official name of the Pentagon Papers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0BuAAAAMAAJ&q=History+of+United+States+Decision-Making+Process+on+Vietnam+Policy,+1945%E2%80%931967">History of United States Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945–1967</a>.</li> <li>The Pentagon Papers as published by the New York Times. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.</li> <li>United States-Vietnam Relations 1945–67, Department of Defense Study, 12 vols., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1971. This is the official and complete edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government after the release by the press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gerstein, Marc S.; Ellsberg, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrppb5Z8ULIC">Flirting with Disaster: Why Accidents Are Rarely Accidental</a>. New York: Union Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5303-9"><bdi>978-1-4027-5303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flirting+with+Disaster%3A+Why+Accidents+Are+Rarely+Accidental&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Union+Square+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5303-9&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft.au=Ellsberg%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrppb5Z8ULIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sheinkin" title="Steve Sheinkin">Sheinkin, Steve</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousdan0000shei">Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59643-952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59643-952-8"><bdi>978-1-59643-952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Most+Dangerous%3A+Daniel+Ellsberg+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59643-952-8&rft.aulast=Sheinkin&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmostdangerousdan0000shei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Solomon" title="Norman Solomon">Solomon, Norman</a> (2007). Made Love, Got War: Close Encounters with America's Warfare State. Sausalito, CA: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9778253-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9778253-4-9"><bdi>978-0-9778253-4-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/148917327">148917327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+Love%2C+Got+War%3A+Close+Encounters+with+America%27s+Warfare+State&rft.place=Sausalito%2C+CA&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F148917327&rft.isbn=978-0-9778253-4-9&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ungar, Sanford J. (1972). The Papers & the Papers: An Account of the Legal and Political Battle over the Pentagon Papers. New York, NY: New York : Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-17455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-17455-4"><bdi>978-0-525-17455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+%26+the+Papers%3A+An+Account+of+the+Legal+and+Political+Battle+over+the+Pentagon+Papers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Dutton&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-525-17455-4&rft.aulast=Ungar&rft.aufirst=Sanford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wright, Ann; Dixon, Susan L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koabooks.com/doc/KoaBooksCatalog.pdf">Dissent: Voices of Conscience</a> (PDF). Kihei, Hawaiʻi: Koa Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9773338-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9773338-4-4"><bdi>978-0-9773338-4-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/144518771">144518771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissent%3A+Voices+of+Conscience&rft.place=Kihei%2C+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.pub=Koa+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144518771&rft.isbn=978-0-9773338-4-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Dixon%2C+Susan+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koabooks.com%2Fdoc%2FKoaBooksCatalog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Daniel_Ellsberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" class="extiw" title="q:Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellsberg.net/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scua.library.umass.edu/ellsberg-daniel/">The Daniel Ellsberg Papers</a> at the UMass Amherst Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?16213">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0255281/">Daniel Ellsberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danielellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a> collection at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-papers">The Pentagon Papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iowaculture.gov/sites/default/files/history-education-pss-wwi-espionageact-transcription.pdf">Espionage Act 1917</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614145630/https://iowaculture.gov/sites/default/files/history-education-pss-wwi-espionageact-transcription.pdf">Archived</a> June 14, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041025003806/http://www.ellsberg.net/truthtellingproject/">The Truth-Telling Project</a> – Project formed by Ellsberg for <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007082157/http://www.rightlivelihood.org///recip/2006/daniel-ellsberg.htm">2006 Right Livelihood Award Recipient Daniel Ellsberg </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7cJG9j0NdY">"The Doomsday Machine | Daniel Ellsberg | Talks at Google"</a>. February 1, 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine+%7C+Daniel+Ellsberg+%7C+Talks+at+Google&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3De7cJG9j0NdY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/M8-eBSkWcnk">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727050628/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8-eBSkWcnk">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8-eBSkWcnk">"On Julian Assange: Marianne Williamson in Conversation with Daniel Ellsberg"</a>. July 26, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Julian+Assange%3A+Marianne+Williamson+in+Conversation+with+Daniel+Ellsberg&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DM8-eBSkWcnk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Ellsberg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&oldid=1272022488">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&oldid=1272022488</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ellsberg&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 January 2025, at 20:37 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="دانيال إلسبيرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دانيال إلسبيرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%88%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ντάνιελ Έλσμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντάνιελ Έλσμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="دانیل السبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانیل السبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC_%EC%97%98%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="대니얼 엘즈버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대니얼 엘즈버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Դանիել Էլսբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դանիել Էլսբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="דניאל אלסברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דניאל אלסברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="دانيال السبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دانيال السبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="ダニエル・エルズバーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダニエル・エルズバーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эллсберг, Даниэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эллсберг, Даниэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A" title="ඩැනියෙල් එල්ස්බර්ග් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩැනියෙල් එල්ස්බර්ග්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Данијел Елсберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Данијел Елсберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Даніель Еллсберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Даніель Еллсберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Daniel Ellsberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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