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id="toc-Papermaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_pulping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_pulping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chemical pulping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_pulping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_pulping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_pulping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mechanical pulping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_pulping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De-inked_pulp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De-inked_pulp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>De-inked pulp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De-inked_pulp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producing_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producing_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Producing paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producing_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paper_grain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_grain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Paper grain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_grain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published,_written,_or_informational_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published,_written,_or_informational_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Published, written, or informational items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published,_written,_or_informational_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging_and_industrial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging_and_industrial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Packaging and industrial uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging_and_industrial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types,_thickness_and_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types,_thickness_and_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types, thickness and weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types,_thickness_and_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Paper stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_production_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_production_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Current production and use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_production_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 170 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="ወረቀት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወረቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C" title="কাগজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাগজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikanickwemokw" title="Masinahikanickwemokw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikanickwemokw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia" title="Kuatia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuatia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1z" title="Kağız – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kağız" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B0" title="کاغیذ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاغیذ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C" title="কাগজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাগজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartas" title="Kartas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kartas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3a" title="Chóa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chóa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%99" title="Ҡағыҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡағыҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Папера – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C" title="कागज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कागज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa" title="Pepa – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pepa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хартия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хартия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤོག་བུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤོག་བུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саарһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саарһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADr" title="Papír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakanhi" title="Shakanhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shakanhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papur" title="Papur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Papur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ކަރުދާސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަރުދާސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paber" title="Paber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF" title="Χαρτί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Конёв – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Конёв" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero" title="Papero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagaj" title="Kaagaj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kaagaj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ip%C3%A9ar" title="Páipéar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páipéar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ipear" title="Pàipear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàipear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B3" title="કાગળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાગળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Chṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%9D%B4" title="종이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarda" title="Takarda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Takarda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A9_(%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9)" title="Թուղթ (նյութ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուղթ (նյութ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="काग़ज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काग़ज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero" title="Papero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papiro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papere" title="Papere – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Papere" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papp%C3%ADr" title="Pappír – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pappír" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="נייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dluwang" title="Dluwang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dluwang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3_hay%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Takayaɣ hayʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ hayʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6" title="ಕಾಗದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಗದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქაღალდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქაღალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Қағаз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қағаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatasi" title="Karatasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karatasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papye" title="Papye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Papye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxez" title="Kaxez – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kaxez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кагаз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кагаз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຈ້ຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຈ້ຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta" title="Charta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Charta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C4%ABrs" title="Papīrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabeier" title="Pabeier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pabeier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popierius" title="Popierius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popierius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AA" title="Papê – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Papê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepier" title="Pepier – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pepier" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumuagu" title="Bumuagu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bumuagu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palp%C3%A9e" title="Palpée – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Palpée" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADr" title="Papír – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Papír" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хартија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хартија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taratasy" title="Taratasy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Taratasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കടലാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടലാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta" title="Karta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6" title="कागद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कागद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქაღარდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქაღარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ورق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6" title="ꯆꯦ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateh" title="Karateh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karateh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81i" title="Cāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Цаас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0" title="စက္ကူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက္ကူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztac_amatl" title="Iztac amatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztac amatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa" title="Pepa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pepa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyr" title="Papyr – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Papyr" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C" title="कागज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कागज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82" title="भ्वं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भ्वं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кехат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кехат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiir" title="Papiir – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Papiir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi" title="Papi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Papi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi%C3%A8r" title="Papièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Papièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9C" title="କାଗଜ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଗଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraqaa" title="Waraqaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waraqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qog%CA%BBoz" title="Qogʻoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qogʻoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87" title="ليکپاڼه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليکپاڼه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="ក្រដាស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រដាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeer" title="Papeer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Papeer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%C7%B5az" title="Qaǵaz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qaǵaz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kâğıt" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie" title="Hârtie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hârtie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papil" title="Papil – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Papil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бумага – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бумага" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B" title="Кумааҕы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кумааҕы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tatipeluk" title="tatipeluk – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tatipeluk" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra" title="Letra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="කඩදාසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කඩදාසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="ڪاغذ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاغذ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier" title="Papier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papj%C5%AFr" title="Papjůr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Papjůr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warqad" title="Warqad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Warqad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B2" title="کاغەز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاغەز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Папир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir" title="Papir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kertas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperi" title="Paperi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paperi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papper" title="Papper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காகிதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காகிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iferki" title="Iferki – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iferki" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Кәгазь – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәгазь" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="కాగితం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాగితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9" title="กระดาษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดาษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Қоғаз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қоғаз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kâğıt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кагаз – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кагаз" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Папір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="کاغذ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاغذ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceij" title="Ceij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ceij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta" title="Carta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumag" title="Bumag – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bumag" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y" title="Giấy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AE" title="Papî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Papî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel" title="Papel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8" title="פאפיר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאפיר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1de" title="Kağıde – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kağıde" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puop%C4%ABrios" 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navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Paper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paper (disambiguation)">Paper (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Paper</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG/280px-Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG/420px-Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG/560px-Various_products_made_from_paper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Paper products: <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruled_paper" title="Ruled paper">ruled paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">carton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg box">egg box</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material type</th><td class="infobox-data">Thin material</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<i>ρ</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">From 10 <a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">gsm</a> to 3000 gsm</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Paper</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paper_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paper_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/55px-Paper_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paper_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/83px-Paper_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Paper_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/110px-Paper_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Paper" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">紙</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">纸</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂɨ̀]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a><br />Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">tsy<sup>5</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zi2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">choá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">tsuá</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paper</b> is a thin sheet <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> produced by mechanically or chemically processing <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibres</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">rags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces#Other_uses" title="Feces">herbivore dung</a>, or other vegetable sources in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Once the water is drained through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, it can be pressed and dried. </p><p>The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, at least as early as 105 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han</a> court <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a>, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsien-1985_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsien-1985-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, today