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Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Romanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyrrhic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrrhic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Pyrrhic War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrrhic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Punic Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Roman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Unemployment rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_and_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_and_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure and transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure_and_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure and transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_and_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motorways_and_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways_and_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Motorways and rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways_and_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_and_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_and_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Shipping and ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_and_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Air travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Bridges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Planned bridge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sister_jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sister jurisdictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Language </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Calabria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabri%C3%AB" title="Kalabrië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalabrië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrien" title="Kalabrien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kalabrien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8B%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ካላብሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካላብሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قلورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A2bra" title="Calâbra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Calâbra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabriya" title="Kalabriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalabriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Калабрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калабрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Калябрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калябрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калабрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калабрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalabrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A0bria" title="Calàbria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calàbria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Калабриа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калабриа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A1brie" title="Kalábrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalábrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabrien" title="Calabrien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Calabrien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrien" title="Kalabrien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalabrien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Καλαβρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλαβρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrio" title="Kalabrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalabrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کالابریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالابریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabre" title="Calabre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calabre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaabrje" title="Kalaabrje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kalaabrje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabrie" title="Calabrie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Calabrie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="칼라브리아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼라브리아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կալաբրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալաբրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कालाब्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कालाब्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalabrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabria" title="Kalabria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalabria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калабри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калабри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabr%C3%ADa" title="Kalabría – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalabría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="קלבריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלבריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კალაბრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალაბრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калабрия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калабрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabri" title="Kalabri – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kalabri" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabriya" title="Kalabriya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kalabriya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калабрия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калабрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabria" title="Kalabria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kalabria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttium" title="Bruttium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bruttium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalabrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrien" title="Kalabrien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kalabrien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalabrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabri%C3%AB" title="Calabrië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Calabrië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Калабрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калабрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaparia" title="Karaparia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Karaparia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कालाब्रिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कालाब्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კალაბრია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალაბრია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كالابريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كالابريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کالابریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کالابریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabri%C3%AB" title="Calabrië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calabrië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="カラブリア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラブリア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavria" title="Calavria – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Calavria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калабри – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Калабри" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaabrien" title="Kalaabrien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kalaabrien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A0bria" title="Calàbria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calàbria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabriya" title="Kalabriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalabriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਕਾਲਾਬਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲਾਬਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صوبہ کالابریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبہ کالابریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabre" title="Calabre – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Calabre" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabria" title="Kalabria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalabria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A1bria" title="Calábria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calábria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabriya" title="Kalabriya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kalabriya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Калабрія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Калабрія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калабрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калабрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabrie" title="Calabrie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Calabrie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabria" title="Kalabria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalabria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabbria" title="Calabbria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Calabbria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A1bria" title="Kalábria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalábria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalabrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کالابریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالابریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Калабрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калабрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalabrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabrien" title="Kalabrien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalabrien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கலபிரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலபிரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavrie" title="Calavrie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Calavrie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калабрия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калабрия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แคว้นคาลาเบรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นคาลาเบรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калабрия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калабрия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Калабрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калабрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کلابریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلابریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C5%82%C3%A0bria" title="Całàbria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Całàbria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabri%C3%AB" title="Calabrië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Calabrië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Calabria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="卡拉布里亚大区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡拉布里亚大区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="卡拉布利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡拉布利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabriya" title="Kalabriya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kalabriya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="卡拉布里亚大区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡拉布里亚大区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calabria&params=39.0_N_16.5_E_type:adm1st_region:IT-78">39°00′N 16°30′E / 39.0°N 16.5°E / 39.0; 16.5</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Calabria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calabria (disambiguation)">Calabria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Calabria</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Καλαβρία (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Calabria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Calabria"><img alt="Flag of Calabria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/100px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/150px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/200px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Calabria" title="Flag of Calabria">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Calabria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Calabria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="653" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Calabria_in_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Calabria_in_Italy.svg/250px-Calabria_in_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Calabria_in_Italy.svg/375px-Calabria_in_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Calabria_in_Italy.svg/500px-Calabria_in_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Calabria&params=39.0_N_16.5_E_type:adm1st_region:IT-78">39°00′N 16°30′E / 39.0°N 16.5°E / 39.0; 16.5</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Occhiuto" title="Roberto Occhiuto">Roberto Occhiuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,222 km2 (5,877 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (1 January 2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,877,527</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">120/km2 (320/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: <a href="/wiki/Calabrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrians">Calabrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Calabrese</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€32.787 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166 code">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IT-78</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.848<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Italian regions by Human Development Index">20th of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Italy" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ITF</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.calabria.it/">www.regione.calabria.it</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Calabria<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. It is a peninsula bordered by <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a> to the southwest, which separates it from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> to the west. It has almost 2 million residents across a total area of 15,222 km2 (5,877 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> is the region's capital. Calabria is the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">name of Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> given to it by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> who settled in this land starting from the <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th century BC</a>. They established the first cities, mainly on the coast, as <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a> and during this period Calabria became the home of key figures in history such as <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo</a>. In Roman times, it was part of the Regio III Lucania et Bruttii, a region of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Augustan Italy</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>, it became and remained for five centuries a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> dominion, fully recovering its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek</a> character. <a href="/wiki/Cenobitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenobitism">Cenobitism</a> flourished, with the rise throughout the peninsula of numerous churches, hermitages and monasteries in which <a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian monks</a> were dedicated to transcription. The Byzantines introduced the art of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> in Calabria and made it the main silk production area in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. In the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest</a> started a slow process of Latinization. In Calabria there are three historical ethnolinguistics minorities: the <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Grecanici</a>, speaking <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Occitans" title="Occitans">Occitans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Piemontese" title="Guardia Piemontese">Guardia Piemontese</a>. This extraordinary linguistic diversity makes the region an object of study for linguists from all over the world. Calabria is famous for its crystal clear sea waters and is dotted with ancient villages, castles and archaeological parks. Three national parks are found in the region: the <a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">Pollino National Park</a> (which is the largest in Italy), the <a href="/wiki/Sila_National_Park" title="Sila National Park">Sila National Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte_National_Park" title="Aspromonte National Park">Aspromonte National Park</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Starting in the third century BC, the name Calabria was originally given to the Adriatic coast of the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> peninsula in modern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Italic_People_of_Ancient_Apulia:_New_Evidence_from_Pottery_for_Workshops_..._-_Google_Books-8">[7]</a> In the late first century BC this name came to extend to the entirety of the Salento, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> divided Italy into regions. The whole region of Apulia received the name Regio II Apulia et Calabria. By this time modern Calabria was still known as Bruttium, after the <a href="/wiki/Bruttians" title="Bruttians">Bruttians</a> who inhabited the region. Later in the seventh century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> created the Duchy of Calabria from the Salento and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a> part of Bruttium. Even though the Calabrian part of the duchy was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> during the eighth and ninth centuries AD, the Byzantines continued to use the name Calabria for their remaining territory in Bruttium.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Originally the Greeks used Italoi to indicate the native population of modern Calabria, which according to some ancient Greek writers was derived from a legendary king of the Oenotri, <a href="/wiki/Italus" title="Italus">Italus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Over time the Greeks started to use Italoi for the rest of the southern Italian peninsula as well. After the Roman conquest of the region, the name was used for the entire Italian peninsula and eventually the Alpine region too.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-dantemass.org-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliff_at_Tropea,_Italy,_Sep_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cliff_at_Tropea%2C_Italy%2C_Sep_2005.jpg/220px-Cliff_at_Tropea%2C_Italy%2C_Sep_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cliff_at_Tropea%2C_Italy%2C_Sep_2005.jpg/330px-Cliff_at_Tropea%2C_Italy%2C_Sep_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cliff_at_Tropea%2C_Italy%2C_Sep_2005.jpg/440px-Cliff_at_Tropea%2C_Italy%2C_Sep_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Cliff at <a href="/wiki/Tropea" title="Tropea">Tropea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Pollino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mont_Pollino.JPG/220px-Mont_Pollino.