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href="#18th-century_port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>18th-century port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th-century_port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Built-up_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Built-up_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Built-up area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Built-up_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Green belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Water and air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landmarks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Listed_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listed_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Listed buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listed_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twinned_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twinned_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Twinned cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twinned_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Further education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Primary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religious sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Politics and journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_humanities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_humanities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Science and humanities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_humanities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonceaster" title="Lonceaster – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lonceaster" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="لانكستر (إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لانكستر (إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="لنکستر، لانکاشر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لنکستر، لانکاشر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ланкастер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ланкастер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ланкастэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ланкастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ланкастър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ланкастър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(lungsod_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Lancashire,_lat_54,05,_long_-2,80)" title="Lancaster (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Lancashire, lat 54,05, long -2,80) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lancaster (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Lancashire, lat 54,05, long -2,80)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Anglie)" title="Lancaster (Anglie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lancaster (Anglie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerhirfryn" title="Caerhirfryn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caerhirfryn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Λάνκαστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάνκαστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="لنکستر، لانکاشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنکستر، لانکاشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancastre_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Lancastre (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lancastre (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lancaster, Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%AD%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_(%EB%9E%AD%EC%BB%A4%EC%85%94%EC%A3%BC)" title="랭커스터 (랭커셔주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랭커스터 (랭커셔주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լանքասթեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լանքասթեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lancaster, Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Regno_Unito)" title="Lancaster (Regno Unito) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lancaster (Regno Unito)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8_(%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="לנקסטר (לנקשייר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לנקסטר (לנקשייר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ланкастер (Англия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ланкастер (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancastria" title="Lancastria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lancastria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankastera" title="Lankastera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lankastera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankasteris" title="Lankasteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lankasteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1)" title="لانكاستر (مدينه فى لانكاستير) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لانكاستر (مدينه فى لانكاستير)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="ランカスター (イングランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランカスター (イングランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_i_Lancashire" title="Lancaster i Lancashire – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lancaster i Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="لنکاسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لنکاسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ланкастер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ланкастер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lancaster, Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Anglicko)" title="Lancaster (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lancaster (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ланкастер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ланкастер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Lancashire)" title="Lancaster (Lancashire) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lancaster (Lancashire)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_(Englanti)" title="Lancaster (Englanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lancaster (Englanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lancaster, Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ланкастер (Велика Британія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ланкастер (Велика Британія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="لنکاسٹر، لنکاشائر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لنکاسٹر، لنکاشائر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankast%C3%A9r" title="Lankastér – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Lankastér" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lancaster, Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster" title="Lancaster – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lancaster, Lancashire" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88%E5%85%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%A4%8F%E9%83%A1%EF%BC%89" title="兰卡斯特（兰开夏郡） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="兰卡斯特（兰开夏郡）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E5%8A%A0%E5%A3%AB%E6%89%93" title="蘭加士打 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘭加士打" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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this location">54.04889°N 2.80139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.04889; -2.80139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Lancashire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical city. For the local government district, see <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">City of Lancaster</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lancaster (disambiguation)">Lancaster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human settlement in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Lancaster</th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg/238px-St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg/357px-St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg/476px-St_George%27s_Quay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4878049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4989" data-file-height="3134" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_(12311695365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_%2812311695365%29.jpg/118px-The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_%2812311695365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_%2812311695365%29.jpg/177px-The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_%2812311695365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_%2812311695365%29.jpg/236px-The_Ashton_Memorial_in_Lancaster_%2812311695365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="4922" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Castle_(216584793).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lancaster_Castle_%28216584793%29.jpeg/116px-Lancaster_Castle_%28216584793%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="116" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lancaster_Castle_%28216584793%29.jpeg/174px-Lancaster_Castle_%28216584793%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lancaster_Castle_%28216584793%29.jpeg/232px-Lancaster_Castle_%28216584793%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div>Top: St George's Quay, on the <a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">River Lune</a><br />Bottom: the <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Memorial" title="Ashton Memorial">Ashton Memorial</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a> (right)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancaster is located in the City of Lancaster district"><img alt="Lancaster is located in the City of Lancaster district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg/240px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg/360px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg/480px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_City_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.15%;left:25.722%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lancaster"><img alt="Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lancaster</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within the City of Lancaster district</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the City of Lancaster district</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancaster is located in Lancashire"><img alt="Lancaster is located in Lancashire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Lancashire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.783%;left:29.874%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lancaster"><img alt="Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lancaster</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lancashire</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">52,234 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lancastrian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=54.046779~-2.803296&lvl=13&sp=Point.54.046779_-2.803296_Lancaster&sty=s&style=s">SD475615</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">City of Lancaster</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Shire county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">LANCASTER</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LA_postcode_area" title="LA postcode area">LA1, LA2</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01524</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary" title="Lancashire Constabulary">Lancashire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service">Lancashire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_West_Ambulance_Service" title="North West Ambulance Service">North West</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_and_Wyre_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lancaster and Wyre (UK Parliament constituency)">Lancaster and Wyre</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List of places</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Lancashire" title="List of places in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></dd></dl></div> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lancaster,_Lancashire&params=54_02_56_N_02_48_05_W_region:GB_type:city(52234)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°02′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°48′05″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.04889°N 2.80139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.04889; -2.80139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lancaster</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England, and the main cultural hub, economic and commercial centre of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">City of Lancaster</a> district. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">River Lune</a>, directly inland from <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a>. Lancaster is the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_County_Council" title="Lancashire County Council">Lancashire County Council</a> has been based at <a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Preston" title="County Hall, Preston">County Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> since its formation in 1889. </p><p>The city's long history is marked by <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster Roman Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Lancaster Priory Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Cathedral" title="Lancaster Cathedral">Lancaster Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Memorial" title="Ashton Memorial">Ashton Memorial</a>. It is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a> and has a campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cumbria" title="University of Cumbria">University of Cumbria</a>. It had a population of 52,234<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 2011 census, compared to the district, which had a population of 138,375.<sup id="cite_ref-nomis2011district_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomis2011district-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> was a branch of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English royal family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> still holds large estates on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Lancaster" title="Port of Lancaster">Port of Lancaster</a> and the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_slave_trade" title="Lancaster slave trade">Lancaster slave trade</a> played a major role in the city's growth, but for many years the <a href="/wiki/Outport" title="Outport">outport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glasson_Dock" title="Glasson Dock">Glasson Dock</a>, downstream, has been the main shipping facility. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">History of Lancashire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lancaster was recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i> of 1086, as <i>Loncastre</i>, where "Lon" refers to the <a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">River Lune</a> and "castre" from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>cæster</i> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>castrum</i> for "fort" to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman</a> fort that stood on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_Saxon_eras">Roman and Saxon eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman and Saxon eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_bath_house,_Lancaster_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Roman_bath_house%2C_Lancaster_2.JPG/220px-Roman_bath_house%2C_Lancaster_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Roman_bath_house%2C_Lancaster_2.JPG/330px-Roman_bath_house%2C_Lancaster_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Roman_bath_house%2C_Lancaster_2.JPG/440px-Roman_bath_house%2C_Lancaster_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Roman bath house on Castle Hill</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">A Roman fort</a> was built by the end of the 1st century CE on the hill where <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a> now stands, possibly as early as the 60s, based on Roman coin evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in its early years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rebuilt in stone about 102.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort name is known only in a shortened form; the only evidence is a Roman milestone found 4 miles (6.4 km) outside Lancaster, with an inscription ending L MP IIII, meaning "from L – 4 miles,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that its name began with an L. The fort was perhaps named Calunium.