it is mass-produced on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (March 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> It is a versatile material with many uses, including <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, painting, graphics, signage, design, packaging, decorating, <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">cleaning</a>. It may also be used as filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency, and security paper, or in a number of industrial and construction processes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History of paper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg/220px-Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg/330px-Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg/440px-Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> <a href="/wiki/Wrapping_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrapping paper">wrapping paper</a>, China, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper date to the 2nd century BCE in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a>, a 2nd-century CE <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han</a> court <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsien-1985_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsien-1985-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been said that knowledge of papermaking was passed to the Islamic world after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> in 751 CE when two Chinese papermakers were captured as prisoners and used to extract 'the secrets' of papermaking. Although the veracity of this story is uncertain, paper started to be made in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, the knowledge and uses of paper spread from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, where the first water-powered <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a> were built.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns-1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because paper was introduced to the West through the city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, it was first called <i>bagdatikos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, industrialization greatly reduced the cost of manufacturing paper. In 1844, the Canadian inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a> and the German inventor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a> independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_sources_of_fibre">Early sources of fibre</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">deinking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a></div> <p>Before the industrialisation of paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Göttsching-2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Göttsching-2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A process for removing printing inks from <a href="/wiki/Recycled_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycled paper">recycled paper</a> was invented by German jurist <a href="/wiki/Justus_Claproth" title="Justus Claproth">Justus Claproth</a> in 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-Göttsching-2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Göttsching-2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today this method is called <a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">deinking</a>. It was not until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from <a href="/wiki/Ragpicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragpicker">ragpickers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Göttsching-2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Göttsching-2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></div> <p>The word <i>paper</i> is etymologically derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">papyrus</i></span>, which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πᾰ́πῡρος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pápūros</i></span>), the word for the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">Cyperus papyrus</a></i></span> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cyperus papyrus</i></span></i> plant, which was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and other <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a> cultures for <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">writing</a> before the introduction of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the word <i>paper</i> is etymologically derived from <i>papyrus</i>, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibre, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsien-1985_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsien-1985-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papermaking">Papermaking</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_pulping">Chemical pulping</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">soda pulping</a></div> <p>To make pulp from wood, a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_pulping_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pulping process">chemical pulping process</a> separates <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fibre. A cooking liquor is used to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, which is then washed from the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as <a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">wood-free papers</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">tree-free paper</a>); this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleached</a> to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres. Chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaperAutofluorescence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/PaperAutofluorescence.jpg/300px-PaperAutofluorescence.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/PaperAutofluorescence.jpg/450px-PaperAutofluorescence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/PaperAutofluorescence.jpg/600px-PaperAutofluorescence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>The microscopic structure of paper: <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of paper <a href="/wiki/Autofluorescence" title="Autofluorescence">autofluorescing</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> illumination. The individual fibres in this sample are around 10 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in diameter.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three main chemical pulping processes: the <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a> dates back to the 1840s and was the dominant method before the second world war. The <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft process</a>, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practised strategy; one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. <a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a> is another specialty process used to pulp <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardwoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwoods">hardwoods</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_pulping">Mechanical pulping</h3></div> <p>There are two major mechanical pulps: thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into steam-heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, so the yield is very high, > 95%; however, lignin causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De-inked_pulp">De-inked pulp</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a> processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp; by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-inked pulp is of the same quality or lower than the collected paper it was made from. </p><p>There are three main classifications of recycled fibre: </p> <ul><li>Mill broke or internal mill waste – This incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be re-pulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre; however most paper mills have been reusing their own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling became popular.</li> <li>Preconsumer waste – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked preconsumer waste (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Postconsumer waste – This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast majority of this material has been printed – either digitally or by more conventional means such as lithography or rotogravure – it will either be recycled as printed paper or go through a de-inking process first.