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mont_Pollino.JPG/330px-Mont_Pollino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mont_Pollino.JPG/440px-Mont_Pollino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">Pollino National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITALY_SILA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ITALY_SILA2.jpg/220px-ITALY_SILA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ITALY_SILA2.jpg/330px-ITALY_SILA2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ITALY_SILA2.jpg/440px-ITALY_SILA2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">La Sila</a> National Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg/220px-Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg/330px-Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg/440px-Calabria_NASA_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Calabria in a photo from the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> The region is generally known as the "toe" of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, and is a long and narrow peninsula which stretches from north to south for 248 km (154 mi), with a maximum width of 110 km (68 mi). Some 42% of Calabria's area, corresponding to 15,080 km2, is mountainous, 49% is hilly, while plains occupy only 9% of the region's territory. It is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> seas. It is separated from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, where the narrowest point between <a href="/wiki/Capo_Peloro" class="mw-redirect" title="Capo Peloro">Capo Peloro</a> in Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Punta_Pezzo" title="Punta Pezzo">Punta Pezzo</a> in Calabria is only 3.2 km (2 mi). Three mountain ranges are present: <a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Pollino</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">La Sila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a>, each with its own flora and fauna. The <a href="/wiki/Pollino_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollino Mountains">Pollino Mountains</a> in the north of the region are rugged and form a natural barrier separating Calabria from the rest of Italy. Parts of the area are heavily wooded, while others are vast, wind-swept plateaus with little vegetation. These mountains are home to a rare <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Pine">Bosnian Pine</a> variety and are included in the <a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">Pollino National Park</a>, which is the largest national park in Italy, covering 1,925.65 square kilometres. <a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">La Sila</a>, which has been referred to as the "Great Wood of Italy",<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> is a vast mountainous plateau about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a> and stretches for nearly 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi) along the central part of Calabria. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Botte_Donato" title="Botte Donato">Botte Donato</a>, which reaches 1,928 m (6,325 ft). The area boasts numerous lakes and dense coniferous forests. La Sila also has some of the tallest trees in Italy which are called the "Giants of the Sila" and can reach up to 40 m (130 ft) in height.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The Sila National Park is also known to have the purest air in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> massif forms the southernmost tip of the Italian peninsula bordered by the sea on three sides. This unique mountainous structure reaches its highest point at Montalto, at 1,995 m (6,545 ft), and is full of wide, man-made terraces that slope down toward the sea. Most of the lower terrain in Calabria has been agricultural for centuries, and exhibits indigenous scrubland as well as introduced plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Prickly_pear_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prickly pear cactus">prickly pear cactus</a>. The lowest slopes are rich in vineyards and orchards of citrus fruit, including the <a href="/wiki/Diamante_citron" title="Diamante citron">Diamante citron</a>. Further up, olives and chestnut trees appear while in the higher regions there are often dense forests of oak, pine, beech and fir trees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Calabria's climate is influenced by the sea and mountains. The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> is typical of the coastal areas with considerable differences in temperature and rainfall between the seasons, with an average low of 8 °C (46 °F) during the winter months and an average high of 30 °C (86 °F) during the summer months. Mountain areas have a typical mountainous climate with frequent snow during winter. The erratic behavior of the Tyrrhenian Sea can bring heavy rainfall on the western slopes of the region, while hot air from Africa makes the east coast of Calabria dry and warm. The mountains that run along the region also influence the climate and temperature of the region. The east coast is much warmer and has wider temperature ranges than the west coast. The geography of the region causes more rain to fall along the west coast than that of the east coast, which occurs mainly during winter and autumn and less during the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Below are the two extremes of climate in Calabria, the warm mediterranean subtype on the coastline and the highland climate of Monte Scuro. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Reggio Calabria (1971–2000 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #D90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.2 (111.6) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4 (108.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #D90000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.2 (111.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.3 (65.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.1 (57.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">-0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">-0.0 (32.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.6 (2.74) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.5 (2.42) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7 (2.00) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4 (1.59) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (0.78) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (0.43) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (0.28) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (0.47) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.5 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7 (3.22) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3 (2.89) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">546.8 (21.54) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Servizio Meteorologico</a> (1971–2000 data)<a href="#cite_note-seme1-27">[26]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Monte Scuro (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971-2020); 1671 m asl </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.9 (51.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">-0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.2 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4 (7.9) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6 (14.7) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.2 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.2 (6.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.2 (3.39) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.7 (3.81) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3 (2.89) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.6 (2.46) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9 (2.00) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (1.11) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (0.91) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (1.19) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.6 (4.00) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.8 (4.24) </td> <td style="background: #66FF66; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.1 (4.02) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">815.4 (32.10) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.67 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.17 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.83 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.83 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.13 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.57 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.00 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.57 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.57 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.23 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.57 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93.94 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.43 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.58 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.50 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.93 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.74 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.72 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.32 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.42 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.47 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.10 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.39 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.95 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.1 (37.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.7 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.1 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.9 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.5 </td> <td style="background: #676767; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,893.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> (Sun for 1981-2010<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Servizio Meteorologico</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg/220px-CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg/330px-CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg/440px-CentralMediterranean-GeotectonicMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9451" data-file-height="6203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geotectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotectonic">Geotectonic</a> map of the Central Mediterranean Area and the Calabrian Arc. The blue area is the geotectonic cross section depicted below. From van Dijk (1992).<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-etal_2000,_a-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg/220px-CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg/330px-CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg/440px-CalabrianArc-GeotectonicSection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5974" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>Geotectonic Cross Section of the Calabrian Arc. Left: NW; Right: SE. From van Dijk (1992).<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-etal_2000,_a-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> Calabria is commonly considered part of the "Calabrian Arc", an arc-shaped geographic domain extending from the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> Region to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and including the <a href="/wiki/Peloritani" title="Peloritani">Peloritano Mountains</a> (although some authors extend this domain from <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in the southwest). The Calabrian area shows basement (crystalline and metamorphic rocks) of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> and younger ages, covered by (mostly Upper) <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> sediments. Studies have revealed that these rocks comprise the upper part of a pile of thrust sheets which dominate the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> and the Sicilian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrebides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maghrebides (page does not exist)">Maghrebides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-etal_2000,_a-31">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> evolution of the Central Mediterranean system is dominated by the migration of the Calabrian Arc to the southeast, overriding the African Plate and its promontories.<a href="#cite_note-Argand_1922-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boccaletti-and-Guazzone_1972,_b-33">[32]</a>) The main tectonic elements of the Calabrian Arc are the southern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, the "Calabria-Peloritani", or simply Calabrian block and the Sicilian Maghrebides fold-and-thrust belt. The foreland area is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> Platform, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> Plate, and the <a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iblean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iblean (page does not exist)">Iblean</a> Platform, which is an extension of the African Plate. These platforms are separated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian Basin (page does not exist)">Ionian Basin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> oceanized basin is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basin</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> system therefore shows the southern plates of African affinity subducting below the northern plates of European affinity.<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-etal_2000,_a-31">[30]</a> The geology of Calabria has been studied for more than a century.<a href="#cite_note-Ogniben_1973-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ippolito_1959-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cortese_1895-36">[35]</a> The earlier works were mainly dedicated to the evolution of the basement rocks of the area. The Neogene sedimentary successions were merely regarded as "post-orogenic" infill of "neo-tectonic" tensional features. In the course of time, however, a shift can be observed in the temporal significance of these terms, from post-<a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> to post-Early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> to post-middle <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-etal_2000,_a-31">[30]</a> The region is seismically active and is generally ascribed to the re-establishment of an equilibrium after the latest (mid-Pleistocene) deformation phase. Some authors believe that the subduction process is still ongoing, which is a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-and-Scheepers_1995-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Calabria has one of the oldest records of human presence in Italy, which date back to around 700,000 BC when a type of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> evolved leaving traces around coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period Stone Age humans created the "<a href="/wiki/Romito_Cave#Rock_engravings" title="Romito Cave">Bos Primigenius</a>", a figure of a bull on a cliff which dates back around 12,000 years in the <a href="/wiki/Romito_Cave" title="Romito Cave">Romito Cave</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Papasidero" title="Papasidero">Papasidero</a>. When the Neolithic period came the first villages were founded around 3,500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruttii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttii">Bruttii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_City-states_of_Calabria_6th_c._BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_City-states_of_Calabria_6th_c._BC.png/220px-Greek_City-states_of_Calabria_6th_c._BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_City-states_of_Calabria_6th_c._BC.png/330px-Greek_City-states_of_Calabria_6th_c._BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Greek_City-states_of_Calabria_6th_c._BC.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Greek City-states (underlined) of Calabria 6th <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Grecia_280aC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magna_Grecia_280aC.jpg/220px-Magna_Grecia_280aC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magna_Grecia_280aC.jpg/330px-Magna_Grecia_280aC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Magna_Grecia_280aC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magna_Grecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Grecia">Magna Grecia</a> around 280 BC</figcaption></figure> Around 1500 BC a tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotri</a> ("vine-cultivators"), settled in the region.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Ancient sources state they were <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> who were led to the region by their king, <a href="/wiki/Oenotrus" title="Oenotrus">Oenotrus</a>. However it is believed they were an ancient Italic people who spoke an Italic language.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> During the eighth and seventh centuries BC, Greek settlers founded many colonies (settlements) on the coast of southern Italy. In Calabria they founded Chone (<a href="/wiki/Pallagorio" title="Pallagorio">Pallagorio</a>), Cosentia (<a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a>), Clampetia (<a href="/wiki/Amantea" title="Amantea">Amantea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scyllaeum" title="Scyllaeum">Scyllaeum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hipponion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipponion">Hipponion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Locri_Epizephyrii" title="Locri Epizephyrii">Locri Epizephyrii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kaulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaulon">Kaulon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monasterace" title="Monasterace">Monasterace</a>), <a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cir%C3%B2_Marina" title="Cirò Marina">Cirò Marina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Kroton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>), <a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a> (comune of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Cedro" title="Santa Maria del Cedro">Santa Maria del Cedro</a>), <a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rosarno" title="Rosarno">Rosarno</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a>), <a href="/wiki/Petelia" title="Petelia">Petelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strongoli" title="Strongoli">Strongoli</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rhegion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegion">Rhégion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Borgia,_Calabria" title="Borgia, Calabria">Borgia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Temesa_(ancient_city)" title="Temesa (ancient city)">Temesa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campora_San_Giovanni" title="Campora San Giovanni">Campora San Giovanni</a>), <a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nocera_Terinese" title="Nocera Terinese">Nocera Terinese</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Bruttium)" title="Pandosia (Bruttium)">Pandosia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acri" title="Acri">Acri</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a>, (Thurio, comune of <a href="/wiki/Corigliano_Calabro" title="Corigliano Calabro">Corigliano Calabro</a>). Rhegion was the birthplace of one of the famed <a href="/wiki/Nine_lyric_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine lyric poets">nine lyric poets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a> and Metauros was the birthplace of another, <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, who was amongst the first lyric poets of the western world. Kroton spawned many victors during the ancient Olympics and other Panhellenic Games. Amongst the most famous were <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a>, who won six wrestling events in six Olympics in a row, along with seven events in the Pythian Games, nine events in the Nemean Games and ten events in the Isthmian Games and also <a href="/wiki/Astylos_of_Croton" title="Astylos of Croton">Astylos of Croton</a>, who won six running events in three Olympics in a row.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon of Croton</a> (a philosopher and medical theorist) and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> (a mathematician and philosopher), who moved to Kroton in 530 BC, the city became a renowned center of philosophy, science and medicine. The Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> created "Intellectual Property."<a href="#cite_note-stanford-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybarites</a> founded at least 20 other colonies, including Poseidonia (<a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> in Latin, on the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> coast of Lucania), <a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a> (on the border with Lucania) and <a href="/wiki/Scidrus" title="Scidrus">Scidrus</a> (on the Lucanian coast in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Gulf of Taranto</a>).