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. It's a wiki-site. (July 2020)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roman baths were found in 1812 and can be seen near the junction of Bridge Lane and Church Street. There was presumably a bath-house with the 4th-century fort. The Roman baths incorporated a reused inscription of the Gallic Emperor <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>, dating from 262 to 266. The 3rd-century fort was garrisoned by the <i>ala Sebosiana</i> and <i>numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient <i>Wery Wall</i> was identified in 1950 as the north wall of the 4th-century fort, which was a drastic remodelling of the 3rd-century one, while retaining the same orientation. The later fort is the only example in north-west Britain of a 4th-century type, with massive curtain-wall and projecting bastions typical of the <i>Saxon Shore</i> or Wales. Extension of the technique as far north as Lancaster shows that the coast between Cumberland and North Wales was not left defenceless after the west-coast attacks and the disaster in the <a href="/wiki/Carausian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carausian Revolt">Carausian Revolt</a> of 296, which followed from those under <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Albinus</a> in 197. </p><p>The fort at its largest extent covered 9–10 acres (4–4 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests that it stayed in use until the end of <a href="/wiki/Roman_occupation_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman occupation of Britain">Roman occupation of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church Street and some of St Leonard's Gate probably mark the initial course of the Roman road up the valley to <a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">the fort at Over Burrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known of Lancaster from the end of Roman rule to the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest of the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation for the period, it is thought that Lancaster remained inhabited. It lay on the fringes of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> and over time may have passed from one to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of today's <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Lancaster Priory</a> by the 700s or 800s. The Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic</a> "Cynibald's cross" found at the Priory in 1807 is thought to date from the late 9th century. Lancaster was probably one of several abbeys founded under <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_in_1728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lancaster_in_1728.jpg/220px-Lancaster_in_1728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lancaster_in_1728.jpg/330px-Lancaster_in_1728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lancaster_in_1728.jpg/440px-Lancaster_in_1728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster in 1728</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> in 1066, Lancaster fell under the control of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a>, as stated in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, which has the earliest known mention of Lancaster as such in any document. The founding Priory charter dated 1094 is the first known document specific to Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-White_57_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_57-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time William had passed Lancaster and its surroundings to <a href="/wiki/Roger_the_Poitevin" title="Roger the Poitevin">Roger de Poitou</a>. The document also suggests the monastery was refounded as a parish church some time before 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-White_57_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_57-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster became a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">borough</a> in 1193 under <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">King Richard I</a>. Its first <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">charter</a>, dated 12 June 1193, was from <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Mortain" title="List of counts of Mortain">Count of Mortain</a>, who later became King of England.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png/220px-DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png/330px-DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png/440px-DV342_Lancaster_from_the_south.png 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster from the south in 1825</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a>, partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, stands on the site of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a>. During <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Raid_of_1322" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Raid of 1322">The Great Raid of 1322</a>, damage was done to the castle by <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, though it resisted the attack and was restored and strengthened by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, who added much of the Gateway Tower and a turret on the keep or Lungess Tower, which has been named "John o' Gaunt's Chair".<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1322 the Scots burnt the town. It was rebuilt but removed from its position on the hill to the slope and foot. Again in 1389, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn" title="Battle of Otterburn">Battle of Otterburn</a>, it was destroyed by the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster Castle is known as the site of the <a href="/wiki/Pendle_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendle witch trials">Pendle witch trials</a> in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle (the Lancaster <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assizes</a>) sentenced more people to be <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> than any other in the country outside <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, earning Lancaster the nickname, <i>"the Hanging Town"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during the Reformation – at least eleven Catholic priests were executed and a memorial to them as the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Martyrs" title="Lancaster Martyrs">Lancaster Martyrs</a> stands by the city centre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank,_Skerton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank%2C_Skerton.jpg/220px-Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank%2C_Skerton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank%2C_Skerton.jpg/330px-Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank%2C_Skerton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank%2C_Skerton.jpg/440px-Lancaster_from_Lune_Bank%2C_Skerton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional emblem of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a>, similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> with a white rose. The names derive from emblems of the Royal Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">York</a> in the 15th century. This erupted into a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> over rival claims to the throne during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. </p><p>More recently the term <i>"Wars of the Roses"</i> has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams from <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. It is also applied to the annual <a href="/wiki/Roses_Tournament" title="Roses Tournament">Roses Tournament</a> between Lancaster and York universities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._George%27s_Quay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St._George%27s_Quay.JPG/220px-St._George%27s_Quay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St._George%27s_Quay.JPG/330px-St._George%27s_Quay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St._George%27s_Quay.JPG/440px-St._George%27s_Quay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>St George's Quay</figcaption></figure> <p>Lancaster gained a first <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> in 1193<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a>, but had to await city status until 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th-century_port">18th-century port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th-century port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the city's central buildings, including those lining St George's Quay date from the 18th century, as the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Lancaster" title="Port of Lancaster">Port of Lancaster</a> became one of the UK's busiest and the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_slave_trade" title="Lancaster slave trade">Lancaster slave trade</a> was the fourth most important in the UK <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among prominent Lancaster slavers were <a href="/wiki/Dodshon_Foster" title="Dodshon Foster">Dodshon Foster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hinde_(senior)" title="Thomas Hinde (senior)">Thomas Hinde</a> and his namesake son.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last slave ship to be constructed in Lancaster was the 267-tonne <i>Trafalgar</i>, built in 1806 at Brockbank’s shipyard for Samuel Hinderland and William Hinde.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster's role as a major port diminished as the river began to silt up<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasson_Dock" title="Glasson Dock">Glasson Dock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland Point">Sunderland Point</a> became preeminent for brief periods. <a href="/wiki/Heysham_Port" title="Heysham Port">Heysham Port</a> has now eclipsed all others on the Lune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A permanent military presence was built up with the completion of <a href="/wiki/Bowerham_Barracks" title="Bowerham Barracks">Bowerham Barracks</a> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Street_drill_hall,_Lancaster" title="Phoenix Street drill hall, Lancaster">Phoenix Street drill hall</a> was completed in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the city was home to many industries from the 18th century to the 20th century. The main industries in the city at the time were candle making, sailcloth making, rope making and shipbuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the decline of the industrial revolution, Lancaster suffered from economic decline and high unemployment rates like many parts of the north of England.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city underwent regeneration and is now a tourist destination. </p><p>Lancaster is mainly a service-oriented city. Products include <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fibre">synthetic fibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farm_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm machinery">farm machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_goods_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy goods vehicle">HGV</a> <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)" title="Trailer (vehicle)">trailers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_fibres" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fibres">mineral fibres</a>. In recent years, a high-tech sector has emerged from <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications companies">telecommunications companies</a> investing in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In March 2004, Lancaster was granted <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade City">Fairtrade City</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster was home to the European headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Reebok" title="Reebok">Reebok</a>. After merging with <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, Reebok moved to <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> visited the castle for commemorations for the 750th anniversary of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Lancaster, Lancashire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg/220px-Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg/330px-Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg/440px-Lancaster_Old_Town_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Town_Hall" title="Lancaster Town Hall">Lancaster Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Square" title="Dalton Square">Dalton Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The former <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">Municipal Borough</a> of Lancaster and the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Morecambe_and_Heysham" title="Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham">Municipal Borough of Morecambe and Heysham</a>, along with other authorities, merged in 1974<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">City of Lancaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">district</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Shire_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire county">shire county</a> of Lancashire. This was given <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> and Lancaster City Council became the governing body for the district.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutlcc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutlcc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a> and has no separate council. It is divided into wards (for elections to Lancaster City Council), such as Bulk, Castle, Ellel, John O'Gaunt (named after <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, the 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scotforth" title="Scotforth">Scotforth</a> East, Scotforth West, <a href="/wiki/Skerton" title="Skerton">Skerton</a> East, Skerton West and University and Scotforth Rural.<sup id="cite_ref-elections2023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elections2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For elections to <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_County_Council" title="Lancashire County Council">Lancashire County Council</a>, Lancaster is split into the electoral divisions of Lancaster Central (the city centre and an area extending south including <a href="/wiki/Cockerham" title="Cockerham">Cockerham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasson_Dock" title="Glasson Dock">Glasson Dock</a>), Lancaster East (south of the River Lune and east of the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster Canal</a>), Lancaster South East (bordered by the <a href="/wiki/River_Conder" title="River Conder">River Conder</a> with the University at its southern point) and <a href="/wiki/Skerton" title="Skerton">Skerton</a> (north of the River Lune).<sup id="cite_ref-2021lancashire_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021lancashire-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_representation">Political representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city lies in the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_and_Wyre_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lancaster and Wyre (UK Parliament constituency)">Lancaster and Wyre</a> constituency for elections of Members of Parliament to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, represented since <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Cat Smith</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_and_Fleetwood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lancaster and Fleetwood (UK Parliament constituency)">Lancaster and Fleetwood</a> constituency before 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-ukparlt-smith_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukparlt-smith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the United Kingdom was in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Lancaster was in the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="North West England (European Parliament constituency)">North West England</a> European Parliamentary Constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg/220px-Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg/330px-Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg/440px-Lancaster_Castle_Evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster castle in the evening</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, the city council was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay_Independents" title="Morecambe Bay Independents">Morecambe Bay Independents</a> (MBIs), who campaigned for an independent Morecambe council. In 2003, their influence waned and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> became the largest party on the council. They formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats and Greens. At the May 2007 local elections, Labour lost ground to the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Greens</a> in Lancaster and the MBIs in Morecambe, resulting in <a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">no overall control</a>, with all parties represented in a PR administration. The 2011 elections saw Labour emerge as the largest party. They reached a joint administrative arrangement with the Greens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2019_Lancaster_City_Council_election" title="2019 Lancaster City Council election">2019 Lancaster City Council election</a> results put no party in overall control. The council was run by a coalition of Labour, Green, Eco-Socialist Independent and Liberal Democrat councillors, supported by the Independent Group, with Conservatives and MBIs in opposition. The cabinet consisted of 4 Labour, 4 Green, 1 Eco-Socialist, 1 Independent Group. At 10 seats, Lancaster had one of the country's largest Green Party representations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/2023_Lancaster_City_Council_election" title="2023 Lancaster City Council election">2023 Lancaster City Council election</a> resulted in a council with Labour as the largest party but not in overall control, with 24 of the 61 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-elections2023_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elections2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2021_Lancashire_County_Council_election" title="2021 Lancashire County Council election">2021 Lancashire County Council election</a>, Lancaster East, Lancaster South East and Skerton were represented on the county council by <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, while Lancaster Central was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2021lancashire_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021lancashire-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lancaster is Lancashire's northernmost city, three miles (4.8 km) inland from <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a>. It is on the River Lune (from which comes its name), and the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster Canal</a>. It becomes hillier from the Lune Valley eastwards, with Williamson Hill in the north-west a notable height at 109 m (358 ft) and recognised as a <a href="/wiki/TuMP" class="mw-redirect" title="TuMP">TuMP</a>: a hill with "thirty and upwards metres <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">prominence</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-tump_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tump-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central area of the city can be roughly defined by the railway to the west, the canal to the south and east, and the river to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-citymap_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citymap-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Built-up_area">Built-up area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Built-up area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lancaster, <a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heysham" title="Heysham">Heysham</a> have been identified by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> as forming the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster/Morecambe_Built-up_area" title="Lancaster/Morecambe Built-up area">Lancaster/Morecambe Built-up area</a>, with a population of 97,150 in the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UrbanAreaData_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrbanAreaData-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this, ONS identifies a Lancaster <a href="/wiki/Built-up_area_sub_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Built-up area sub division">built-up area sub division</a> with a 2011 population of 48,085.