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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Iron_Age_(1000–586_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Late Iron Age (1000–586 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Iron_Age_(1000–586_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Babylonian_and_Persian_Periods_(586–332_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Babylonian_and_Persian_Periods_(586–332_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods (586–332 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Babylonian_and_Persian_Periods_(586–332_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yahweh_and_the_rise_of_monotheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yahweh_and_the_rise_of_monotheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Yahweh and the rise of monotheism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yahweh_and_the_rise_of_monotheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Festivals and sacrifice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Portrayal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graeco-Roman_syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graeco-Roman_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Graeco-Roman syncretism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graeco-Roman_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yahweh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="يهوه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهوه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahve" title="Yahve – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yahve" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D" title="ইয়াহওয়েহ্ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়াহওয়েহ্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Яхве – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яхве" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Яхве – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яхве" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡ་ཝེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡ་ཝེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahv%C3%A8_(antic_D%C3%A9u_d%27Israel_i_Jud%C3%A0)" title="Jahvè (antic Déu d'Israel i Judà) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jahvè (antic Déu d'Israel i Judà)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehofa" title="Jehofa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jehofa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahve" title="Jahve – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jahve" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B2%CE%AD" title="Γιαχβέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαχβέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Javeo" title="Biblia Javeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblia Javeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="یهوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%ED%9B%BC" title="야훼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야훼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Յահվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յահվե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="यहोवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहोवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwe" title="Yahwe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahwe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahveh" title="Jahveh – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jahveh" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%94" title="יהוה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהוה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Яхве – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Яхве" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahv%C4%97" title="Jahvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jahvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw%C3%A9" title="Yawé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Yawé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јехова – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јехова" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iahveh" title="Iahveh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iahveh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="यहोवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यहोवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="يهوه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7" title="ヤハウェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤハウェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahve" title="Jahve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jahve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahve" title="Yahve – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yahve" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahwe" title="Jahwe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jahwe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jav%C3%A9" title="Javé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Javé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Яхве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яхве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahvei" title="Jahvei – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jahvei" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahve" title="Jahve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jahve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Јахве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јахве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahve" title="Jahve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jahve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahve" title="Jahve – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jahve" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahve" title="Jahve – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jahve" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yahweh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="யாவே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாவே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="พระยาห์เวห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระยาห์เวห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Levantine deity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient Levantine deity of Israel and Judah. For the modern Judeo-Christian conception, see <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yahweh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahweh (disambiguation)">Yahweh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeus_Yahweh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A coin showing a bearded figure seating on a winged wheel, holding a bird on his outstretched hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/220px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/330px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/440px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/God_on_the_Winged_Wheel_coin" title="God on the Winged Wheel coin">God on the Winged Wheel coin</a>, minted in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Persian period</a> of the 4th century BCE. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:150%;white-space:normal;">Deities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Religion" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAalabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫalabatu">Ḫalabatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saggar_(god)" title="Saggar (god)">Saggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Hayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutena_and_Hutellura" title="Hutena and Hutellura">Hutena and Hutellura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Kušuḫ">Kušuḫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelluri" title="Lelluri">Lelluri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> dynastic deities (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir#In_Syria_and_Anatolia" title="Pinikir">Pirengir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arruma" title="Šarruma">Šarruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imige" title="Šimige">Šimige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuwala">Šuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takitu" title="Takitu">Takitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilla_(deity)" title="Tilla (deity)">Tilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Levantine (<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Beliefs" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad/Ishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An/Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asarluhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manungal" title="Manungal">Manungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umugan" title="Šumugan">Šumugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Yahweh<a href="#cite_note-name-4">[a]</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">ancient Levantine deity</a> who was venerated in <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerHayes1986110-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr199554-55-6">[5]</a> Though no consensus exists regarding his origins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20203-7">[6]</a> scholars generally contend that he is associated with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Seir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Paran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teman_(Edom)" title="Teman (Edom)">Teman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201742-8">[7]</a> and later with <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. His worship reaches back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, and likely to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, if not somewhat earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20001-9">[8]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> held him as their <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a>, their religion—known as <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a>, involving the worship of Yahweh among a broader <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">Semitic pantheon</a>—was still essentially <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> or, according to some accounts, <a href="/wiki/Monolatry#In_ancient_Israel" title="Monolatry">monolatristic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> However, during and after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> in the 6th century BCE, the Israelite religion gradually evolved into <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, which are both strictly <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> and thus regard Yahweh as <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> in the singular sense—that is, as the supreme being of the universe and without any equals. In the oldest examples of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">biblical literature</a>, Yahweh possesses attributes that were typically ascribed to deities of <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">war</a>, fructifying the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and leading a <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host#Tanakh" title="Heavenly host">heavenly army</a> against the nation's enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001158–59-11">[9]</a> The early Israelites may have leaned towards polytheistic practices that were otherwise common across <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">ancient Semitic religion</a>, as their worship apparently included a variety of <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite gods and goddesses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20027-12">[10]</a> In later centuries, El and Yahweh became conflated, and El-linked epithets, such as <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">ʾĒl Šadday</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>אֵל שַׁדַּי‎), came to be applied to Yahweh alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_33–34-13">[11]</a> Some scholars believe that El and Yahweh were always conflated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020222-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross197396–97-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell202118-16">[14]</a> Characteristics of other deities, such as Asherah and Baal, were also selectively "absorbed" in conceptions of Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201738-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell202120-19">[17]</a> Over time, the existence of other deities was denied outright, and Yahweh was proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> and the sole divinity to be worthy of worship. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, openly speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as a religious taboo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200259–60-20">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> instead began to substitute <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">other Hebrew words</a>, primarily ăḏōnāy (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‬‎, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'My <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">Lords</a>'). By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>—namely following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Roman siege of Jerusalem</a> and the concomitant destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in 70 CE—the <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">original pronunciation of Yahweh's name</a> was forgotten entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200260-21">[19]</a> Additionally, Yahweh is invoked in the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Amherst_63" title="Papyrus Amherst 63">Papyrus Amherst 63</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, and also in Jewish or Jewish-influenced <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Egyptian_magical_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Egyptian magical papyri">Greco-Egyptian magical texts</a> from the 1st to 5th centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256-22">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg/220px-Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg/330px-Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg/440px-Tetragrammaton_Sefardi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>, inscribed on the page of a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">manuscript</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, 1385</figcaption></figure> The god's name was written in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew</a> as 𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">block script</a>), transliterated as <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a>; modern scholarship has reached consensus to transcribe this as "Yahweh".