<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a> was renowned for being the town where <a href="/wiki/Zaleucus" title="Zaleucus">Zaleucus</a> created the first Western Greek law, the "Locrian Code"<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and the birthplace of ancient epigrammist and poet <a href="/wiki/Nossis" title="Nossis">Nossis</a>. The Greek cities of Calabria came under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucanians</a> who conquered the north of Calabria and pushed further south, taking over part of the interior, probably after they defeated the <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurians</a> near Laus in 390 BC. A few decades later the <a href="/wiki/Bruttii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttii">Bruttii</a> took advantage of the weakening of the Greek cites caused by wars between them and took over Hipponium, <a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a> and Thurii. The Bruttii helped the Lucanians fight <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander of Epirus</a> (334–32 BC), who had come to the aid of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>), which was also pressured by the Lucanians. After this, <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Syracuse" title="Agathocles of Syracuse">Agathocles of Syracuse</a> ravaged the coast of Calabria with his fleet, took Hipponium and forced the Bruttii into unfavourable peace terms. However, they soon seized Hipponium again. After Agathloces' death in 289 BC the Lucanians and Bruttii pushed into the territory of Thurii and ravaged it. The city sent envoys to Rome to ask for help in 285 BC and 282 BC. On the second occasion, the Romans sent forces to garrison the city. This was part of the episode which sparked the Pyrrhic war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisation">Romanisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romanisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg/220px-Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg/330px-Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg/440px-Sybaris_archeological_park_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Excavated mosaic floor with <a href="/wiki/Swastikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Swastikas">swastikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a>.</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the 3rd century BC the cities of southern Italy, which had been allies of the Samnites, were still independent<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> but inevitably came into conflict as a result of Rome's continuous expansion<a href="#cite_note-enemiesP14-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-historyOrRomeP78-51">[50]</a> as their expansion in central and northern Italy had not been sufficient to provide new arable lands they needed.<a href="#cite_note-Musti_536-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pyrrhic_War">Pyrrhic War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pyrrhic War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></div> During the Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC) the Lucanians and Bruttii sided with Pyrrhus and provided contingents which fought with his army. After Pyrrhus was eventually defeated, to avoid Roman revenge the Bruttii submitted willingly and gave up half of the Sila, a mountainous plateau valuable for its pitch and timber.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Rome subjugated southern Italy by means of treaties with the cities.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punic_Wars">Punic Wars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Punic Wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Punic_war_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Second_Punic_war_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Second_Punic_war_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Second_Punic_war_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Allies of Hannibal (blue) in Second Punic War</figcaption></figure> During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) the Bruttii allied with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, who sent <a href="/wiki/Hanno,_son_of_Bomilcar" title="Hanno, son of Bomilcar">Hanno</a>, one of his commanders, to Calabria. Hanno marched toward <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> (in Campania) with Bruttian soldiers to take them to Hannibal's headquarters there twice, but he was defeated on both occasions. When his campaign in Italy came to a dead end, Hannibal took refuge in Calabria, whose steep mountains provided protection against the Roman legions. He set up his headquarters in Kroton and stayed there for four years until he was recalled to Carthage. The Romans fought a battle with him near Kroton, but its details are unknown. Many Calabrian cities surrendered to the Romans<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> and Calabria was put under a military commander. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roman era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/220px-Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/330px-Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/440px-Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>Calabria in Roman times</figcaption></figure> Nearly a decade after the war, the Romans set up colonies in Calabria: at Tempsa and Kroton (Croto in Latin) in 194 BC, Copiae in the territory of Thurii (Thurium in Latin) in 193 BC, and Vibo Valentia in the territory of Hipponion in 192 BC.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Starting in the third century BC, the name Calabria was given to the Adriatic coast of the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> peninsula in modern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Italic_People_of_Ancient_Apulia:_New_Evidence_from_Pottery_for_Workshops_..._-_Google_Books-8">[7]</a> In the late first century BC this name came to extend to the entirety of the Salento, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> divided Italy into regions and modern Calabria was known as Regio III Lucania et Bruttii.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> After sacking Rome in 410, Alaric I (King of the Visigoths) went to Calabria with the intention of sailing to Africa. He contracted malaria and died in Cosentia (<a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a>), probably of fever. Legend has it that he along with the treasure of Rome were buried under the bed of the River Busento.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> With the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire in 476, Italy was taken over by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer and later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> in 489. The Ostrogothic kings ruled officially as Magistri Militum of the Byzantine Emperors and all government and administrative positions were held by the Romans, while all primary laws were legislated by the Byzantine Emperor. Therefore, during the sixth century, under the Ostrogoths' rule, Romans could still be at the center of government and cultural life, such as the Roman <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> who, like Boethius and Symmachus, emerged as one of the most prominent men of his time. He was an administrator, politician, scholar and historian who was born in Scylletium (near Catanzaro). He spent most of his career trying to bridge the divides of East and West, Greek and Latin cultures, Romans and Goths, and official Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Arian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Christianity">Arian Christianity</a>, which was the form of Christianity of the Ostrogoths and which had earlier been banned. He set up his <a href="/wiki/Vivarium_(monastery)" title="Vivarium (monastery)">Vivarium (monastery)</a> in Scylletium. He oversaw the collation of three editions of the Bible in Latin. Seeing the practicality of uniting all the books of the Bible in one volume, he was the first who produced Latin Bibles in single volumes.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The most well-known of them was the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Grandior" title="Codex Grandior">Codex Grandior</a> which was the ancestor of all modern western Bibles.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-faculty.georgetown.edu-61">[60]</a> Cassiodorus was at the heart of the administration of the Ostrogothic kingdom. Theodoric made him quaestor sacri palatii (quaestor of the sacred palace, the senior legal authority) in 507, governor of Lucania and Bruttium, consul in 514 and magister officiorum (master of offices, one of the most senior administrative officials) in 523. He was praetorian prefect (chief minister) under the successors of Theodoric: under Athalaric (Theodoric's grandson, reigned 526–34) in 533 and, between 535 and 537, under Theodahad (Theodoric's nephew, reigned 534–36) and Witiges (Theodoric's grandson-in-law, reigned, 536–40).<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The major works of Cassiodorus, besides the mentioned bibles, were the Historia Gothorum, a history of the Goths, the Variae and account of his administrative career and the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum, an introduction to the study of the sacred scriptures and the liberal arts which was very influential in the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> (Eastern Roman) Emperor Justinian I, retook Italy from the Ostrogoths between 535 and 556. They soon lost much of Italy to the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> between 568 and 590, but retained the south for around 500 years until 1059–1071, where they thrived and where the Greek language was the official and vernacular language. In Calabria and towns such as <a href="/wiki/Stilo" title="Stilo">Stilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rossano" title="Rossano">Rossano</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Demetrio_Corone" title="San Demetrio Corone">San Demetrio Corone</a> achieved great religious status. From the 7th Century many monasteries were built in the Amendolea and Stilaro Valleys and Stilo was the destination of hermits and Basilian monks. Many Byzantine churches are still seen in the region. The 10th-century church in Rossano, together with the "twin" church of Sant'Adriano in San Demetrio Corone (foundation 955, rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> on the, still, visible foundations of the previous Byzantine church), are considered between the best preserved Byzantine churches in Italy. They were both built by St. <a href="/wiki/Nilus_the_Younger" title="Nilus the Younger">Nilus the Younger</a> as a retreat for the monks who lived in the tufa grottos underneath. The present name of Calabria comes from the duchy of Calabria. Around the year 800, <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> began invading the shores of Calabria, attempting to wrest control of the area from the Byzantines. This group of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> had already been successful <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">in Sicily</a> and knew that Calabria was another key spot. The people of Calabria retreated into the mountains for safety. Although the Arabs never really got a stronghold on the whole of Calabria, they did control some villages while enhancing trade relations with the eastern world.<a href="#cite_note-bleedingespresso.com-63">[62]</a> In 918, Saracens captured <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio</a> (which was renamed Rivà), holding many of its inhabitants to ransom or keeping them prisoners as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> It is during this time of Arab invasions that many staples of today's Calabrian cuisine came into fashion: <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a> fruits and <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplants</a> for example. Exotic spices such as cloves and nutmeg were also introduced.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65">[64]</a> Under the Byzantine dominion, between the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century, Calabria was one of the first regions of Italy to introduce silk production to Europe. According to André Guillou,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberry trees</a> for the production of raw silk were introduced to southern Italy by the Byzantines at the end of the ninth century. Around 1050 the theme of Calabria had 24,000, mulberry trees cultivated for their foliage, and their number tended to expand.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Italy_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages-67">[66]</a> At the beginning of the tenth century (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 903),<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> the city of Catanzaro was occupied by the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>, who founded an <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a> and took the Arab name of قطنصار – Qaṭanṣār. An Arab presence is evidenced by findings at an eighth-century necropolis which had items with Arabic inscriptions. Around the year 1050, Catanzaro rebelled against Saracen dominance and returned to a brief period of Byzantine control.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG/300px-Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG/450px-Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG/600px-Immagine_-Il_Castello_di_Acri_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Norman tower at <a href="/wiki/Acri" title="Acri">Acri</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1060s the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>'s brother, <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a>, established a presence in this <a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">borderland</a>, and organized a government modeled on the Eastern Roman Empire and was run by the local magnates of Calabria. Of note is that the Normans established their presence here, in southern Italy (namely Calabria), 6 years prior to their conquest of England, (see <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Hastings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Hastings">The Battle of Hastings</a>). The purpose of this strategic presence in Calabria was to lay the foundations for the Crusades 30 years later, and for the creation of two Kingdoms: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Kingdom of Sicily. Ships would sail from Calabria to the Holy Land. This made Calabria one of the richest regions in Europe as princes from the noble families of England, France and other regions, constructed secondary residences and palaces here, on their way to the Holy Land. Guiscard's son <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Argentano" title="San Marco Argentano">San Marco Argentano</a>, would be one of the leaders in the first crusade. Of particular note is the <a href="/wiki/Via_Francigena" title="Via Francigena">Via Francigena</a>, an ancient pilgrim route that goes from Canterbury to Rome and southern Italy, reaching Calabria, Basilicata and Apulia, where the crusaders lived, prayed and trained, respectively. In 1098, <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a> was named the equivalent of an apostolic legate by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> later became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">King of Sicily</a> and formed what would become the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, which lasted nearly 700 years. Under the Normans southern Italy was united as one region and started a feudal system of land ownership in which the Normans were made lords of the land while peasants performed all the work on the land. In 1147, Roger II of Sicily attacked <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, two important centers of Byzantine silk production, capturing the weavers and their equipment and establishing his own silkworks in Calabria,<a href="#cite_note-AM-70">[69]</a> thereby causing the Norman silk industry to flourish. In 1194, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, took control of the region, after inheriting the Kingdom from his mother <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance, Queen of Sicily</a>. He created a kingdom that blended cultures, philosophy and customs and would build several castles, while fortifying existing ones which the Normans previously constructed. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, Calabria was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a>, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles d’Anjou</a> after being granted the crown of the Sicilian Kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Pope Clement IV</a>. In 1282, under Charles d’Anjou, Calabria became a domain of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, and no longer of the Kingdom of Sicily, after he lost Sicily due to the rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65">[64]</a> During the 14th century, would emerge <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaam of Seminara</a> who would be <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>'s Greek teacher and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Leonzio_Pilato" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonzio Pilato">Leonzio Pilato</a>, who would translate Homer's works for <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. While the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> was moving first steps in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, silk made in Calabria reached the peak of 50% of the whole Italian/European production. As the cultivation of mulberry was difficult in Northern and Continental Europe, merchants and operators used to purchase in Calabria raw materials to finish the products and resell them for a better price. The <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> silk artisans used fine Calabrian silk for the production of velvets.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Italy_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages-67">[66]</a> In particular, the silk of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair to Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> and Dutch merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of Europe with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>. The city was known for its fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks and brocades.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> was exporting both its silk cloth and its technical skills to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. By the middle of the century, silk spinning was taking place in Catanzaro, on a large scale.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 1442, the Aragonese took control under <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a> who became ruler under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. In 1501 Calabria came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, whose wife Queen Isabella of Castille is famed for sponsoring the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Calabria suffered greatly under Aragonese rule with heavy taxes, feuding landlords, starvation and sickness. After a brief period in the early 1700s under the Austrian Habsburgs, Calabria came into the control of the Spanish Bourbons in 1735.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65">[64]</a> It was during the 16th century that Calabria would contribute to modern world history with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> by the Calabrian doctor and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lilio" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Lilio">Luigi Lilio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In 1466, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> decided to develop a national silk industry in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and called a large number of Italian workers, mainly from Calabria. The fame of the master weavers of Catanzaro spread throughout France and they were invited to Lyon to teach the techniques of weaving.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In 1470, one of these weavers, known in France as Jean Le Calabrais, invented the first prototype of a <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_machine" title="Jacquard machine">Jacquard</a>-type loom.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> He introduced a new kind of machine which was able to work the yarns faster and more precisely. Over the years, improvements to the loom were ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V of Spain</a> formally recognized the growth of the silk industry of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> in 1519 by allowing the city to establish a consulate of the silk craft, charged with regulating and check in the various stages of a production that flourished throughout the sixteenth century. At the moment of the creation of its guild, the city declared that it had over 500 <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a>. By 1660, when the town had about 16,000 inhabitants, its silk industry kept 1,000 looms, and at least 5,000 people, busy. The silk textiles of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> were not only sold at the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">kingdom</a>'s markets, they were also exported to Venice, France, Spain and England.