</li></ul> <p>Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additives">Additives</h3></div> <p>Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> or <a href="/wiki/China_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="China clay">china clay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which improve its characteristics for printing or writing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additives for <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> purposes may be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producing_paper">Producing paper</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG/220px-M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG/330px-M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG/440px-M%C3%A4nt%C3%A4n_paperitehdas_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Paper mill in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ntt%C3%A4-Vilppula" title="Mänttä-Vilppula">Mänttä-Vilppula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> is fed to a paper machine, where it is formed as a paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing and drying. </p><p>Pressing the sheet removes the water by force. Once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water. When making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. </p><p>Drying involves using air or heat to remove water from the paper sheets. In the earliest days of papermaking, this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 93 °C (200 °F) and are used in long sequences of more than forty cans where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than six percent moisture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finishing">Finishing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg/220px-20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg/330px-20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg/440px-20221129_low_quality_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption>Lower quality paper (used to print the book in 1991) with visible bits of wood</figcaption></figure> <p>The paper may then undergo <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> to alter its physical properties for use in various applications. </p><p>Paper at this point is <i>uncoated</i>. <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a> has a thin layer of material such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> or <a href="/wiki/China_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="China clay">china clay</a> applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by <a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">calendering</a>. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest <a href="/wiki/Optical_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical density">optical density</a> in the printed image. </p><p>The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. <a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous form paper</a> (or continuous stationery) is cut to width with holes punched at the edges, and folded into stacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paper_grain">Paper grain</h4></div> <p>All paper produced by paper machines such as the <a href="/wiki/Fourdrinier_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourdrinier Machine">Fourdrinier Machine</a> are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermarks</a> and wire patterns imitating hand-made <i>laid</i> paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine. </p><p>Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Money_poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Money_poster.JPG/220px-Money_poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Money_poster.JPG/330px-Money_poster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Money_poster.JPG/440px-Money_poster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Paper money from different countries</figcaption></figure> <p>Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published,_written,_or_informational_items"><span id="Published.2C_written.2C_or_informational_items"></span>Published, written, or informational items</h3></div> <ul><li><b>For representing value</b>: <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank note">bank note</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">security paper</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Voucher" title="Voucher">voucher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">ticket</a></li> <li><b>For <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">storing information</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">graph paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">photographic paper</a></li> <li><b>For published materials, publications, and reading materials:</b> books, newspapers, magazines, posters, pamphlets, maps, signs, labels, advertisements, billboards.</li> <li><b>For individual use</b>: <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diary</a>, notebooks, writing pads, memo pads journals, planners, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper</li> <li><b>For business and professional use:</b> copier paper, ledger paper, typing paper, computer printer paper. Specialized paper for forms and documents such as invoices, receipts, tickets, vouchers, bills, contracts, official forms, agreements.</li> <li><b>For <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a></b>: between individuals and/or groups of people: <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letter</a>, post cards, airmail, telegrams, <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">card stock</a></li> <li><b>For organizing and sending documents</b>: envelopes, file folders, packaging, pocket folders, partition folders.</li> <li>For artistic works and uses; drawing paper, pastels, water color paintings, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sketch_pads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sketch pads (page does not exist)">sketch pads</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charcoal_drawings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charcoal drawings (page does not exist)">charcoal drawings</a>,</li> <li>For special printed items using more elegant forms of paper; stationery, parchment,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging_and_industrial_uses">Packaging and industrial uses</h3></div> <ul><li><b>For packaging</b>: <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated box">corrugated box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">paper bag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">envelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrapping_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrapping paper">wrapping paper</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_string&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paper string (page does not exist)">paper string</a></li> <li><b>For cleaning</b>: <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">paper towels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">facial tissue</a>.</li> <li><b>For food utensils and containers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">wax paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper plate">paper plates</a> and paper cups, <a href="/wiki/Beverage_cartons" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage cartons">beverage cartons</a>, tea bags, condiments, <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, coffee filters, cupcake cups.</li> <li><b>For construction</b>: <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">origami paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_plane" title="Paper plane">paper planes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">quilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_honeycomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper honeycomb">paper honeycomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a>, used as a core material in <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">paper engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">construction paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_yarn" title="Paper yarn">paper yarn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">paper clothing</a></li> <li><b>For other uses</b>: <a href="/wiki/Emery_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Emery paper">emery paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">blotting paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litmus_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Litmus paper">litmus paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_indicator" title="Universal indicator">universal indicator</a> paper, <a href="/wiki/Paper_chromatography" title="Paper chromatography">paper chromatography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">electrical insulation paper</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Fishpaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishpaper">fishpaper</a>), <a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">filter paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a></li></ul> <p>It is estimated that paper-based storage solutions captured 0.33% of the total in 1986 and only 0.007% in 2007, even though in absolute terms the world's capacity to store information on paper increased from 8.7 to 19.4 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilbert-2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilbert-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that in 1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world's telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive introduction of digital technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilbert-2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilbert-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paper has a major role in the visual arts. It is used by itself to form two- and three-dimensional shapes and <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also evolved to being a structural material used in furniture design.