<sup id="cite_ref-nomis2011buasd_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomis2011buasd-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Green belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_West_Green_Belt" title="North West Green Belt">North West Green Belt</a></div> <p>There is a small portion of green belt on the northern fringe of Lancaster, covering the area into Carnforth and helping to prevent further urban expansion towards nearby Morecambe, Hest Bank, Slyne and Bolton-le-Sands.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Destinations_from_Lancaster" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Destinations_from_Lancaster" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Destinations from Lancaster</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Slyne">Slyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hest_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Hest Bank">Hest Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolton-le-Sands" title="Bolton-le-Sands">Bolton-le-Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milnthorpe" title="Milnthorpe">Milnthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendal" title="Kendal">Kendal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caton,_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="Caton, Lancashire">Caton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halton,_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton, Lancashire">Halton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Lonsdale" title="Kirkby Lonsdale">Kirkby Lonsdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wennington_(Lancashire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wennington (Lancashire)">Wennington</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heysham" title="Heysham">Heysham</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Lancaster</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Quernmore" title="Quernmore">Quernmore</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasson_Dock" title="Glasson Dock">Glasson Dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilling" title="Pilling">Pilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knott_End-on-Sea" title="Knott End-on-Sea">Knott End-on-Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poulton-le-Fylde" title="Poulton-le-Fylde">Poulton-le-Fylde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galgate" title="Galgate">Galgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Horse" title="Bay Horse">Bay Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garstang" title="Garstang">Garstang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbeystead" title="Abbeystead">Abbeystead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphinholme" title="Dolphinholme">Dolphinholme</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Street,_Lancaster,_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/King_Street%2C_Lancaster%2C_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg/220px-King_Street%2C_Lancaster%2C_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/King_Street%2C_Lancaster%2C_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg/330px-King_Street%2C_Lancaster%2C_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/King_Street%2C_Lancaster%2C_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg/440px-King_Street%2C_Lancaster%2C_with_the_castle_in_the_background_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>King Street, with the castle in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/A6_road_(England)" title="A6 road (England)">A6 road</a>, one of the main historic north–south roads in England, passes through the city centre, with northbound and southbound traffic on separate streets, and crosses the Lune at <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Bridge" title="Greyhound Bridge">Greyhound Bridge</a> northbound and <a href="/wiki/Skerton_Bridge" title="Skerton Bridge">Skerton Bridge</a> southbound (these are the two furthest-downstream road crossing points of the Lune).<sup id="cite_ref-citymap_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citymap-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The road leads south to <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorley" title="Chorley">Chorley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and north to <a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendal" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6 motorway</a> passes to the east of Lancaster with junctions 33 and 34 to the south and north. The <a href="/wiki/Heysham_to_M6_Link_Road" title="Heysham to M6 Link Road">Bay Gateway</a>, a dual carriageway opened in 2016, links Heysham to the M6.<sup id="cite_ref-itvnews_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itvnews-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster's main bus operator, <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Cumbria_%26_North_Lancashire" title="Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire">Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire</a>, operates network of services from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_bus_station" title="Lancaster bus station">Lancaster bus station</a> throughout the Lancaster District and services to more distant places such as <a href="/wiki/Kendal" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria" title="Keswick, Cumbria">Keswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Lonsdale" title="Kirkby Lonsdale">Kirkby Lonsdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>. There are buses to <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, the No. 1 and No. 1A services run every 10–15 minutes using double-deckers, with less frequent services 4, 41 and 42.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other routes are covered by Kirkby Lonsdale Coach Hire, including the 582 to <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Lonsdale" title="Kirkby Lonsdale">Kirkby Lonsdale</a>, Settle and <a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a> and the 89 to <a href="/wiki/Knott_End-on-Sea" title="Knott End-on-Sea">Knott End-on-Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_front_of_Lancaster_Station,_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_front_of_Lancaster_Station%2C_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg/220px-South_front_of_Lancaster_Station%2C_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_front_of_Lancaster_Station%2C_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg/330px-South_front_of_Lancaster_Station%2C_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_front_of_Lancaster_Station%2C_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg/440px-South_front_of_Lancaster_Station%2C_Lancaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_646296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster railway station</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><div style="position:relative;width:220px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancaster, Lancashire is located in Lancaster"><img alt="Lancaster, Lancashire is located in Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg/220px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg/330px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg/440px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="784" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.143%;left:47.556%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lancaster (Castle)"><img alt="Lancaster (Castle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_railway_station" title="Lancaster railway station">Lancaster </a></b> (Castle)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.857%;left:58.556%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lancaster Green Ayre"><img alt="Lancaster Green Ayre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/8px-Pink_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/12px-Pink_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/16px-Pink_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Green_Ayre_railway_station" title="Lancaster Green Ayre railway station">Lancaster Green Ayre</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.143%;left:57.556%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lancaster (Greaves)"><img alt="Lancaster (Greaves)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/8px-Pink_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/12px-Pink_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/16px-Pink_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_(Greaves)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster (Greaves) railway station">Lancaster (Greaves)</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.714%;left:38.111%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Scale Hall"><img alt="Scale Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/8px-Pink_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/12px-Pink_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/16px-Pink_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><i>Scale Hall</i></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_United_Kingdom_Lancaster_2018.svg" title="File:Location map United Kingdom Lancaster 2018.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <b>Railway station</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/8px-Pink_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/12px-Pink_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pink_pog.svg/16px-Pink_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <i>Site of former railway station</i></div></div></div> <p>Lancaster is served by the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_railway_station" title="Lancaster railway station">Lancaster railway station</a>. The station was formerly named Lancaster Castle, to differentiate it from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Green_Ayre_railway_station" title="Lancaster Green Ayre railway station">Lancaster Green Ayre</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%22Little%22_North_Western_Railway" title=""Little" North Western Railway">Leeds–Morecambe line</a>, which closed in 1966. There are train services to and from <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_railway_station" title="Leeds railway station">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness_railway_station" title="Barrow-in-Furness railway station">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, and a local service to <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_railway_station" title="Morecambe railway station">Morecambe</a>. </p><p>The city council aims to open a railway station serving the university and south Lancaster, although this is not feasible in the short or medium term with current levels of demand.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caton–Morecambe section of the former North Western railway is now used as a cycle path. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_air">Water and air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Water and air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Lancaster, Lancashire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22">"Lancaster, Lancashire"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Lancaster" title="Port of Lancaster">Port of Lancaster</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Lancaster" title="Port of Lancaster">Port of Lancaster</a> gained importance in the 18th century. In 1750 the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Port_Commission" title="Lancaster Port Commission">Lancaster Port Commission</a> was established to develop the port. However, in more recent years, shipping visits <a href="/wiki/Glasson_Dock" title="Glasson Dock">Glasson Dock</a>, where the Port commission is now based.<sup id="cite_ref-LPC_home_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPC_home-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heysham_Port" title="Heysham Port">Heysham Port</a>, about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Lancaster, is used by ferry services to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster Canal</a> and River Lune pass through the city. </p><p>The nearest airports are <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, Lancaster was one of six English towns chosen to be <a href="/wiki/Cycling_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling town">cycling demonstration towns</a> to promote cycling as a means of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster has cycle routes to many nearby places, many are off-road using disused railways or canal towpaths.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg/170px-Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg/255px-Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg/340px-Ashton_Memorial_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ashton Memorial, Williamson Park</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_Memorial" title="Ashton Memorial">Ashton Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dukes,_Lancaster" title="The Dukes, Lancaster">The Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_House,_Lancaster" title="Custom House, Lancaster">Custom House</a> (Maritime Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Lancaster" title="Grand Theatre, Lancaster">Grand Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gregson_Centre" title="The Gregson Centre">The Gregson Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaves_Park" title="Greaves Park">Greaves Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Lodgings,_Lancaster" title="Judges' Lodgings, Lancaster">Judges' Lodgings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Cathedral" title="Lancaster Cathedral">Lancaster Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_City_Museum" title="Lancaster City Museum">Lancaster City Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Lancaster Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Royal_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Royal Grammar School">Lancaster Royal Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Town_Hall" title="Lancaster Town Hall">Lancaster Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_Millennium_Bridge" title="Lune Millennium Bridge">Lune Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Memorial,_Lancaster" title="Queen Victoria Memorial, Lancaster">Queen Victoria Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin_-_Library,_Museum_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ruskin - Library, Museum and Research Centre">The Ruskin - Library, Museum and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Storey" title="The Storey">The Storey </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_War_Memorial_Village" title="Westfield War Memorial Village">Westfield War Memorial Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Park,_Lancaster" title="Williamson Park, Lancaster">Williamson Park</a></li></ul> <p>The city's main <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a> is in a garden adjacent to the Town Hall, near <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Square" title="Dalton Square">Dalton Square</a>, and commemorates those who died in the first and second world wars, Korea and the Falklands; it is grade II listed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Listed_buildings">Listed buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Listed buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Lancaster,_Lancashire_(central_area)" title="Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire (central area)">Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire (central area)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Lancaster,_Lancashire_(outer_areas)" title="Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire (outer areas)">Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire (outer areas)</a></div> <p>There are more than 330 <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> in Lancaster (excluding those in nearby <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Lune_Aqueduct" title="Lune Aqueduct">Lune Aqueduct</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halton-with-Aughton" title="Halton-with-Aughton">Halton-with-Aughton</a> parish). They include four at grade I and 22 at grade II*, the others being at grade II. Those at grade I, the highest level, are the <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Memorial" title="Ashton Memorial">Ashton Memorial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhle-ashton_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhle-ashton-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Lodgings,_Lancaster" title="Judges' Lodgings, Lancaster">Judges' Lodgings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhle-judges_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhle-judges-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-nhle-castle_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhle-castle-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Lancaster