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In the 16th century, Calabria was characterized by a strong demographic and economic development, mainly due to the increasing demand of silk products and the simultaneous growth of prices, and became one of the most important Mediterranean markets for silk.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In 1563 philosopher and natural scientist <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Telesio" title="Bernardino Telesio">Bernardino Telesio</a> wrote "On the Nature of Things according to their Own Principles" and pioneered early modern empiricism. He would also influence the works of Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella and Thomas Hobbes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-colorado.edu-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In 1602 philosopher and poet <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a> wrote his most famous work, "<a href="/wiki/The_City_of_the_Sun" title="The City of the Sun">The City of the Sun</a>" and would later defend Galileo Galilei during his first trial with his work "A Defense of Galileo", which was written in 1616 and published in 1622.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In 1613 philosopher and economist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Serra" title="Antonio Serra">Antonio Serra</a> wrote "A Short Treatise on the Wealth and Poverty of Nations" and was a pioneer in the Mercantilist tradition.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> During the 17th century, silk production in Calabria begin to suffer by the strong competition of new-raising competitors in Italian Peninsula and Europe (France), but also the increasing import from Ottoman Empire and Persia. Foundation of the historical Italo-Albanian College and Library in 1732<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a> transferred from San Benedetto Ullano to <a href="/wiki/San_Demetrio_Corone" title="San Demetrio Corone">San Demetrio Corone</a> in 1794. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_(from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi,_1784)_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_%28from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi%2C_1784%29_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png/220px-Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_%28from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi%2C_1784%29_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_%28from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi%2C_1784%29_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png/330px-Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_%28from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi%2C_1784%29_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_%28from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi%2C_1784%29_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png/440px-Circular_settlement_of_sandy_deposits_in_the_Rosarno_Plain_%28from_an_original_etching_in_Sarconi%2C_1784%29_-_1783_Calabrian_earthquake.png 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption> 1783 Calabrian earthquakes , note the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">soil liquefaction</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1783, a series of <a href="/wiki/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes" title="1783 Calabrian earthquakes">earthquakes across Calabria</a> caused around 50,000 deaths and much damage to property, so that many of the buildings in the region were rebuilt after this date. At the end of the 18th century, the French took control and in 1808 Napoleon Bonaparte gave the Kingdom of Naples to his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>. Murat controlled the kingdom until the return of the Bourbons in 1815. The population of Calabria in 1844 was 1,074,558.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Calabria experienced a series of peasant revolts as part of the European <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. This set the stage for the eventual unification with the rest of Italy in 1861, when the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> was brought into the union by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>. The unification was orchestrated by Great Britain in an attempt to nationalize the production of sulfur from the two volcanoes located in Naples and Sicily respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> was the scene of a famous battle of the unification of Italy. During the late 19th or early 20th century, pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Rendano" title="Alfonso Rendano">Alfonso Rendano</a> invented the "Third Pedal",<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> which augmented the interpretative resources of the piano. The ancient Greek colonies from Naples and to the south, had been completely <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (historical)">Latinized</a>, but from the fifth century AD onward Greeks had once again emigrated there when pressed out of their homeland by invasions. This Greek Diaspora allowed the ancient Greek dialects to continue in southern Italy, much in the same way that the Italian Diaspora allowed long-lost dialects from Italy to thrive in countries where Italians emigrated to. Greek texts were also valued in monasteries and places of learning. However it was <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the 8th century, who made Latin the 'official' language of study and communication for Europe. For the sake of uniformity, he supplanted much of the Greek spoken, read or taught in Europe. It was through language (Latin) and education (Latin texts) that Charlemagne united Europe. During the 13th century a French chronicler who traveled through Calabria stated that "the peasants of Calabria spoke nothing but Greek" given he had traveled to areas where Greek was still available. But the educated classes spoke Italian. Indeed, formal Italian has been taught in schools throughout Italy for nearly two centuries, causing the ancient languages and dialects to continually disappear, much to the chagrin of the cultural community. These lost dialects continue to thrive to this day in North America and Australia, places where Italians emigrated to, on account of the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> On 19 August 1860, Calabria was invaded from Sicily by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and his Redshirts as part of the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Knopf-90">[89]</a> Through King Francesco II of Naples had dispatched 16,000 soldiers to stop the Redshirts, who numbered about 3,500, after a token battle at Reggio Calabria won by the Redshirts, all resistance ceased and Garibaldi was welcomed as a liberator from the oppressive rule of the Bourbons wherever he went in Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Knopf-90">[89]</a> Calabria together with the rest of the Kingdom of Naples was incorporated in 1861 into the Kingdom of Italy. Garibaldi planned to complete the Risorgimento by invading Rome, still ruled by the pope protected by a French garrison, and began with semi-official encouragement to raise an army.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Subsequently, King Victor Emmanuel II decided the possibility of war with France was too dangerous, and on 29 August 1862 Garibaldi's base in the Calabrian town of <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> was attacked by the Regio Esercito.<a href="#cite_note-Italy_and_Its_Monarchy-92">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspromonte" title="Battle of Aspromonte">Battle of Aspromonte</a> ended with the Redshirts defeated with several being executed after surrendering while Garibaldi was badly wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Italy_and_Its_Monarchy-92">[91]</a> In the newly unified Kingdom of Italy, there were significant differences in level of economic development between the Nord (north) of Italy and the Mezzogiorno (the south of Italy). Calabria together with the rest of the Mezzogiorno was neglected under the Kingdom of Italy with the general feeling in Rome being that the region was hopelessly backward and poor. In the late 19th century about 70% of the population of the Mezzogiorno were illiterate as the government never invested in education for the south.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-93">[92]</a> Owing to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a>, until 1903 the Roman Catholic Church had prohibited on the pain of excommunication Catholic men from voting in Italian elections (Italian women were not granted the right to vote until 1946).<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> As the devoutly Catholic population of Calabria tended to boycott elections, the deputies who were elected from the region were the products of the clientistic system, representing the interests of the land-owning aristocracy. In common with the deputies from other regions of the Mezzogiorno, they voted against more money for education under the grounds that an educated population would demand changes that would threaten the power of the traditional elite.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-93">[92]</a> Owing to a weak state, society in Calabria came to be dominated in the late 19th century by an organized crime group known as <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> which, like the Mafia in Sicily and the Camorra in Campania, formed a "parallel state" that co-existed alongside the Italian state.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Between 1901 and 1914 Calabrians began emigrating in large numbers, mostly for North America and South America, with the peak year being 1905 with 62,690.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-96">[95]</a>  On 28 December 1908, Calabria together with Sicily was devastated by an <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">earthquake and then by a tsunami</a> caused by the earthquake, causing about 80,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-97">[96]</a> Within hours of the disaster, ships of the <a href="/wiki/British_Natives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Natives">British</a> and Russian navies had arrived on the coast to assist the survivors, but it took the Regia Marina two days to send a relief expedition from Naples.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-97">[96]</a> The bumbling and ineffectual response of the Italian authorities to the disaster caused by feuding officials who did not wish to co-operate with each other contributed to the high death toll as it took weeks for aid to reach some villages and caused much resentment in Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-97">[96]</a> To offset widespread criticism that the northern-dominated government in Rome did not care about the people of Calabria, King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> personally took over the relief operation and toured the destroyed villages of Calabria, which won the House of Savoy a measure of popularity in the region.<a href="#cite_note-181-182-98">[97]</a> Most notably, after the king took charge of the relief efforts, the feuding between officials ceased and relief aid was delivered with considerably more efficiency, winning Victor Emmanuel the gratitude of the Calabrians.<a href="#cite_note-181-182-98">[97]</a>   Fascism was not popular in Calabria. In December 1924 when a false rumor spread in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> that <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> had resigned as Prime Minister because of the Matteotti affair, joyous celebrations took place in the city that lasted all night.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In the morning, the people of Reggio Calabria learned that Mussolini was still prime minister, but several Fascist officials were dismissed for not suppressing the celebrations. The landed aristocracy and gentry of Calabria, through generally not ideologically committed to Fascism, saw the Fascist regime as a force for order and social stability, and supported the dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-Dunnage_1999_38-100">[99]</a> Likewise, the prefects and the policemen of Calabria were conservatives who saw themselves as serving King Victor Emmanuel III first and Mussolini second, but supported Fascism as preferable to Socialism and Communism and persecuted anti-Fascists.<a href="#cite_note-Dunnage_1999_38-100">[99]</a> Traditional elites in Calabria joined the Fascist Party to pursue their own interests, and local branches of Fascist Party were characterized by much jostling for power and influence between elite families.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Under the Fascist regime, several concentration camps were built in Calabria and used to imprison foreigners whose presence in Italy was considered undesirable, such as Chinese immigrants and foreign <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> (though not <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a>) together with members of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> minority, whose nomadic lifestyle was viewed as anti-social.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The camps which operated from 1938 to 1943 were not death camps, and the majority of those imprisoned survived, but conditions were harsh for the imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> On 3 September 1943, British and <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> troops of the British 8th Army landed in Calabria in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Baytown" title="Operation Baytown">Operation Baytown</a>, marking the first time that the Allies landed on the mainland of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> However, the landings in Calabria were a feint and the main Allied blow came on 8 September 1943 with the landing of the American 5th Army at <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> in Campania that was intended to cut off Axis forces in the Mezzogiorno.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_in_Arms-105">[104]</a> The Germans anticipated that the Allies would land at Salerno, and as a consequence, there was relatively little fighting in Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_in_Arms-105">[104]</a> The Italian troops in Calabria mostly surrendered to the advancing 5th British Division and the 1st Canadian Division while there were relatively few German forces in the region to oppose their advance.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_in_Arms-105">[104]</a> The main obstacle to the advancing Anglo-Canadian troops turned out to be the trail of destruction left by German combat engineers who systematically blew up bridges and destroyed roads and railroads as the Wehrmacht retreated north.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> On the same day the Americans landed at Salerno, General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> announced on the radio the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> that had been signed on 3 September, and with the announcement of the armistice all Italian resistance ceased.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_in_Arms-105">[104]</a> The Germans committed most of their forces in the Mezzogiorno to the Battle of Salerno with the aim of driving the Allies back into the sea and pulled their remaining forces out of Calabria to send them to Salerno.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_in_Arms-105">[104]</a> Under the Allied occupation, some Fascists in Calabria waged a terrorist struggle on behalf of the Salo republic, though significantly many of the Fascists tended to be from well-off families concerned about the possibility of social reforms that might weaken their power and only a minority such as Prince Valerio Pignatelli were ideological Fascists.<a href="#cite_note-Dunnage_1999_39-107">[106]</a> In June 1944, celebrations in Reggio Calabria over the news of the liberation of Rome were disturbed by local Fascists.<a href="#cite_note-Dunnage_1999_39-107">[106]</a>   The British historian Jonathan Dunnage wrote that there was an "institutional continuity" between the civil servants of the Liberal, Fascist and post-Fascist eras in Calabria as each change of regime saw the bureaucrats of the region adjust to whatever regime was in power in Rome and there was no purge of civil servants either after 1922 or 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Dunnage_1999_37-108">[107]</a> The "institutional continuity" of the bureaucracy of Calabria were committed to preserving the social structure.<a href="#cite_note-Dunnage_1999_37-108">[107]</a> On 2 June 1946 referendum Calabria, like the rest of the Mezzogiorno, voted solidly to retain the monarchy. The clientistic political system in Calabria under which elite families handed out patronage to their supporters and used violence against their opponents, which was the prevailing norm in the Liberal and Fascist eras continued after 1945.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> During the Second World War, the already low living standards of Calabria declined further and the region was notorious as one of the most violent and lawless areas of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Attempts by the peasants of Calabria to take over the land owned by the elite were usually resisted by the authorities. On 28 October 1949 in Melissa the police opened fire on peasants who had seized the land of a local baron, killing three men who were shot in the back as they attempted to flee.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Between 1949 and 1966 another wave of migration took place with the peak year of migration being 1957 with some 38, 090 Calabrians leaving that year.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-96">[95]</a>     Under the First Republic, starting in the 1960s, investment plans were launched under which Italian state sponsored industrialisation and attempted to improve the infrastructure of Calabria by building modern roads, railroads, ports, etc.<a href="#cite_note-'Ndrangheta:_The_Glocal_Dimensions-112">[111]</a> The plan was a notable failure with the infrastructure projects going wildly over-budget and taking far longer to complete then scheduled; for an example, construction started on the A3 highway in 1964 intended to link Reggio Calabria to Salerno, which was as of 2016 still unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-'Ndrangheta:_The_Glocal_Dimensions-112">[111]</a> The failure to complete the A3 highway after 52 years of effort is regarded as a scandal in Italy, and many parts of Calabria were described as an "industrial graveyard" full of the closed down steel mills and chemical plants that all went bankrupt.<a href="#cite_note-'Ndrangheta:_The_Glocal_Dimensions-112">[111]</a> From July 1970 to February 1971 the <a href="/wiki/Reggio_revolt" title="Reggio revolt">Reggio revolt</a> took place as the decision to make Catanzaro instead of Reggio the regional capital prompted massive protests.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The compromise decision to make Catanzaro the executive capital and Reggio the administrative capital has led to a bloated and inefficient administration.<a href="#cite_note-'Ndrangheta:_The_Glocal_Dimensions-112">[111]</a> The high unemployment rate in Calabria has led to extensive migration and Calabria's biggest export has been its own people as Calabrians have moved to either other parts of Italy and abroad, especially to the United States, Canada and Argentina, to seek a better life.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In 2016, it was estimated that 18% of the people born in Calabria were living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-96">[95]</a>   <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Calabria is subdivided as follows: service industry (28.94%), financial activities and real estate (21.09%), trade, tourism, transportation and communication (19.39%), taxation (11.49%), manufacturing (8.77%), construction (6.19%) and agriculture (4.13%). GDP per capita is 2.34 times less and unemployment is 4 times higher than in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-115">[114]</a> Calabria's economy is still based mainly on agriculture. The economy of the region is strongly affected by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> (the local <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a> syndicate).