<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> The shortened forms Yeho-, Yahu-, <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Yah</a>- and Yo- appear in <a href="/wiki/Theophory_in_the_Bible#Yah_theophory" title="Theophory in the Bible">personal names</a> and in phrases such as "<a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">Hallelujah</a>!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreuss2008823-24">[22]</a> The sacrality of the name, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Commandment</a> against "<a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain" title="Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain">taking the name 'in vain'</a> ", led to increasingly strict prohibitions on speaking or writing the term. Rabbinic sources suggest that, by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple period</a>, the name of God was officially pronounced only once a year, by the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE</a>, the original pronunciation of the name was forgotten entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200260-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg/220px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg/330px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg/440px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Uriyahu inscription, <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Qom" title="Khirbet el-Qom">Khirbet el-Qom</a>, 8th c. BCE, "Blessed is/be Uriyahu by Yahweh"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periods">Periods</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Philip_King_(historian)" title="Philip King (historian)">Philip King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Lawrence Stager</a> place the history of Yahweh into the following periods: <ul><li>Late Bronze: 1550–1200 BCE</li> <li>Iron Age I: 1200–1000 BCE</li> <li>Iron Age II: 1000–586 BCE</li> <li>Neo-Babylonian: 586–539 BCE</li> <li>Persian: 539–332 BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingStager2001xxiii-26">[24]</a></li></ul> Other academic terms often used include First Temple period, from the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> in 957 BCE to its destruction in 586 BCE, exilic for the period of the Exile from 586 to 539 BCE (identical with Neo-Babylonian above), post-Exilic for later periods and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> from the reconstruction of the Temple in 515 BCE until its destruction in 70 CE. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze_Age_origins_(1550–1200_BCE)">Late Bronze Age origins (1550–1200 BCE)</h3></div> There is almost no agreement on Yahweh's origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20203-7">[6]</a> His name is not attested other than among the Israelites, and there is no consensus on its etymology, with ehyeh ašer ehyeh ("<a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>"), the explanation presented in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 3:14,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> appearing to be a late theological <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> invented at a time when the original meaning had been forgotten,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParke-Taylor197551-28">[26]</a> although some scholars dispute this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020214-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_II202118-30">[28]</a> Lewis connects the name to the <a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a> element yahwi- (ia-wi), found in personal names in <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitz201942,_57-31">[29]</a> meaning "brings to life/causes to exist" (e.g. yahwi-dagan = "<a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a> causes to exist"), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> ibašši-DN;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020211,_215-32">[30]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a> emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the verbal root of the name "Yahweh", and that attempts to take yahwi- as a divine epithet should be "vigorously" argued against.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross197361–63-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In addition, J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that yahwi- refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of yahwi- to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g. Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ).<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using yahwi- for gods, but he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that yahwi-, or more accurately yawi, derives from the root hwy in pa'al, which means "he will be".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson201955–56-36">[34]</a> One scholarly theory is that "Yahweh" originated in a shortened form of ˀel ḏū yahwī ṣabaˀôt, "El who creates the hosts",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20002-37">[35]</a> which Cross considered to be one of the cultic names of El.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross197371-38">[36]</a> However, this phrase is nowhere attested either inside or outside the Bible, and the two gods are in any case quite dissimilar, with El being elderly and paternal and lacking Yahweh's association with the storm and battles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200213–14-39">[37]</a> Even if the above issues are resolved, Yahweh is generally agreed to have a non-causative etymology because otherwise, YHWH would be translated as YHYH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020222-14">[12]</a> It also raises the question of why the Israelites would want to shorten the epithet. One possible reason includes the co-existence of religious modernism and conservatism being the norm in all religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020222-14">[12]</a> The oldest plausible occurrence of Yahweh's name is in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%EA%9C%A3-%C5%A1%EA%9C%A3sw-yhw%EA%9C%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:tꜣ-šꜣsw-yhwꜣ">tꜣ šꜣsw Yhwꜣ</a>, "YHWA (in) the Land of the <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: 𓇌𓉔𓍯𓄿 Yhwꜣ) in an inscription from the time of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (1390–1352 BCE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalomi_Hen2021-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2015100-41">[39]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> being nomads from <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a> and Edom in northern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007151-42">[40]</a> Although it is still uncertain whether a relationship exists between the toponym yhwꜣ and theonym YHWH,<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> the dominant view is that Yahweh was from the southern region associated with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Seir</a>, Edom, <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Paran" title="Desert of Paran">Paran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teman_(Edom)" title="Teman (Edom)">Teman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201742-8">[7]</a> There is considerable although not universal support for this view,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007153-44">[42]</a> but it raises the question of how Yahweh made his way to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912-45">[43]</a> An answer many scholars consider plausible is the <a href="/wiki/Kenite_hypothesis" title="Kenite hypothesis">Kenite hypothesis</a>, which holds that traders brought Yahweh to Israel along the <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a> routes between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912–13-46">[44]</a> This ties together various points of data, such as the absence of Yahweh from Canaan, his links with Edom and <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a> in the biblical stories, and the <a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenite</a> or Midianite ties of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912-45">[43]</a> but its major weaknesses are that the majority of Israelites were firmly rooted in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, while the historical role of Moses is problematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1995247–248-47">[45]</a> It follows that if the Kenite hypothesis is to be maintained, then it must be assumed that the Israelites encountered Yahweh (and the Midianites/Kenites) inside Israel and through their association with the earliest political leaders of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1995248-48">[46]</a> Christian Frevel argues that inscriptions allegedly suggesting Yahweh's southern origins (e.g. "YHWH of Teman") may simply denote his presence there at later times, and that Teman can refer to any southern territory, including Judah.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[47]</a> Alternatively, some scholars argue that YHWH worship was rooted in the indigenous culture of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> and was promoted in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-50">[48]</a> Frevel suggests that <a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael</a>'s conquests in the Kingdom of Israel forced the two kingdoms to cooperate, which spread YHWH worship among Judean commoners. Previously, YHWH was viewed as the patron god of the Judean state.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Iron_Age_(1200–1000_BCE)">Early Iron Age (1200–1000 BCE)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_site_statuette.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bronze bull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bull_site_statuette.png/220px-Bull_site_statuette.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bull_site_statuette.png/330px-Bull_site_statuette.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bull_site_statuette.png/440px-Bull_site_statuette.png 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Early Iron Age bull figurine from <a href="/wiki/Bull_Site" title="Bull Site">Bull Site</a> at Dhahrat et-Tawileh (modern <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ephraim" title="Mount Ephraim">Ephraim</a>), representing El, Baal or Yahweh<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200283-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrakopoulou2021395-52">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> In the Early Iron Age, the modern consensus is that there was no distinction in language or <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> between Canaanites and Israelites. Scholars accordingly define Israelite culture as a subset of Canaanite culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20027,_19–31-53">[51]</a> In this view, the Israelite religion consisted of Canaanite gods such as El, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009182-54">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, his consort, and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200219–31-55">[53]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Knohl" title="Israel Knohl">Israel Knohl</a> argues that there is no evidence of any anthropomorphic figurines or cultic statues in Israel during this period, suggesting monotheistic practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnohl2017171–172-56">[54]</a> In the earliest Biblical literature, Yahweh has characteristics of a storm god typical of ancient Near Eastern myths, marching out from <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai desert">Sinai desert</a> with the heavenly host of stars and planets that make up his army to do battle with the enemies of his people Israel:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001158–160-57">[55]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Yahweh, when you went out of Seir,     when you marched out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, the sky also dropped.     Yes, the clouds dropped water. The mountains quaked at Yahweh's presence,     even Sinai at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel. ... From the sky the stars fought.     From their courses, they fought against <a href="/wiki/Sisera" title="Sisera">Sisera</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> 5:4–5, 20, WEB <a href="/wiki/World_English_Bible" title="World English Bible">World English Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Deborah" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Deborah">Song of Deborah</a>.) </div></blockquote> Alternatively, parts of the storm god imagery could derive from Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201738-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-50">[48]</a>: 78  From the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Kenite_hypothesis" title="Kenite hypothesis">Kenite hypothesis</a>, it has also been suggested that the Edomite deity <a href="/wiki/Q%C5%8Ds" class="mw-redirect" title="Qōs">Qōs</a> might have been one and the same as Yahweh, rather than a separate deity, with its name a title of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2015101-58">[56]</a> Aside from their common territorial origins, various common characteristics between the <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwist cult</a> and the Edomite cult of Qōs hint at a shared connection.