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<li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Pre-Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Post-Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal_Association_and_Young_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal_Association_and_Young_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Repeal Association and Young Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeal_Association_and_Young_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Land League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cultural nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Home Rule beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation_of_rural_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_of_rural_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Transformation of rural Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_of_rural_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_crisis_1912–14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_crisis_1912–14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Home Rule crisis 1912–14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_crisis_1912–14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Easter_Rising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_Easter_Rising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>World War I and the Easter Rising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Easter_Rising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militant_separatism_and_Irish_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militant_separatism_and_Irish_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Militant separatism and Irish independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militant_separatism_and_Irish_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish nationalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة قومية أيرلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة قومية أيرلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_irland%C3%A9s" title="Nacionalismo irlandés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nacionalismo irlandés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismu_irland%C3%A9s" title="Nacionalismu irlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nacionalismu irlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalisme_irland%C3%A8s" title="Nacionalisme irlandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nacionalisme irlandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk%C3%BD_nacionalismus" title="Irský nacionalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irský nacionalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenedlaetholdeb_Gwyddelig" title="Cenedlaetholdeb Gwyddelig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenedlaetholdeb Gwyddelig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_irland%C3%A9s" title="Nacionalismo irlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalismo irlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_naciismo" title="Irlanda naciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlanda naciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandar_nazionalismo" title="Irlandar nazionalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandar nazionalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme_irlandais" title="Nationalisme irlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme irlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnachas_in_%C3%89irinn" title="Náisiúnachas in Éirinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Náisiúnachas in Éirinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_irland%C3%A9s" title="Nacionalismo irlandés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo irlandés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="아일랜드 국민주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드 국민주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Irlandia" title="Nasionalisme Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo_irlandese" title="Nazionalismo irlandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalismo irlandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Irish" title="Nasionalisme Irish – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nasionalisme Irish" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="アイルランドのナショナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランドのナショナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk_nasjonalisme" title="Irsk nasjonalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irsk nasjonalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_irland%C3%AAs" title="Nacionalismo irlandês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nacionalismo irlandês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ирландский национализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландский национализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erse_naitionalism" title="Erse naitionalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erse naitionalism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizmi_irlandez" title="Nacionalizmi irlandez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nacionalizmi irlandez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_nacionalizam" title="Irski nacionalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irski nacionalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irl%C3%A4ndsk_nationalism" title="Irländsk nationalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irländsk nationalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ลัทธิชาตินิยมไอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิชาตินิยมไอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda_milliyet%C3%A7ili%C4%9Fi" title="İrlanda milliyetçiliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda milliyetçiliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ірландський націоналізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландський націоналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="愛爾蘭民族主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛爾蘭民族主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2021987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/220px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/330px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, which was created to represent all of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Buildings,_Dublin,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Government_Buildings%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/220px-Government_Buildings%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Government_Buildings%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/330px-Government_Buildings%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Government_Buildings%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/440px-Government_Buildings%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Government Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Irish nationalism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> which, in its broadest sense, asserts that the <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ireland">people of Ireland</a> should govern Ireland as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-19th century, Irish nationalism has largely taken the form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">national self-determination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sa'adah,_Anne_2003._Pp._17-20_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sa'adah,_Anne_2003._Pp._17-20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Angel_1999._Pp._30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Angel_1999._Pp._30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish nationalists during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> in the 1790s, <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Irelanders</a> in the 1840s, the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a> during the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> in the 1920s, and <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> styled themselves in various ways after French left-wing <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish nationalism celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">culture of Ireland</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>, literature, music, and sports. It grew more potent during the period in which all of Ireland was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, which led to most of the island gaining independence from the UK in 1922. </p><p>Irish nationalists believe that foreign English and later British rule in Ireland from the 1169 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Invasion of Ireland">Norman Invasion of Ireland</a> onwards has been detrimental to Irish interests.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> most of the island was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and largely indigenous, while a sizeable portion of the country, particularly in the north, was <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and chiefly descended from people of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> who <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">colonised the land as settlers</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a> in 1609. Partition was along these ethno-religious lines, with most of Ireland gaining independence, while six northern counties remained part of the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists support <a href="/wiki/Irish_reunification" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish reunification">Irish reunification</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, Irish nationalism is regarded as having emerged following the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> revival of the concept of the <i>patria</i> and the religious struggle between the ideology of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. At this early stage in the 16th century, Irish nationalism represented an ideal of the native <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Irish">Gaelic Irish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English (Ireland)">Old English</a> banding together in common cause, under the banner of Catholicism and Irish civic identity ("faith and fatherland"),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hoping to protect their land and interests from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a> Protestant forces sponsored by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. This vision sought to overcome the old ethnic divide between <i>Gaeil</i> (the native Irish) and <i>Gaill</i> (the Normans) which had been a feature of Irish life since the 12th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a>. </p><p>Protestantism in England introduced a religious element to the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a>, as many of the native Gaels and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Normans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Normans">Hiberno-Normans</a> remained