<a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG/220px-Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG/330px-Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG/440px-Kalabrien-Olivenernte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Calabrian olive tree plantations</figcaption></figure> Calabria is agriculturally rich, with the Italy's second highest number of <a href="/wiki/Organic_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic farm">organic farmers</a> after <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-imagelinenetwork-117">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">red onion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tropea" title="Tropea">Tropea</a> is cultivated during summer period on the Tyrrhenian coast of central Calabria.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> It has been awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Protected_geographical_indication" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected geographical indication">protected geographical indication</a> (PGI).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a> represents 29.6% of utilized agricultural area (UAA) and approximately 70% of tree crops.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-120">[119]</a> Olive tree cultivation extends from coastal lowland areas to hilly and lower mountainous areas. The region is the second-highest for <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> production<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> with Carolea, Ogliarola, and Saracena olives as the main regional varieties.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In Calabria, there are 3 <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">PDO</a> oils: "Bruzio" in the province of <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a>, "Lametia" in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme" title="Lamezia Terme">Lamezia Terme</a> and the more recent "Alto Crotonese".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In addition to DOP oils there are also <a href="/wiki/Protected_geographical_indication" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected geographical indication">PGI</a> oils. The production area of "Olio di Calabria" PGI includes the entire territory of the Calabria region. The production is made exclusively from indigenous olives. Calabria produces about a quarter of Italy's <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The contribution of this region to growing citrus fruit in Italy can be attributed mainly to <a href="/wiki/Clementine" title="Clementine">clementines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>. Calabria is by far the country's most important clementine-growing region, which account for about 62% (16,164 ha) of the Italian surface dedicated to its cultivation and 69% (437,800 tons) of the total production.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Clementina di Calabria is the PGI variety grown in the Calabria region.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Citrus_myrtifolia" title="Citrus myrtifolia">chinotto</a> is cultivated and used to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_soft_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonated soft drink">carbonated soft drink</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chinotto_(drink)" title="Chinotto (drink)">same name</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etrog5812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Etrog5812.jpg/220px-Etrog5812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Etrog5812.jpg/330px-Etrog5812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Etrog5812.jpg/440px-Etrog5812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>Citron</figcaption></figure> Minor fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">bergamot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citron</a> and lemon-citron hybrids are found exclusively in Calabria. The south coast of the region produces 90% of the world's bergamots, with a huge industry built around the extraction of bergamot oil.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> According to Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity, last year with Italian net export of bergamot oil was 2009 in value of $253,000, after that between 2010 and 2018 was no export of it.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">Bergamot orange</a> has been intensively cultivated since the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> but only in the coastal area nearby to <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio</a>, where geological and weather conditions are optimal. The <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> Hasidic dynasty have a preference to take <a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citrons</a> ("Etrog") from this region for the <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> festival.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> There is special research <a href="/wiki/Stazione_Sperimentale_per_le_Industrie_delle_Essenze_e_dei_Derivati_dagli_Agrumi" title="Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi">Experimental Station for the Industry of the Essential oils and Citrus products</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Italian Export of citrus oils in 2018<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">Bergamot</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$2,555,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$3,770,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">Lemon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$60,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Citrus, nes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$75,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">Jasmine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$0 </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cosenza" title="Province of Cosenza">province of Cosenza</a> represents an important area for <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a> growing belonging to cultivar "Dottato" that is used to produce the quality-branded dried figs "Fichi di Cosenza" PDO (<a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">protected designation of origin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cherimoya" title="Cherimoya">anona cherimoya</a>, a plant of tropical origin cultivated in Europe only in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a> and Spain. In the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catanzaro" title="Province of Catanzaro">province of Catanzaro</a>, between <a href="/wiki/San_Floro" title="San Floro">San Floro</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortale" title="Cortale">Cortale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> the ancient tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> is still kept alive, thanks to young generations. Calabria is the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">porcini mushrooms</a> in Italy, thanks to the heavily wooded forests of the mountains ranges of <a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Pollino</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">Sila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serre_calabresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Serre calabresi">Serre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> production is also widespread in the Calabrian mountains.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> But not only <a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">porcini mushrooms</a>, there is other popular <a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">red pine mushroom or rosito</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaches">Peaches</a> and nectarines from Calabria have greatly improved in terms of flavour, quality, safety and service. A part of the production is sold on the domestic market, mainly to retailers. The remaining is exported to Northern Europe, mainly <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The region boasts a very ancient tradition in the cultivation and production of <a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">liquorice</a>. The eighty percent of the national production is concentrated in this region.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Calabria has long coast and produce some distinctive fish products: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottarga_tonno_(fette).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bottarga di tonno"><img alt="Bottarga di tonno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bottarga_tonno_%28fette%29.jpg/120px-Bottarga_tonno_%28fette%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bottarga_tonno_%28fette%29.jpg/180px-Bottarga_tonno_%28fette%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bottarga_tonno_%28fette%29.jpg/240px-Bottarga_tonno_%28fette%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bottarga#Italy" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a> di <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">tonno</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sardella calabrese"><img alt="Sardella calabrese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sardella.jpg/120px-Sardella.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sardella.jpg/180px-Sardella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sardella.jpg/240px-Sardella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardella" class="extiw" title="it:Sardella">Sardella calabrese</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swordfish"><img alt="Swordfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg/120px-Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg/180px-Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg/240px-Xiphias_gladius_stuffed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="533" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percoca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Percoca (variety of peach)"><img alt="Percoca (variety of peach)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Percoca.jpg/90px-Percoca.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Percoca.jpg/135px-Percoca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Percoca.jpg/180px-Percoca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percoca (variety of <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> Food and textile industries are the most developed and vibrant. Within the industrial sector, manufacturing contributes to a gross value added of 7.2%. In the manufacturing sector the main branches are foodstuff, beverage and tobacco with a contribution to the sector very close to the national average.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-120">[119]</a> Over the recent decades some petrochemical, engineering and chemical industries have emerged, within the areas of <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>. The province of Catanzaro boasts a great tradition in the textile manufacturing, especially silk. Recently, several young people have given new life to this activity, developing green and sustainable economy projects. In fact, among the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Girifalco" title="Girifalco">Girifalco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Floro" title="San Floro">San Floro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortale" title="Cortale">Cortale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> is still practiced, the breeding of <a href="/wiki/Silkworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworms">silkworms</a> combined with the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberry trees</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tiriolo" title="Tiriolo">Tiriolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badolato" title="Badolato">Badolato</a> are known above all for the manufacturing of the "vancale", the typical Calabrian shawl, made of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> or silk, worn by women in ancient times on traditional costumes during the dance of <a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantella</a>, or as an ornamental decoration of the houses. Typical in Tiriolo is also the manufacturing of carpets, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spartium_junceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartium junceum">broom</a> fibers, <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">bobbin lace</a> making, <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>, precious <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, furnishing objects and artistic sculptures. The artistic production of weaving is also active in other centers such as in <a href="/wiki/Platania" title="Platania">Platania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrizzi" title="Petrizzi">Petrizzi</a> where once <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> fibers were also produced. In <a href="/wiki/Soveria_Mannelli" title="Soveria Mannelli">Soveria Mannelli</a>, Lanificio Leo,<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> the oldest textile factory in Calabria founded in 1873, is still active. The factory still retains majestic and evocative tools dating back to the late nineteenth century. The traditional production of artistic ceramics dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> period is handed down in the ancient towns of <a href="/wiki/Squillace" title="Squillace">Squillace</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminara" title="Seminara">Seminara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The small town of <a href="/wiki/Serrastretta" title="Serrastretta">Serrastretta</a>, a green village in the woods of Presila, is known for its wood production, in particular for its chairs characterized by a very original <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>. There is a plant of <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Rail_Italy" title="Hitachi Rail Italy">Hitachi Rail Italy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a>, which manufactures <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">railcars</a> of regional trains such as <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivalto" class="extiw" title="it:Vivalto">Vivalto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg/220px-Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg/330px-Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg/440px-Pista_Azzurra_Gambarie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ski trails near <a href="/wiki/Gambarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambarie">Gambarie</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg/220px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Riace_bronzes" title="Riace bronzes">Riace bronzes</a>, Greek bronzes, about 460–430 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stilocattolica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Stilocattolica.jpg/220px-Stilocattolica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Stilocattolica.jpg/330px-Stilocattolica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Stilocattolica.jpg/440px-Stilocattolica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Byzantine church known as the <a href="/wiki/Cattolica_di_Stilo" title="Cattolica di Stilo">Cattolica</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism in Calabria has increased over the years. The main tourist attractions are the coastline and the mountains. The coastline alternates between rugged cliffs and sandy beaches, and is sparsely interrupted by development when compared to other European seaside destinations. The sea around Calabria is clear, and there is a good level of tourist accommodation. The poet <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> called the coast facing Sicily near Reggio Calabria "... the most beautiful kilometer in Italy" (il più bel chilometro d'Italia).<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The primary mountain tourist draws are <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">La Sila</a>, with its national park and lakes. Some other prominent destinations include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> is on the strait between the mainland and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the largest and oldest city in Calabria dating from the 8th century BC, known for its panoramic seaside with botanical gardens between the <a href="/wiki/Art_nouveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Art nouveau">art nouveau</a> buildings and the beaches, and its 3,000 years of history with its Aragonese Castle and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_della_Magna_Grecia" title="Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia">Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Riace_bronzes" title="Riace bronzes">Riace bronzes</a> (Bronzi di Riace) are located.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a>, birthplace of scientist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Telesio" title="Bernardino Telesio">Bernardino Telesio</a> and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Cosentian_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosentian Academy">Cosentian Academy</a>, known for its cultural institutions, the old quarter, a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> Castle, an open-air museum and an 11th-century Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral. On 12 October 2011, the Cathedral of Cosenza received UNESCO World Heritage status for being "Heritage Witness to a Culture of Peace".<a href="#cite_note-youritaly-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-italy-holiday-152">[151]</a> This is the first award given by UNESCO to the region of Calabria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scilla,_Calabria" title="Scilla, Calabria">Scilla</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, "pearl" of the "Violet Coast", has a delightful panorama and is the site of some of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s tales.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropea" title="Tropea">Tropea</a>, on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast, is home to a dramatic seaside beach, and the Santa Maria dell'Isola sanctuary. It is also renowned for its sweet red onions (mainly produced in <a href="/wiki/Ricadi" title="Ricadi">Ricadi</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_Vaticano" title="Capo Vaticano">Capo Vaticano</a>, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, is a wide bathing place near Tropea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerace" title="Gerace">Gerace</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a>, is a medieval city with a Norman Castle and Norman Cathedral.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillace" title="Squillace">Squillace</a>, a seaside resort and important archaeological site. Nearby is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilo" title="Stilo">Stilo</a>, the birthplace of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a>, with its Norman Castle and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> church, the <a href="/wiki/Cattolica_di_Stilo" title="Cattolica di Stilo">Cattolica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_Calabro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizzo Calabro">Pizzo Calabro</a>, on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast, known for its ice cream called "Tartufo". Interesting places in Pizzo are Piazza Repubblica and the Aragonese castle where <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Murat</a> was shot.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paola, Italy">Paola</a>, a town situated on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast, renowned for being the birthplace of St. Francis of Paola, patron saint of Calabria and Italian sailors, and for the old Franciscan sanctuary built during the last hundred years of the Middle Ages by the will of St. Francis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>, on the Ionian coast, a village situated near the archaeological site of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a>, a Greek colony of the 8th century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme" title="Lamezia Terme">Lamezia Terme</a>, the main transportation hub of the region with its international <a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamezia Terme Airport">airport</a> which links it to many destinations in Europe plus Canada and Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme_Centrale_railway_station" title="Lamezia Terme Centrale railway station">train station</a>. Several are the historical sights of the city, like the Norman-Swabian castle, the <a href="/wiki/La_Giudecca" title="La Giudecca">Jewish historical quarter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme_Town_Library" title="Lamezia Terme Town Library">Casa del Libro Antico (House of the Ancient Book)</a> where books from the 16th to the 19th centuries, as well as old globes and ancient maps reproduction are well preserved and available to be seen by the public.