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a> has a long history of production and use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types,_thickness_and_weight"><span id="Types.2C_thickness_and_weight"></span>Types, thickness and weight</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Paper density</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured,_textured_craft_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coloured%2C_textured_craft_card.jpg/220px-Coloured%2C_textured_craft_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coloured%2C_textured_craft_card.jpg/330px-Coloured%2C_textured_craft_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coloured%2C_textured_craft_card.jpg/440px-Coloured%2C_textured_craft_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Card and paper stock for <a href="/wiki/Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafts">crafts</a> use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometres (μm) in the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight is the weight of a ream (bundle of 500 sheets) of varying "basic sizes" before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds because it has been cut from larger sheets into four pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, 28 lb, or 32 lb at most. <a href="/wiki/Cover_stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover stock">Cover stock</a> is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">card stock</a>. </p><p>In Europe and other regions using the <a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">ISO 216</a> paper-sizing system, the weight is expressed in grams per square metre (g/m<sup>2</sup> or usually gsm) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 gsm and 120 gsm. Anything heavier than 160 gsm is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness. </p><p>Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard <a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">paper sizes</a> based on <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">customary units</a> and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper. </p><p>The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square metre (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594 mm × 841 mm), such that two sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. A2 is half the size of a sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of paper ranges from 250 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to <span style="white-space: nowrap">1<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">500</span></span> kg/m<sup>3</sup> (94 lb/cu ft) for some specialty paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (50 lb/cu ft).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paper may be classified into seven categories:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Printing papers</i> of wide variety.</li> <li><i>Wrapping papers</i> for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax and kraft papers.</li> <li><i>Writing paper</i> suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and bond paper.</li> <li><i>Blotting papers</i> containing little or no size.</li> <li><i>Drawing papers</i> usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers, including cartridge paper.</li> <li><i>Handmade papers</i> including most decorative papers, <a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese paper">Japanese paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">tissues</a>, all characterized by lack of grain direction.</li> <li><i>Specialty papers</i> including cigarette paper, toilet tissue, and other industrial papers.</li></ul> <p>Some paper types include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_paper" title="Bank paper">Bank paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_paper" title="Book paper">Book paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a>: glossy and matte surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction paper/sugar paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish paper">Fish paper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulcanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized">vulcanized</a> fibres for electrical insulation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather paper">Leather paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy paper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak_tag_paper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oak tag paper (page does not exist)">Oak tag paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troublewit" title="Troublewit">Troublewit</a>, specially pleated paper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyvek_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyvek paper">Tyvek paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan paper</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper_stability">Paper stability</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg/220px-Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg/330px-Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg/440px-Book_suffering_from_slow_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>A book printed in 1920 on <a href="/wiki/Acidic_paper" title="Acidic paper">acidic paper</a>, now disintegrating a hundred years later.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a> salt that is significantly <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a>. Alum was added to paper to assist in <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biermann-1993_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biermann-1993-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it somewhat water resistant so that <a href="/wiki/Inks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inks">inks</a> did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would be eventually detrimental.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark-1985_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fibres that make up paper are <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> by acid, and the presence of alum eventually degrades the fibres until the <a href="/wiki/Acidic_paper" title="Acidic paper">acidic paper</a> disintegrates in a process known as "<a href="/wiki/Slow_fire" title="Slow fire">slow fire</a>". Documents written on <a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">rag paper</a> are significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue. </p><p>Paper made from <a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill#The_mill" title="Pulp mill">mechanical pulp</a> contains significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleached</a> <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite</a> pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential. </p><p>Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The aging behaviour of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use <a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">acid-free paper</a>, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for <a href="/wiki/Hardback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardback">hardback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade paperbacks">trade paperback</a> books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div> <p>The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the environment. </p><p>Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> leading to increase in <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old growth forests</a> accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin-2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is one of the most controversial issues. </p><p>Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans also use in the order of 16 billion <a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">paper cups</a> per year. </p><p>Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">chlorinated organic compounds</a>, including chlorinated <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_Canada_DSS-1991_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_Canada_DSS-1991-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a>. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paper pulp and print industries emitted together about 1% of world <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse-gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse-gas emissions">greenhouse-gas emissions</a> in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 0.9% in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_production_and_use">Current production and use</h2></div> <p>In the 2022−2024 edition of the annual "Pulp and paper capacites survey", the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) reports that Asia has superseded North America as the top pulp and paper producing continent. <sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2023_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FAO figures for 2021 show the production of graphic papers continuing its decline from a mid-2000s peak to hover below 100 million tonnes a year. By contrast, the production of other papers and paperboard – which includes cardboard and sanitary products – has continued to soar, exceeding 320 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2023_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FAO has documented the expanding production of cardboard in paper and paperboard, which has been increasing in response to the spread of e-commerce since the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2023_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from FAO suggest that it has been even further boosted by COVID-19-related lockdowns.