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href="#Coinage_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coinage gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constans II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_van_Bisantium" title="Constans II van Bisantium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Constans II van Bisantium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II." title="Konstans II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konstans II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A)" title="قسطنطين الثاني (إمبراطور بيزنطي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قسطنطين الثاني (إمبراطور بيزنطي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_II" title="Constant II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Constant II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Konstant" title="II Konstant – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Konstant" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ایکینجی کونستانس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی کونستانس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II" title="Канстант II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстант II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II" title="Констант II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Констант II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_II" title="Constant II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constant II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II." title="Konstans II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstans II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_2." title="Konstans 2. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstans 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II." title="Konstans II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstans II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Constans II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Κώνστας Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κώνστας Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_II" title="Constante II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constante II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanto_la_2-a" title="Konstanto la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstanto la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstante_II.a" title="Konstante II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstante II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="کنستانس دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانس دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_II_H%C3%A9raclius" title="Constant II Héraclius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constant II Héraclius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_II" title="Constante II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constante II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Constans 2-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Constans 2-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8" title="콘스탄스 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄스 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D4%B2" title="Կոստանդ Բ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոստանդ Բ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II." title="Konstans II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konstans II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costante_II" title="Costante II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costante II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קונסטנס השני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונסטנס השני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_II_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კონსტანტი II (ბიზანტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტანტი II (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstas_II" title="Konstas II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Konstas II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constans II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantas_II" title="Konstantas II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstantas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._K%C3%B3nsztasz_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="II. Kónsztasz bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Kónsztasz bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_II_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Констанс II Ираклиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Констанс II Ираклиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%89)" title="قسطنطين التانى (امبراطور بيزنطى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قسطنطين التانى (امبراطور بيزنطى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_Pogonatos" title="Constans II Pogonatos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constans II Pogonatos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="コンスタンス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="قسطن دوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قسطن دوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II_(cesarz_bizanty%C5%84ski)" title="Konstans II (cesarz bizantyński) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstans II (cesarz bizantyński)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_II" title="Constante II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constante II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_al_II-lea_B%C4%83rbosul" title="Constans al II-lea Bărbosul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constans al II-lea Bărbosul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II" title="Констант II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Констант II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstansi_II" title="Konstansi II – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konstansi II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custanti_II" title="Custanti II – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Custanti II" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II." title="Constans II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Constans II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II." title="Konstans II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konstans II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_II_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Констанс II Погонат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Констанс II Погонат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Constans II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="จักรพรรดิคอนสแตนสที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิคอนสแตนสที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Konstans" title="II. Konstans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Konstans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_II" title="Констант II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Констант II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="قونسطانس دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قونسطانس دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦斯二世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="君士坦斯二世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstans_II" title="Konstans II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Konstans II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Western Roman usurper, see <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II (son of Constantine III)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constans II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Constans_II_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Solidus_Constans_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Solidus_Constans_II_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-Solidus_Constans_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Solidus_Constans_II_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">A <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> of Constans II <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 651–3</span> (aged 21–3), wearing a diadem and holding the <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">globus cruciger</a>. The inscription reads <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><abbr title="DOMINUS NOSTER">dn</abbr> constantinus <abbr