Catholic. The <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> dispossessed many native Catholic landowners in favour of Protestant settlers from England and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>, which began in 1609, "planted" a sizeable population of English and Scottish Protestant settlers into the north of Ireland. </p><p>Irish aristocrats waged many campaigns against the English presence. A prime example is the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a> which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> of 1594–1603, which aimed to expel the English and make Ireland a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg/220px-Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg/330px-Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg/440px-Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_harp_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Green harp flag">green harp flag</a> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Irish Confederate troops</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Eleven Years War</a>, and became the main symbol of Irish nationalism from the 17th to the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>A more significant movement came in the 1640s, after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>, when a coalition of Gaelic Irish and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English (Ireland)">Old English</a> Catholics set up a <i>de facto</i> independent Irish state to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Irelan</a></i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">d</a>). The Confederate Catholics of Ireland, also known as the Confederation of Kilkenny, emphasised the idea of Ireland as a Kingdom independent from England, albeit under the same monarch. They demanded autonomy for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>, full rights for Catholics and an end to the confiscation of Catholic-owned land. However, the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–1653) destroyed the Confederate cause and resulted in the permanent dispossession of the old Catholic landowning class. </p><p>A similar Irish Catholic monarchist movement emerged in the 1680s and 1690s, when Irish Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> supported <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> after his deposition in England in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688–1689. The Jacobites demanded that Irish Catholics have a majority in an autonomous Irish Parliament, the restoration of confiscated Catholic land, and an Irish-born <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a>. Similarly to the Confederates of the 1640s, the Jacobites were conscious of representing the "Irish nation" but were not separatists and largely represented the interests of the landed class as opposed to all the Irish people. Also similarly to the Confederates they suffered defeat, in the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> (1689–1691). Thereafter, the largely English <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> dominated Irish government and landholding. The <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a> discriminated against non-<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a>. (<i>See also <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_1536%E2%80%931691" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland 1536–1691">History of Ireland 1536–1691</a></i>.) </p><p>This coupling of religious and ethnic identity – principally Roman Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> – as well as a consciousness of dispossession and defeat at the hands of British and Protestant forces, became enduring features of Irish nationalism. However, the Irish Catholic movements of the 16th century were invariably led by a small landed and clerical elite. Professor Kevin Whelan has traced the emergence of the modern Catholic-nationalist identity that formed in 1760–1830.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Caball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Caball (page does not exist)">Marc Caball</a>, on the other hand, claims that "early modern Irish nationalism" began to be established after the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a> (1607), based on the concepts of "the indivisibility of Gaelic cultural integrity, territorial sovereignty, and the interlinking of Gaelic identity with profession of the Roman Catholic faith".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_nationalism">Early nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Union">Pre-Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg/220px-Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg/330px-Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg/440px-Daniel_O%27Connell2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4999" data-file-height="7229" /></a><figcaption>"Daniel O'Connell: The Champion of Liberty" poster published in Pennsylvania, 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>The exclusively Protestant <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> of the eighteenth century repeatedly called for more autonomy from the British Parliament – particularly the repeal of <a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a>, which allowed the latter to legislate for Ireland. They were supported by popular sentiment that came from the various publications of <a href="/wiki/William_Molyneux" title="William Molyneux">William Molyneux</a> about Irish constitutional independence; this was later reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s incorporation of these ideas into <i><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parliamentarians who wanted more self-government formed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriot Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan" title="Henry Grattan">Henry Grattan</a>, who achieved <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">substantial legislative independence in 1782–83</a>. Grattan and radical elements of the 'Irish Whig' party campaigned in the 1790s for Catholic political equality and reform of electoral rights.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wanted useful links with Britain to remain, best understood by his comment: 'The channel [<a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">the Irish sea</a>] forbids union; the ocean forbids separation'. </p><p>Grattan's movement was notable for being both inclusive and nationalist as many of its members were descended from the Anglo/Irish minority. Many other nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Neilson" title="Samuel Neilson">Samuel Neilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald Wolfe Tone">Theobald Wolfe Tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a> were also descended from plantation families which had arrived in Ireland since 1600. From Grattan in the 1770s to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Parnell</a> up to 1890, nearly all the leaders of Irish separatism were <a href="/wiki/Protestant_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant nationalist">Protestant nationalists</a>. </p><p>Modern Irish nationalism with democratic aspirations began in the 1790s with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of the United Irishmen">Society of the United Irishmen</a>. It sought to end discrimination against Catholics and Presbyterians and to found an independent Irish republic. Most of the United Irish leaders were Catholic and Presbyterian and inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, wanted a society without <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> divisions, the continuation of which they attributed to the British domination over the country. They were sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French Republic</a>, which was then the enemy of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. The United Irishmen led the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, which was repressed with great bloodshed. As a result, the Irish Parliament voted to abolish itself in the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union of 1800</a>–01 and thereafter Irish Members of Parliament sat in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Union">Post-Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two forms of Irish nationalism arose from these events. One was a radical movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a>. It believed the use of force was necessary to found a secular, egalitarian Irish republic, advocated by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Irelanders</a>, some of whom launched a rebellion in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972243–290_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972243–290-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other nationalist tradition was more moderate, urging non-violent means to seek concessions from the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–232_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both nationalist traditions were predominantly Catholic in their support base, the hierarchy of the Catholic Church were opposed to republican separatism on the grounds of its violent methods and secular ideology, while they usually supported non-violent reformist nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972173_et_passim_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972173_et_passim-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> was the leader of the moderate tendency. O'Connell, head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Association" title="Catholic Association">Catholic Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a> in the 1820s, 1830s and 1840s, campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> – full political rights for Catholics – and then Repeal of the Union, or Irish self-government under the Crown. Catholic Emancipation was achieved, but self-government was not. O'Connell's movement was more explicitly Catholic than its eighteenth-century predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–193_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–193-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enjoyed the support of the Catholic clergy, who had denounced the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> and reinforced the association between Irish identity and Catholicism. The Repeal Association used traditional Irish imagery, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, and located its mass meetings in sites such as <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Tara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin" title="Clontarf, Dublin">Clontarf</a> which had a special resonance in Irish history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeal_Association_and_Young_Ireland">Repeal Association and Young Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Repeal Association and Young Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> of 1845–1849 caused great bitterness among Irish people against the British government, which was perceived as having failed to avert the deaths of up to a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972170–178_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972170–178-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British support for the 1860 <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscites</a> on <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Italian unification</a> prompted <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Martin_Sullivan" title="Alexander Martin Sullivan">Alexander Martin Sullivan</a> to launch a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Petition_(Ireland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Petition (Ireland) (page does not exist)">National Petition</a>" for a referendum on repeal of the union; in 1861 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Donoghue_(Irish_politician)" title="Daniel O'Donoghue (Irish politician)">Daniel O'Donoghue</a> submitted the 423,026 signatures to no effect.