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2></div> <p>Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as PaperFoam, the new packaging has mechanical properties very similar to those of some expanded plastic packaging, but is <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as <a href="/wiki/PFOA" class="mw-redirect" title="PFOA">PFOA</a>) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on <a href="/wiki/Zein" title="Zein">zein</a> (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, synthetics such as <a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teslin_(material)" title="Teslin (material)">Teslin</a> have been introduced as printing media as a more durable material than paper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arches_paper" title="Arches paper">Arches paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckypaper" title="Buckypaper">Buckypaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous form paper</a> (or "continuous stationery")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinked_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinked pulp">Deinked pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre crop">Fibre crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene_oxide_paper" title="Graphene oxide paper">Graphene oxide paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_and_ink_testing" title="Paper and ink testing">Paper and ink testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper armour">Paper armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clip" title="Paper clip">Paper clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_craft" title="Paper craft">Paper craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment paper</a>, which emulates the texture of animal-based <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_hardness_tester" title="Roll hardness tester">Roll hardness tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone paper</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogben, Lancelot. "Printing, Paper and Playing Cards". Bennett, Paul A. (ed.) <i>Books and Printing: A Treasury for Typophiles</i>. New York: The World Publishing Company, 1951. pp. 15–31. p. 17. & Mann, George. <i>Print: A Manual for Librarians and Students Describing in Detail the History, Methods, and Applications of Printing and Paper Making</i>. London: Grafton & Co., 1952. p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsien-1985-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsien-1985_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsien-1985_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsien-1985_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWard2015" class="citation book cs1">Ward, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qseCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>The Perfection of the Paper Clip: Curious Tales of Invention, Accidental Genius, and Stationery Obsession</i></a>. Atria Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476799865" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476799865"><bdi>978-1476799865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfection+of+the+Paper+Clip%3A+Curious+Tales+of+Invention%2C+Accidental+Genius%2C+and+Stationery+Obsession&rft.pub=Atria+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1476799865&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qseCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-1996-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns-1996_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1996">Burns 1996</a>, pp. 417f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Stuart A. P. <i>The Library: An illustrated History</i>. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2007" class="citation book cs1">Burger, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlesfenerty.ca/book.html"><i>Charles Fenerty and his paper invention</i></a>. Toronto: Peter Burger. pp. 25–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9783318-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9783318-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9783318-1-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173248586">173248586</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419054253/http://www.charlesfenerty.ca/book.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Fenerty+and+his+paper+invention&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Peter+Burger&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173248586&rft.isbn=978-0-9783318-1-8&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlesfenerty.ca%2Fbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Göttsching-2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Göttsching-2000_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Göttsching-2000_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Göttsching-2000_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöttschingGullichsenPakarinenPaulapuro2000" class="citation book cs1">Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). <i>Recycling fiber and deinking</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/papyrus">the original</a> on 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=papyrus&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpapyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/papyrus">"papyrus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=papyrus&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fpapyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/">"Natural Resource Defense Council"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224024346/http://www.nrdc.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009aowp.book.....T">2009aowp.book.....T</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6038-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-6038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Wet-End+Paper+Chemistry&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009aowp.book.....T&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6038-0&rft.aulast=Thorn&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Au%2C+Che+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0_a909uyIC%26q%3DBesides%2Bthe%2Bfibres%2C%2Bpaper%2Bpulps%2Bmay%2Bcontain%2Bfillers%2Bsuch%2Bas%2Bchalk%2Bor%2Bchina%2Bclay%2C%2Bwhich%2Bimprove%2Bits%2Bcharacteristics%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/forgery/index-e.html">"ARCHIVED – Introduction – Detecting the Truth. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>Research by the Library of Congress has demonstrated that cellulose itself generates acids as it ages, including formic, acetic, lactic, and oxalic acids</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Deterioration+and+Preservation+of+Paper%3A+Some+Essential+Facts&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fcare%2Fdeterioratebrochure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-2004-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin-2004_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Sam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619104819/http://www.ecology.com/feature-stories/paper-chase/index.html">"Paper Chase"</a>. 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Rome: FAO. 2023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcc7561en">10.4060/cc7561en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainability+by+numbers%3A+Forest+products+at+FAO&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc7561en&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4060%2Fcc7561en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/forestry/news/98965/en/">"COVID-19 leads to changes in paper and paperboard production"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i>. 3 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103132409/https://www.fao.org/forestry/news/98965/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=COVID-19+leads+to+changes+in+paper+and+paperboard+production&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fforestry%2Fnews%2F98965%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paperfoam.com/">"PaperFoam Carbon Friendly Packaging"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309014938/http://www.paperfoam.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PaperFoam+Carbon+Friendly+Packaging&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paperfoam.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=WO&NR=2006002346&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP">"Barrier compositions and articles produced with the compositions cross-reference to related application"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116032641/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=WO&NR=2006002346&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barrier+compositions+and+articles+produced+with+the+compositions+cross-reference+to+related+application&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2Fbiblio%3FCC%3DWO%26NR%3D2006002346%26KC%3D%26FT%3DE%26locale%3Den_EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1996" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Robert I. (1996). "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400". In <a href="/wiki/Uta_Lindgren" title="Uta Lindgren">Lindgren, Uta</a> (ed.). <i>Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation</i> (4th ed.). Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. pp. 413–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-1748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-1748-3"><bdi>978-3-7861-1748-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paper+comes+to+the+West%2C+800%E2%80%931400&rft.btitle=Europ%C3%A4ische+Technik+im+Mittelalter.+800+bis+1400.+Tradition+und+Innovation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=413-422&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Gebr.+Mann+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-7861-1748-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsien1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (ed.). <i>Paper and Printing</i>. Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. V (part 1). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Printing&rft.series=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tsien&rft.aufirst=Tsuen-Hsuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Document Doubles" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/forgery/index-e.html">ARCHIVED – Introduction – Detecting the Truth. Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery – Library and Archives Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412144206/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/forgery/index-e.html">Archived</a> 12 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?410275-7/mark-kurlansky-discusses-paper">Discussion with Mark Kurlansky on <i>Paper: Paging Through History</i>, June 12, 2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kurlansky" title="Mark Kurlansky">Kurlansky, Mark</a> (2016). <i>Paper: Paging Through History</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393239614" title="Special:BookSources/9780393239614"><bdi>9780393239614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper%3A+Paging+Through+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780393239614&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonro2013" class="citation book cs1">Monro, Alexander (2013). <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of the World's Greatest Invention</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846141898" title="Special:BookSources/9781846141898"><bdi>9781846141898</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1040764924">1040764924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paper+Trail%3A+An+Unexpected+History+of+the+World%27s+Greatest+Invention&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1040764924&rft.isbn=9781846141898&rft.aulast=Monro&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colorwise.com/blog/paper-brightness-whiteness-shade-definitions-differences/">"Paper Brightness, Whiteness & Shade: Definitions and Differences"</a> by David Rogers (June 26, 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paper" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:paper">paper</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Paper</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tappi.org">Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAPPI" title="TAPPI">TAPPI</a>) official website</li> <li>The <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/8637" class="extiw" title="hdl:1903.1/8637">Arnold Yates Paper collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2231/how-is-paper-made/">"How is paper made?"</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a>, 22 November 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4C3X26dxbM">Thirteen-minute video on modern paper production system</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sappi" title="Sappi">Sappi</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/19px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/29px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Types,_thickness_and_weight">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper_products" title="Category:Paper products">products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Cigarette pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">Coffee cup sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">Paper cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">Facial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">Napkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">Wet wipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">Stationery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">Greeting card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">Manila folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card" title="Business card">Business card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passbook" title="Passbook">Passbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">Visiting card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrain_wallpaper" title="Ingrain wallpaper">Ingrain wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)" title="Mat (picture framing)">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">Confetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_craft" title="Paper craft">Paper craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Drink coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_(document)" title="Form (document)">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Paper model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decorative_arts" title="Template talk:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decorative_arts" title="History of decorative arts">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner-making" title="Banner-making">Banner-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas work">Canvas work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crocheting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stitch" title="Cross-stitch">Cross-stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_bracelet" title="Friendship bracelet">Friendship bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucet" title="Lucet">Lucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macrame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Millinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlepoint" title="Needlepoint">Needlepoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Ribbon embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning (textiles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardmaking" title="Cardmaking">Cardmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_paper" title="Cast paper">Cast paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">Decal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_folding" title="Iris folding">Iris folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi">Jianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikiri_(papercutting)" title="Kamikiri (papercutting)">Kamikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirigami" title="Kirigami">Kirigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneygami" title="Moneygami">Moneygami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Papercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycinanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycinanki">Slavic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_flower_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed flower craft">Pressed flower craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labeling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labeling" title="Template:Labeling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labeling" title="Template talk:Labeling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labeling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labeling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labeling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Labeling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a> construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting (web)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">Hologram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-mould_labelling" title="In-mould labelling">In-mould labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hologram" title="Security hologram">Security hologram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_liner" title="Release liner">Release liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_label" title="Smart label">Smart label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticker" title="Sticker">Sticker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_of_origin" title="Country of origin">Country of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Cigarette warning label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_label" title="European Union energy label">EU energy label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">List of food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">Mandatory labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate" title="Nameplate">Nameplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain tobacco packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_label" title="Warning label">Warning label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_dispenser" title="Label dispenser">Label dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer" title="Label printer">Label printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Packaging" title="Template:Packaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Packaging" title="Template talk:Packaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Packaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Category: Packaging</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood products">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_and_writing_material" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writing" title="Template:Writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writing" title="Template talk:Writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_and_writing_material" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing material</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enduring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trema_micrantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema micrantha">Trema micrantha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_aurea" title="Ficus aurea">Ficus aurea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">Bamboo and wooden slips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">Birch