title="PERPETUUS">pp</abbr> <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">av</abbr></span>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">November 641 – 15 July 668</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 641</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-emperors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Tiberius" class="mw-redirect" title="David Tiberius">David Tiberius</a> (641)<br /><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> (659–681)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a> (659–681)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (654–668)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Heraclius<br />7 November 630<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 668 (aged 37)<br /><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Constantinus <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)">Constantine III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constans II</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κώνστας</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kōnstas</i></span>; 7 November 630 – 15 July 668), also called "<b>the Bearded</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ho Pōgōnãtos</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> from 641 to 668. Constans was the last attested emperor to serve as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>, in 642,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the office continued to exist until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a> (r. 886–912).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His religious policy saw him steering a middle line in disputes between the Orthodoxy and <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> by refusing to persecute either and prohibited discussion of the natures of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Type_of_Constans" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of Constans">Type of Constans</a> in 648. His reign coincided with Muslim invasions under, Umar, Uthman, and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> in the late 640s to 660s. Constans was the first emperor to visit Rome since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476, and the last one to visit Rome while the Empire still held it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_early_career">Origins and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constans was born on 7 November 630 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the Byzantine capital, to <a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)">Constantine III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine was a son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, while his mother Gregoria was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_(cousin_of_Heraclius)" title="Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)">Nicetas</a>, a first cousin of Heraclius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889vi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889vi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heraclius died in February 641 and was succeeded by Constantine III and <a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a>, his younger half-brother through Heraclius' second marriage to <a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a>. Constans was most likely elevated to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>caesar</i></a> by his father to ease his succession to the throne against Martina and her sons.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine died suddenly after three months of rule, leaving the 15-year old Heraclonas as senior emperor. </p><p>In September 641, the 10-year old Constans II was crowned co-emperor due to rumors that Heraclonas and Martina poisoned Constantine III. Later that same year, on or around 5 November, Heraclonas was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(usurper)" title="Valentinus (usurper)">Valentinus</a>, one of Heraclius’ most trusted generals, and Constans II was left as sole emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constans owed his rise to the throne to a popular reaction against his uncle and to the protection of the soldiers led by Valentinus. Although the precocious emperor addressed the senate with a speech blaming Heraclonas and Martina for eliminating his father, he reigned under a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> of senators led by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Paul_II_of_Constantinople" title="Paul II of Constantinople">Paul II of Constantinople</a>. In 644, Valentinus attempted to seize power for himself, but failed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_as_emperor">Reign as emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign as emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_around_650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/350px-Europe_around_650.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/525px-Europe_around_650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/700px-Europe_around_650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine Empire in 650 under Constans II</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Constans, the Byzantines completely withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> in 642, and the third <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656</span>) launched numerous attacks on the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Seas</a>. A Byzantine fleet under the admiral Manuel occupied <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> again in 645, and the Alexandrians hailed him as a liberator, since the caliphate levied heavier taxes and showed less respect for their religion. However, Manuel squandered his time and popularity in plundering the countryside, and eventually the Arab army managed to force him to embark for home.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was complicated by the violent opposition to <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> by the clergy in the west and the related rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Carthage">Exarch of Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Patrician" title="Gregory the Patrician">Gregory the Patrician</a>. The latter fell in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">battle</a> against the army of caliph Uthman, and the region remained a vassal state under the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> until <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">civil war</a> broke out and imperial rule was again restored. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:44-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/44-manasses-chronicle.jpg/220px-44-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/44-manasses-chronicle.jpg/330px-44-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/44-manasses-chronicle.jpg/440px-44-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="3242" /></a><figcaption>Torture of <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a> under the orders of emperor Constans II, miniature from the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Manasses" title="Constantine Manasses">Manasses Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure><p> Constans attempted to steer a middle line in the church dispute between Orthodoxy and Monothelitism by refusing to persecute either and prohibiting further discussion of the natures of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> by decree in 648 (the <a href="/wiki/Type_of_Constans" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of Constans">Type of Constans</a>). 