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>, an important silk center since the time of the Byzantines, is located at the center of the narrowest point of Italy, from where the Ionian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea are both visible, but not from Catanzaro. Of note are the well-known one-arch bridge (Viaduct Morandi-Bisantis, one of the tallest in Europe), the cathedral (rebuilt after World War II bombing), the castle, the promenade on the Ionian sea, the park of biodiversity and the archaeological park.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soverato" title="Soverato">Soverato</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, also known as the "Pearl" of the Ionian Sea. Especially renowned for its beaches, boardwalk and nightlife.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badolato" title="Badolato">Badolato</a> near <a href="/wiki/Soverato" title="Soverato">Soverato</a> is a well-preserved medieval hilltop village with 13 churches. It was selected as one of the 1000 marvels of Italy to mark the <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniversary of the unification of Italy">anniversary of the unification of Italy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotera" title="Nicotera">Nicotera</a> on the Tyrrhenian Sea, is a small medieval town with an ancient Ruffo's castle.</li> <li>Ancient temples of the Roman gods on the sun-kissed hills of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> still stand as others are swept beneath the earth. Many excavations are going on along the east coast, digging up what seems to be an ancient burial ground.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo,_Calabria" title="Samo, Calabria">Samo</a>, a village on the foot of the Aspromonte, is well known for its spring water and ruins of the old village destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammola" title="Mammola">Mammola</a>, art center, tourist and gastronomic, has an ancient history. The old town, with its small houses attached to each other, the ancient churches and noble palaces. Of particular interest is the Museum Park Santa Barbara, a place of art and cultural events of many international artists and the Shrine of St. Nicodemo of the 10th century, in the highlands of Limina. Its gastronomy with the "Stocco" typical of Mammola, cooked in various ways, other typical products are smoked ricotta and goat cheese, salami pepper and wild fennel, bread "pizza" (corn bread) and wheat bread baked in a wood oven.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praia_a_Mare" title="Praia a Mare">Praia a Mare</a> on the Tyrrhenian Sea, is a well-known tourist city, thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Dino,_Calabria" title="Dino, Calabria">Isola di Dino</a> and the seaside beach.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilinga" title="Spilinga">Spilinga</a> is known for its spicy pork pâté, <a href="/wiki/%27Nduja" title="'Nduja">'Nduja</a>.</li></ul> Calabria attracts year-round tourism, offering both summer and winter activities, in addition to its cultural, historical, artistic heritage, it has an abundance of protected natural habitats and 'green' zones. The 485 mi (781 km) of its coast make Calabria a tourist destination during the summer. The low industrial development and the lack of major cities in much of its territory have allowed the maintenance of indigenous marine life. The most sought-after seaside destinations are: <a href="/wiki/Tropea" title="Tropea">Tropea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizzo,_Calabria" title="Pizzo, Calabria">Pizzo Calabro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capo_Vaticano" title="Capo Vaticano">Capo Vaticano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soverato" title="Soverato">Soverato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scilla,_Calabria" title="Scilla, Calabria">Scilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalea" title="Scalea">Scalea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sellia_Marina" title="Sellia Marina">Sellia Marina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montepaone" title="Montepaone">Montepaone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montauro" title="Montauro">Montauro</a>, Copanello (comune of <a href="/wiki/Staletti" class="mw-redirect" title="Staletti">Staletti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Palmi,_Calabria" title="Palmi, Calabria">Tonnara di Palmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamante,_Calabria" title="Diamante, Calabria">Diamante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paola,_Calabria" title="Paola, Calabria">Paola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiumefreddo_Bruzio" title="Fiumefreddo Bruzio">Fiumefreddo Bruzio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amantea" title="Amantea">Amantea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praia_a_Mare" title="Praia a Mare">Praia a Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Marittimo" title="Belvedere Marittimo">Belvedere Marittimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roseto_Capo_Spulico" title="Roseto Capo Spulico">Roseto Capo Spulico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corigliano_Calabro" title="Corigliano Calabro">Corigliano Calabro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cir%C3%B2_Marina" title="Cirò Marina">Cirò Marina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amendolara" title="Amendolara">Amendolara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roccella_Ionica" title="Roccella Ionica">Roccella Ionica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagnara_Calabra" title="Bagnara Calabra">Bagnara Calabra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotera" title="Nicotera">Nicotera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariati" title="Cariati">Cariati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambrone" title="Zambrone">Zambrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_Capo_Rizzuto" title="Isola di Capo Rizzuto">Isola di Capo Rizzuto</a>, Caminia (comune of <a href="/wiki/Staletti" class="mw-redirect" title="Staletti">Staletti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Siderno" title="Siderno">Siderno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parghelia" title="Parghelia">Parghelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricadi" title="Ricadi">Ricadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_Arcella" title="San Nicola Arcella">San Nicola Arcella</a>. In addition to the coastal tourist destinations, the interior of Calabria is rich in history, traditions, art and culture. Cosenza is among the most important cultural cities of Calabria, with a rich historical and artistic patrimony. Medieval castles, towers, churches, monasteries and other French castles and structures from the Norman to the Aragonese periods are common elements in both the interior and coastline of Calabria. The mountains offer skiing and other winter activities: <a href="/wiki/Sila_National_Park" title="Sila National Park">Sila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">Pollino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> are three national parks that offer facilities for winter sports, especially in the towns of Camigliatello (comune of <a href="/wiki/Spezzano_della_Sila" title="Spezzano della Sila">Spezzano della Sila</a>), Lorica (comune of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Fiore" title="San Giovanni in Fiore">San Giovanni in Fiore</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gambarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambarie">Gambarie</a>. Calabria has many small and picturesque villages, 15 of them have been selected by <a href="/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia" title="I Borghi più belli d'Italia">I Borghi più belli d'Italia</a> (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment_rate">Unemployment rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unemployment rate">edit</a>]</div> The unemployment rate stood at 20.1% in 2020 and was the highest in Italy and one of the highest inside the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-115">[114]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td>unemployment rate (in %) </td> <td>12.8% </td> <td>11.1% </td> <td>12.0% </td> <td>11.3% </td> <td>11.9% </td> <td>12.6% </td> <td>19.4% </td> <td>22.3% </td> <td>23.4% </td> <td>22.9% </td> <td>23.2% </td> <td>21.6% </td> <td>21.6% </td> <td>21.0% </td> <td>20.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure_and_transport">Infrastructure and transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Infrastructure and transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways_and_rail">Motorways and rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Motorways and rail">edit</a>]</div> The region is served by three heavily used roads: two national highways along the coasts (the SS18 between <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and Reggio Calabria and the SS106 between Reggio Calabria and <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A2_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A2 (Italy)">A2 motorway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> which links <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> to Reggio Calabria, passing by <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a> along the old inland route. <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A3_(Italy)#Overview)" title="Autostrada A3 (Italy)">Building this motorway</a> took 55 years and was extremely over budget due to organized crime infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The main road infrastructures can be classified into two separate groups, the first including the road infrastructures that cross the whole of Calabria from north to south: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Name e length </th> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th>Toll </th> <th>Services </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A2"><img alt="Simbolo dell'Autostrada A2 del Mediterraneo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg/50px-Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg/75px-Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg/100px-Autostrada_A2_del_Mediterraneo_-_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A2_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A2 (Italy)">Autostrada A2 del Mediterraneo</a> (278+400 km su 432+600 km)</td> <td>Start from <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A30_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A30 (Italy)">A30</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fisciano" title="Fisciano">Fisciano</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></td> <td>Free</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a> Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS 206"><img alt="SS 206" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg/50px-Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg/75px-Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg/100px-Strada_Statale_106_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strada_statale_106_Jonica" title="Strada statale 106 Jonica">Strada statale 106 Jonica</a> (415,000 km su 491+000km)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></td> <td>Free</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a> Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS 18"><img alt="SS 18" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg/50px-Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg/75px-Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg/100px-Strada_Statale_18_Italia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strada_statale_18_Tirrena_Inferiore" title="Strada statale 18 Tirrena Inferiore">Strada statale 18 Tirrena Inferiore</a> (535,132 km)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoli">Napoli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></td> <td>Free</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_(600x600),_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/20px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/30px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg/40px-Zeichen_361-51_-_Tankstelle_auch_mit_bleifreiem_Benzin_%28600x600%29%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a> Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> The second group includes the roads, which run through the region from the Tyrrhenian coast to the Ionian coast (west-east) . There is high-speed rail on Calabria's Tyrrhenian Coast with the <a href="/wiki/Frecciargento" title="Frecciargento">Frecciargento</a> (Silver Arrow) offering a route from Rome to Reggio Calabria. There are also many ferries connecting Calabria with Sicily through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a> with the main one being from <a href="/wiki/Villa_San_Giovanni" title="Villa San Giovanni">Villa San Giovanni</a> to Messina. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_and_ports">Shipping and ports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shipping and ports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg/220px-Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg/330px-Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg/440px-Gioiatauro_seaport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>The seaport of <a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a></figcaption></figure> The main Calabrian ports are in <a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gioia_Tauro" title="Port of Gioia Tauro">port of Gioia Tauro</a> has seven loading docks with an extension of 4,646 m (15,243 ft); it is the largest in Italy and the eighth largest <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">container port</a> in Europe, with a 2018 throughput of 4.0 million <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEUs</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> from more than 3,000 ships. In a 2006 report, Italian investigators estimated that 80% of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> via Gioia Tauro's docks. The port is also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_arms_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal arms trafficking">illegal arms trafficking</a>. These activities are controlled by the 'Ndrangheta criminal syndicate.<a href="#cite_note-gua191206-160">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Reggio" title="Port of Reggio">port of Reggio</a> is equipped with five loading docks of a length of 1,530 m (5,020 ft). Other ports: <ul><li>Port of Vibo Valentia</li> <li>Port of Villa San Giovanni</li> <li>Port of Corigliano Calabro</li> <li>Port of Crotone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Air travel">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme_International_Airport" title="Lamezia Terme International Airport">Lamezia Terme International Airport</a>,currently the first airport in Calabria for number of passengers per year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria_Airport" title="Reggio Calabria Airport">Reggio Calabria Airport</a>,few kilometres from Reggio Calabria's city center, built in 1939 was Calabria's first airport.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone_Airport" title="Crotone Airport">Crotone Airport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bridges">edit</a>]</div> Calabria has the two highest bridges in Italy: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_Viaduct" title="Italia Viaduct">Italia Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfalassa_Viaduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfalassa Viaduct">Sfalassa Viaduct</a> (also the highest and longest span frame bridge in the world)<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_bridge">Planned bridge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Planned bridge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg/170px-Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg/255px-Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg/340px-Strait_of_Messina_-_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>picture of stretto di Messina.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge" title="Strait of Messina Bridge">Strait of Messina Bridge</a></div> Plans for a bridge linking Sicily to Calabria have been discussed since 1865. Throughout the last decade, plans were developed for a road and rail link to the mainland via what would be the world's longest <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge" title="Strait of Messina Bridge">Strait of Messina Bridge</a>. Planning for the project has experienced several false starts over the past few decades. On 6 March 2009, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s government declared that the construction works for the Messina Bridge would begin on 23 December 2009, and announced a pledge of €1.3 billion as a contribution to the bridge's total cost, estimated at €6.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The plan has been criticized by environmental associations and some local Sicilians and Calabrians, concerned with its environmental impact, economic sustainability and even possible infiltrations by organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,155,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,219,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,282,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,439,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,526,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,627,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,723,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,772,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,044,287</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,045,047</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,988,051</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,061,182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,070,203</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,011,466</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,959,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,855,454</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The following is a list of Calabrian municipalities with a population of over 20,000:<a href="#cite_note-istat-165">[164]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> – 186,013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> – 93,265</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corigliano-Rossano" title="Corigliano-Rossano">Corigliano-Rossano</a> – 77,220</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme" title="Lamezia Terme">Lamezia Terme</a> – 71,123</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a> – 69,827</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a> – 61,529</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rende" title="Rende">Rende</a> – 35,352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a> – 33,857</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrovillari" title="Castrovillari">Castrovillari</a> – 22,518</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acri" title="Acri">Acri</a> – 21,263</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalto_Uffugo" title="Montalto Uffugo">Montalto Uffugo</a> – 20,553</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Calabria" title="Politics of Calabria">Politics of Calabria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_jurisdictions">Sister jurisdictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sister jurisdictions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Burwood,_New_South_Wales" title="Burwood, New South Wales">Burwood</a>, Australia.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> State of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> Calabria is divided into five provinces: <table class="wikitable center" style="text-align:center; width:50%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Coat of arms </th> <th>Province </th> <th>Municipalities </th> <th>Inhabitants </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Map </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Catanzaro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1239" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Catanzaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> </td> <td>80 </td> <td>340.679 </td> <td>2415,45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_(region_Calabria,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/140px-Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/210px-Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/280px-Map_of_province_of_Catanzaro_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="522" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg/70px-Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg/105px-Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg/140px-Provincia_di_Cosenza-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="433" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Cosenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Cosenza">Cosenza</a> </td> <td>150 </td> <td>668.992 </td> <td>6709,75 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_(region_Calabria,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/140px-Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/210px-Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/280px-Map_of_province_of_Cosenza_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="522" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png/70px-Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png/105px-Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png/140px-Italy.Province.Crotone.COA.