bark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark"><i>Betula</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding-book_manuscript" title="Folding-book manuscript">Folding-book manuscript</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streblus_asper" title="Streblus asper">Streblus asper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_leaf" title="Ola leaf">Ola leaf</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Corypha_umbraculifera" title="Corypha umbraculifera">Corypha umbraculifera</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm leaf</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">Cyperus papyrus</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Animal skin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">Vellum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Ink</a></li> <li>Metals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">Stamping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Photographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Stone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tablets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_(writing)" title="Slate (writing)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">Wax tablet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">Silk text</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impermanent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skywriting" title="Skywriting">Skywriting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carrier objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)" title="Hu (ritual baton)"><i>Hu</i>/<i>Shaku</i> (baton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Bas-relief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">Palimpsest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">List of writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">Written language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sculpture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sculptures" title="Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sculptures" title="Template talk:Sculptures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sculpture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">Bas relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">Effigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_sculpture" title="Gas sculpture">Gas sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Earth art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic sculpture">Kinetic sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">Pedimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonography" title="Detonography">Detonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Jain sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements in sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">Negative space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmonite" title="Jesmonite">Jesmonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">Fabric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a> (c. 2558–2532 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel temples</a> (c. 1264 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> (438 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a> (c. 292 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> (c. 2nd century BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> (246–210 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (c. 200 BCE – 70 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> (130–100 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a> (175 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> (507–554 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral#Portals" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartes Cathedral</a> (c. 1194–1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> (1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a>, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i> (1498–1499)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> (1501–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veiled_Christ" title="Veiled Christ">Veiled Christ</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamagaya_Great_Buddha" title="Kamagaya Great Buddha">Kamagaya Great Buddha</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Belfort" title="Lion of Belfort">Lion of Belfort</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty"><i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>, Statue of Liberty</a> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a></i> (1890–1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne%27s_tomb" title="Jules Verne's tomb">Jules Verne's tomb</a> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore <i>Shrine of Democracy</i></a> (1927–1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></i> (1927–1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Ukraine" title="Mother Ukraine">Mother Ukraine</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture" title="Category:Sculpture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_storage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_storage" title="Template:Data storage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_storage" title="Template talk:Data storage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_storage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data storage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_storage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental storage technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Semiconductor memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Uncommon" title="Computer data storage">Uncommon storage technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Robotic_storage" title="Computer data storage">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Network storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Network_connectivity" title="Computer data storage">Networked storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_server" title="File server">File server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">Network-attached storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magnetic_storage_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Template:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Template talk:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magnetic_storage_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Tape</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">Drum</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">Ferrite core</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Stripe card</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_memory" title="Thin-film memory">Thin film</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR_CRAM" title="NCR CRAM">CRAM</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_memory" title="Twistor memory">Twistor</a> (~1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">Bubble</a> (~1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoresistive random-access memory">MRAM</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_storage_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_storage_media" title="Template:Optical storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_storage_media" title="Template talk:Optical storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_storage_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> (2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R XL</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE XL</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a> (2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc#Professional_Disc_for_Data_(PDD)" title="Professional Disc">PDD</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">DVD-R</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a> (1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tape" title="Optical tape">Optical tape</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">UDO</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">ProData</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect" title="Magneto-optic Kerr effect">Magneto-optic Kerr effect</a> (1877)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">MO disc</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical Assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_turntable" title="Laser turntable">Laser turntable</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floptical" title="Floptical">Floptical</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Super DLT</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper_data_storage_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Template:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Template talk:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_data_storage_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper data storage media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_data_storage_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper_data_storage" title="Paper data storage">Paper data storage</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (c. 3000 BCE)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a> (105 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a> (1640s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a> (mid-1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge-notched_card" title="Edge-notched card">Edge-notched card</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">Optical mark recognition</a> (1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11472#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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