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: 20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#FFF; background:#b80049;"><a href="/wiki/Heraclian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian dynasty"><span style="color:white">Heraclian dynasty</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></b> <div style="float: right;">610–641</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III (Heraclius)</a> <div style="float: right;">613–641</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></b> <div style="float: right;">641</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> <div style="float: right;">641</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></b> <div style="float: right;">641</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius (David)</a> <div style="float: right;">641</div></li> <li>with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constans II</a> <div style="float: right;">641</div></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constans II</a></b> <div style="float: right;">641–668</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> <div style="float: right;">654–668</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> <div style="float: right;">659–668</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a> <div style="float: right;">659–668</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></b> <div style="float: right;">668–685</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> <div style="float: right;">668–681</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a> <div style="float: right;">668–681</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></b> <div style="float: right;">685–695</div></li> <li><div style="float: right;">705–711</div><br /></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a> <div style="float: right;">706–711</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;;text-align: center;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Preceded by<br /><a href="/wiki/Justinian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian dynasty">Justinian dynasty</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></td><td> Followed by<br /><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraclian_dynasty" title="Template:Heraclian dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraclian_dynasty" title="Template talk:Heraclian dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraclian_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraclian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Meanwhile, the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> continued unabated. In 647 they entered <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> and sacked <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mazaca">Caesarea Mazaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199245_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199245-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, they raided Africa and killed Gregory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle198147_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle198147-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 648, the Arabs raided into <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, and in 649 they launched their first maritime expedition against <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. A major Arab offensive into <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a> in 650–651 forced the Emperor to enter into negotiations with Caliph Uthman's governor of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 656–661</span>), who later reigned as the first <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> caliph. The truce that followed allowed a short respite and made it possible for Constans to hold on to the western portions of Armenia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg/220px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg/330px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg/440px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-Battle_of_Dh%C4%81t_al-%E1%B9%A2aw%C4%81r%C4%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>The Roman fleet engaging the Arabs at the Battle of the Masts off the Lycian coast</figcaption></figure> <p>In 654, however, Mu'awiya renewed his raids by sea, plundering <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. Constans led a fleet to attack the Muslims at <a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoinike</a> (off <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>) in 655 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a>, but he was defeated: 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and the Emperor himself was almost killed. The sea battle was so devastating that the emperor escaped only by trading clothes with one of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the battle, chronicler <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> says, the Emperor dreamed of being at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>; this dream predicted his defeat against the Arabs because the word Thessalonika is similar to the sentence "thes allo niken", which means "gave victory to another (the enemy)".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caliph Uthman was preparing to attack <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, but he did not carry out the plan, as the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">first Fitna</a> broke out in 656. </p><p>In 658, with the eastern frontier under less pressure, Constans defeated the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, temporarily reasserting some notion of Byzantine rule over them and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs" title="Asia Minor Slavs">resettled some of them in Anatolia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 649</span> or 667). In 659 he campaigned far to the east, taking advantage of a rebellion against the Caliphate in <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>. The same year he concluded peace with the Arabs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_I_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>By order of Constans II, the exarch of Ravenna Theodore Calliopas (right) arrests Pope Martin I in Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p>Now Constans could turn to church matters once again. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Pope Martin I</a> had condemned both <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> and Constans' attempt to halt debates over it in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Council_of_649" title="Lateran Council of 649">Lateran Council of 649</a>. The Emperor ordered the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a> to arrest the Pope. Exarch <a href="/wiki/Olympius_(exarch)" title="Olympius (exarch)">Olympius</a> excused himself from this task, but his successor, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Calliopas" title="Theodore I Calliopas">Theodore I Calliopas</a>, carried it out in 653. Pope Martin was brought to Constantinople and condemned as a criminal, ultimately being exiled to <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesus Taurica">Cherson</a>, where he died in 655. </p><p>Constans grew increasingly fearful that his younger brother, Theodosius, could oust him from the throne; he therefore obliged Theodosius to take holy orders and later had him killed in 660. Constans' sons Constantine, Heraclius, and Tiberius had been associated on the throne since the 650s. However, having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decided to leave the capital and to move to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </p><p>On his way, he stopped in Macedonia and fought the Slavs at Thessalonica with success. Then, in the winter of 662–663, he made his camp at Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From there, in 663, he continued to Italy. He launched an assault against the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>, which then encompassed most of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_I_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimoald I of Benevento">Grimoald I of Benevento</a> was engaged against Frankish forces from <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a>, Constans disembarked at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> and besieged <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>. However, the latter resisted and Constans withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. During the journey from Benevento to Naples, Constans II was defeated by Mitolas, Count of Capua, near Pugna. Constans ordered <a href="/wiki/Saburrus" title="Saburrus">Saburrus</a>, the commander of his army, to attack the Lombards again, but <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Forino" class="extiw" title="it:Battaglia di Forino">he was defeated</a> by the Beneventani at <a href="/wiki/Forino" title="Forino">Forino</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>. </p><p>In 663 Constans visited <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> for twelve days—the first emperor since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 and, along with <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a>, one of only two Eastern Roman emperors since the division of the Roman empire in 395 to set foot in Rome—and was received with great honor by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Pope Vitalian</a> (657–672). Although on friendly terms with Vitalian, he stripped buildings (including the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>) of their ornaments and bronze to be carried back to Constantinople, and in 666 declared the Pope to have no jurisdiction over the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Ravenna">Archbishop of Ravenna</a>, since that city was the seat of the Exarch, his immediate representative. His subsequent moves in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> were marked by further strippings and request of tributes that enraged his Italian subjects. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Warren Treadgold</a>, the first <i><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a></i> were created between 659 and 661, during the reign of Constans II.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/John_Haldon" title="John Haldon">John Haldon</a> states that this idea is not supported by a "a shred of evidence", although redistribution of the armies across the Anatolian provinces did take place, and likely resulted in administrative changes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG/220px-La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG/330px-La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG/440px-La_morte_di_Costante_II.PNG 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>The death of Constans II from the book <i>Hutchinson's History of the Nations</i> (c. 1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 July 668,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was <a href="/wiki/Assassinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinate">assassinated</a> in his bath by his <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a>, either killed with a <a href="/wiki/Bucket" title="Bucket">bucket</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or stabbed with a knife.<sup id="cite_ref-odb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Constantine succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>. A brief usurpation in Sicily by <a href="/wiki/Mezezius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezezius">Mezezius</a> was quickly suppressed by the new emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments_and_legacy">Assessments and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assessments and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg/220px-Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg/330px-Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg/440px-Illustration_of_Byzantine_embassy_to_Tang_Taizong_643_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>643 CE in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>. Meeting of the ambassadors of Constans II with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Taizong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tang_china" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang china">Tang China</a>. The subject of negotiations was cargo delays on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> due to tribal conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, which was responsible for the safety of goods on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. To restore order, Taizong supported the election of the head of the khaganate to <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis</a> and it was necessary to inform the authorities of the Byzantium Empire, which was the main recipient of the goods. Illustration from the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland" title="Robert G. Hoyland">Robert Hoyland</a> asserts that Mu'awiya was a significant Islamic challenge for Constans to "deny [the divinity of] Jesus and turn to the Great God who I worship, the God of our father Abraham" and speculates that Mu'awiya's tour of Christian sites in Jerusalem was done to demonstrate "the fact that he, and not the Byzantine emperor, was now God's representative on earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland2015135–136,_266_n._30._36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland2015135–136,_266_n._30.-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_in_Chinese_sources">Record in Chinese sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Record in Chinese sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans in Medieval China</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-four_Histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-four Histories">Chinese dynastic histories</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> mention <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7221%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷221下">several embassies made by <i>Fu lin</i></a> (拂菻), which they equated with <a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are recorded as having begun in the year 643 with an embassy sent by the king <i>Boduoli</i> (波多力, Constans II Pogonatos) to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a>, bearing gifts such as <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">red</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">glass</a> and green <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other contacts are reported taking place in 667, 701, and perhaps 719, sometimes through Central Asian intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Inge Mutsaers isn't mentioned in the summary of this source (January 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These histories also record that <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">the Arabs</a> (<i>Da shi</i> 大食) sent their commander "Mo-yi" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 摩拽伐之, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Mó zhuāi fá zhī</i>), to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">besiege the Byzantine capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and forced the Byzantines to pay them tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Arab commander "Mo-yi" was identified by historian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirth" title="Friedrich Hirth">Friedrich Hirth</a> as <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a> (r. 661–680), the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria#Medieval_era" title="History of Syria">governor of Syria</a> before becoming the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same books also described Constantinople in some detail as having <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">massive granite walls</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> mounted with a golden statue of man.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a>, writing during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (r. 610–641), relayed information about <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">China's geography</a>, its capital city <i>Khubdan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <i>Khumdan</i>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>), its current ruler <i>Taisson</i> whose name meant "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of God</a>" (Chinese: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperor"><i>Tianzi</i></a>), and correctly pointed to its reunification by the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618) as occurring during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a>, noting that China had previously been divided politically along the <a href="/wiki/Yangzi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi River">Yangzi River</a> by <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern dynasties">two warring nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By his wife <a href="/wiki/Fausta,_wife_of_Constans_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fausta, wife of Constans II">Fausta</a>, a daughter of the patrician Valentinus, Constans II had three sons: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>, who succeeded him as Emperor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a>, co-emperor from 659 to 681</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>, co-emperor from 659 to 681</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage_gallery">Coinage gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coinage gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Solidus of Constans II, c. 642 (aged 12)[f]"><img alt="Solidus of Constans II, c. 642 (aged 12)[f]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png/160px-Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png/240px-Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png/320px-Solidus_of_Heraclonas.