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB) and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a> were set up in Ireland and the United States, respectively, in 1858 by militant republicans, including <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Irelanders</a>. The latter dissolved into factions after organising <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">unsuccessful raids</a> on <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> by Irish veterans of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the IRB launched <a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a> as a replacement. In Ireland itself, the IRB tried an <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">armed revolt in 1867</a> but, as it was heavily infiltrated by police informers, the rising was a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972330_et_passim_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972330_et_passim-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, Irish nationalism became the dominant ideology in Ireland, having a major <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Parliamentary</a> party in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> that launched a concerted campaign for self-government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_League">Land League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Land League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass nationalist mobilisation began when <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a> (which had been founded in 1873 but had little following) adopted social issues in the late 1870s – especially the question of land redistribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972351–376_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972351–376-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a> (an IRB member) founded the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land League">Irish Land League</a> in 1879 during an agricultural depression to agitate for tenant's rights. Some would argue the land question had a nationalist resonance in Ireland as many Irish Catholics believed that land had been unjustly taken from their ancestors by Protestant English colonists in the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee197215–21_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee197215–21-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the Irish landed class was still largely an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> Protestant group in the 19th century. Such perceptions were underlined in the Land league's language and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972364–376_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972364–376-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others would argue that the Land League had its direct roots in tenant associations formed in the period of agricultural prosperity during the government of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> in the 1850s and 1860s, who were seeking to strengthen the economic gains they had already made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972299–311_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972299–311-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the depression of 1879 and the subsequent fall in prices (and hence profits), these farmers were threatened with rising rents and eviction for failure to pay rents. In addition, small farmers, especially in the west faced the prospect of another famine in the harsh winter of 1879. At first, the Land League campaigned for the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Fs" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Fs">Three Fs</a>" – fair rent, free sale and fixity of tenure. Then, as prices for agricultural products fell further and the weather worsened in the mid-1880s, tenants organised themselves by withholding rent during the 1886–1891 <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> movement. </p><p>Militant nationalists such as the Fenians saw that they could use the groundswell of support for land reform to recruit nationalist support, this is the reason why the <a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a> – a decision by the IRB to adopt social issues – occurred in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972330–351_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972330–351-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans from Clan na Gael (who were loath to recognise the British Parliament) saw this as an opportunity to recruit the masses to agitate for Irish self-government. This agitation, which became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a>", turned increasingly violent when Land Leaguers resisted attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> (RIC) to evict tenant farmers by force.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This upheaval eventually resulted in the British government subsidising the sale of landlords' estates to their tenants in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land Act">Irish Land Acts</a> authored by <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>. It also provided a mass base for constitutional Irish nationalists who had founded the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a> in 1873. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> (somewhat paradoxically, a Protestant landowner) took over the Land League and used its popularity to launch the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a> in 1882 as a support basis for the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>, to campaign for <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule#Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Home Rule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_nationalism">Cultural nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/220px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/330px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png/440px-Political_Parties_of_Northern_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>A flowchart illustrating all the political parties that have existed throughout the history of Northern Ireland and leading up to its formation (1889 onwards). Nationalist parties are in green.</figcaption></figure> <p>An important feature of Irish nationalism from the late 19th century onwards was a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> Irish culture. A broad intellectual movement, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a>, grew up in the late 19th century. Though largely initiated by artists and writers of Protestant or Anglo-Irish background, the movement nonetheless captured the imaginations of idealists from native Irish and Catholic background. Periodicals such as <i>United Ireland</i>, <i>Weekly News</i>, <i>Young Ireland</i>, and <i>Weekly National Press</i> (1891–92), became influential in promoting Ireland's native cultural identity. A frequent contributor, the poet <a href="/wiki/John_McDonald_(poet)" title="John McDonald (poet)">John McDonald</a>'s stated aim was "to hasten, as far as in my power lay, Ireland's deliverance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue1892144_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue1892144-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organisations promoting the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Revival">Gaelic Revival</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> was also formed in this era to promote <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a>; it forbade its members to play English sports such as <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. </p><p>Most cultural nationalists were English speakers, and their organisations had little impact in the Irish speaking areas or <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltachta</a>í, where the language has continued to decline (see <a href="/wiki/Irish_language#Current_status" title="Irish language">article</a>). However, these organisations attracted large memberships and were the starting point for many radical Irish nationalists of the early twentieth century, especially the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916 such as Patrick Pearse,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas MacDonagh,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Joseph Plunkett. The main aim was to emphasise an area of difference between Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> England, but most of the population continued to speak English. </p><p>The cultural Gaelic aspect did not extend into actual politics; while nationalists were interested in the surviving <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_the_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefs of the Name">Chiefs of the Name</a>, the descendants of the former Gaelic clan leaders, the chiefs were not involved in politics, nor noticeably interested in the attempt to recreate a Gaelic state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Rule_beginnings">Home Rule beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Home Rule beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Irish Home Rule Movement</a></div> <p>Although Parnell and some other Home Rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>, were Protestants, Parnell's party was overwhelmingly Catholic. At local branch level, Catholic priests were an important part of its organisation. Home Rule was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Unionism_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionism (Ireland)">Unionists</a> (those who supported the Union with Britain), mostly Protestant and from <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> under the slogan, "Home Rule is <a href="/wiki/Rome_Rule" title="Rome Rule">Rome Rule</a>." </p><p>At the time, some politicians and members of the British public would have seen this movement as radical and militant. Detractors quoted Charles Stewart Parnell's Cincinnati speech in which he claimed to be collecting money