Priory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhle-priory_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhle-priory-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG/220px-Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG/330px-Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG/440px-Lancaster_St._Peter_Cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Cathedral" title="Lancaster Cathedral">Lancaster Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg/220px-Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg/330px-Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg/440px-Lancaster_museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_945324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_City_Museum" title="Lancaster City Museum">Lancaster City Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Lancaster" title="Market Square, Lancaster">Market Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg/220px-Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg/330px-Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg/440px-Lune_Millennium_Bridge_from_northern_bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lune Millennium Bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penny%27s_Hospital,_Lancaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Penny%27s_Hospital%2C_Lancaster.jpg/220px-Penny%27s_Hospital%2C_Lancaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Penny%27s_Hospital%2C_Lancaster.jpg/330px-Penny%27s_Hospital%2C_Lancaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Penny%27s_Hospital%2C_Lancaster.jpg/440px-Penny%27s_Hospital%2C_Lancaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Penny's Hospital <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouses</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roses_rivalry" title="Roses rivalry">Roses rivalry</a></div> <p>Lancaster has a range of historic buildings and venues, having retained many fine examples of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Priory Church of St Mary</a> and the Edwardian <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Memorial" title="Ashton Memorial">Ashton Memorial</a> are among the sites of historical importance. Its many museums include <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_City_Museum" title="Lancaster City Museum">Lancaster City Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custom_House,_Lancaster" title="Custom House, Lancaster">Maritime Museum</a>, the Cottage Museum<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Lodgings,_Lancaster" title="Judges' Lodgings, Lancaster">Judges' Lodgings Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friends_Meeting_House,_Lancaster" title="Friends Meeting House, Lancaster">Lancaster Friends Meeting House</a>, dating from 1708, is the longest continual <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> meeting site in the world, with an original building built in 1677. <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a>, was near the site several times in the 1660s and spent two years imprisoned in Lancaster Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting house holds regular Quaker meetings and a wide range of cultural activities including adult learning, meditation, art classes, music and political meetings. <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Grand_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster Grand Theatre">Lancaster Grand Theatre</a> is another historic cultural venue, under its many names. It has played a major part in social and cultural life since it was built in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lancaster_Castle.jpg/220px-Lancaster_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lancaster_Castle.jpg/330px-Lancaster_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lancaster_Castle.jpg/440px-Lancaster_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster Castle</figcaption></figure> <p>Lancaster is known nationally for its Arts scene.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are around 600 business and organisations in the region involved directly or indirectly in arts and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, several major arts bodies based in the district formed a consortium called Lancaster Arts Partners (LAP) to champion strategic development of arts activities in Lancaster District.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable partners include Ludus Dance,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More Music<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Dukes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LAP curates and promotes "Lancaster First Fridays", a monthly multi-disciplinary mini-festival under its brand "Lancaster Arts City". </p><p>Lancaster University has a public arts organisation, part of LAP, known as <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Arts_at_Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University">Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University</a>. Its programmes include Lancaster's <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Arts_at_Lancaster_University#Nuffield_Theatre" title="Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University">Nuffield Theatre</a>, one of the largest professional studio theatres in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Arts_at_Lancaster_University#Peter_Scott_Gallery" title="Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University">Peter Scott Gallery</a>, with the most significant collection of Royal Lancastrian ceramics in Britain, and the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Arts_at_Lancaster_University#Lancaster_Concert_Series" title="Lancaster Arts at Lancaster University">Lancaster International Concerts Series</a>, drawing nationally and internationally renowned classical and world-music artists.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gallery in the Storey Creative Industries Centre is now programmed and run by Lancaster City Council. In 2013 the previous incumbent organisation "The Storey Gallery" moved out of the building and reformed as "Storey G2".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Storey Creative Industries Centre is also home to Lancaster's Litfest, which runs an annual literature festival. In the summer months <a href="/wiki/Williamson_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamson Park">Williamson Park</a> hosts outdoor performances, including a Dukes "Play in the Park", which over the past 26 years has attracted 460,000 people, as the UK's biggest outdoor walkabout theatre event.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster is known as the Northern City of Ale, with almost 30 pubs serving cask ale.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pubs include the <i>White Cross</i>, <i>Three Mariners</i>, <i>Borough</i> and <i>Water Witch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two cask ale breweries: Lancaster Brewery and a microbrewery run by the Borough. There is a local CAMRA (<a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a>) branch at Lunesdale.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre_(Lancaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Theatre (Lancaster)">Lancaster Grand Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke's Playhouse">the Dukes</a> are notable venues for live performance, as are the Yorkshire House (currently closed), Jailors Barrel, The John O' Gaunt and The Bobbin. Throughout the year events are held in and around the city, such as the Lancaster Music Festival, Lancaster Jazz Festival, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> celebrations in the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every November the city hosts a daylight and art festival entitled "Light Up Lancaster",<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes a prominent fireworks display.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster still has two city-centre cinemas; Vue and the Dukes playhouse. The 1930s <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> <i>Regal Cinema</i> closed in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Gregson_Centre" title="The Gregson Centre">The Gregson Centre</a> is also known for small film screenings and cultural events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Henderson (c.1770–1853) painted many views of the town. One of these, together with a poetical illustration (which relates to the treacherous sands of Morecambe Bay) by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1833/Lancaster" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Lancaster">Lancaster, a poetical illustration by L. E. L.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Lancaster, Lancashire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city's semi-professional <a href="/wiki/Haffner_Orchestra" title="Haffner Orchestra">Haffner Orchestra</a> has a reputation for classical music. It performs in the Ashton Hall in the city centre and at Lancaster University. </p><p>During parades and festivals it is common to see two other long standing musical groups perform, Lancaster City Brass, which is the oldest remaining brass band in the city celebrating its 75th anniversary in 2021 and Batala who recently completed 15 years of Samba Regge drumming. </p><p>Lancaster has been producing successful bands and musicians since the 1990s, notably the drummer <a href="/wiki/Keith_Baxter_(drummer)" title="Keith Baxter (drummer)">Keith Baxter</a> of <a href="/wiki/3_Colours_Red" title="3 Colours Red">3 Colours Red</a>.The all-girl punk-rock band <a href="/wiki/Angelica_(band)" title="Angelica (band)">Angelica</a> used the Lancaster Musicians' Co-operative, the main rehearsal and recording studio in the area. </p><p>The city has also produced many other musicians, including singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/John_Waite" title="John Waite">John Waite</a>, who first became known as lead singer of <a href="/wiki/The_Babys" title="The Babys">The Babys</a> and had a solo #1 hit in the US, "<a href="/wiki/Missing_You_(John_Waite_song)" title="Missing You (John Waite song)">Missing You</a>". As part of the band <a href="/wiki/Bad_English" title="Bad English">Bad English</a>, John Waite also had a #1 hit in the Billboard top hundred in the 1970s called "<a href="/wiki/When_I_See_You_Smile" title="When I See You Smile">When I See You Smile</a>". Additionally, Paul James, better known as The Rev, former guitarist of English punk band <a href="/wiki/Towers_of_London_(band)" title="Towers of London (band)">Towers of London</a> who is now in the band <a href="/wiki/Day_21" title="Day 21">Day 21</a> and plays guitar live on tour for <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">The Prodigy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chris_Acland" title="Chris Acland">Chris Acland</a>, drummer of the early 1990s shoegaze band <a href="/wiki/Lush_(band)" title="Lush (band)">Lush</a>; Tom English, drummer of North East indie band <a href="/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park" title="Maxïmo Park">Maxïmo Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kemp_(musician)" title="Steve Kemp (musician)">Steve Kemp</a>, drummer of the indie band <a href="/wiki/Hard-Fi" title="Hard-Fi">Hard-Fi</a>. </p><p>Lancaster continues to produce bands and musicians such as singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Jay_Diggins" title="Jay Diggins">Jay Diggins</a>, and acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Lovely_Eggs" title="The Lovely Eggs">The Lovely Eggs</a>, receiving considerable national radio play and press coverage in recent years. More recently, Lancaster locals <a href="/wiki/Massive_Wagons" title="Massive Wagons">Massive Wagons</a> signed to Nottingham-based independent label <a href="/wiki/Earache_Records" title="Earache Records">Earache Records</a>. </p><p>Since 2006, Lancaster Library has hosted regular music events under the <i>Get it Loud in Libraries</i> initiative. Musicians such as Clean Bandit, The Long Blondes, Ellie Goulding, Marina And The Diamonds, Jessie J, Wolf Alice, <a href="/wiki/The_Wombats" title="The Wombats">The Wombats</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thrills" title="The Thrills">The Thrills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Nash" title="Kate Nash">Kate Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat_for_Lashes" title="Bat for Lashes">Bat for Lashes</a> have taken part.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Get It Loud in Libraries has gained national exposure, featuring on The One Show on BBC1 and having gigs reviewed in <i>Observer Music Monthly</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i> and <i>Art Rocker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable popular music venues include <a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke's Playhouse">The Dukes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre_(Lancaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Theatre (Lancaster)">The Grand Theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Gregson_Centre" title="The Gregson Centre">The Gregson Centre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Festivals">Festivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lancaster Jazz and Lancaster Music Festivals are respectively held every September and October, at venues throughout the city. In 2013 the headline jazz act was The <a href="/wiki/Neil_Cowley" title="Neil Cowley">Neil Cowley</a> Trio, performing at The Dukes, whilst one of the Lancaster Music Festival headline acts was <a href="/wiki/Jay_Diggins" title="Jay Diggins">Jay Diggins</a> at the Dalton Rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-English_Lakes_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Lakes-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Highest_Point_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest Point Festival">Highest Point Festival</a> takes place in Williamson Park each summer, and is a successor to the A-Wing festival which was held in Lancaster Castle from 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Lancaster, Lancashire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Local radio stations include <a href="/wiki/Heart_North_Lancashire_%26_Cumbria" title="Heart North Lancashire & Cumbria">Heart North Lancashire & Cumbria</a> (formerly "The Bay"), <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Lancashire" title="BBC Radio Lancashire">BBC Radio Lancashire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Radio" title="Beyond Radio">Beyond Radio</a> is a voluntary, non-profit community radio station for Lancaster and Morecambe.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster University has its own student radio station, <a href="/wiki/Bailrigg_FM" title="Bailrigg FM">Bailrigg FM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an online student-run television station called <a href="/wiki/LA1TV" title="LA1TV">LA1TV</a> (formerly LUTube.tv)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a student-run newspaper named <a href="/wiki/SCAN_(newspaper)" title="SCAN (newspaper)">SCAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local TV coverage is provided by <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_North_West_Tonight" title="BBC North West Tonight">BBC North West Tonight</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_Granada_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV Granada Reports">ITV Granada Reports</a></i>. </p><p>The city was home to the film production company A1 Pictures,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which founded the independent film brand Capture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Commercially available newspapers include <i>The Lancaster Guardian</i> and <i>The Visitor</i> (mainly targeted at residents of Morecambe). <i>Virtual Lancaster</i>, founded in 1999, is a non-commercial volunteer-led resource website also featuring local news, events and visitor information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twinned_cities">Twinned cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Twinned cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Lancaster is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark<sup id="cite_ref-Aalborg_twinnings_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aalborg_twinnings-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, Poland<sup id="cite_ref-Lublin_twinnings_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lublin_twinnings-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-Archant_twinning_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a>, Sweden</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG/170px-Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG/255px-Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG/340px-Lancaster_University_Courtyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg/170px-Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg/255px-Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg/340px-Lancaster_Grammar_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster Royal Grammar School</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Bailrigg" title="Bailrigg">Bailrigg</a> south of the city is Lancaster University, a research university founded in 1964 as one of the seven "<a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">plate glass universities</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an annual income of about £325 million (2020/21),<sup id="cite_ref-finance_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finance-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,000 staff<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 16,403 Lancaster-based students in 2021/22.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its business school is one of two in the country to gain a six-star <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">research rating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LUMS_ranking_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LUMS_ranking-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its physics department <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">rated #1</a> in the United Kingdom in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAE_2008_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAE_2008-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> InfoLab21 at the university is a Centre of Excellence for Information and Communication Technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoLab21_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoLab21-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LEC (Lancaster Environment Centre) has over 200 staff and shares premises with the government-funded <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Ecology and Hydrology">CEH</a>. In 2023 it was 10th, 12th and 14th out of 120 UK universities in "the three main UK league tables".