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Crotone" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Crotone">Crotone</a> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>160.775 </td> <td>1735,68 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_province_of_Crotone_(region_Calabria,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Map_of_province_of_Crotone_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/140px-Map_of_province_of_Crotone_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Map_of_province_of_Crotone_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/210px-Map_of_province_of_Crotone_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Map_of_province_of_Crotone_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/280px-Map_of_province_of_Crotone_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="522" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Reggio-Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1239" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> </td> <td>97 </td> <td>516.601 </td> <td>3210,37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_(region_Calabria,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/140px-Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/210px-Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/280px-Map_of_Metropolitan_city_of_Reggio_Calabria_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="522" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg/70px-Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg/105px-Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg/140px-Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Vibo_Valentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>149.899 </td> <td>1150,64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_(region_Calabria,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/140px-Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/210px-Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg/280px-Map_of_province_of_Vibo_Valentia_%28region_Calabria%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="522" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Calabria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/70px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/105px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/140px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692" /></a> </td> <td>Calabria </td> <td>404 </td> <td>1.836.946 </td> <td>15221,90 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Calabria,_Italy,_with_provinces-it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg/140px-Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg/210px-Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg/280px-Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="2082" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria" title="Languages of Calabria">Languages of Calabria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Occitania.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Carta_Occitania.pdf/page1-220px-Carta_Occitania.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Carta_Occitania.pdf/page1-330px-Carta_Occitania.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Carta_Occitania.pdf/page1-440px-Carta_Occitania.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>La Gàrdia (Guardia Piemontese) and the other main cities of <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> language</figcaption></figure> Although the official national language of Calabria has been Standard Italian since before unification in 1861, Calabria has dialects that have been spoken in the region for centuries. The Calabrian language is a direct derivative of Latin. Most linguists divide the various <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Calabria">dialects</a> into two different language groups. In the northern area of the region,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> the Calabrian dialects are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan language</a> and are grouped as Northern Calabrian. In the rest of the region, the Calabrian dialects are often grouped as Central and Southern Calabrian, and are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Piemontese" title="Guardia Piemontese">Guardia Piemontese</a>, as well as some quarters of Reggio Calabria, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> called <a href="/wiki/Gardiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiol">Gardiol</a> can also be found. In addition, since Calabria was once ruled by the French and Spanish, some Calabrian dialects exhibit Spanish and French influences. Another important linguistic minority, in the nine towns of <a href="/wiki/Bovesia" title="Bovesia">Bovesìa</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, speaks a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> called <a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Grecanico</a>, a remnant of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule and ancient <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The majority of Calabrians are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. Historically, Calabrians were <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a>, and in 732 the dioceses of southern Italy were even moved to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. There are also communities of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelicals</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Calabria has also been called "The Land of Saints" as the region was the birthplace of many saints spanning nearly 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The most famous saint in Calabria and also the patron saint of the region is St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Paola" title="Francis of Paola">Francis of Paola</a>. Calabria also has another patron saint called Saint <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Cologne" title="Bruno of Cologne">Bruno of Cologne</a> who was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> Order. Saint Bruno would build the charterhouse of <a href="/wiki/Serra_San_Bruno" title="Serra San Bruno">Serra San Bruno</a>, a town which bears his name, in 1095 and later die there in 1101. Even though it is currently a very small community, there has been a long history of the presence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Calabria" title="History of the Jews in Calabria">Jews in Calabria</a>. The Jews have had a presence in the region for at least 1600 years and possibly as much as 2300 years. Calabrian Jews have had notably influence on many areas of Jewish life and culture. Although virtually identical to the Jews of Sicily, the Jews of Calabria are considered a distinct Jewish population due to historical and geographic considerations. There is a small community of Italian <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a> who have resumed the Jewish faith.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> It is important to highlight the presence of Calabrians in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Indeed, the Hellenistics in this period frequently came from Calabria maybe because of the Greek influence. The rediscovery of Ancient Greek was very difficult because this language had been almost forgotten. In this period the presence of Calabrian humanists or refugees from Constantinople was fundamental. The study of Ancient Greek, in this period, was mainly a work of two monks of the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Seminara" title="Seminara">Seminara</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Barlaam of Calabria">Barlaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Gerace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Gerace">bishop of Gerace</a>, and his disciple, <a href="/wiki/Leonzio_Pilato" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonzio Pilato">Leonzio Pilato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonzio_Pilato" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonzio Pilato">Leonzio Pilato</a>, in particular, was a Calabrian born near <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>. He was an important teacher of Ancient Greek and translator, and he helped <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> in the translations of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s works. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_wine" title="Calabrian wine">Calabrian wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/U_cumbitu" title="U cumbitu">U cumbitu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Nduja.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%27Nduja.JPG/220px-%27Nduja.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%27Nduja.JPG/330px-%27Nduja.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%27Nduja.JPG/440px-%27Nduja.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%27Nduja" title="'Nduja">'Nduja</a></figcaption></figure> The cuisine is a typical southern Italian <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a> with a balance between meat-based dishes (pork, lamb, goat), vegetables (especially <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>), and fish. Pasta (as in central Italy and the rest of southern Italy) is also very important in Calabria. In contrast to most other Italian regions, Calabrians have traditionally placed an emphasis on the preservation of their food and packing vegetables and meats in <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and on making sausages and cold cuts (<a href="/wiki/Soppressata" title="Soppressata">soppressata</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Nduja" title="'Nduja">'nduja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capocollo" title="Capocollo">capocollo</a>). Along the coast fish is cured, especially <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a> (sardelle rosamarina) and <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">baccalà</a>). Local desserts are typically fried, honey-sweetened pastries such as cudduraci, nacatole, scalille or scalidde, or baked <a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">biscotti</a>-type treats such as nzudda. Some local specialties include <a href="/wiki/Caciocavallo" title="Caciocavallo">caciocavallo cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">cipolla rossa di Tropea</a> (red onion), <a href="/wiki/Frittole_(meat_dish)" title="Frittole (meat dish)">frìttuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curc%C3%B9ci" class="mw-redirect" title="Curcùci">curcùci</a> (fried pork), <a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">liquorice</a> (liquirizia), <a href="/wiki/Lagane_e_ceci" title="Lagane e ceci">lagane e cicciari</a> (a pasta dish with <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecorino_crotonese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecorino crotonese (page does not exist)">pecorino crotonese</a> (sheep cheese), and <a href="/wiki/Pignolata" title="Pignolata">pignolata</a>. In ancient times Calabria was referred to as Enotria (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Οἰνωτρία, <a href="/wiki/Oenotria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenotria">Oenotria</a>, 'land of wine'). According to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> tradition, Οἴνωτρος (<a href="/wiki/Oenotrus" title="Oenotrus">Oenotrus</a>), the youngest of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> of Oenotria.<a href="#cite_note-theoi-176">[175]</a> Some vineyards have origins dating back to the ancient Greek colonists. The best known <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOC</a> wines are <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_wine#Cirò" title="Calabrian wine">Cirò</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Crotone" title="Province of Crotone">province of Crotone</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Donnici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cosenza" title="Province of Cosenza">province of Cosenza</a>). 3% of the total annual production qualifies as DOC. Important grape varieties are the red <a href="/wiki/Gaglioppo" title="Gaglioppo">Gaglioppo</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Vino_Greco" title="Vino Greco">Greco</a>. Many producers are resurrecting local, ancient grape varieties which have been around for as long as 3000 years.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg/300px-Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg/450px-Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg/600px-Stadio_San_Vito-Marulla_-_Cosenza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption> Cosenza Calcio Stadium</figcaption></figure> The most popular sport in Calabria is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Serie_B" title="2023–24 Serie B">2023-2024 Serie B</a> season, Calabria hosts 2 out of 20 teams: <a href="/wiki/Cosenza_Calcio" title="Cosenza Calcio">Cosenza Calcio</a> and Catanzaro . Other big teams of the region are Crotone, Vibonese playing in the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Serie_C" title="2023–24 Serie C">2023-2024 Serie C</a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Reggio_Calabria" title="Viola Reggio Calabria">Viola Reggio Calabria</a> is an Italian professional <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> club based in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, Calabria. At its heyday the club was renowned for discovering talented players who would go on to play at the highest level, for example three former players took part in the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Olympics</a> final. Viola still plays the PalaCalafiore (full name: Palasport Francesco Calafiore in dedication to a local sports journalist) , it is the biggest arena in Calabria and the seventh-largest in Italy, with more than 8,500 seats (also known as the PalaPentimele, from the Pentimele neighbourhood it is situated in) .<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a>.Viola won also 3 Campionato di Legadue 1984-1985 1988-89 1991-92.<a href="/wiki/Joe_Bryant" title="Joe Bryant">Joe Bryant</a> played for 1 season ('86–'87) in Viola with him lived in Reggio his son <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Bryant" title="Kobe Bryant">Kobe Bryant</a>,<a href="/wiki/Manu_Gin%C3%B3bili" title="Manu Ginóbili">Manu Ginóbili</a> played for 2 seasons ('98–'00) in Viola. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universities">Universities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> There are 3 public universities in the region of Calabria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calabria" title="University of Calabria">University of Calabria</a> (Cosenza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Graecia University">Magna Graecia University</a> (Catanzaro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranea_University_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria">Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria</a></li></ul> There is also the private <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_per_stranieri_%22Dante_Alighieri%22_di_Reggio_Calabria" title="Università per stranieri "Dante Alighieri" di Reggio Calabria">University for Foreigners "Dante Alighieri" in Reggio Calabria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ospedali_della_Calabria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ospedali_della_Calabria.png/220px-Ospedali_della_Calabria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ospedali_della_Calabria.png/330px-Ospedali_della_Calabria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ospedali_della_Calabria.png/440px-Ospedali_della_Calabria.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption> public hospitals in Calabria </figcaption></figure> The health service in Calabria is organized into four main public hospitals and thirty secondary ones, and there are numerous private hospital facilities.Because of their debts, since 2009 they were administered by an extraordinary commissioner . It has been seen as an unavoidable step to return to an ordinary and cost-effective administration at a regional level, as it is provided by the Italian Constitution. The four main public hospitals are <ul><li>Azienda Ospedaliera "Pugliese-Ciaccio" ,<a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a></li> <li>Azienda Ospedaliera "Mater Domini" ,<a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a></li> <li>Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza , <a href="/wiki/Cosenza" title="Cosenza">Cosenza</a></li> <li>Ospedali Riuniti di Reggio Calabria , <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Calabria" title="List of people from Calabria">List of people from Calabria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes" title="1783 Calabrian earthquakes">1783 Calabrian earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Calabria_earthquake" title="1905 Calabria earthquake">1905 Calabria earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Calabria" title="Duke of Calabria">Duke of Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttians" title="Bruttians">Bruttians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Grecanici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge" title="Strait of Messina Bridge">Strait of Messina Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Sicily">Theme of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈlæbriə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">kə-LAB-ree-ə</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈleɪb-, -ˈlɑːb-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠LAYB-, -⁠LAHB-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Collins-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kaˈlaːbrja]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Calabrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Calabrian">Northern Calabrian</a>: Calàbbria; <a href="/wiki/Central-Southern_Calabrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-Southern Calabrian">Central-Southern Calabrian</a>: Calàvria; <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëreshë Albanian language">Arbëreshë Albanian</a>: Kalavrì; <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a>: Καλαβρία, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Kalavría. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en">"Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region"</a>, www.ec.europa.eu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225221435/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_r_d2jan/default/table?lang=en">archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023, retrieved 29 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Population+on+1+January+by+age%2C+sex+and+NUTS+2+region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2FDEMO_R_D2JAN%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab"</a>. hdi.globaldatalab.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018. 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Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+giants+of+the+sila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscoveries-in-sicily-and-calabria.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fthe-giants-of-sila.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221155346/http://www.igigantidellasila.it/en/actuality-culture/95-the-giants-of-the-sila-memories-and-history-of-a-biogenetic-reserve">"The Giants of the Sila: memories and history of a biogenetic reserve – I Giganti della Sila"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome+-+Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Identificazione+degli+Enotri&rft.issue=126%E2%80%932&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fmefra.2438&rft.aulast=Bianco&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft.au=Preite%2C+Addolorata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fmefra%2F2438%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciarretta2010" class="citation book cs1">Sciarretta, Antonio (2010). Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi. Milano: Mursia. pp. 174–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5"><bdi>978-88-425-4017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponomastica+d%27Italia.