for "bread and lead". He was allegedly sworn into the secret <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> in May 1882. However, the fact that he chose to stay in Westminster following the expulsion of 29 Irish MPs (when those in the Clan expected an exodus of nationalist MPs from Westminster to set up a provisional government in Dublin) and his failure in 1886 to support the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> (an aggressive agrarian programme launched to counter agricultural distress), marked him as an essentially constitutional politician, though not averse to using agitational methods as a means of putting pressure on parliament. </p><p>Coinciding as it did with the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> in British politics – and with it the opportunity for most Irish Catholics to vote – Parnell's party quickly became an important player in British politics. Home Rule was favoured by <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, but opposed by many in the British <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> parties. <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Home Rule</a> would have meant a <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> Irish parliament within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. The first two <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Bill">Irish Home Rule Bills</a> were put before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> in 1886 and 1893, but they were bitterly resisted and the second bill ultimately defeated in the Conservative's pro-<a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">Unionist</a> majority controlled <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. </p><p>Following the fall and death of Parnell in 1891 after a divorce crisis, which enabled the Irish Roman Catholic hierarchy to pressure MPs to drop Parnell as their leader, the Irish Party split into two factions, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">INL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Federation" title="Irish National Federation">INF</a>, becoming practically ineffective from 1892 to 1898. Only after the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a> which granted extensive power to previously non-existent county councils, allowing nationalists for the first time through local elections to democratically run local affairs previously under the control of landlord dominated "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Juries#Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Juries">Grand Juries</a>", and William O'Brien founding the <a href="/wiki/United_Irish_League" title="United Irish League">United Irish League</a> that year, did the Irish Parliamentary Party reunite under <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> in January 1900, returning to its former strength in the following <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">September general election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation_of_rural_Ireland">Transformation of rural Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transformation of rural Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first decade of the twentieth century saw considerable advancement in economic and social development in rural Ireland, where 60% of the population lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972422–426_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972422–426-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of local self-government in 1898 created a class of experienced politicians capable of later taking over national self-government in the 1920s. The <a href="/wiki/Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903">Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903</a> (the <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham" title="George Wyndham">Wyndham</a> Act), passed largely through the efforts of William O'Brien, abolished <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">landlordism</a>, and made it easier for <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> to purchase lands, financed and guaranteed by the government. By 1914, 75 per cent of occupiers were buying out their landlords' freehold interest through the <a href="/wiki/Land_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Commission">Land Commission</a>, mostly under the Land Acts of 1903 and 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Brien then pursued and won in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_and_Labour_Association" title="Irish Land and Labour Association">Irish Land and Labour Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/D.D._Sheehan" class="mw-redirect" title="D.D. Sheehan">D.D. Sheehan</a>, who followed in the footsteps of Michael Davitt, the landmark 1906 and 1911 Labourers (Ireland) Acts, where the Liberal government financed 40,000 rural labourers to become proprietors of their own cottage homes, each on an acre of land. "It is not an exaggeration to term it a social revolution, and it was the first large-scale rural public-housing scheme in the country, with up to a quarter of a million housed under the Labourers Acts up to 1921, the majority erected by 1916",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> changing the face of rural Ireland. </p><p>The combination of land reform and devolved local government gave Irish nationalists an economic political base on which to base their demands for self-government. Some in the British administration felt initially that paying for such a degree of land and housing reform amounted to an unofficial policy of "killing home rule by kindness", yet by 1914 some form of Home Rule for most of Ireland was guaranteed. This was shelved on the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in August 1914. </p><p>A new source of radical Irish nationalism developed in the same period in the cities outside <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. In 1896, <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Irish Socialist Republican Party">Irish Socialist Republican Party</a> in Dublin. Connolly's party was small and unsuccessful in elections, but his fusion of socialism and Irish republicanism was to have a sustained impact on republican thought. In 1913, during the general strike known as the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Lockout">Dublin Lockout</a>, Connolly and <a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a> formed a workers militia, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a>, to defend strikers from the police. While initially a purely defensive body, under Connolly's leadership, the ICA became a revolutionary body, dedicated to an independent Workers Republic in Ireland. After the outbreak of the First World War, Connolly became determined to launch an insurrection to this end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Rule_crisis_1912–14"><span id="Home_Rule_crisis_1912.E2.80.9314"></span>Home Rule crisis 1912–14</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Home Rule crisis 1912–14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg/220px-%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg/330px-%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg/440px-%22To_Protest_Against_the_Lawless_Policy_of_Carsonism%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Poster for a 1913 anti-<a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a> meeting, hosted by Protestants of <a href="/wiki/Ballymoney" title="Ballymoney">Ballymoney</a>. Speakers included <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Glendinning" title="Robert Glendinning">Robert Glendinning</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Home Rule was eventually won by <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> and granted under the Third <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Act 1914">Home Rule Act 1914</a>. However, Irish self-government was limited by the prospect of partition of Ireland between north and south. This idea had first been mooted under the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government Bill 1893">Second Home Rule Bill</a> in 1893. In 1912, following the entry of the Third Home Rule Bill through the House of Commons, unionists organised mass resistance to its implementation, organising around the "<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a>". In 1912 they formed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a>, an armed wing of Ulster Unionism who stated that they would resist Home Rule by force. British Conservatives supported this stance. In addition, in 1914 British officers based at the <a href="/wiki/Curragh_Camp" title="Curragh Camp">Curragh Camp</a> indicated that they would be <a href="/wiki/Curragh_incident" title="Curragh incident">unwilling to act against the Ulster Volunteers</a> should they be ordered to. </p><p>In response, Nationalists formed their own paramilitary group, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, to ensure the implementation of Home Rule. It looked for several months in 1914 as if civil war was imminent between the two armed factions. Only the <a href="/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League" title="All-for-Ireland League">All-for-Ireland League</a> party advocated granting every conceivable concession to Ulster to stave off a partition amendment. Redmond rejected their proposals. The amended Home Rule Act was passed and placed with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> on the statute books, but was suspended after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, until the end of the war. This led radical republican groups to argue that Irish independence could never be won peacefully and gave the northern question little thought at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Easter_Rising">World War I and the Easter Rising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War I and the Easter Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish Volunteer movement was divided over the attitude of their leadership to <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland's involvement</a> in World War I. The majority followed John Redmond in support of the British and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> war effort, seeing it as the only option to ensure the enactment of Home Rule after the war, Redmond saying "you will return as an armed army capable of confronting Ulster's opposition to Home Rule". They split off from the main movement and formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a>, and were among the 180,000 Irishmen who served in <a href="/wiki/Irish_regiment#Irish_regiments_of_the_British_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish regiment">Irish regiments</a> of the Irish <a href="/wiki/10th_(Irish)_Division" title="10th (Irish) Division">10th</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_(Irish)_Division" title="16th (Irish) Division">16th Divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">New British Army</a> formed for the War. </p><p>A minority of the Irish Volunteers, mostly led by