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a> of Constans II, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 642 (aged 12)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constans_II,_AD_647_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solidus minted c. 647 (aged 17)"><img alt="Solidus minted c. 647 (aged 17)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Solidus_of_Constans_II%2C_AD_647_%28obverse%29.jpg/156px-Solidus_of_Constans_II%2C_AD_647_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Solidus_of_Constans_II%2C_AD_647_%28obverse%29.jpg/234px-Solidus_of_Constans_II%2C_AD_647_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Solidus_of_Constans_II%2C_AD_647_%28obverse%29.jpg/313px-Solidus_of_Constans_II%2C_AD_647_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Solidus minted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 647 (aged 17)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constans_II_641-678,_Karthago,_652-653,_AV_4.37_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A solidus minted in Carthage, 652 (aged 22)"><img alt="A solidus minted in Carthage, 652 (aged 22)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Constans_II_641-678%2C_Karthago%2C_652-653%2C_AV_4.37_g.jpg/160px-Constans_II_641-678%2C_Karthago%2C_652-653%2C_AV_4.37_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Constans_II_641-678%2C_Karthago%2C_652-653%2C_AV_4.37_g.jpg/240px-Constans_II_641-678%2C_Karthago%2C_652-653%2C_AV_4.37_g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Constans_II_641-678%2C_Karthago%2C_652-653%2C_AV_4.37_g.jpg/320px-Constans_II_641-678%2C_Karthago%2C_652-653%2C_AV_4.37_g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A solidus minted in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, 652 (aged 22)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constans_II_and_sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solidus minted c. 662 (aged 32) depicting Constans alongside his sons and co-emperors"><img alt="Solidus minted c. 662 (aged 32) depicting Constans alongside his sons and co-emperors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Constans_II_and_sons.jpg/160px-Constans_II_and_sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Constans_II_and_sons.jpg/240px-Constans_II_and_sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Constans_II_and_sons.jpg/320px-Constans_II_and_sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Solidus minted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 662 (aged 32) depicting Constans alongside his sons and co-emperors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of the Rashidun Caliphate with Constans II, c. 647–670"><img alt="Coin of the Rashidun Caliphate with Constans II, c. 647–670" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg/160px-Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg/240px-Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg/320px-Rashidun_coin_Pseudo-Byzantine_types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> with Constans II, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 647–670</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Constans II</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclius I">Heraclius I</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Epiphania</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)">Constantine III</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Rogas</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Constans II</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="16" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. Gregoras (brother of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_the_Elder" title="Heraclius the Elder">Heraclius the Elder</a>)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_(cousin_of_Heraclius)" title="Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)">Niketas</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">List of Byzantine emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recorded under the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> form and word order as <i>Ogostos Kostandin</i> in <a href="/wiki/Movses_Kaghankatvatsi" title="Movses Kaghankatvatsi">Movses Kaghankatvatsi</a> II.20, where an Armenian translation of a letter from this emperor appears. The words <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Constantinus Avg</span> were also used on his solidi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Byzantines themselves did not use regnal numbers, which are instead applied to the emperors by modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constans II is most commonly enumerated after <a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 337–340), but has also sometimes been enumerated as <b>Constans III</b>, also counting the co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 409–411).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiermann2009537_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiermann2009537-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Constans" is a nickname given to the Emperor, who had been baptized <b>Heraclius</b> (<i>Herakleios</i>) and reigned officially as "Constantine". The nickname established itself in Byzantine texts and has become standard in modern historiography. It was apparently well known during his lifetime, as <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> sometimes called himself "Constantinos Constantos", i.e. "Constantine, son of Constans".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor has also rarely been designated <b>Constantine III</b>, a name typically reserved for his father <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Heraclius Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources call him "<a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Bearded" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine the Bearded">Constantine the Bearded</a>". The nickname was previously attributed to his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>, who was known by his contemporaries as "Constantine the Younger".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His inauguration as consul is sometimes dated to 632, but this is likely a mistake, as the consular inauguration was usually celebrated on January of the first regnal year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Byzantine_World" title="Prosopography of the Byzantine World">PBW</a>, date the deposition of Heraclonas on 9 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ14839html_Konstans_II._(#3691/corr.)]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ14839html_Konstans_II._(#3691/corr.)]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date is unsourced and unexplained, but it's probably a mistake for 5 November.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This type is sometimes mistaken for Heraclonas.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200593–94_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss2005">Foss 2005</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiermann2009537-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiermann2009537_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiermann2009">Biermann 2009</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoosa2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoosa2008">Moosa 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiddowson2009">Widdowson 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaurent1939" class="citation journal cs1">Laurent, V. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1939_num_38_195_2941">"Notes de titulature byzantine"</a>. <i>Échos d'Orient</i>. <b>38</b> (195–196): 355–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1939.2941">10.3406/rebyz.1939.2941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89chos+d%27Orient&rft.atitle=Notes+de+titulature+byzantine&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=195%E2%80%93196&rft.pages=355-370&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1939.2941&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frebyz_1146-9447_1939_num_38_195_2941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF_Academia_Republicii_Populare_Romîne_1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Academia_Republicii_Populare_Rom%C3%AEne" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Republicii Populare Romîne">Academia Republicii Populare Romîne </a>, ed. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2M9BAAAAYAAJ"><i>Revue roumaine d'histoire: Volume 20</i></a>. Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie. p. 626.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revue+roumaine+d%27histoire%3A+Volume+20&rft.pages=626&rft.pub=Editions+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+socialiste+de+Roumanie&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2M9BAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick1908" class="citation book cs1">Warwick, Wroth (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEoLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184"><i>Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum</i></a>. Longman. pp. v, 184, 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87507-093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87507-093-8"><bdi>978-5-87507-093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Imperial+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+British+Museum&rft.pages=v%2C+184%2C+255&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-5-87507-093-8&rft.aulast=Warwick&rft.aufirst=Wroth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqEoLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grumel, Venance (1996). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169223">Quel est l'empereur Constantin le nouveau commémoré dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?</a>." <i>Analecta Bollandiana</i> <b>84</b>: 254–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahi̇d, I. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291324">The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i> <b>26</b>: 293–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron, A., & Schauer, D. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299119">The Last Consul: Basilius and His Diptych</a>. <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i> <b>72</b>: 126–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendy2008" class="citation book cs1">Hendy, Michael F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcLLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193"><i>Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316582275" title="Special:BookSources/9781316582275"><bdi>9781316582275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Byzantine+Monetary+Economy&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781316582275&rft.aulast=Hendy&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcLLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzman2021" class="citation book cs1">Salzman, Michele R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGhZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA310"><i>The Falls of Rome</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107111424" title="Special:BookSources/9781107111424"><bdi>9781107111424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falls+of+Rome&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781107111424&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Michele+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGhZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2018" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Meredith (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107053076" title="Special:BookSources/9781107053076"><bdi>9781107053076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+VI+and+the+Transformation+of+Byzantine+Christian+Identity&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107053076&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jJlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1968402_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1968">Grierson 1968</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889vi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889vi_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuckerman, Constantin (2010): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/2481312/">On the title and the office of the Byzantine basileus</a>." <i>Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance</i> <b>16</b>: pp. 869–874. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ14839html_Konstans_II._(#3691/corr.)]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ14839html_Konstans_II._(#3691/corr.)]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ14839/html">Konstans II. (#3691/corr.)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1990" class="citation journal cs1">Treadgold, Warren (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/byzs.1990.83.2.431/html">"A Note on Byzantium's Year of the Four Emperors (641)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i>. <b>83</b> (2): 431–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431">10.1515/byzs.1990.83.2.431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194092611">194092611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Byzantium%27s+Year+of+the+Four+Emperors+%28641%29&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=431-433&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194092611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fbyzs.1990.83.2.431%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold, Warren. (1997). <i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199245-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199245_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1992">Browning 1992</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle198147-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle198147_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1981">Pringle 1981</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2010" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Judith M. (20 January 2010). <i>Medieval Europe: a short history</i> (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073385501" title="Special:BookSources/9780073385501"><bdi>9780073385501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe%3A+a+short+history&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.isbn=9780073385501&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"θὲς ἄλλῳ νὶκην", see Bury, John Bagnell (1889), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dAJrLB8xh4C&pg=PA290">A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene</a></i>, Adamant Media Corporation, 2005, p.290. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-8368-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-8368-2">1-4021-8368-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheetham, Nicolas. <i>Mediaeval Greece</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold, Warren. <i>Byzantium and Its Army: 284–1081</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. pp. 23-25, 72-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldon2016" class="citation book cs1">Haldon, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674969193/html"><i>The Empire That Would Not Die: The Paradox of Eastern Roman Survival, 640–740</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674969193">10.4159/9780674969193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08877-1"><bdi>978-0-674-08877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+That+Would+Not+Die%3A+The+Paradox+of+Eastern+Roman+Survival%2C+640%E2%80%93740&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674969193&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08877-1&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674969193%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1962" class="citation journal cs1">Grierson, Philip (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n70/mode/1up">"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i>. <b>16</b>: 49–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291157">10.2307/1291157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291157">1291157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Tombs+and+Obits+of+the+Byzantine+Emperors+%28337%E2%80%931042%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291157%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSevcenkoStudies19611992%2Fpage%2Fn70%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophanes_the_Confessor1997" class="citation book cs1">Theophanes the Confessor (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34704963"><i>The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284-813</i></a>. Cyril A. Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822568-7"><bdi>0-19-822568-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34704963">34704963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Theophanes+Confessor%3A+Byzantine+and+Near+Eastern+History%2C+AD+284-813&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34704963&rft.isbn=0-19-822568-7&rft.au=Theophanes+the+Confessor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34704963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odb-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odb_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">ODB</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/496/mode/2up?view=theater">Constans II</a>", p. 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft"><i>Hutchinson's Story of the Nations</i></a>. London: Hutchinson & Co. n.d. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hutchinson%27s+Story+of+the+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhutchinsonsstory00londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland2015135–136,_266_n._30.-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland2015135–136,_266_n._30._36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyland2015">Hoyland 2015</a>, p. 135–136, 266 n. 30..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halsall_2000-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirth,_Friedrich2000" class="citation web cs1">Hirth, Friedrich (2000) [1885]. Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910050947/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."</a> <i>Fordham.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kraków: Institute of Archaeology University of Rzeszów. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8376760087" title="Special:BookSources/978-8376760087"><bdi>978-8376760087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Coin+Finds+from+the+6th+to+the+8th+Century+Between+Elbe+and+Oder+and+their+Meaning+for+Settlement+History&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Coins+in+Central+Europe+between+the+5th+and+10th+Century&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology+University+of+Rzesz%C3%B3w&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8376760087&rft.aulast=Biermann&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1992). <i>The Byzantine Empire</i>. 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Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88-141056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88-141056-3"><bdi>978-0-88-141056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88-141056-3&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa2008" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463211158-003/html">"Islam and Christianity: Jihad and Holy War"</a>. <i>The Crusades: Conflict Between Christendom and Islam</i>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 33–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463211158-003">10.31826/9781463211158-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463211158" title="Special:BookSources/978-1463211158"><bdi>978-1463211158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Christianity%3A+Jihad+and+Holy+War&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+Conflict+Between+Christendom+and+Islam&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pages=33-54&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463211158-003&rft.isbn=978-1463211158&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463211158-003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, Denys</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DIjAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest: An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces in the Sixth and Seventh Century</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86054-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86054-119-3"><bdi>0-86054-119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+Byzantine+Africa+from+Justinian+to+the+Arab+Conquest%3A+An+Account+of+the+Military+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+African+Provinces+in+the+Sixth+and+Seventh+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86054-119-3&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DIjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddowson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Widdowson, Marc (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592310903026977">"The early Christian insurgency in Islamic Spain"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>20</b> (3–4): 478–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592310903026977">10.1080/09592310903026977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144989232">144989232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=The+early+Christian+insurgency+in+Islamic+Spain&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=478-506&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592310903026977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144989232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Widdowson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592310903026977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zuckerman" title="Constantin Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Constantin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2481312">"On the title and the office of the Byzantine basileus"</a>. <i>Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance</i>. <b>16</b>: 865–890. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0577-1471">0577-1471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travaux+et+M%C3%A9moires+du+Centre+de+recherche+d%27Histoire+et+Civilisation+de+Byzance&rft.atitle=On+the+title+and+the+office+of+the+Byzantine+basileus&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=865-890&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0577-1471&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2481312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). "Konstans II". <i>Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt</i> (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Konstans+II&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit+Online.+Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften.+Nach+Vorarbeiten+F.+Winkelmanns+erstellt&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pratsch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zielke%2C+Beate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstans+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, <i>Historia Langobardorum</i>, Book V</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Constans II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 7 November 630</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 15 July 668</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> </b><br />641–668<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/David_Tiberius" class="mw-redirect" title="David Tiberius">David Tiberius</a></i> <i> (641)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></i> <i> (654–685)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> <i> (659–681)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i> <i> (659–681)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclius Augustus</a> in 639 </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls#Roman_consuls_of_the_East_alone_(541–887)" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />642 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantinus Augustus</a> in 668 </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41613#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124745938">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2010016663">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12001839x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12001839x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4774943">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810559964605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/32471">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012427450805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124745938.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124745938">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/109248430">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&oldid=1260056957">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constans_II&oldid=1260056957</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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