<a href="#cite_note-Manyanya-59">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doeg_the_Edomite" title="Doeg the Edomite">Doeg the Edomite</a>, for example, is depicted as having no problem in worshiping Yahweh and is shown to be at home in Jewish sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-Manyanya-59">[57]</a> Unlike the chief god of the <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Moabites" class="mw-redirect" title="Moabites">Moabites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> refrains from explicitly naming the Edomite Qōs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Some scholars have explained this notable omission by assuming that the level of similarity between Yahweh and Qōs would have made rejection of the latter difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicou1994177-62">[60]</a> Other scholars hold that Yahweh and Qōs were different deities from their origins, and suggest that the tensions between Judeans and Edomites during the Second Temple period may lie behind the omission of Qōs in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETebes2023-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Iron_Age_(1000–586_BCE)">Late Iron Age (1000–586 BCE)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/200px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/300px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/400px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="220" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seal of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, 727 to 698. The <a href="/wiki/Winged_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Winged disk">winged disk</a> is thought to represent Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg/200px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg/300px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg/400px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_486-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="378" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Winged_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Winged disk">Winged disk</a> seal reproduced in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>, 1906</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajrud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A reconstructed two-handled jar, with many missing fragments. In the centre, two bull-headed figures look towards us. There are other figures and the scene is hard to make out." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/220px-Ajrud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/330px-Ajrud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/440px-Ajrud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Painting on a <a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions" title="Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions">jar found at Kuntillet Ajrud</a>, under the inscription "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah" (c. 800 BCE)</figcaption></figure> It has been argued that Yahweh was originally described as one of the sons of El in <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Moses" title="Song of Moses">Deuteronomy 32:8–9</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> and that this was removed by a later emendation to the text:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201577-66">[64]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> When the Most High gave the nations their inheritance,  when he divided up humankind, he set the boundaries of the peoples,  according to the number of the heavenly assembly. For the Lord's allotment is his people,  <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> is his special possession. (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> 32:8-9, <a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">New English Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Moses" title="Song of Moses">Song of Moses</a>) </div></blockquote> Nonetheless, some scholars argue that El Elyon ("the Most High") and Yahweh are <a href="/wiki/Theonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theonyms">theonyms</a> for the same deity in the text, based on contextual analysis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2007103–104-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008203-68">[66]</a> The late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> associated with specific <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national gods</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind201393-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a> was the god of the Moabites, <a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a> the god of the Ammonites, Qōs the god of the Edomites, and Yahweh the god of the Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001156-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112-71">[69]</a> In each kingdom the king was also the head of the national religion and thus the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> on Earth of the national god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200090-72">[70]</a> Yahweh filled the role of national god in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a>, which emerged in the 10th century BCE; and also in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, which may have emerged a century later<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller2012unpaginated-73">[71]</a> (no "God of Judah" is mentioned anywhere in the Bible).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001156-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112-71">[69]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a>, and particularly following his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>, Baal may have briefly replaced Yahweh as the national god of Israel (but not Judah).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200271–72-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2001221–222-75">[73]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/9th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="9th century BCE">9th century BCE</a>, there are indications of rejection of Baal worship associated with the prophets <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>. The Yahweh-religion thus began to separate itself from its Canaanite heritage; this process continued over the period from 800 to 500 BCE with legal and prophetic condemnations of the <a href="/wiki/Asherim" class="mw-redirect" title="Asherim">asherim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">sun worship</a> and worship on the <a href="/wiki/High_place" title="High place">high places</a>, along with practices pertaining to the dead and other aspects of the old religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20029-76">[74]</a> Features of Baal, El, and Asherah were absorbed into Yahweh, and epithets such as <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a> came to be applied to Yahweh alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_33–34,_135-77">[75]</a> In this atmosphere a struggle emerged between those who believed that Yahweh alone should be worshipped, and those who worshipped him within a larger group of gods;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperling2017254-78">[76]</a> the Yahweh-alone party, the party of the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomists</a>, ultimately triumphed, and their victory lies behind the biblical narrative of an Israel vacillating between periods of "following other gods" and periods of <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a> to Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperling2017254-78">[76]</a> Some scholars date the start of widespread monotheism to the <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th century BC</a>E, and view it as a response to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> aggression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016287-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz199461-80">[78]</a> In an inscription discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a> and dated around 700 BCE, Yahweh appears described as the lord of "the nations", while in other contemporary texts discovered in <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Beit_Lei" title="Khirbet Beit Lei">Khirbet Beit Lei</a> (near Lachish) he is mentioned as the ruler of Jerusalem and probably also of Judah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2020247–248-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Babylonian_and_Persian_Periods_(586–332_BCE)">Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods (586–332 BCE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerus-n4i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A model building, with a large cubic structure to the rear and an open courtyard in front, surrounded by crenelated and turreted walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jerus-n4i.jpg/300px-Jerus-n4i.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jerus-n4i.jpg/450px-Jerus-n4i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jerus-n4i.jpg/600px-Jerus-n4i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a>'s representation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's temple">rebuilt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_great" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod the great">Herod</a> c. 20–10 BCE (modern model, 1:50 scale)</figcaption></figure> In 587/6 BCE <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Jerusalem fell</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> was destroyed, and the leadership of the community were deported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20102-82">[80]</a> The next 50 years, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>, were of pivotal importance to the history of Israelite religion. As the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a> to Yahweh (see below) could not be performed outside Israel, other practices including <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">sabbath</a> observance and <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcision</a> gained new significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogan2001271-83">[81]</a> In the writing of <a href="/wiki/Second_Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Isaiah">second Isaiah</a>, Yahweh was no longer seen as exclusive to Israel, but as extending his promise to all who would keep the sabbath and observe his covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogan2001274-84">[82]</a> In 539 BCE <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Babylon in turn fell</a> to the Persian conqueror <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, the exiles were given permission to return (although only a minority did so), and by about 500 BCE the Second Temple was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20102–3-85">[83]</a> Towards the end of the Second Temple period, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200259–60-20">[18]</a> When reading from the scriptures, Jews began to substitute the divine name with the word <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">adonai</a> (אֲדֹנָי‬), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">my Lord</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200260-21">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a> was permitted to speak the name once in the Temple during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a>, but at no other time and in no other place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200260-21">[19]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the scriptures were translated into Greek by the Jews of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganBrettlerNewsom2007xxvi-86">[84]</a> Greek translations of the Hebrew scriptures render both the tetragrammaton and adonai as <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">kyrios</a> (κύριος), meaning "Lord".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200260-21">[19]</a> The period of Persian rule saw the development of expectation in a future human king who would rule <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">purified</a> Israel as Yahweh's representative at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">end of time</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>. The first to mention this were <a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a>, both prophets of the early Persian period. They saw the messiah in <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>, a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a> who seemed, briefly, to be about to re-establish the ancient royal line, or in Zerubbabel and the first High Priest, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua</a> (Zechariah writes of two messiahs, one royal and the other priestly). These early hopes were dashed (Zerubabbel disappeared from the historical record, although the High Priests continued to be descended from Joshua), and thereafter there are merely general references to a Messiah of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (i.e. a descendant).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWanke1984182–183-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXx9YzJq2B9wCpgPA130_130]-88">[86]</a> From these ideas, <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> would later emerge, whence <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yahweh_and_the_rise_of_monotheism">Yahweh and the rise of monotheism</h2></div> Although the specific process by which the Israelites adopted <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> is unknown, the transition was a gradual one and was not totally accomplished during the First Temple period.