members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB), refused to support the War and kept their arms to guarantee the passage of Home Rule. Within this grouping, another faction planned an insurrection against <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>, while the War was going on. Critical in this regard were Patrick Pearse,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas MacDonagh, and Thomas Clarke. These men were part of an inner circle that were operating in secret within the ranks of the IRB to plan this rising unknown to the rest of the volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Connolly, the labour leader, first intended to launch his own insurrection for an Irish Socialist Republic decided early in 1916 to combine forces with the IRB. In April 1916, just over a thousand dissident Volunteers and 250 members of the Citizen's Army launched the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in the Dublin <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">General Post Office</a> and, in the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Easter Proclamation</a>, proclaimed the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>. The Rising was put down within a week, at a cost of about 500 killed, mainly unengaged civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972548–591_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972548–591-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the rising failed, Britain's <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">General Maxwell</a> executed fifteen of the Rising's leaders, including Pearse, MacDonagh, Clarke and Connolly, and arrested some 3,000 political activists which led to widespread public sympathy for the rebel's cause. Following this example, <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">physical force republicanism</a> became increasingly powerful and, for the following seven years or so, became the dominant force in Ireland, securing substantial independence but at a cost of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">dividing Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972591–719_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972591–719-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Parliamentary Party was discredited after Home Rule had been suspended at the outbreak of World War I, in the belief that the war would be over by the end of 1915, then by the severe losses suffered by <a href="/wiki/Irish_regiment#Irish_regiments_of_the_British_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish regiment">Irish battalions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> at <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles#V_Beach" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Cape Helles</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. They were also damaged by the harsh British response to the Easter Rising, who treated the rebellion as treason in time of war when they declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Ireland. Moderate constitutional nationalism as represented by the Irish Party was in due course eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> – a hitherto small party which the British had (mistakenly) blamed for the Rising and subsequently taken over as a vehicle for Irish Republicanism. </p><p>Two further attempts to implement Home Rule in 1916 and 1917 also failed when John Redmond, leader of the Irish Party, refused to concede partition while accepting there could be no coercion of Ulster. An <a href="/wiki/Irish_Convention" title="Irish Convention">Irish Convention</a> to resolve the deadlock was established in July 1917 by the British Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>, its members both nationalists and unionists tasked with finding a means of implementing Home Rule. However, Sinn Féin refused to take part in the convention as it refused to discuss the possibility of full Irish independence. The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster unionists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> insisted on the partition of six Ulster counties from the rest of Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that the 1916 rebellion proved a parliament in Dublin could not be trusted. </p><p>The convention's work was disrupted in March 1918 by Redmond's death and the fierce <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> on the Western Front, causing Britain to attempt to contemplate extending conscription to Ireland. This was extremely unpopular, opposed both by the Irish Parliamentary Party under its new leader <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League" title="All-for-Ireland League">All-for-Ireland Party</a> as well as Sinn Féin and other national bodies. It resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis of 1918</a>. In May at the height of the crisis 73 prominent Sinn Féiners were arrested on the grounds of an alleged <a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a>. Both these events contributed to a widespread rise in support for Sinn Féin and the Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">Armistice</a> ended the war in November, and was followed by elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militant_separatism_and_Irish_independence">Militant separatism and Irish independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Militant separatism and Irish independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">General election of 1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> won 73 seats, 25 of these unopposed, or statistically nearly 70% of Irish representation, under the British "<a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a>" voting-system, but had a minority representation in Ulster. They achieved a total of 476,087 (46.9%) of votes polled for 48 seats, compared to 220,837 (21.7%) votes polled by the IPP for only six seats, who due to the "first past the post" voting system did not win a proportional share of seats.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unionists (including Unionist Labour) votes were 305,206 (30.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sinn Féin MPs refused to take their seats in Westminster, 27 of these (the rest were either still imprisoned or impaired) setting up their own Parliament called the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)">Dáil Éireann</a> in January 1919 and declared the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> to be in existence. Nationalists in the south of Ireland, impatient with the lack of progress on Irish self-government, tended to ignore the unresolved and volatile Ulster situation, generally arguing that unionists had no choice but to ultimately follow. On 11 September 1919, the British proscribed the Dáil, which had met nine times by then, declaring it an illegal assembly, Ireland being still part of the United Kingdom. In 1919, a guerilla war broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) (as the Irish Volunteers were now calling themselves) and the British security forces<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–698_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–698-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>)</i>. </p><p>The campaign created tensions between the political and military sides of the nationalist movement. The IRA, nominally subject to the Dáil, in practice, often acted on its own initiative. At the top, the IRA leadership, of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcahy" title="Richard Mulcahy">Richard Mulcahy</a>, operated with little reference to <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a>, the Dáil's Minister for Defence or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> – at best giving them a supervisory role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972611_et_passim_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972611_et_passim-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At local level, IRA commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Dan_Breen" title="Dan Breen">Dan Breen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Moylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Moylan">Sean Moylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Barry_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Barry (soldier)">Tom Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_MacEoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean MacEoin">Sean MacEoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liam_Lynch_(Irish_republican)" title="Liam Lynch (Irish republican)">Liam Lynch</a> and others avoided contact with the IRA command, let alone the Dáil itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the violence of the War of Independence rapidly escalated beyond what many in Sinn Féin and Dáil were happy with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a>, for example, favoured passive resistance over the use of force, but he could do little to affect the cycle of violence between IRA guerrillas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Crown forces that emerged over 1919–1920. The military conflict produced only a handful of killings in 1919, but steadily escalated from the summer of 1920 onwards with the introduction of the paramilitary police forces, the <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tans" title="Black and Tans">Black and Tans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Division" title="Auxiliary Division">Auxiliary Division</a> into Ireland. From November 1920 to July 1921, over 1000 people died in the conflict (compared to c. 400 until then). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first hundred years of its existence, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> had a unionist majority, but had a large nationalist minority who would prefer to be part of a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>. In Northern Ireland, the term "nationalist" is used to refer either to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> population in general or to the supporters of the moderate <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a>. "Nationalism" in this restricted meaning refers to a political tradition that favours an independent, united Ireland achieved by non-violent means. The more militant strand of nationalism, as espoused by <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, is generally described as "republican" and was regarded as somewhat distinct, although the modern-day party is a constitutional party committed to exclusively peaceful and democratic means. </p><p>55.8% of voters in Northern Ireland voted for the United Kingdom to remain a part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">23 June 2016 referendum</a> in which the country as a whole voted to leave the union. The results in Northern Ireland were influenced by fears of a strong border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland as well as by fears of a hard border breaking the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three significant events occurred in December 2019, February 2020 and May 2022, respectively. First, the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland">UK general election</a> saw more nationalist MPs elected in Northern Ireland than unionist ones for the first time ever (nine nationalists and eight unionists).