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 it was rated 21st nationally for research in The Times Higher league table. For teaching, it gained the highest Gold ranking for quality in the 2017 government <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Excellence_Framework" title="Teaching Excellence Framework">TEF</a>, and in 2018 was ranked 9th for its teaching by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 9th by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> Higher placed it 137th worldwide for research and 58th worldwide for arts and humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster University was named International University of the Year by <i>The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide</i> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has campuses in Malaysia, China and Ghana and plans one in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancaster is also home to a campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cumbria" title="University of Cumbria">University of Cumbria</a> – more centrally located on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_College" title="St Martin's College">St Martin's College</a> – which was inaugurated in 2007. It provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the arts, social sciences, business, teacher training, health care and nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Martin's college was founded in 1962 as Lancaster College of Education, and took its name from <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>, a Roman soldier who converted to Christianity, because its premises were a former barracks of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Own Royal Regiment">King's Own Royal Regiment</a>. The college merged with <a href="/wiki/Cumbria_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="Cumbria Institute of the Arts">Cumbria Institute of the Arts</a>, in Carlisle, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">University of Central Lancashire</a>, having previously absorbed <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mason_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Mason College">Charlotte Mason College</a> in Ambleside, to become the University of Cumbria.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_education">Further education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_and_Morecambe_College" title="Lancaster and Morecambe College">Lancaster and Morecambe College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_schools">Secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Secondary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Royal_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Royal Grammar School">Lancaster Royal Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Girls%27_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Girls' Grammar School">Lancaster Girls' Grammar School</a> are selective-entry grammar schools. In 2016 both were rated by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i>in the top 50 UK schools based on student achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_St_Thomas_Church_of_England_Academy" title="Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy">Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Catholic_College" title="Our Lady's Catholic College">Our Lady's Catholic College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Lancaster_High_School" title="Central Lancaster High School">Central Lancaster High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerton_Community_High_School" title="Skerton Community High School">Skerton Community High School</a> (now closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamea_Al_Kauthar" title="Jamea Al Kauthar">Jamea Al Kauthar</a> Islamic College, in the former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hospital" title="Royal Albert Hospital">Royal Albert Hospital</a> building on Ashton Road, is an independent girls' school, providing education in a Muslim tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_schools">Primary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Steiner_School" title="Lancaster Steiner School">Lancaster Steiner School</a></li> <li>Scotforth St Pauls CofE Primary School</li> <li>Moorside Primary School</li> <li>St Bernadette's Catholic Primary School</li> <li>Bowerham Primary School</li> <li>The Cathedral Catholic Primary School</li> <li>Dallas Road Community Primary School</li> <li>Willow Lane (formerly Marsh) Community Primary School</li> <li>Castle View (formerly Ridge) Community Primary School</li> <li>Lancaster Christ Church CofE Primary School</li> <li>St Joseph's Catholic Primary School</li> <li>Skerton St Lukes CofE Primary School</li> <li>Lancaster Ryelands Primary School</li></ul> <p><b>Special Educational Needs (SEN) Schools</b> </p> <ul><li>The Loyne</li> <li>Morecambe Road School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_sites">Religious sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religious sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg/220px-Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg/330px-Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg/440px-Lancaster_Cathedral_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Lancaster Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg/220px-Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg/330px-Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg/440px-Lancaster_Castle_and_Priory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_129526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Castle and Priory of Lancaster</figcaption></figure> <p>Lancaster is home to many churches and other places of worship. Notable churches in the city include the grade II*-<a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a> <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Cathedral" title="Lancaster Cathedral">Lancaster Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>), which is located on the brow of the hill beside the canal to the east of the city centre. Its spire can be seen on the cityscape. It was built in 1798 originally as a mission church for the city before it was rebuilt between 1857 and 1859 on a different site with the spire and tower. It is an active place of worship. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Lancaster Priory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>) is a grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> on the high ground adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a>. It dates largely from about 1430, with a 1754-55 tower and later work.<sup id="cite_ref-nhle-priory_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhle-priory-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Friends_Meeting_House,_Lancaster" title="Friends Meeting House, Lancaster">Friends Meeting House</a>, near the station, dates from 1708 and is grade II* listed. </p><p>Other notable churches in the city include: </p> <ul><li><b>Active</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Lancaster" title="Christ Church, Lancaster">Christ Church</a> (Grade II listed parish church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_School_Chapel" title="Ripley School Chapel">Ripley School Chapel</a> (Part of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Church,_Lancaster" title="St Thomas' Church, Lancaster">St Thomas' Church</a> (Grade II listed and active parish church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Scotforth" title="St Paul's Church, Scotforth">St Paul's Church, Scotforth</a> (Grade II listed and parish church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Skerton" title="St Luke's Church, Skerton">St Luke's Church, Skerton</a> (Grade II listed and parish church)</li> <li><b>Redundant</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Cemetery_Chapels" title="Lancaster Cemetery Chapels">Lancaster Cemetery Chapels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist%27s_Church,_Lancaster" title="St John the Evangelist's Church, Lancaster">St John the Evangelist's Church</a> (Closed in 1981; now in the <a href="/wiki/Churches_Conservation_Trust" title="Churches Conservation Trust">Churches Conservation Trust</a>)</li> <li><b>Converted</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Chapel,_Lancaster_Moor_Hospital" title="St Michael's Chapel, Lancaster Moor Hospital">St Michael's Chapel, Lancaster Moor Hospital</a> (now flats)</li></ul> <p>The city has places of worship for <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> and community churches.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancaster is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable mosques are: Moorlands Islamic Centre, Lancaster Islamic Society, Raza Mosque Lancaster and prayer rooms in the University of Cumbria in Lancaster and University of Lancaster.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Lancaster, Lancashire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22">"Lancaster, Lancashire"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lancaster%2C+Lancashire%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_axe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Giant_axe.jpg/220px-Giant_axe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Giant_axe.jpg/330px-Giant_axe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Giant_axe.jpg/440px-Giant_axe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Giant Axe Ground, Home of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_City_F.C." title="Lancaster City F.C.">Lancaster City F.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_City_F.C." title="Lancaster City F.C.">Lancaster City F.C.</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Premier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Premier League Premier Division">Northern Premier League Premier Division</a>, having won promotion as champions of Division One North in 2016–2017. The club plays home matches at the Giant Axe, which has a capacity of 3,500 (513 seated) and was formed in 1911 as Lancaster Town F.C. The club has been seven-times Lancashire FA Challenge cup winners and in 2010–11 won the Northern Premier League President's Cup for a second time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_John_O%27_Gaunt_Rowing_Club" title="Lancaster John O' Gaunt Rowing Club">Lancaster John O' Gaunt Rowing Club</a> is the fifth-oldest surviving rowing club in the UK, outside the universities.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It competes nationally at regattas and heads races run by <a href="/wiki/British_Rowing" title="British Rowing">British Rowing</a>. The clubhouse stands next to the weir at <a href="/wiki/Skerton" title="Skerton">Skerton</a>. </p><p>It is one of the cities that rotates hosting the <i>International Youth Games</i>, a multi-sport Olympics-style event featuring competitors from Lancaster's <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns">twin towns</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Viana do Castelo Municipality">Viana do Castelo</a> (Portugal), <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a> (Denmark), <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a> (Netherlands), <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> (Poland) and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a> (Sweden).<sup id="cite_ref-Newsroom_2017_h477_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsroom_2017_h477-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The games were cancelled at the start of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, but Lancaster resumed participation in 2022 when the games re-started.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_2022_l796_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert_2022_l796-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Cricket_Club" title="Lancaster Cricket Club">Lancaster Cricket Club</a> is sited near the <a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">River Lune</a>. It has two senior teams that participate in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Shield" title="Palace Shield">Palace Shield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is a popular sport in the area, with the local clubs being <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Lune_RUFC" title="Vale of Lune RUFC">Vale of Lune RUFC</a> and Lancaster CATS. </p><p>Lancaster is home to the Golf Centre, Lansil Golf Club, Forest Hills and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Golf_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster Golf Club">Lancaster Golf Club</a>. Lancaster Amateur Swimming and Waterpolo Club competes in the north-west. It trains at Salt Ayre and at Lancaster University Sports Centre. Lancaster is home to a senior UK team. <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a> is also popular in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The local athletics track near the Salt Ayre Sports Centre is home to Lancaster AC and Morecambe AC. It fields athletes across disciplines including track and field, cross country, road and fell running. It competes in several local and national leagues including the Young Athletics League, the Northern Athletics League and the local Mid Lancs League (Cross-Country in Winter, and Track and Field in Summer).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Abercrombie" title="Joe Abercrombie">Joe Abercrombie</a> (born 1974) – fantasy writer and film editor, was born in Lancaster and attended <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Royal_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Royal Grammar School">LRGS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherith_Baldry" title="Cherith Baldry">Cherith Baldry</a> (born 1947) – children's and fantasy writer, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowen" title="Jim Bowen">Jim Bowen</a> (1937–2018) – comedian, was formerly deputy headteacher of <a href="/wiki/Caton-with-Littledale" title="Caton-with-Littledale">Caton Primary School</a>, died at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lancaster_Infirmary" title="Royal Lancaster Infirmary">Royal Lancaster Infirmary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Binyon" title="Laurence Binyon">Laurence Binyon</a> (1869–1943) – poet and dramatist, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Henry_Norsworthy" title="Hubert Henry Norsworthy">Hubert Henry Norsworthy</a> (1885–1961) – organist and composer, died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Pakenham-Walsh" title="Mabel Pakenham-Walsh">Mabel Pakenham-Walsh</a> (1937–2013) – artist, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Richardson" title="Jon Richardson">Jon Richardson</a> (born 1982) – comedian, grew up in Lancaster and attended <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Royal_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Royal Grammar School">LRGS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thompson_(writer)" title="Thomas Thompson (writer)">Thomas Thompson</a> (1880–1951) – writer and broadcaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Waite" title="John Waite">John Waite</a> (born 1952) – rock musician, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Demri-Burns" title="Dustin Demri-Burns">Dustin Demri-Burns</a> (born 1978) – actor, writer and comedian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Vaughan" title="Frankie Vaughan">Frankie Vaughan</a> (1928–1999) – singer and actor, attended Lancaster College of Art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Wilkinson_(reporter)" title="Keith Wilkinson (reporter)">Keith Wilkinson</a> – television news reporter, was born in Lancaster</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cort" title="Henry Cort">Henry Cort</a> (c. 1741–1800) – English ironmaster and inventor, was probably born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Crosby_(British_businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Crosby (British businessman)">James Crosby</a> (born 1956) – chief executive of <a href="/wiki/HBOS" title="HBOS">HBOS</a> until 2006, attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edmondson" title="Thomas Edmondson">Thomas Edmondson</a> (1792–1851) – businessman and inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Edmondson_railway_ticket" title="Edmondson railway ticket">Edmondson railway ticket</a>, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gillow" title="Robert Gillow">Robert Gillow</a> (1704–1772) was the founder of Gillows of Lancaster, an English furniture manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Halstead" title="Ronald Halstead">Sir Ronald Halstead</a> (1927–2021) – chair and Chief Executive of the <a href="/wiki/Beecham_Group" title="Beecham Group">Beecham Group</a> in 1984–1985 and Deputy Chair of <a href="/wiki/British_Steel_(1967%E2%80%931999)" title="British Steel (1967–1999)">British Steel</a> in 1986–1994 was born in Lancaster and attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Williamson,_1st_Baron_Ashton" title="James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton">James Williamson</a> (1842–1930) – businessman and politician who created Williamson Park and Ashton memorial, was born in Lancaster and attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Jeska" title="Lauren Jeska">Lauren Jeska</a> (born 1974) – an athlete who was convicted of the attempted murder of an official, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Knibbs" title="Ralph Knibbs">Ralph Knibbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_Ruxton" title="Buck Ruxton">Buck Ruxton</a> (1899–1936) – marital murderer, resided and practised medicine at 2 Dalton Square.