+Nomi+di+luoghi%2C+storie+di+popoli+antichi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=174-194&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-425-4017-5&rft.aulast=Sciarretta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzariniPoccetti2001" class="citation book cs1">Lazzarini, Letizia; Poccetti, Paolo (2001). Il mondo enotrio tra VI e V secolo a. C. L'iscrizione paleoitalica da Tortora. 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Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Games+%E2%80%93+Winter+Summer+Past+and+Future+Olympics&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fcontent%2Folympic-games%2Fancient-olympic-games%2Fthe-athlete%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-45"><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property">"Intellectual Property (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. plato.stanford.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211020840/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intellectual-property/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2015. 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New York: Alfred Knopf. p. xxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307387721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307387721"><bdi>978-0307387721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Sea%3A+A+History+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxvii&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0307387721&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack">Italy and Its Monarchy</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack/page/12">12-13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyitsmonarchy0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy_and_Its_Monarchy-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_and_Its_Monarchy_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italy_and_Its_Monarchy_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack">Italy and Its Monarchy</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyitsmonarchy0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack">Italy and Its Monarchy</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyitsmonarchy0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack">Italy and Its Monarchy</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack/page/165">165-166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyitsmonarchy0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergiLavorgna2016" class="citation book cs1">Sergi, Anna; Lavorgna, Anita (2016). 'Ndrangheta: The Glocal Dimensions of the Most Powerful Italian Mafia. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319325859" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319325859"><bdi>978-3319325859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Ndrangheta%3A+The+Glocal+Dimensions+of+the+Most+Powerful+Italian+Mafia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319325859&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lavorgna%2C+Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergiLavorgna2016" class="citation book cs1">Sergi, Anna; Lavorgna, Anita (2016). 'Ndrangheta: The Glocal Dimensions of the Most Powerful Italian Mafia. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack/page/181">181-182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyitsmonarchy0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack">Italy and Its Monarchy</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyitsmonarchy0000mack/page/260">260-261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyitsmonarchy0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunnage_1999_38-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnage_1999_38_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnage_1999_38_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". In Dunnagee, Jonathan (ed.). After the War: Violence, Justice, Continuity and Renewal in Italian Society. Leicester: Troubador Publishing. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899293566" title="Special:BookSources/1899293566"><bdi>1899293566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Southern+Italian+Community&rft.btitle=After+the+War%3A+Violence%2C+Justice%2C+Continuity+and+Renewal+in+Italian+Society&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1899293566&rft.aulast=Dunnage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". In Dunnagee, Jonathan (ed.). After the War: Violence, Justice, Continuity and Renewal in Italian Society. Leicester: Troubador Publishing. pp. 369–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899293566" title="Special:BookSources/1899293566"><bdi>1899293566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Southern+Italian+Community&rft.btitle=After+the+War%3A+Violence%2C+Justice%2C+Continuity+and+Renewal+in+Italian+Society&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=369-37&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1899293566&rft.aulast=Dunnage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapogreco2019" class="citation book cs1">Capogreco, Carlo Spartaco (2019). 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Mussolini's Camps: Civilian Internment in Fascist Italy (1940–1943). London: Routledge. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138333086" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138333086"><bdi>978-1138333086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Camps%3A+Civilian+Internment+in+Fascist+Italy+%281940%E2%80%931943%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1138333086&rft.aulast=Capogreco&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Spartaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). A World in Arms. 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A World in Arms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7"><bdi>978-0-521-61826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+in+Arms&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61826-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMillet2000" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson; Millet, Alan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_1">War to be Won</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_1/page/378">378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00163-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00163-X"><bdi>0-674-00163-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+to+be+Won&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00163-X&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Millet%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwartobewonfighti00murr_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunnage_1999_39-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnage_1999_39_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnage_1999_39_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". In Dunnagee, Jonathan (ed.). After the War: Violence, Justice, Continuity and Renewal in Italian Society. Leicester: Troubador Publishing. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899293566" title="Special:BookSources/1899293566"><bdi>1899293566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Southern+Italian+Community&rft.btitle=After+the+War%3A+Violence%2C+Justice%2C+Continuity+and+Renewal+in+Italian+Society&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1899293566&rft.aulast=Dunnage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunnage_1999_37-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnage_1999_37_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunnage_1999_37_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". In Dunnagee, Jonathan (ed.). After the War: Violence, Justice, Continuity and Renewal in Italian Society. Leicester: Troubador Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899293566" title="Special:BookSources/1899293566"><bdi>1899293566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Southern+Italian+Community&rft.btitle=After+the+War%3A+Violence%2C+Justice%2C+Continuity+and+Renewal+in+Italian+Society&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1899293566&rft.aulast=Dunnage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". In Dunnagee, Jonathan (ed.). After the War: Violence, Justice, Continuity and Renewal in Italian Society. Leicester: Troubador Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899293566" title="Special:BookSources/1899293566"><bdi>1899293566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Southern+Italian+Community&rft.btitle=After+the+War%3A+Violence%2C+Justice%2C+Continuity+and+Renewal+in+Italian+Society&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1899293566&rft.aulast=Dunnage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". In Dunnagee, Jonathan (ed.). After the War: Violence, Justice, Continuity and Renewal in Italian Society. Leicester: Troubador Publishing. pp. 41=42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899293566" title="Special:BookSources/1899293566"><bdi>1899293566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Policing+in+the+Southern+Italian+Community&rft.btitle=After+the+War%3A+Violence%2C+Justice%2C+Continuity+and+Renewal+in+Italian+Society&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=41%3D42&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1899293566&rft.aulast=Dunnage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnage1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunnage, Jonathan (1999). "Politics and Policing in the Southern Italian Community". 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'Ndrangheta: The Glocal Dimensions of the Most Powerful Italian Mafia. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319325859" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319325859"><bdi>978-3319325859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Ndrangheta%3A+The+Glocal+Dimensions+of+the+Most+Powerful+Italian+Mafia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319325859&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lavorgna%2C+Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergiLavorgna2016" class="citation book cs1">Sergi, Anna; Lavorgna, Anita (2016). 'Ndrangheta: The Glocal Dimensions of the Most Powerful Italian Mafia. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319325859" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319325859"><bdi>978-3319325859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Ndrangheta%3A+The+Glocal+Dimensions+of+the+Most+Powerful+Italian+Mafia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319325859&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lavorgna%2C+Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergiLavorgna2016" class="citation book cs1">Sergi, Anna; Lavorgna, Anita (2016). 'Ndrangheta: The Glocal Dimensions of the Most Powerful Italian Mafia. 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Retrieved 31 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ourlivesinitaly.com&rft.atitle=Bergamot+and+Cedro+%E2%80%93+The+Citrus+Fruits+of+Calabria&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourlivesinitaly.com%2Fbergamot-and-cedro-the-citrus-fruits-of-calabria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCSP_COLTIVAZIONI">"ISTAT. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Statistical Database. 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516151758/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCSP_COLTIVAZIONI">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019. 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Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia.+Le+14+novit%C3%A0+2023%2C+dal+Trentino+alla+Calabria&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fviaggi%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2Fnews%2Fborghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/">"I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225095744/http://www.borghipiubelliditalia.it/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Borghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia%2C+la+guida+online+ai+piccoli+centri+dell%27Italia+nascosta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fborghipiubelliditalia.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> (in Italian) ...una vera e propria «vergogna italiana», in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almcalabria.it/calabriaradicale/a3/la-storia-della-salerno-reggio-calabria/">La storia della Salerno Reggio Calabria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023438/http://www.almcalabria.it/calabriaradicale/a3/la-storia-della-salerno-reggio-calabria/">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, book about Salerno-Reggio Calabria </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Organised crime may be behind problems with southern motorway: Awkward questions remain about Italian infrastructure, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/organised-crime-may-be-behind-problems-with-southern-motorway-1.1478824">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054517/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/organised-crime-may-be-behind-problems-with-southern-motorway-1.1478824">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do">"The largest European ports"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121154457/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/eurostat/web/main/help/faq/data-services">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2023. 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Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CALABRIA%3A+ITALY%27S+HOLY+MOUNTAINS&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodeoflife.org%2Fcalabria-italys-holy-mountains-the-link-between-east-and-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612053046/http://www.jewishroots.it/">"Center for the Study of Jewry in Calabria and Sicily"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishroots.it/">the original</a> on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+the+Study+of+Jewry+in+Calabria+and+Sicily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishroots.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theoi-176"><a href="#cite_ref-theoi_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias8A.html">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, Arcadia, 8.3.5, at Theoi Project"</a>. theoi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093013/http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias8A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+Arcadia%2C+8.3.5%2C+at+Theoi+Project&rft.pub=theoi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FPausanias8A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-wine-library.co.uk/A-E/C/Terms/Calabria.html">The-Wine-Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605012224/http://www.the-wine-library.co.uk/A-E/C/Terms/Calabria.html">Archived</a> 5 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Short Description of wine in Calabria </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817030102/http://www.violareggiocalabria.it/palacalafiore/palacalafiore">"Palacalafiore"</a>. ViolaReggioCalabria.it (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.violareggiocalabria.it/palacalafiore/palacalafiore">the original</a> on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ViolaReggioCalabria.it&rft.atitle=Palacalafiore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.violareggiocalabria.it%2Fpalacalafiore%2Fpalacalafiore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1993" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1993). The History of Rome. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11461-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11461-X"><bdi>0-571-11461-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-571-11461-X&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane_Fox2005" class="citation book cs1">Lane Fox, Robin (2005). The Classical World. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102141-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102141-1"><bdi>0-14-102141-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+World&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-102141-1&rft.aulast=Lane+Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatyszak2004" class="citation book cs1">Matyszak, Philip (2004). The Enemies of Rome. New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-25124-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-25124-X"><bdi>0-500-25124-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemies+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-500-25124-X&rft.aulast=Matyszak&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusti1990" class="citation book cs1">Musti, Domenico (1990). "La spinta verso il Sud: espansione romana e rapporti "internazionali"". Storia di Roma. Vol. I. Turin: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-11741-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-11741-2"><bdi>978-88-06-11741-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+spinta+verso+il+Sud%3A+espansione+romana+e+rapporti+%22internazionali%22&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Roma&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-88-06-11741-2&rft.aulast=Musti&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dal Lago, Enrico, and Rick Halpern, eds. The American South and the Italian Mezzogiorno: Essays in Comparative History (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73971-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73971-X">0-333-73971-X</a></li> <li>Dunston, Lara, and Terry Carter. Travellers Calabria (Travellers – Thomas Cook) (2009), guidebook</li> <li>Moe, Nelson. The View from Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question (2002)</li> <li>Schneider, Jane. Italy's 'Southern Question': Orientalism in One Country (1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.calabria.it/">Calabria Region</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calabria">"Calabria" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calabria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalabria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calabria" title="Template:Calabria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calabria" title="Template talk:Calabria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calabria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calabria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Calabria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calabria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces and places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catanzaro" title="Province of Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cosenza" title="Province of Cosenza">Cosenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Crotone" title="Province of Crotone">Crotone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vibo_Valentia" title="Province of Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Calabria">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Calabria,_Italy,_with_provinces-it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg/125px-Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg/188px-Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg/250px-Map_of_region_of_Calabria%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-it.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Calabria" title="Politics of Calabria">Politics and government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Calabria" title="Elections in Calabria">Elections in Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Calabria" title="List of presidents of Calabria">List of presidents of Calabria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture and heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Calabria" title="List of people from Calabria">List of people from Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria" title="Languages of Calabria">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Calabria" title="Music of Calabria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Calabria" title="Flag of Calabria">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Calabria" title="Category:Calabria">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000041760373X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/474145857081722921867">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155870508">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204789/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxGWrkhmYTWMm49TgqYT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029278-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79033089">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943238n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943238n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076730794">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calabria&oldid=1260100400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calabria&oldid=1260100400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calabria" title="Category:Calabria">Calabria</a></li><li><a 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