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, Sinn Féin won the most votes in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election" title="2020 Irish general election">2020 Irish general election</a>, thus ending 100 years of dominance in the Republic by <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, but still finished one seat behind the latter in the Daíl.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election</a>, Sinn Féin won the highest number of seats, the first time a nationalist party had done so in Northern Ireland's 101-year history.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the Assembly's first nationalist First Minister, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a> being selected in February 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRegan" class="citation web cs1">Regan, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/704">"Review of Irish Freedom: the History of Nationalism in Ireland"</a>. <i>Reviews in History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816162347/https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/704">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+Irish+Freedom%3A+the+History+of+Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Peter (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07907189308406508">"Irish cultural nationalism in the United Kingdom state: Politics and the Gaelic League 1900–18"</a>. <i>Irish Political Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07907189308406508">10.1080/07907189308406508</a> – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Irish+cultural+nationalism+in+the+United+Kingdom+state%3A+Politics+and+the+Gaelic+League+1900%E2%80%9318&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07907189308406508&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F07907189308406508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709040238/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/polsol.htm">"Politics – An Outline of the Main Political 'Solutions' to the Conflict"</a>. <i>CAIN</i>. United Ireland Definition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/polsol.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN&rft.atitle=Politics+%E2%80%93+An+Outline+of+the+Main+Political+%27Solutions%27+to+the+Conflict&rft.pages=United+Ireland+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Fpolsol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonge2013" class="citation book cs1">Tonge, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hFEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change</i></a>. Routledge. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317875185" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317875185"><bdi>978-1317875185</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412232923/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hFEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Conflict+and+Change&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317875185&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hFEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sa'adah,_Anne_2003._Pp._17-20-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sa'adah,_Anne_2003._Pp._17-20_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sa'adah 2003, 17–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Angel_1999._Pp._30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Angel_1999._Pp._30_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1999, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delanty, Gerard; Kumar, Krishan. <i>The Sage handbook of nations and nationalism</i>. London; Thousand Oaks, California; New Delhi: Sage Publications, Ltd, 2006, 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetscher1989" class="citation journal cs1">Metscher, Thomas (25 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_1989_num_14_1_2517">"Between 1789 and 1798: the "Revolution in the Form of Thought" in Ireland"</a>. <i>Études irlandaises</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 139–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Firlan.1989.2517">10.3406/irlan.1989.2517</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213204926/https://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_1989_num_14_1_2517">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span> – via persee.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+irlandaises&rft.atitle=Between+1789+and+1798%3A+the+%22Revolution+in+the+Form+of+Thought%22+in+Ireland&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-146&rft.date=1989-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Firlan.1989.2517&rft.aulast=Metscher&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Firlan_0183-973x_1989_num_14_1_2517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07907189308406508?journalCode=fips20">"Irish cultural nationalism in the United Kingdom state: Politics and the Gaelic League 1900–18"</a>. <i>Irish Political Studies</i>. <b>8</b>: 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07907189308406508">10.1080/07907189308406508</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817102438/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07907189308406508?journalCode=fips20">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Irish+cultural+nationalism+in+the+United+Kingdom+state%3A+Politics+and+the+Gaelic+League+1900%E2%80%9318&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07907189308406508&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07907189308406508%3FjournalCode%3Dfips20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2004" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/research-centres/CentreforInternationalBordersResearch/Publications/WorkingPapers/MappingFrontiersworkingpapers/Filetoupload,175435,en.pdf"><i>Ethnic Conflict and the Two-State Solution: The Irish Experience of Partition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mapping Frontiers, Plotting Pathways Ancillary Paper No. 3. pp. 3–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+the+Two-State+Solution%3A+The+Irish+Experience+of+Partition&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Mapping+Frontiers%2C+Plotting+Pathways+Ancillary+Paper+No.+3&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fresearch-centres%2FCentreforInternationalBordersResearch%2FPublications%2FWorkingPapers%2FMappingFrontiersworkingpapers%2FFiletoupload%2C175435%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/gaelic-revival/faith-fatherland-in-sixteenth-century-ireland/">"Faith & Fatherland in sixteenth-century Ireland"</a>. History Ireland. 21 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213184333/https://www.historyireland.com/gaelic-revival/faith-fatherland-in-sixteenth-century-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Faith+%26+Fatherland+in+sixteenth-century+Ireland&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fgaelic-revival%2Ffaith-fatherland-in-sixteenth-century-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee19729–15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 9–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism and the Construction of Irish Identity 1760–1830</i> 1996, Cork University Press; and see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/index.htm">some online notes on Whelan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725083231/http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/index.htm">Archived</a> 25 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValoneBradbury2008" class="citation book cs1">Valone, David A.; Bradbury, Jill Marie (2008). <i>Anglo-Irish Identities 1571–1845</i>. Bucknell University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838757130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838757130"><bdi>978-0838757130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Irish+Identities+1571%E2%80%931845&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0838757130&rft.aulast=Valone&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Jill+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jonathan Swift: Volume III</i> by <a href="/wiki/Irvin_Ehrenpreis" title="Irvin Ehrenpreis">Irvin Ehrenpreis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jonathan Swift and Ireland</i> by Oliver W. Ferguson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1993" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, J. (1993). <i>Henry Grattan</i>. Dundalgan Press. pp. 27–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085221121X" title="Special:BookSources/085221121X"><bdi>085221121X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Grattan&rft.pages=27-35&rft.pub=Dundalgan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=085221121X&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972243–290-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972243–290_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 243–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–232-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–232_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 179–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972173_et_passim-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972173_et_passim_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 173 et passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–193-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972179–193_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 179–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972170–178-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972170–178_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 170–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Loughlin, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEzPsKMxhz8C&pg=PA97"><i>The British Monarchy and Ireland: 1800 to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521843720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521843720"><bdi>978-0521843720</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818204114/https://books.google.com/books?id=jEzPsKMxhz8C&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Monarchy+and+Ireland%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521843720&rft.aulast=Loughlin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEzPsKMxhz8C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Brian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ulf0d7qtzqQC&pg=PA131"><i>Irish Nationalism and the British State: From Repeal to Revolutionary Nationalism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 131–132, 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773560055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773560055"><bdi>978-0773560055</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923104149/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ulf0d7qtzqQC&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Nationalism+and+the+British+State%3A+From+Repeal+to+Revolutionary+Nationalism&rft.pages=131-132%2C+267&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0773560055&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlf0d7qtzqQC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior1991" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Hereward (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wmwi_6dS-UQC"><i>The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866–1870</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550020854" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550020854"><bdi>978-1550020854</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721161846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wmwi_6dS-UQC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Invasion+of+Canada%3A+The+Fenian+Raids%2C+1866%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1550020854&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Hereward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmwi_6dS-UQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972330_et_passim-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972330_et_passim_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 330 et passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972351–376-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972351–376_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 351–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee197215–21-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee197215–21_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 15–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972364–376-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972364–376_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 364–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972299–311-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972299–311_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 299–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972330–351-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972330–351_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 330–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bew" title="Paul Bew">Bew, Paul</a> (1979). <i>Land and the National Question in Ireland: 1858–82</i>. Amherst, NY: <a href="/wiki/Humanities_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanities Press">Humanities Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391009608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391009608"><bdi>978-0391009608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+the+National+Question+in+Ireland%3A+1858%E2%80%9382&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Humanities+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0391009608&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue1892144-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue1892144_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donoghue1892">O'Donoghue 1892</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason," <b>Journal of the History of Ideas</b>, 1989; <b>Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption</b>, (1994),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Norstedt, <b>Thomas MacDonagh</b>, (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972422–426-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972422–426_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 422–426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferriter, Diarmaid, <i>The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000</i> (2005) pp. 38+62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferriter, Diarmaid, <i>The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000</i>, (2004) p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption", (1995), Ruth Dudley Edwards, "Patrick Pearse and the Triumph of Failure", (1974), Joost Augustin, "Patrick Pearse", (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKee1989" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Robert (1989). <i>The green flag</i>. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140111042" title="Special:BookSources/0140111042"><bdi>0140111042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19668723">19668723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+green+flag&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19668723&rft.isbn=0140111042&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972548–591-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972548–591_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 548–591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972591–719-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972591–719_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 591–719.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ME Collins, <i>Ireland 1868–1966</i>, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sovereignty and partition, 1912–1949</i>, p. 59, M. E. Collins, Edco Publishing (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845360400" title="Special:BookSources/1845360400">1845360400</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sovereignty and partition, 1912–1949</i>, p. 62, M. E. Collins, Edco Publishing (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845360400" title="Special:BookSources/1845360400">1845360400</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1978" class="citation book cs1">Walker, B. M., ed. (1978). <i>Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922</i>. Royal Irish Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Election+Results+in+Ireland%2C+1801%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–698-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–698_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 651–698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972611_et_passim-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972611_et_passim_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 611 et passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1972651–656_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKee1972">Kee 1972</a>, pp. 651–656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/4220821">"Now, IRA stands for I Renounce Arms"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 28 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617141253/http://www.economist.com/node/4220821">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Now%2C+IRA+stands+for+I+Renounce+Arms&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F4220821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2019" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Dominic (13 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/northern-ireland-election-sinn-fein-dup-dodds-belfast-4931475-Dec2019/">"For the first time, Northern Ireland has more nationalist than unionist MPs"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=For+the+first+time%2C+Northern+Ireland+has+more+nationalist+than+unionist+MPs&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fnorthern-ireland-election-sinn-fein-dup-dodds-belfast-4931475-Dec2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2020" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Fiach (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/election-2020-how-sinn-f%C3%A9in-turned-their-fortunes-around-1.4167477">"Election 2020: How Sinn Féin turned their fortunes around"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Election+2020%3A+How+Sinn+F%C3%A9in+turned+their+fortunes+around&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Fiach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Felection-2020-how-sinn-f%25C3%25A9in-turned-their-fortunes-around-1.4167477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2022" class="citation news cs1">McKay, Susan (8 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/08/with-sinn-feins-victory-tectonic-plates-have-shifted-in-northern-ireland">"With Sinn Féin's victory, tectonic plates have shifted in Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=With+Sinn+F%C3%A9in%27s+victory%2C+tectonic+plates+have+shifted+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2022-05-08&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2022%2Fmay%2F08%2Fwith-sinn-feins-victory-tectonic-plates-have-shifted-in-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKee1972" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Robert (1972). <i>The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism</i>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029717987X" title="Special:BookSources/029717987X"><bdi>029717987X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Flag%3A+A+History+of+Irish+Nationalism&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=029717987X&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donoghue1892" class="citation book cs1">O'Donoghue, David James (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/poetsirelandabi00dongoog/poetsirelandabi00dongoog.pdf#page=151"><i>The Poets of Ireland: A Biographical Dictionary with Bibliographical Particulars</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poets+of+Ireland%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+with+Bibliographical+Particulars&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=O%27Donoghue&rft.aufirst=David+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fpoetsirelandabi00dongoog%2Fpoetsirelandabi00dongoog.pdf%23page%3D151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Brundage, David. <i>Irish Nationalists in America: The Politics of Exile, 1798–1998</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2016). x, 288</li> <li>Boyce, D. George. <i>Nationalism in Ireland</i>, 1982</li> <li>Campbell, F. <i>Land and Revolution</i>, 2005</li> <li>Cronin, Sean. <i>Irish Nationalism: Its Roots and Ideology</i>, 1980</li> <li>Edwards, Ruth Dudley, <i>Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure</i>, 1977</li> <li>Elliot, Marianne, <i>Wolfe Tone</i>, 1989</li> <li>English, Richard. <i>Irish Freedom</i>, 2008</li> <li>Garvin, Tom. <i>The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics</i>, 1981; <i>Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland, 1858–1928</i>, 1987</li> <li>Kee, Robert. <i>The Green Flag</i>, 1976</li> <li>MacDonagh, Oliver. <i>States of Mind</i>, 1983</li> <li>McBride, Lawrence. <i>Images, Icons, and the Irish Nationalist Imagination</i>, 1999</li> <li>McBride, Lawrence. <i>Reading Irish Histories</i>, 2003</li> <li>Maume, Patrick. <i>The Long Gestation</i>, 1999</li> <li>Nelson, Bruce. <i>Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2012</li> <li>Strauss, E. <i>Irish Nationalism and British Democracy</i>, 1951</li> <li>O'Farrell, Patrick. <i>Ireland's English Question</i>, 1971</li> <li>Phoenix, Éamon. <i>Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland, 1890–1940</i></li> <li>Ward, Margaret. <i>Unimaginable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism</i>, 1983</li> <li>(attrib.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1797" class="citation book cs1">Winter, John Pratt (1797). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:An address to the thinking independent part of the community: on the present alarming state of public affairs"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_address_to_the_thinking_independent_part_of_the_community:_on_the_present_alarming_state_of_public_affairs"><i>An address to the thinking independent part of the community: on the present alarming state of public affairs</i> </a></span> (1 ed.). Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+address+to+the+thinking+independent+part+of+the+community%3A+on+the+present+alarming+state+of+public+affairs&rft.place=Dublin&rft.edition=1&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=John+Pratt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zách, L. (2020). 'The first of the small nations': The significance of central European small states in Irish nationalist political rhetoric, 1918–22. <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>, 44(165), 25–40. </li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781528273/irish_nationalism.html">Irish Nationalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517145412/http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781528273/Irish_Nationalism.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517145412/http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781528273/Irish_Nationalism.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31) – ninemsn Encarta (short introduction)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism_in_the_Celtic_nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_nationalism" title="Template:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism_in_the_Celtic_nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany"><img alt="Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Breton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">during WWII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">Reunification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezen_Perrot" title="Bezen Perrot">Bezen Perrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Democratic_Union" title="Breton Democratic Union">Breton Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Party" title="Breton Party">Breton Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Liberation_Front" title="Breton Liberation Front">Breton Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emgann" title="Emgann">Emgann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breizh_Yaouank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breizh Yaouank (page does not exist)">Breizh Yaouank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breizhistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Breizhistance">Breizhistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleun-Brug" title="Bleun-Brug">Bleun-Brug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Revolutionary_Army" title="Breton Revolutionary Army">Breton Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiz_ha_Breiz" title="Feiz ha Breiz">Feiz ha Breiz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"><img alt="Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Cornish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Assembly" title="Cornish Assembly">Proposed devolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">Constitutional status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Gof" title="An Gof">An Gof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Nationalist_Party" title="Cornish Nationalist Party">Cornish Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Cornish Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Cornish National Liberation Army">Cornish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Solidarity" title="Cornish Solidarity">Cornish Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Old_Cornwall_Societies" title="Federation of Old Cornwall Societies">Federation of Old Cornwall Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimism" title="Irish republican legitimism">legitimism in republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_History_Museum" title="Irish Republican History Museum">History Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiocfaidh_%C3%A1r_l%C3%A1" title="Tiocfaidh ár lá">Tiocfaidh ár lá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_Action_Ireland" title="Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland">Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_na_Poblachta" title="Arm na Poblachta">Arm na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabhair" title="Cabhair">Cabhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Association" title="Connolly Association">Connolly Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Youth_Movement" title="Connolly Youth Movement">Connolly Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Éirígí">Éirígí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_Fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fianna Fail">Fianna Fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%27s_Future" title="Ireland's Future">Ireland's Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom_Party" title="Irish Freedom Party">Irish Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Congress" title="Irish National Congress">Irish National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Race_Conventions" title="Irish Race Conventions">Irish Race Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Liberation_Army" title="Irish Republican Liberation Army">Irish Republican Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Movement">Irish Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRPWA" title="IRPWA">IRPWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association" title="National Graves Association">National Graves Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association,_Belfast" title="National Graves Association, Belfast">Belfast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_2016)" title="National Party (Ireland, 2016)">National Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Irish_Republican_Army" title="New Irish Republican Army">New Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Network_for_Unity" title="Republican Network for Unity">Republican Network for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone_Societies" title="Wolfe Tone Societies">Wolfe Tone Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Unemployed_Action" title="Workers and Unemployed Action">Workers and Unemployed Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man"><img alt="Isle of Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Manx</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Halloo" title="Fo Halloo">Fo Halloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FSFO" title="FSFO">FSFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irree_Magh" title="Irree Magh">Irree Magh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_National_Party" title="Manx National Party">Manx National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mec_Vannin" title="Mec Vannin">Mec Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_Pabyr_Seyr" title="Yn Pabyr Seyr">Yn Pabyr Seyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_nationalism" title="Timeline of Scottish nationalism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Under_One_Banner" title="All Under One Banner">AUOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Scotland" title="Business for Scotland">Business for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Weal" title="Common Weal">Common Weal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_for_Scotland_Party" title="Independence for Scotland Party">Independence for Scotland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reid_Foundation" title="Jimmy Reid Foundation">Jimmy Reid Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_Independence" title="Labour for Independence">Labour for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republic" title="Our Republic">Our Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Voice_(Scottish_pro-independence_group)" title="People's Voice (Scottish pro-independence group)">People's Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Independence_Campaign" title="Radical Independence Campaign">Radical Independence Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Communist_Network" title="Republican Communist Network">Republican Communist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberals_for_Independence" title="Scottish Liberals for Independence">Scottish Liberals for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_National_League" title="Scots National League">Scots National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Scottish National Liberation Army">Scottish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Republican_Socialist_Movement" title="Scottish Republican Socialist Movement">Scottish Republican Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Youth" title="Scottish Socialist Youth">Scottish Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siol_nan_Gaidheal" title="Siol nan Gaidheal">Siol nan Gaidheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voices_for_Scotland" title="Voices for Scotland">Voices for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_Scotland" title="Yes Scotland">Yes Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Welsh_independence" title="Opinion polling on Welsh independence">polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Welsh_independence_referendum" title="Proposed Welsh independence referendum">proposed referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Under_One_Banner_Cymru" title="All Under One Banner Cymru">AUOB Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Cymdeithas yr Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Wales_Army" title="Free Wales Army">Free Wales Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Green_Party" title="Wales Green Party">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad">Gwlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_an_Independent_Wales" title="Labour for an Independent Wales">Labour for an Independent Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibion_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Meibion Glyndŵr">Meibion Glyndŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Amddiffyn_Cymru" title="Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru">Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propel_(political_party)" title="Propel (political party)">Propel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Football_Fans_for_Independence" title="Welsh Football Fans for Independence">Welsh Football Fans for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YesCymru" title="YesCymru">YesCymru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-celtic nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/19px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/29px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/38px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008108288">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559471605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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