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_journalism">Politics and journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Politics and journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Henry D. Gilpin</a> (1801–1860) – <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General of the United States</a>, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_de_Mauny" title="Erik de Mauny">Erik de Mauny</a> (1920–1997) – foreign correspondent, died in Lancaster.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Sanderson" title="Lancelot Sanderson">Lancelot Sanderson</a> (1863–1944) – Conservative MP and judge, died in Lancaster.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_humanities">Science and humanities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Science and humanities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a> (1911–1960) – philosopher and developer of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Speech_acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech acts">speech acts</a>, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a> (1849–1945) – electrical engineer and physicist, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1825–1899) – chemist who originated the concept of valence, was born near Lancaster and educated at LRGS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD_(sociologist)" title="Jaroslav Krejčí (sociologist)">Jaroslav Krejčí</a> (1916–2014) – Czech-British sociologist, was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a> and died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Geoffrey Leech</a> (1936–2014) – linguistics researcher, was a professor at the University of Lancaster and died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1804–1892) – biologist who coined the term "dinosaur", lived in Brock Street.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(anatomist)" title="William Turner (anatomist)">William Turner</a> (1832–1916) – anatomist and academic, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellings" title="Paul Wellings">Paul Wellings</a> (born 1953) – ecologist, served as a professor and Vice-Chancellor of Lancaster University.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Williamson" title="Emily Williamson">Emily Williamson</a> (1855–1936), English philanthropist and co-founder of the RSPB, was born in Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wood" title="Gavin Wood">Gavin Wood</a> (born 1980) – co-founded and headed <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_(cricketer)" title="Michael Allen (cricketer)">Michael Allen</a> (1933–1995) – international cricketer, died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bate" title="Arthur Bate">Arthur Bate</a> (1908–1993) – professional <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">footballer</a>, died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(footballer)" title="James Beattie (footballer)">James Beattie</a> (born 1978) – professional footballer, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Douthwaite" title="Harold Douthwaite">Harold Douthwaite</a> (1900–1972) – first-class cricketer, was born and died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Durant" title="Scott Durant">Scott Durant</a> (born 1988) – Olympic gold medal-winning rower, was a pupil at Lancaster Royal Grammar School.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Glover" title="Trevor Glover">Trevor Glover</a> (born 1951) – first-class cricketer and rugby union player, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gregson_(cricketer)" title="William Gregson (cricketer)">William Gregson</a> (1877–1963) – first-class cricketer, died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Illingworth" title="Sarah Illingworth">Sarah Illingworth</a> (born 1963) – international cricketer (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>), was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jackson_(cricketer,_born_1849)" title="Edward Jackson (cricketer, born 1849)">Edward Jackson</a> (1849–1926) – first-class cricketer, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(cricketer,_born_1841)" title="John Jackson (cricketer, born 1841)">John Jackson</a> (1841–1906) – first-class cricketer, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McTominay" title="Scott McTominay">Scott McTominay</a> (born 1996) – professional footballer, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pinch_(rugby)" title="John Pinch (rugby)">John Pinch</a> (1870–1946) – international rugby union player, was born and died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Queally" title="Jason Queally">Jason Queally</a> (born 1970) – Olympic gold medal-winning cyclist, was a pupil at Lancaster Royal Grammar School.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Rogerson" title="Matt Rogerson">Matt Rogerson</a> (born 1993) – professional Rugby Union player currently with <a href="/wiki/London_Irish" title="London Irish">London Irish</a>, was born in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shinton" title="Fred Shinton">Fred Shinton</a> (1883–1923) – professional footballer, died in Lancaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Warriner-Little" title="Alan Warriner-Little">Alan Warriner-Little</a> (born 1962) – champion darts player, was born in Lancaster.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancashire_rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lancashire_rose.svg/29px-Lancashire_rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lancashire_rose.svg/44px-Lancashire_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lancashire_rose.svg/59px-Lancashire_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lancashire" title="Portal:Lancashire">Lancashire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_power_stations" title="Lancaster power stations">Lancaster power stations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancaster City has nine wards: Bulk, Duke, Castle, Skerton East and West, Scotforth East and West, University and John O'Gaunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ukcensusdata.com/lancaster-e07000121#sthash.sGUu3f28.LVIHxslk.dpbs">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314090716/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/lancaster-e07000121#sthash.sGUu3f28.LVIHxslk.dpbs">Archived</a> 14 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoachHartmanSetterJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a>, eds. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci00dani"><i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i></a></span> (17th ed.). Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68086-8"><bdi>978-0-521-68086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68086-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishpronounci00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/list-of-cities/list-of-cities-html">"List of cities (HTML)"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. Cabinet Office. 29 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=List+of+cities+%28HTML%29&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Flist-of-cities%2Flist-of-cities-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beckett, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/157-9-Beckett.pdf">"Lancaster becomes a city, 1937"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire</i>. <b>157</b>: 149–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Ftransactions.157.9">10.3828/transactions.157.9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Historic+Society+of+Lancashire+and+Cheshire&rft.atitle=Lancaster+becomes+a+city%2C+1937&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=149-156&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Ftransactions.157.9&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hslc.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2F157-9-Beckett.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Jacqueline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140430202123/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/web/?siteid=6120&pageid=39945">"Lancashire's Population, 2011"</a>. <i>Lancashire County Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/web/?siteid=6120&pageid=39945">the original</a> on 30 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+County+Council&rft.atitle=Lancashire%27s+Population%2C+2011&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashire.gov.uk%2Fcorporate%2Fweb%2F%3Fsiteid%3D6120%26pageid%3D39945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomis2011district-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nomis2011district_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011E07000121" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=E07000121">"Local Area Report – Lancaster Local Authority (E07000121)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Lancaster+Local+Authority+%28E07000121%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE07000121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eilert Ekwall, 'The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Placenames' (1960), 4th edition, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendomesday.org/place/SD4861/lancaster/">"Lancaster"</a>. <i>opendomesday.org</i>. Domesday Book<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendomesday.org&rft.atitle=Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendomesday.org%2Fplace%2FSD4861%2Flancaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shotter, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. A. Richmond: Excavations on the Site of the Roman Fort at Lancaster (1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/105-2-Richmond.pdf.">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606073436/https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/105-2-Richmond.pdf">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shotter, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shotter, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivetSmith1979" class="citation book cs1">Rivet, A. L. F.; Smith, Colin (1979). <i>The Place-Names of Roman Britain</i>. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713420774" title="Special:BookSources/0713420774"><bdi>0713420774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place-Names+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0713420774&rft.aulast=Rivet&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vici.org/vici/12173/">"Map, etc. Retrieved 11 July 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713062633/https://vici.org/vici/12173/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map%2C+etc.+Retrieved+11+July+2020.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvici.org%2Fvici%2F12173%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley, CW- XXXIX, p. 222. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shotter, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shotter, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatledge" class="citation web cs1">Ratledge, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanroads.org/gazetteer/M705.htm">"The Roman Road from Lancaster to Burrow (in Lonsdale)"</a>. <i>Roman Roads Research Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113120849/http://www.romanroads.org/gazetteer/M705.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roman+Roads+Research+Association&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Road+from+Lancaster+to+Burrow+%28in+Lonsdale%29&rft.aulast=Ratledge&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanroads.org%2Fgazetteer%2FM705.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_57-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_57_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_57_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lancaster&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=148-149&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/lancast.html">"Lancaster Castle"</a>. <i>www.capitalpunishmentuk.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408134330/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/lancast.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capitalpunishmentuk.org&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Castle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalpunishmentuk.org%2Flancast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Students celebrate...<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810202750/http://www.thenationalstudent.co.uk/2010/05/04/students-celebrate-as-lancaster-triumphs-in-war-of-the-roses/">"STUDENTS CELEBRATE AS LANCASTER TRIUMPHS IN WAR OF THE ROSES | the National Student"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenationalstudent.co.uk/2010/05/04/students-celebrate-as-lancaster-triumphs-in-war-of-the-roses/">the original</a> on 10 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STUDENTS+CELEBRATE+AS+LANCASTER+TRIUMPHS+IN+WAR+OF+THE+ROSES+%26%23124%3B+the+National+Student&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalstudent.co.uk%2F2010%2F05%2F04%2Fstudents-celebrate-as-lancaster-triumphs-in-war-of-the-roses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/towns/lanctime.shtml">"Lancaster Timeline"</a>. <i>www.timetravel-britain.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712170222/https://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/towns/lanctime.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timetravel-britain.com&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timetravel-britain.com%2Farticles%2Ftowns%2Flanctime.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171426/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/civic-ceremonial/former-mayors-city-lancaster/">"Former Mayors of the City of Lancaster"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Historic+Society+of+Lancashire+and+Cheshire&rft.atitle=The+Slave+Trade+from+Lancashire+and+Cheshire+ports+outside+Liverpool+c+1750-1790&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=30-72&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hslc.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2F126-3-Schofield.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lbsatucl.wordpress.com/2022/08/15/the-last-slave-ship-built-in-lancaster/">"The Last Slave Ship Built in Lancaster"</a>. <i>Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery</i>. 15 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Lancaster+Built-up+area+sub+division+%28E35001347%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE35001347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/planning/planning-policy/environmental-studies">"Environmental studies"</a>. <i>Lancaster City Council</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223622/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/planning/planning-policy/environmental-studies">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Heysham+link+road+opens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fgranada%2Fupdate%2F2016-10-31%2Fheysham-link-road-opens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121338/https://www.stagecoachbus.com/promos-and-offers/cumbria-and-north-lancashire/lancaster-network-change-jan-2019">"Lancaster Network Change Jan 2019"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stagecoachbus.com/promos-and-offers/cumbria-and-north-lancashire/lancaster-network-change-jan-2019">the original</a> on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lancaster+Network+Change+Jan+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stagecoachbus.com%2Fpromos-and-offers%2Fcumbria-and-north-lancashire%2Flancaster-network-change-jan-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/assets/attach/3723/Issues%20and%20Options%20%20Paper-%20website%20full%20version.pdf">"Bailrigg Garden Village and South Lancaster Growth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062804/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/assets/attach/3723/Issues%20and%20Options%20%20Paper-%20website%20full%20version.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bailrigg+Garden+Village+and+South+Lancaster+Growth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.gov.uk%2Fassets%2Fattach%2F3723%2FIssues%2520and%2520Options%2520%2520Paper-%2520website%2520full%2520version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPC_home-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LPC_home_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancasterport.org/">"Lancaster Port Commission"</a>. <i>www.lancasterport.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lancasterport.org&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Port+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterport.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028190337/http://www.celebratingcycling.org/">"My Word Press Website – Just another WordPress site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celebratingcycling.org/">the original</a> on 28 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Word+Press+Website+%E2%80%93+Just+another+WordPress+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelebratingcycling.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitlancaster.org.uk/wp-content/files_mf/1588680389LancasterandMorecambeBayCyclingMapWeb.pdf">"Lancaster and Morecambe Bay Cycling Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Visit Lancaster</i>. Lancaster City Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Lancaster&rft.atitle=Lancaster+and+Morecambe+Bay+Cycling+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitlancaster.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2F1588680389LancasterandMorecambeBayCyclingMapWeb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1211793" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1211793?section=official-list-entry">"War Memorial (1211793)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=War+Memorial+%281211793%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1211793%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/3307">"Lancaster"</a>. <i>War Memorials Register</i>. Imperial War Museums<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Memorials+Register&rft.atitle=Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fmemorials%2Fitem%2Fmemorial%2F3307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhle-ashton-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhle-ashton_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1288429" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1288429?section=official-list-entry">"Ashton Memorial (1288429)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Ashton+Memorial+%281288429%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1288429%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhle-judges-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhle-judges_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1298414" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1298414?section=official-list-entry">"The Judges' Lodgings, attached forecourt, steps, gate piers, gates and railings (1298414)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=The+Judges%27+Lodgings%2C+attached+forecourt%2C+steps%2C+gate+piers%2C+gates+and+railings+%281298414%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1298414%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhle-castle-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhle-castle_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1194905" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194905?section=official-list-entry">"Lancaster Castle (1194905)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Castle+%281194905%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1194905%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhle-priory-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhle-priory_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhle-priory_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1195068" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1195068?section=official-list-entry">"Priory and Parish Church of St Mary (1195068)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Priory+and+Parish+Church+of+St+Mary+%281195068%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1195068%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, Lancashire County. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/museums/the-cottage-museum.aspx">"The Cottage Museum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615043831/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/museums/the-cottage-museum.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cottage+Museum&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Lancashire+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashire.gov.uk%2Fleisure-and-culture%2Fmuseums%2Fthe-cottage-museum.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/museums/judges-lodgings/">"Judges' Lodgings Museum"</a>. <i>Lancashire.gov.uk</i>. Lancashire County Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancashire.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Judges%27+Lodgings+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashire.gov.uk%2Fleisure-and-culture%2Fmuseums%2Fjudges-lodgings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815034433/http://www.visitlancashire.com/things-to-do/friends-meeting-house-lancaster-p11602">"Friends Meeting House, Lancaster – Church/Chapel in Lancaster, Lancaster – Visit Lancashire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitlancashire.com/things-to-do/friends-meeting-house-lancaster-p11602">the original</a> on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+Meeting+House%2C+Lancaster+%E2%80%93+Church%2FChapel+in+Lancaster%2C+Lancaster+%E2%80%93+Visit+Lancashire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitlancashire.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Ffriends-meeting-house-lancaster-p11602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lancastergrand.co.uk/about/history/">"History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205917/https://lancastergrand.co.uk/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flancastergrand.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/local/arts-boss-praises-city-s-culture-1-7864214">"Arts boss praises city's culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617215918/http://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/local/arts-boss-praises-city-s-culture-1-7864214">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arts+boss+praises+city%27s+culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farts-boss-praises-city-s-culture-1-7864214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/liveatlica/docs/lap_economic_impact_study_exec_summary_07.01.11">"Economic Impact Study: Executive Summary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807205940/https://issuu.com/liveatlica/docs/lap_economic_impact_study_exec_summary_07.01.11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Impact+Study%3A+Executive+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fliveatlica%2Fdocs%2Flap_economic_impact_study_exec_summary_07.01.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artscity.co.uk/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. 18 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529204933/http://www.artscity.co.uk/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artscity.co.uk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ludusdance.org/">"Ludus Dance – Dance Classes in Lancaster – Dance School Lancaster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630041432/http://www.ludusdance.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ludus+Dance+%E2%80%93+Dance+Classes+in+Lancaster+%E2%80%93+Dance+School+Lancaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ludusdance.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moremusic.org.uk/">"More Music – Education & Music Charity – More Music Morecambe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614012318/http://www.moremusic.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Music+%E2%80%93+Education+%26+Music+Charity+%E2%80%93+More+Music+Morecambe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moremusic.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dukeslancaster.org/">"Lancaster Theatre and Cinema"</a>. <i>Laleham</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024194600/https://dukeslancaster.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laleham&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Theatre+and+Cinema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukeslancaster.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancasterarts.org/about-us">"About Us ‹ Welcome to Lancaster Arts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810003334/https://www.lancasterarts.org/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%E2%80%B9+Welcome+to+Lancaster+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterarts.org%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storeyg2.org.uk/about-storeyg2/">"Storey G2 : About StoreyG2 - previously known as Storey Gallery"</a>. <i>www.storeyg2.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617012357/http://www.storeyg2.org.uk/about-storeyg2/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.storeyg2.org.uk&rft.atitle=Storey+G2+%3A+About+StoreyG2+-+previously+known+as+Storey+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storeyg2.org.uk%2Fabout-storeyg2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidd2013" class="citation web cs1">Pidd, Helen (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/jul/04/lancaster-theatre-williamson-park-the-dukes">"Lancaster's Dukes theatre: the great outdoors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817053820/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/jul/04/lancaster-theatre-williamson-park-the-dukes">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Lancaster%27s+Dukes+theatre%3A+the+great+outdoors&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=Pidd&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2013%2Fjul%2F04%2Flancaster-theatre-williamson-park-the-dukes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice" class="citation web cs1">Price, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northerncityofale.co.uk/">"Lancaster Northern City of Ale"</a>. <i>www.northerncityofale.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308070116/http://northerncityofale.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.northerncityofale.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Northern+City+of+Ale&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northerncityofale.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/business/city-centre-cask-ale-trail-is-16m-holy-grail-1-6937475">"City centre cask ale trail is £16m Holy Grail"</a>. <i>www.lancasterguardian.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821134638/http://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/business/city-centre-cask-ale-trail-is-16m-holy-grail-1-6937475">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lancasterguardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=City+centre+cask+ale+trail+is+%C2%A316m+Holy+Grail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fcity-centre-cask-ale-trail-is-16m-holy-grail-1-6937475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825220639/http://www.lunesdalecamra.org.uk/home/index.php">"Lunesdale CAMRA: Home Page"</a>. <i>www.lunesdalecamra.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lunesdalecamra.org.uk/home/index.php">the original</a> on 25 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lunesdalecamra.org.uk&rft.atitle=Lunesdale+CAMRA%3A+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lunesdalecamra.org.uk%2Fhome%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancasterchinesenewyear.org.uk">"Lancaster Chinese New Year Festival – Lancaster Business Improvement District Joins Us for Chinese New Year 2016"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lancaster+Chinese+New+Year+Festival+%E2%80%93+Lancaster+Business+Improvement+District+Joins+Us+for+Chinese+New+Year+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterchinesenewyear.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lightuplancaster.co.uk/">Light Up Lancaster, May 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614123237/http://lightuplancaster.co.uk/">Archived</a> 14 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFianjackson2012" class="citation web cs1">ianjackson (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831235157/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/events/details/1190/">"Lancaster Fireworks Spectacular 2012"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/events/details/1190">the original</a> on 31 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Lancaster+Fireworks+Spectacular+2012&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=ianjackson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.gov.uk%2Fevents%2Fdetails%2F1190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancastertoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=31&ArticleID=1702784">"Lancaster Guardian"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lancaster+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancastertoday.co.uk%2FViewArticle2.aspx%3FSectionID%3D31%26ArticleID%3D1702784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1832" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancaster+Guardian&rft.atitle=Success+for+Lancaster+at+International+Youth+Games&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Newsroom&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancasterguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsuccess-for-lancaster-at-international-youth-games-844674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert_2022_l796-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_2022_l796_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2022" class="citation web cs1">Lambert, Greg (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beyondradio.co.uk/news/local-news/lancaster-getting-ready-for-return-of-international-youth-games/">"Lancaster getting ready for return of International Youth Games"</a>. <i>Beyond Radio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beyond+Radio&rft.atitle=Lancaster+getting+ready+for+return+of+International+Youth+Games&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondradio.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flancaster-getting-ready-for-return-of-international-youth-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.regentantiques.com/blog/robert-gillow/">https://www.regentantiques.com/blog/robert-gillow/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006175507/https://www.regentantiques.com/blog/robert-gillow/">Archived</a> 6 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Robert Gillow</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lep.co.uk/news/crime/fell-runner-admits-attempted-knife-murder-british-athletics-official-1198115">Fell-runner admits attempted knife murder of British athletics official |Lancashire Evening Post</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710121116/https://www.lep.co.uk/news/crime/fell-runner-admits-attempted-knife-murder-british-athletics-official-1198115">Archived</a> 10 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraddock2021" class="citation book cs1">Craddock, Jeremy (28 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KUkEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Jigsaw Murders: The True Story of the Ruxton Killings and the Birth of Modern Forensics</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-9767-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-9767-6"><bdi>978-0-7509-9767-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jigsaw+Murders%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Ruxton+Killings+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Forensics&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-9767-6&rft.aulast=Craddock&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KUkEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst2021" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, Lauren (1 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-57651905">"RSPB's Emily Williamson: The woman who saved a million birds"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122110835/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-57651905">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=RSPB%27s+Emily+Williamson%3A+The+woman+who+saved+a+million+birds&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-57651905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotter2001" class="citation cs2">Shotter, David (2001), "Roman Lancaster: Site and Settlement", <i>A History of Lancaster</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 3–31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1466-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1466-4"><bdi>0-7486-1466-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Lancaster%3A+Site+and+Settlement&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Lancaster&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=3-31&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7486-1466-4&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation cs2">White, Andrew (2001), "Continuity, Charter, Castle and County Town, 400–1500", <i>A History of Lancaster</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 33–72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1466-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1466-4"><bdi>0-7486-1466-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continuity%2C+Charter%2C+Castle+and+County+Town%2C+400%E2%80%931500&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Lancaster&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=33-72&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7486-1466-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancaster,_Lancashire&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lancaster,_Lancashire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster, Lancashire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lancaster_(England)#Q205905" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lancaster (England)">Lancaster, Lancashire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/">Lancaster City Council</a> – Homepage of Lancaster City Council</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031003015340/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/oldmap/towns/lancastr/lancastr.htm">Ordnance survey map of Lancaster circa 1890</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Lancashire/Lancaster/">Regional Europe - Lancaster</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitlancaster.co.uk/">Visit Lancaster Website</a> – Tourism Website for Lancaster</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lahs.archaeologyuk.org/Tour/default.htm">A Virtual Tour of Lancaster</a> - from Lancaster Archaeological and Historical Society</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lahs.archaeologyuk.org/mackreth.htm">"Mackreth's 1778 Plan of Lancaster"</a> – via Lancaster Archaeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mackreth%27s+1778+Plan+of+Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flahs.archaeologyuk.org%2Fmackreth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancaster%2C+Lancashire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_the_City_of_Lancaster" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Lancaster_geography" title="Template:City of Lancaster geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Lancaster_geography" title="Template talk:City of Lancaster geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Lancaster_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Lancaster geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_the_City_of_Lancaster" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">City of Lancaster</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages<br />and suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeystead" title="Abbeystead">Abbeystead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Heights" title="Abraham Heights">Abraham Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldcliffe" title="Aldcliffe">Aldcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkholme-with-Cawood" title="Arkholme-with-Cawood">Arkholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton-with-Aughton" title="Halton-with-Aughton">Aughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Houses" title="Bank Houses">Bank Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare,_Morecambe" title="Bare, Morecambe">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Horse" title="Bay Horse">Bay Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton-le-Sands" title="Bolton-le-Sands">Bolton-le-Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borwick" title="Borwick">Borwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantsfield" title="Cantsfield">Cantsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caton-with-Littledale" title="Caton-with-Littledale">Caton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claughton,_Lancaster" title="Claughton, Lancaster">Claughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockerham" title="Cockerham">Cockerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurnham,_Lancashire" title="Thurnham, Lancashire">Conder Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowan_Bridge" title="Cowan Bridge">Cowan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinholme" title="Dolphinholme">Dolphinholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellel,_Lancashire" title="Ellel, Lancashire">Ellel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galgate" title="Galgate">Galgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasson_Dock" title="Glasson Dock">Glasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gressingham" title="Gressingham">Gressingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton-with-Aughton" title="Halton-with-Aughton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysham" title="Heysham">Heysham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornby,_Lancashire" title="Hornby, Lancashire">Hornby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireby,_Lancashire" title="Ireby, Lancashire">Ireby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurnham,_Lancashire" title="Thurnham, Lancashire">Lower Thurnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melling-with-Wrayton" title="Melling-with-Wrayton">Melling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Lancashire" title="Middleton, Lancashire">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Burrow" title="Nether Burrow">Nether Burrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Kellet" title="Nether Kellet">Nether Kellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Kellet" title="Over Kellet">Over Kellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton,_Lancashire" title="Overton, Lancashire">Overton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulton-le-Sands" title="Poulton-le-Sands">Poulton-le-Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Hutton" title="Priest Hutton">Priest Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quernmore" title="Quernmore">Quernmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotforth" title="Scotforth">Scotforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale,_Lancashire" title="Silverdale, Lancashire">Silverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerton" title="Skerton">Skerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slyne-with-Hest" title="Slyne-with-Hest">Slyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stodday" title="Stodday">Stodday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Lancashire" title="Sunderland, Lancashire">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatham,_Lancashire" title="Tatham, Lancashire">Tatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewitfield" title="Tewitfield">Tewitfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrisholme" title="Torrisholme">Torrisholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall,_Lancashire" title="Tunstall, Lancashire">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurnham,_Lancashire" title="Thurnham, Lancashire">Upper Thurnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warton,_Lancaster" title="Warton, Lancaster">Warton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wennington,_Lancashire" title="Wennington, Lancashire">Wennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittington,_Lancashire" title="Whittington, Lancashire">Whittington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wray,_Lancashire" title="Wray, Lancashire">Wray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yealand_Conyers" title="Yealand Conyers">Yealand Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yealand_Redmayne" title="Yealand Redmayne">Yealand Redmayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yealand_Storrs" title="Yealand Storrs">Yealand Storrs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldcliffe-with-Stodday" title="Aldcliffe-with-Stodday">Aldcliffe-with-Stodday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkholme-with-Cawood" title="Arkholme-with-Cawood">Arkholme-with-Cawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton-le-Sands" title="Bolton-le-Sands">Bolton-le-Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borwick" title="Borwick">Borwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrow-with-Burrow" title="Burrow-with-Burrow">Burrow-with-Burrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantsfield" title="Cantsfield">Cantsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caton-with-Littledale" title="Caton-with-Littledale">Caton-with-Littledale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claughton,_Lancaster" title="Claughton, Lancaster">Claughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockerham" title="Cockerham">Cockerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellel,_Lancashire" title="Ellel, Lancashire">Ellel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gressingham" title="Gressingham">Gressingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton-with-Aughton" title="Halton-with-Aughton">Halton-with-Aughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton-with-Oxcliffe" title="Heaton-with-Oxcliffe">Heaton-with-Oxcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornby-with-Farleton" title="Hornby-with-Farleton">Hornby-with-Farleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireby,_Lancashire" title="Ireby, Lancashire">Ireby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leck,_Lancashire" title="Leck, Lancashire">Leck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melling-with-Wrayton" title="Melling-with-Wrayton">Melling-with-Wrayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Lancashire" title="Middleton, Lancashire">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Kellet" title="Nether Kellet">Nether Kellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Kellet" title="Over Kellet">Over Kellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Wyresdale" title="Over Wyresdale">Over Wyresdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton,_Lancashire" title="Overton, Lancashire">Overton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Hutton" title="Priest Hutton">Priest Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quernmore" title="Quernmore">Quernmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roeburndale" title="Roeburndale">Roeburndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotforth_(parish)" title="Scotforth (parish)">Scotforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale,_Lancashire" title="Silverdale, Lancashire">Silverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slyne-with-Hest" title="Slyne-with-Hest">Slyne-with-Hest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatham,_Lancashire" title="Tatham, Lancashire">Tatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurnham,_Lancashire" title="Thurnham, Lancashire">Thurnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall,_Lancashire" title="Tunstall, Lancashire">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warton,_Lancaster" title="Warton, Lancaster">Warton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wennington,_Lancashire" title="Wennington, Lancashire">Wennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittington,_Lancashire" title="Whittington, Lancashire">Whittington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wray-with-Botton" title="Wray-with-Botton">Wray-with-Botton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yealand_Conyers" title="Yealand Conyers">Yealand Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yealand_Redmayne" title="Yealand Redmayne">Yealand Redmayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnside_and_Silverdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnside and Silverdale">Arnside and Silverdale AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland AONB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footpaths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Coastal_Way" title="Lancashire Coastal Way">Lancashire Coastal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Witches_Walk" title="Lancashire Witches Walk">Lancashire Witches Walk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clougha_Pike" title="Clougha Pike">Clougha Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gragareth" title="Gragareth">Gragareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Hill_(Lancashire)" title="Green Hill (Lancashire)">Green Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grit_Fell" title="Grit Fell">Grit Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthornthwaite_Fell" title="Hawthornthwaite Fell">Hawthornthwaite Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leck_Fell" title="Leck Fell">Leck Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward%27s_Stone" title="Ward's Stone">Ward's Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warton_Crag" title="Warton Crag">Warton Crag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hill_(Forest_of_Bowland)" title="White Hill (Forest of Bowland)">White Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhole_Crag" title="Wolfhole Crag">Wolfhole Crag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Cocker,_Lancashire" title="River Cocker, Lancashire">Cocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Conder" title="River Conder">Conder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Greta_(Lune)" title="River Greta (Lune)">Greta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Grizedale" title="River Grizedale">Grizedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hindburn" title="River Hindburn">Hindburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Keer" title="River Keer">Keer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">Lune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roeburn" title="River Roeburn">Roeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wenning" title="River Wenning">Wenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wyre" title="River Wyre">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crook_o%27_Lune" title="Crook o' Lune">Crook o' Lune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artle_Beck" title="Artle Beck">Artle Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leck_Beck" title="Leck Beck">Leck Beck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Lancashire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancashire" title="Template:Lancashire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire" title="Template talk:Lancashire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Lancashire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lancashire" title="Portal:Lancashire">Lancashire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Burnley" title="Borough of Burnley">Burnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Chorley" title="Borough of Chorley">Chorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fylde" title="Borough of Fylde">Fylde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyndburn" title="Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Pendle" title="Borough of Pendle">Pendle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribble_Valley" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Rossendale" title="Borough of Rossendale">Rossendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ribble" title="South Ribble">South Ribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lancashire" title="West Lancashire">West Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wyre" title="Borough of Wyre">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accrington" title="Accrington">Accrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacup" title="Bacup">Bacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Bridge" title="Bamber Bridge">Bamber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnoldswick" title="Barnoldswick">Barnoldswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispham,_Blackpool" title="Bispham, Blackpool">Bispham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brierfield,_Lancashire" title="Brierfield, Lancashire">Brierfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnley" title="Burnley">Burnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burscough" title="Burscough">Burscough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorley" title="Chorley">Chorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton-le-Moors" title="Clayton-le-Moors">Clayton-le-Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveleys" title="Cleveleys">Cleveleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitheroe" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colne" title="Colne">Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwen" title="Darwen">Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earby" title="Earby">Earby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxton" title="Euxton">Euxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleetwood" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwood,_Lancashire" title="Fulwood, Lancashire">Fulwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garstang" title="Garstang">Garstang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Harwood" title="Great Harwood">Great Harwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haslingden" title="Haslingden">Haslingden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysham" title="Heysham">Heysham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkham,_Lancashire" title="Kirkham, Lancashire">Kirkham</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lancaster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire" title="Leyland, Lancashire">Leyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longridge" title="Longridge">Longridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes" title="Lytham St Annes">Lytham St Annes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Lancashire" title="Nelson, Lancashire">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormskirk" title="Ormskirk">Ormskirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldtwistle" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padiham" title="Padiham">Padiham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penwortham" title="Penwortham">Penwortham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulton-le-Fylde" title="Poulton-le-Fylde">Poulton-le-Fylde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preesall" title="Preesall">Preesall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawtenstall" title="Rawtenstall">Rawtenstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishton" title="Rishton">Rishton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelmersdale" title="Skelmersdale">Skelmersdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton,_Lancashire" title="Thornton, Lancashire">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfoot,_Lancashire" title="Waterfoot, Lancashire">Waterfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medlar-with-Wesham" title="Medlar-with-Wesham">Wesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth,_Lancashire" title="Whitworth, Lancashire">Whitworth</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Lancashire">List of civil parishes in Lancashire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_Lancashire" title="River Calder, Lancashire">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Darwen" title="River Darwen">Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hodder" title="River Hodder">Hodder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hyndburn" title="River Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">Lune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_River_Ribble" title="List of tributaries of the River Ribble">tributaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Ribble" title="List of crossings of the River Ribble">crossings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wyre" title="River Wyre">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal">Leeds and Liverpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Lancashire" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Lancashire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Lancashire" title="List of places in Lancashire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Lancashire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Lancashire by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Lancashire" title="Scheduled monuments in Lancashire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Lancashire" title="List of schools in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="List of schools in Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Blackpool" title="List of schools in Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Lancashire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Lancashire" title="Category:Country houses in Lancashire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Lancashire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire">Grade I buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Lancashire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire">Grade II* buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Lancashire" title="List of museums in Lancashire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lancashire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire" title="High Sheriff of Lancashire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205905#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243037582">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4gdv96FkrJQ6PBpP4v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134126-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065290">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lancaster (Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge937340&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564236605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c520414c-778b-4f4c-b2d8-5d1d0310582c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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