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[87]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] It is unclear when the worship of Yahweh alone began. The earliest known portrayals of Yahweh as the principal deity to whom "one owed the powers of blessing the land" appear in the teachings of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> in the 9th century BCE. This form of worship was likely well established by the time of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a> in the 8th century BCE, in reference to disputes between Yahweh and Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz199461-80">[78]</a> The early supporters of this faction are widely regarded as being <a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrism">monolatrists</a> rather than true <a href="/wiki/Monotheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheists">monotheists</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEakin197170,_263-90">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] they did not believe Yahweh was the only god in existence, but instead believed that he was the only god which the people of Israel should worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzie19901287-91">[89]</a> Finally, in the national crisis of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a>, the followers of Yahweh went a step further and outright denied that the other deities aside from Yahweh even existed, thus marking the transition from monolatrism to true monotheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917-92">[90]</a> The notion that Yahweh is to be worshipped as the <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator-god</a> of all the earth is first elaborated by the <a href="/wiki/Deutero-Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutero-Isaiah">Second Isaiah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th-century BCE</a> exilic work whose case for the theological doctrine rests on Yahweh's power over other gods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg1966297-93">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] and his incomparability and singleness relative to the gods of the Babylonian religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbani2020226-94">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] Benjamin D. Sommer argues that the distinction between polytheism and monotheism has been greatly exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer2009145-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_sacrifice">Festivals and sacrifice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Wine" title="Feast of Wine">Feast of Wine</a></div> The centre of Yahweh's worship lay in three great annual festivals coinciding with major events in rural life: <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> with the birthing of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">lambs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> harvest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz199489-96">[94]</a> These probably pre-dated the arrival of the Yahweh religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz199489-96">[94]</a> but they became linked to events in the <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national mythos</a> of Israel: Passover with <a href="/wiki/The_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="The exodus">the exodus</a> from Egypt, Shavuot with the law-giving at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a>, and Sukkot with the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> wanderings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112-71">[69]</a> The festivals thus celebrated Yahweh's <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> of Israel and Israel's status as his holy people, although the earlier agricultural meaning was not entirely lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2000458-97">[95]</a> His worship presumably involved sacrifice, but many scholars have concluded that the rituals detailed in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 1–16, with their stress on purity and <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism" title="Atonement in Judaism">atonement</a>, were introduced only after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>, and that in reality any head of a family was able to offer sacrifice as occasion demanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesRogerson2005151–152-98">[96]</a> A number of scholars have also drawn the conclusion that <a href="/wiki/Infant_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant sacrifice">infant sacrifice</a>, whether to the underworld deity <a href="/wiki/Molech" class="mw-redirect" title="Molech">Molech</a> or to Yahweh himself, was a part of Israelite/Judahite religion until the reforms of <a href="/wiki/King_Josiah" class="mw-redirect" title="King Josiah">King Josiah</a> in the late 7th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnuse1997118-99">[97]</a> Sacrifice was presumably complemented by the singing or recital of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">psalms</a>, but again the details are scant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesRogerson2005158–165-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> played little role in official worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1999302-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the foreground, a bearded man dressed in an impressive white robe and head-dress raises his hand to heaven. Behind him, a large crowd bows in prayer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Tissot_Solomon_Dedicates_the_Temple_at_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> dedicates the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple at Jerusalem</a> (painting by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> or follower, c. 1896–1902).</figcaption></figure> The Hebrew Bible gives the impression that the Jerusalem temple was always meant to be the central or even sole temple of Yahweh, but this was not the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112-71">[69]</a> The earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th-century BCE open-air altar in the hills of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)#Ugarit_and_the_Levant" title="El (deity)">Bull-El</a> (El in the form of a bull) and the archaeological remains of further temples have been found at <a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a> on Israel's northern border, at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Arad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Beersheba</a>, both in the territory of Judah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003a388-102">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramah_in_Benjamin" title="Ramah in Benjamin">Ramah</a> and Dan were also major sites for festivals, sacrifices, the making of <a href="/wiki/Vow#Divine_vows" title="Vow">vows</a>, private rituals, and the adjudication of legal disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200283-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal">Portrayal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Judaism" title="Aniconism in Judaism">Aniconism in Judaism</a></div> Yahweh-worship was thought to be <a href="/wiki/Aniconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniconic">aniconic</a>, meaning that the god was not depicted by a statue or other image. This is not to say that he was not represented in some symbolic form, and early Israelite worship probably focused on <a href="/wiki/Baetylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetylus">standing stones</a>, but according to the Biblical texts the temple in Jerusalem featured Yahweh's throne in the form of two <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a>, their inner wings forming the seat and a box (the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>) as a footstool, while the throne itself was empty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMettinger2006288–290-104">[102]</a> There is no universally accepted explanation for such <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconism</a>, and a number of scholars have argued that Yahweh was in fact represented prior to the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> late in the monarchic period: to quote one study, "[a]n early aniconism, <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> or otherwise, is purely a projection of the post-exilic imagination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200721,_26–27-105">[103]</a> Other scholars argue that there is no certain evidence of any <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> representation of Yahweh during the pre-exilic period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020293–297-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graeco-Roman_syncretism">Graeco-Roman syncretism</h2></div> Yahweh is frequently invoked in <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman magic">Graeco-Roman magical</a> texts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a>,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-107">[105]</a> under the names <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Iao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabaoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaoth">Sabaoth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Eloai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256-22">[20]</a> In these texts, he is often mentioned alongside traditional <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Graeco-Roman deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">Egyptian deities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256-22">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archangels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangels">archangels</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Ouriel</a> and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural hero">cultural heroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> are also invoked frequently.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-108">[106]</a> The frequent occurrence of Yahweh's name was likely due to Greek and Roman folk magicians seeking to make their spells more powerful through the invocation of a prestigious foreign deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256-22">[20]</a> A coin issued by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> to celebrate his successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">conquest of Judaea</a> showed a kneeling, bearded figure grasping a branch (a common Roman symbol of submission) subtitled BACCHIVS IVDAEVS, which may be translated as either "The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>" or "Bacchus the Judaean". The figure has been interpreted as depicting Yahweh as a local variety of Bacchus, that is, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2015169–172-109">[107]</a> However, as coins minted with such iconography ordinarily depicted subjected persons, and not the gods of a subjected people, some have assumed the coin simply depicts the surrender of a Judean who was called "Bacchius", sometimes identified as the Hasmonean king <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, who was overthrown by Pompey's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201511,_16,_80,_126-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> In any event, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Lydian" title="John the Lydian">John the Lydian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Labeo" title="Cornelius Labeo">Cornelius Labeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> similarly identify Yahweh with Bacchus–Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199988-114">[112]</a> Jews themselves frequently used symbols that were also associated with Dionysus such as <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a>, leaves of <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a>, and clusters of <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a>, a similarity <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> used to argue that Jews worshipped a <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostasized</a> form of Bacchus–Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996a233-115">[113]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Quaestiones Convivales</a>, Plutarch further notes that the Jews hail their god with cries of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/euoi" class="extiw" title="wikt:euoi">Euoi</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabi</a>", phrases associated with the worship of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarchn.d.[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocurnctsgreekLittlg0007tlg112perseus-eng146_"Question_VI"]-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199989-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996a232–233-118">[116]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._McDonough" title="Sean M. McDonough">Sean M. McDonough</a>, Greek speakers may have confused <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> words such as <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a>, or even possibly some variant of the name Yahweh itself, for more familiar terms associated with Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199989–90-119">[117]</a> Other Roman writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>, identified Yahweh with the god <a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Jewish">Jewish portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a>, a short form of the name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Movement" title="Sacred Name Movement">Sacred Name Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany#Judaism" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-name-4"><a href="#cite_ref-name_4-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjɑːhweɪ/</a>, or often <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjɑːweɪ/</a> in English; ‬𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton#Yahweh" title="Tetragrammaton">reconstructed</a> in block script: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">*יַהְוֶה‎ *Yahwe, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[jahˈwe]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommer2009">Sommer 2009</a>, p. 145: "It is a commonplace of modern biblical scholarship that Israelite religion prior to the Babylonian exile was basically polytheistic. [...] Many scholars argue that ancient Israelites worshipped a plethora of gods and goddesses [...]." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1995190-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1995190_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdelman1995">Edelman 1995</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrakopoulou2021411–412,_742-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrakopoulou2021411–412,_742_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrakopoulou2021">Stavrakopoulou 2021</a>, pp. 411–412, 742. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyschny202126–27-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPyschny202126–27_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPyschny2021">Pyschny 2021</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerHayes1986110-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerHayes1986110_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillerHayes1986">Miller & Hayes 1986</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr199554-55-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr199554-55_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiehr1995">Niehr 1995</a>, p. 54-55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20203-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming20203_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming20203_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2020">Fleming 2020</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201742-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201742_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201742_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2017">Smith 2017</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20001-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20001_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller 2000</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001158–59-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2001158–59_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackett2001">Hackett 2001</a>, pp. 158–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20027-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20027_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_33–34-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_33–34_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 8, 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020222-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2020222_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2020222_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2020222_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2020">Lewis 2020</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross197396–97-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross197396–97_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1973">Cross 1973</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell202118-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell202118_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell2021">Cornell 2021</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20028,_135_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 8, 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201738-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201738_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201738_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2017">Smith 2017</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell202120-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell202120_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell2021">Cornell 2021</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200259–60-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200259–60_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200259–60_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeech2002">Leech 2002</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200260-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200260_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200260_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200260_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200260_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200260_21-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeech2002">Leech 2002</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996b242–256_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithCohen1996b">Smith & Cohen 1996b</a>, pp. 242–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlter2018">Alter 2018</a>: "The strong consensus of biblical scholarship is that the original pronunciation of the name YHWH ... was Yahweh." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreuss2008823-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreuss2008823_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreuss2008">Preuss 2008</a>, p. 823. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElior2006">Elior 2006</a>, p. 779: "... the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingStager2001xxiii-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingStager2001xxiii_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKingStager2001">King & Stager 2001</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#14">Exodus 3:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParke-Taylor197551-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParke-Taylor197551_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParke-Taylor1975">Parke-Taylor 1975</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020214-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2020214_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2020">Lewis 2020</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_II202118-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_II202118_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller_II2021">Miller II 2021</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitz201942,_57-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitz201942,_57_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitz2019">Kitz 2019</a>, pp. 42, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2020211,_215-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2020211,_215_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2020">Lewis 2020</a>, pp. 211, 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross197361–63-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross197361–63_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1973">Cross 1973</a>, pp. 61–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2020">Fleming 2020</a>, p. 176: "There has been one key objection, by Michael Streck, who reevaluated Amorite personal names as a whole in 2000 and as part of this work published the separate conclusion (1999) that all the Ya-wi- and Ya-aḫ-wi- elements in these names must be understood to reflect the same root ḥwy, "to live"....If Streck is correct that these are all forms of the verb "to live", then the Amorite personal names must be set aside as useful to any interpretation of the name [Yahweh]." But see <a href="#CITEREFFleming2020b">Fleming 2020b</a>, p. 425: "While the identification of the verbal root in the Amorite names with and without the -ḫ- remains impossible to prove with certainty, the parallels with contemporary Old Babylonian Ibašši-DN and the later second-millennium parallels from the verb kwn show the viability of a West Semitic root hwy, "to be, be evident", for at least some portion of these Amorite names." </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHyatt1967" class="citation journal cs1">Hyatt, J. Philip (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262791">"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (4): 369–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262791">10.2307/3262791</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262791">3262791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Was+Yahweh+Originally+a+Creator+Deity%3F&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-377&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262791%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hyatt&rft.aufirst=J.+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson201955–56-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson201955–56_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Sasson2019">Ben-Sasson 2019</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20002-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20002_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller 2000</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross197371-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross197371_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1973">Cross 1973</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200213–14-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200213–14_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2002">Day 2002</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShalomi_Hen2021-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShalomi_Hen2021_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShalomi_Hen2021">Shalomi Hen 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2015100-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2015100_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2015">Anderson 2015</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007151-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007151_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2007">Grabbe 2007</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShalomi_Hen2021">Shalomi Hen 2021</a>: "Unfortunately, albeit the interesting analogies, the learned discussions, and the broad perspective, the evidence is too scanty to allow any conclusions concerning the exact meaning of the term YHWA/YHA/YH as it appears in Ancient Egyptian records." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007153-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2007153_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2007">Grabbe 2007</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999">Van der Toorn 1999</a>, p. 912. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912–13-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999912–13_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999">Van der Toorn 1999</a>, pp. 912–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1995247–248-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1995247–248_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1995">Van der Toorn 1995</a>, pp. 247–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1995248-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1995248_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1995">Van der Toorn 1995</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrevel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frevel, Christian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.8776">"When and from Where did YHWH Emerge? Some Reflections on Early Yahwism in Israel and Judah"</a>. Entangled Religions. 12 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.8776">10.46586/er.12.2021.8776</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F84039">2263/84039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2363-6696">2363-6696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entangled+Religions&rft.atitle=When+and+from+Where+did+YHWH+Emerge%3F+Some+Reflections+on+Early+Yahwism+in+Israel+and+Judah&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F84039&rft.issn=2363-6696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.8776&rft.aulast=Frevel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.46586%252Fer.12.2021.8776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl2021" class="citation journal cs1">Stahl, Michael J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45062733">"God's Best 'Frenemy': A New Perspective on YHWH and Baal in Ancient Israel and Judah"</a>. Semitica. 63: 45–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FSE.63.0.3289896">10.2143/SE.63.0.3289896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2466-6815">2466-6815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semitica&rft.atitle=God%27s+Best+%27Frenemy%27%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+YHWH+and+Baal+in+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=45-94&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FSE.63.0.3289896&rft.issn=2466-6815&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45062733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200283-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200283_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrakopoulou2021395-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrakopoulou2021395_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrakopoulou2021">Stavrakopoulou 2021</a>, p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20027,_19–31-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20027,_19–31_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 7, 19–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009182-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009182_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden2009">Golden 2009</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200219–31-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200219–31_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 19–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnohl2017171–172-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnohl2017171–172_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnohl2017">Knohl 2017</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001158–160-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2001158–160_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackett2001">Hackett 2001</a>, pp. 158–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2015101-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2015101_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2015">Anderson 2015</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manyanya-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manyanya_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manyanya_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManyanya2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manyanya, Lévi Ngangura (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiR_xkWUFS4C&pg=PA258">La fraternité de Jacob et d'Esaü (Gn 25–36): quel frère aîné pour Jacob?</a> (in French). Labor et Fides. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8309-1253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8309-1253-1"><bdi>978-2-8309-1253-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fraternit%C3%A9+de+Jacob+et+d%27Esa%C3%BC+%28Gn+25%E2%80%9336%29%3A+quel+fr%C3%A8re+a%C3%AEn%C3%A9+pour+Jacob%3F&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Labor+et+Fides&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-8309-1253-1&rft.aulast=Manyanya&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9vi+Ngangura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkiR_xkWUFS4C%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> E. A. Knauf. (1999). Qos [in] Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst [eds.], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA677">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a>, pp. 674–677. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing: "This clan or family must have been of Edomite or Idumaean origin." (p. 677). </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Elie Assis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jQLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Identity in Conflict: The Struggle between Esau and Jacob, Edom and Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-575-06418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-575-06418-5">978-1-575-06418-5</a> p.10: At 1 Kgs 1–8 there is exceptionally no mention of any Edomite gods:'King Solomon loved many foreign women along with the daughter of the Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women. ... For Solomon followed Astarte the goddess of the Sidonians, and Milcom the aboimination of the Ammonites. ... Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites, on the mountain east of Jerusalem. He did the same for all his foreign wives, who offered incense and sacrificed to their gods.' </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicou1994177-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicou1994177_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDicou1994">Dicou 1994</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETebes2023-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETebes2023_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTebes2023">Tebes 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeversKorhonen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Seevers, Boyd V; Korhonen, Rachel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31049725">"Seals in Ancient Israel and the Near East: Their Manufacture, Use, and Apparent Paradox of Pagan Symbolism"</a>. Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin (61): 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+East+Archaeological+Society+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Seals+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Near+East%3A+Their+Manufacture%2C+Use%2C+and+Apparent+Paradox+of+Pagan+Symbolism&rft.issue=61&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Seevers&rft.aufirst=Boyd+V&rft.au=Korhonen%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31049725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+32:8–9&version=net">Deuteronomy 32:8–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201577-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201577_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2015">Anderson 2015</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2007103–104-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2007103–104_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHess2007">Hess 2007</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008203-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008203_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind201393-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind201393_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchniedewind2013">Schniedewind 2013</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2001156-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2001156_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2001156_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackett2001">Hackett 2001</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010112_71-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2010">Davies 2010</a>, p. 112. </li> <li 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(1998). Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity: Conflict or Confluence?. University of Washington Press. pp. 38–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97682-2"><bdi>978-0-295-97682-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnpvs">j.ctvcwnpvs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism+in+Antiquity%3A+Conflict+or+Confluence%3F&rft.pages=38-60&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvcwnpvs%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97682-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, Eugene N. (November 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/sabazius-and-the-jews-in-valerius-maximus-a-reexamination/9A146A478B7D4B7F239ED7AE321C2F34">"Sabazius and the Jews in Valerius Maximus: a Re-examination"</a>. The Journal of Roman Studies. 69: 35–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299057">10.2307/299057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-528X">1753-528X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299057">299057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163401482">163401482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Sabazius+and+the+Jews+in+Valerius+Maximus%3A+a+Re-examination&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=35-38&rft.date=1979-11&rft.issn=1753-528X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163401482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299057&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fsabazius-and-the-jews-in-valerius-maximus-a-reexamination%2F9A146A478B7D4B7F239ED7AE321C2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan1995" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YztmAAAAMAAJ">Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 B.C.–49 B.C.</a> Seaby. pp. 115–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-7672-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-7672-9"><bdi>0-7134-7672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Republican+Moneyers+and+Their+Coins%2C+63+B.C.%E2%80%9349+B.C.&rft.pages=115-118&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7134-7672-9&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYztmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199988-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199988_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1999">McDonough 1999</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996a233-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996a233_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithCohen1996a">Smith & Cohen 1996a</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarchn.d.[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocurnctsgreekLittlg0007tlg112perseus-eng146_"Question_VI"]-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarchn.d.[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocurnctsgreekLittlg0007tlg112perseus-eng146_"Question_VI"]_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarchn.d.">Plutarch n.d.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg112.perseus-eng1:4.6">"Question VI"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199989-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199989_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1999">McDonough 1999</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996a232–233-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCohen1996a232–233_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithCohen1996a">Smith & Cohen 1996a</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199989–90-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough199989–90_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1999">McDonough 1999</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, Satires 14.97; Peter Schäfer, Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World (Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 41, 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>, frg. 37.2; Schäfer, Judeophobia, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>, Epitome 1.40 (3.5.30): "The Jews tried to defend <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>; but he [Pompeius Magnus] entered this city also and saw that grand Holy of Holies of an impious people exposed, Caelum under a golden vine" (Hierosolymam defendere temptavere Iudaei; verum haec quoque et intravit et vidit illud grande inpiae gentis arcanum patens, sub aurea vite Caelum). Finbarr Barry Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Brill, 2001), pp. 81 and 83 (note 118). The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Latin_Dictionary" title="Oxford Latin Dictionary">Oxford Latin Dictionary</a> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 252, entry on caelum, cites Juvenal, Petronius, and Florus as examples of Caelus or Caelum "with reference to <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a>; also, to some symbolization of Jehovah." </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ackerman_(biblical_scholar)" title="Susan Ackerman (biblical scholar)">Ackerman, Susan</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&q=Anat-Yahu+Yahweh&pg=PA394">"Goddesses"</a>. 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A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-49110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-49110-7"><bdi>978-0-567-49110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Archaeological+and+Literary+Remains+in+Reconstructing+Israel%27s+History&rft.btitle=The+Fabric+of+History%3A+Text%2C+Artifact+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-567-49110-7&rft.aulast=Ahlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ocfaZ6NaIMC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbani2020" class="citation book cs1">Albani, Matthias (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDmWzQEACAAJ&pg=PA219">"Monotheism in Isaiah"</a>. In Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Isaiah. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066924-9"><bdi>978-0-19-066924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+in+Isaiah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Isaiah&rft.pages=219-248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-066924-9&rft.aulast=Albani&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDmWzQEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22719-7&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGJS7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz2003" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC">Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.</a> Studies in Biblical Literature. Vol. 3. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Exile%3A+The+History+and+Literature+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.series=Studies+in+Biblical+Literature&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-055-4&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx9YzJq2B9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Spencer L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ou9eCAAAQBAJ">The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0022-0"><bdi>978-1-5015-0022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splintered+Divine%3A+A+Study+of+Istar%2C+Baal%2C+and+Yahweh+Divine+Names+and+Divine+Multiplicity+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0022-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Spencer+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dou9eCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2018" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S75SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240">The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Volume 3)</a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29250-3"><bdi>978-0-393-29250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary+%28Volume+3%29&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-29250-3&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS75SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2015" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia802809.us.archive.org/35/items/MonotheismAndYahwehsAppropriationOfBaal/Monotheism%20and%20Yahweh%27s%20Appropriation%20of%20Baal.pdf">Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal</a> (PDF). Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66396-2"><bdi>978-0-567-66396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monotheism+and+Yahweh%27s+Appropriation+of+Baal&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66396-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia802809.us.archive.org%2F35%2Fitems%2FMonotheismAndYahwehsAppropriationOfBaal%2FMonotheism%2520and%2520Yahweh%2527s%2520Appropriation%2520of%2520Baal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1996" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Clinton E. (1996). The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-1757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-1757-6"><bdi>978-1-4982-1757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colossian+Syncretism%3A+The+Interface+Between+Christianity+and+Folk+Belief+at+Colossae&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-1757-6&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Clinton+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barker" title="Margaret Barker">Barker, Margaret</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y63GE5Tw3KMC">The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25395-0"><bdi>978-0-664-25395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Angel%3A+A+Study+of+Israel%27s+Second+God&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25395-0&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy63GE5Tw3KMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Margaret (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1smp_frb6cC">The Lady in the Temple</a>. The Mother of the Lord. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-36246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-36246-9"><bdi>978-0-567-36246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lady+in+the+Temple&rft.series=The+Mother+of+the+Lord&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-567-36246-9&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1smp_frb6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecking2001" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMneBAAAQBAJ&q=Only+One+God&pg=PA189">"The Gods in Whom They Trusted"</a>. 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A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-23212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-23212-0"><bdi>978-0-567-23212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gods+in+Whom+They+Trusted&rft.btitle=Only+One+God%3F%3A+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Veneration+of+the+Goddess+Asherah&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-23212-0&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMneBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DOnly%2BOne%2BGod%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2002" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Harold V. 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Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3909-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3909-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3909-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Injustice+Made+Legal%3A+Deuteronomic+Law+and+the+Plight+of+Widows%2C+Strangers%2C+and+Orphans+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3909-1&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Harold+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wunawFdWaMC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson2019" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKjDDwAAQBAJ">Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought</a>. Palgrave Macmillan Cham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32312-7"><bdi>978-3-030-32312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+YHWH%3A+The+Name+of+God+in+Biblical%2C+Rabbinic%2C+and+Medieval+Jewish+Thought&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Cham&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-32312-7&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKjDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerquist2007" class="citation book cs1">Berquist, Jon L. 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SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-145-2"><bdi>978-1-58983-145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+Yehud%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+the+Persian+Period&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-145-2&rft.aulast=Berquist&rft.aufirst=Jon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8uK-dZr_BAC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2000" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=bible+monotheism+Betz&pg=PA917">"Monotheism"</a>. 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Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26q%3Dbible%2Bmonotheism%2BBetz%26pg%3DPA917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz1996" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans Dieter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LEA7FnNi-kC&pg=PA7">The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation Including the Demonic Spells</a> (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04447-7"><bdi>978-0-226-04447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+in+Translation+Including+the+Demonic+Spells&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04447-7&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Hans+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LEA7FnNi-kC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers2012" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers, Aaron (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1epAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123">Exploring the Religion of Ancient Israel: Prophet, Priest, Sage and People</a>. SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-06900-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-06900-2"><bdi>978-0-281-06900-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Religion+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+Prophet%2C+Priest%2C+Sage+and+People&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-281-06900-2&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1epAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Edward F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=RA1-PA6">"A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Land+Divided%3A+Judah+and+Israel+from+the+Death+of+Solomon+to+the+Fall+of+Samaria&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Edward+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26pg%3DRA1-PA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Cogan, Mordechai (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=RA1-PA42">"Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Into+Exile%3A+From+the+Assyrian+Conquest+of+Israel+to+the+Fall+of+Babylon&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Cogan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26pg%3DRA1-PA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Cohen, Shaye J. D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&q=Jerusalem+Temple+holy+cosmos+model+reflection&pg=PA300">"The Temple and the Synagogue"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Louis_Finkelstein" title="Louis Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Louis</a>; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Temple+and+the+Synagogue&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Early+Roman+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24377-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMA-4VX5gWS4C%26q%3DJerusalem%2BTemple%2Bholy%2Bcosmos%2Bmodel%2Breflection%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Cohn, Norman</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpW9gsIJXsC&pg=PA132">Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09088-8"><bdi>978-0-300-09088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmos%2C+Chaos%2C+and+the+World+to+Come%3A+The+Ancient+Roots+of+Apocalyptic+Faith&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09088-8&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXpW9gsIJXsC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsom2007" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&pg=PA7">"Editors' Introduction"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3"><bdi>978-0-19-528880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editors%27+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528880-3&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Brettler%2C+Marc+Zvi&rft.au=Newsom%2C+Carol+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G49SJI183IkC">Stories from Ancient Canaan</a> (2nd ed.). Presbyterian Publishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+from+Ancient+Canaan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG49SJI183IkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2004" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Stephen L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LEA7FnNi-kC&pg=PA6">The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism</a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-098-1"><bdi>978-1-58983-098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Roots+of+Biblical+Yahwism&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-098-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LEA7FnNi-kC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2021" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Collin, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01YkEAAAQBAJ">Divine Doppelgängers: YHWH's Ancient Look-Alikes</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-093-5"><bdi>978-1-64602-093-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Doppelg%C3%A4ngers%3A+YHWH%27s+Ancient+Look-Alikes&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-64602-093-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01YkEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross, Frank Moore</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eOycxXAoHMC">Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-09176-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-09176-0"><bdi>0-674-09176-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myth+and+Hebrew+Epic%3A+Essays+in+the+History+of+the+Religion+of+Israel&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-674-09176-0&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eOycxXAoHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2014" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Erin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4LXDvCwogQC">Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152492-9"><bdi>978-3-16-152492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Judean+Pillar+Figurines%3A+Gender+and+Empire+in+Judean+Apotropaic+Ritual&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-16-152492-9&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4LXDvCwogQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesRogerson2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MMF6Titau8C&pg=PA151">The Old Testament World</a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08488-0"><bdi>978-0-567-08488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+World&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08488-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MMF6Titau8C%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kG_9-vki4ocC&pg=PA112">"Urban Religion and Rural Religion"</a>. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.). Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03216-4"><bdi>978-0-567-03216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urban+Religion+and+Rural+Religion&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03216-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkG_9-vki4ocC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Day (Old Testament scholar)">Day, John</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the Old Testament">Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series</a>. Vol. 265. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-53783-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-53783-6"><bdi>978-0-567-53783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.series=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-567-53783-6&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xadCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William G.</a> (2003a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA388">"Religion and Cult in the Levant"</a>. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.). Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-083-5"><bdi>978-1-57506-083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Cult+in+the+Levant&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-083-5&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhR0apPid8gC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2003b" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2003b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_ByXkpofAgC">Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4416-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4416-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-4416-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4416-3&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_ByXkpofAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2005" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC">Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion in Ancient Israel</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2852-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+God+Have+A+Wife%3F%3A+Archaeology+And+Folk+Religion+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2852-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGR7-OSz7bUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicou1994" class="citation book cs1">Dicou, Bert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ytAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">Edom, Israel's Brother and Antagonist: The Role of Edom in Biblical Prophecy and Story</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-458-9"><bdi>978-1-85075-458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edom%2C+Israel%27s+Brother+and+Antagonist%3A+The+Role+of+Edom+in+Biblical+Prophecy+and+Story&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-458-9&rft.aulast=Dicou&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3ytAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra2001" class="citation book cs1">Dijkstra, Meindert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC&q=%22El+who+is+present%2C+who+makes+himself+manifest%22&pg=PA92">"El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism"</a>. In Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; et al. (eds.). Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. 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Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tracking+Observance+of+the+Aniconic+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElior2006" class="citation book cs1">Elior, Rachel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC&q=%22High+Priest+once+a+year+on+the+Day+of+Atonement%22&pg=PA779">"Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83507-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83507-7"><bdi>978-1-108-83507-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+before+Israel%3A+Glimpses+of+History+in+a+Divine+Name&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83507-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfwAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2020b" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Daniel E. (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/100704584">"The Name YhwꜢ as a People: Reconsidering the Amorite Evidence"</a>. In Azzoni, Annalisa; Kleinerman, Alexandra; Knight, Douglas A.; Owen, David I. (eds.). From Mari to Jerusalem and Back: Assyriological and Biblical Studies in Honor of Jack Murad Sasson. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24713-5"><bdi>978-1-317-24713-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+YHWH%3A+Cultural+Translation+and+Subversive+Reception+in+Israelite+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-317-24713-5&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Shawn+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbutDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanO'ConnorRinggren1986" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, D.N.; O'Connor, M.P.; Ringgren, H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcAkKMECPKIC&q=%22The+tetragrammaton+YHWH+is+the+personal+name+of+the+god+of+Moses%22&pg=PA500">"YHWH"</a>. In Botterweck, G.J.; Ringgren, H. (eds.). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 5. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2329-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=YHWH&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2329-8&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+M.P.&rft.au=Ringgren%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpcAkKMECPKIC%26q%3D%2522The%2Btetragrammaton%2BYHWH%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bpersonal%2Bname%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgod%2Bof%2BMoses%2522%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller2012" class="citation book cs1">Geller, Stephen A. 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Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-23293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-23293-4"><bdi>978-1-118-23293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priests+and+Levites+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+History+of+Jews+and+Judaism&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-23293-4&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgJtcvs7ObAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lmvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the Old Testament">Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series</a>. Vol. 241. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37415-8"><bdi>978-0-567-37415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.series=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-567-37415-8&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lmvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1999). 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Religion. 29 (4): 315–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Freli.1999.0198">10.1006/reli.1999.0198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel%3A+A+Survey+of+Recent+Scholarship&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-36&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Freli.1999.0198&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2009" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC">Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3"><bdi>978-0-19-537985-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261177290">261177290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F261177290&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537985-3&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEResmS5wOnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2000" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Frank H. 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Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 175–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03216-4"><bdi>978-0-567-03216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Many+nations+will+be+joined+to+YHWH+in+that+day%27%3A+The+question+of+YHWH+outside+Judah&rft.btitle=Religious+diversity+in+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pages=175-87&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03216-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkG_9-vki4ocC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2007" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvfTAwAAQBAJ">Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</a>. 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Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149902-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149902-9"><bdi>978-3-16-149902-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Gods+to+God%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Iron+Age+Cosmologies&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149902-9&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft.au=Adams%2C+Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBmg9umxM2MC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy1994" class="citation book cs1">Handy, Lowell K. 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Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-84-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-84-3"><bdi>978-0-931464-84-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Host+of+Heaven%3A+The+Syro-Palestinian+Pantheon+as+Bureaucracy&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-84-3&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=Lowell+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfx1by4b1HzEC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hess" title="Richard Hess">Hess, Richard S.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2aJzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2717-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2717-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-2717-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israelite+Religions%3A+An+Archaeological+and+Biblical+Survey&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2717-8&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aJzBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2012" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Richard S. 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Wheaton, IL: Crossway. pp. 459–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-2574-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-2574-2"><bdi>978-1-4335-2574-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahweh%27s+%22Wife%22+and+Belief+in+One+God+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Do+Historical+Matters+Matter+to+Faith%3F%3A+A+Critical+Appraisal+of+Modern+and+Postmodern+Approaches+to+Scripture&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=459-76&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-2574-2&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLc_R1E1wD9cC%26q%3DKuntillet%2BAjrud%2BYahweh%2Band%2Bhis%2BAsherah%2Bpotsherd%2BBes%2Bmusic%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2020" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Richard S. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 241–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026116-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahwistic+Religion+in+the+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Periods&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Historical+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=241-253&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026116-0&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_kFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Joel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5TShBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA236">In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3706-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-3706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3706-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5TShBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries1990" class="citation book cs1">Humphries, W. Lee (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=%22used+in+the+Septuagint+where+Yahweh+appears%22&pg=PA340">"God, Names of"</a>. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God%2C+Names+of&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=W.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3D%2522used%2Bin%2Bthe%2BSeptuagint%2Bwhere%2BYahweh%2Bappears%2522%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingStager2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtOhypZz_pEC&pg=PAxxiii">Life in Biblical Israel</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22148-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Biblical+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22148-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtOhypZz_pEC%26pg%3DPAxxiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kitz, Anne Marie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/90528116">"The Verb *yahway"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 138 (1): 39–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699%2Fjbl.1381.2019.508716">10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716">10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167075689">167075689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Verb+%2Ayahway&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-62&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167075689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1381.2019.508716%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1381.2019.508716&rft.aulast=Kitz&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F90528116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnohl2017" class="citation book cs1">Knohl, Israel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35321606">"The Rise, Decline and Renewal of Biblical Religion"</a>. In Jindo, Job Y.; Sommer, Benjamin D.; Staubli, Thomas (eds.). Yehezkel Kaufmann and the Reinvention of Jewish Biblical Scholarship. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54414-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54414-3"><bdi>978-3-525-54414-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise%2C+Decline+and+Renewal+of+Biblical+Religion&rft.btitle=Yehezkel+Kaufmann+and+the+Reinvention+of+Jewish+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54414-3&rft.aulast=Knohl&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35321606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeech2002" class="citation book cs1">Leech, Kenneth (2002) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5lKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Experiencing God: Theology as Spirituality</a>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-613-3"><bdi>978-1-57910-613-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+God%3A+Theology+as+Spirituality&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-613-3&rft.aulast=Leech&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq5lKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2013" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Christoph (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSNZ76USaYgC&pg=PA247">Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152207-9"><bdi>978-3-16-152207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Reading+the+Scriptures%3A+Essays+on+the+Literary+History+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-16-152207-9&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSNZ76USaYgC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2014" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon D. (2014). "Genesis". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5"><bdi>978-0-19-997846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997846-5&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-erqDwAAQBAJ">The Origin and Character of God</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007254-4"><bdi>978-0-19-007254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Character+of+God&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-007254-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-erqDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiverani2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Liverani" title="Mario Liverani">Liverani, Mario</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1zfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">Israel's History and the History of Israel</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48893-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48893-4"><bdi>978-1-317-48893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+History+and+the+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48893-4&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1zfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastin2005" class="citation book cs1">Mastin, B.A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUuvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326">"Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating"</a>. In Day, John (ed.). In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-24554-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-24554-0"><bdi>978-0-567-24554-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahweh%27s+Asherah%2C+Inclusive+Monotheism+and+the+Question+of+Dating&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Pre-Exilic+Israel&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-567-24554-0&rft.aulast=Mastin&rft.aufirst=B.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUuvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough1999" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, Sean M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ZG4P8J1roC">YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting</a>. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. Vol. 107. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147055-4"><bdi>978-3-16-147055-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-9570">0340-9570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=YHWH+at+Patmos%3A+Rev.+1%3A4+in+Its+Hellenistic+and+Early+Jewish+Setting&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament+2.+Reihe&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0340-9570&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147055-4&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0ZG4P8J1roC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._McKenzie" title="John L. McKenzie">McKenzie, John L.</a> (1990). "Aspects of Old Testament Thought". In Raymond E. Brown; Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Roland E. Murphy (eds.). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Old+Testament+Thought&rft.btitle=The+New+Jerome+Biblical+Commentary&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"> S.v. 77:17.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMettinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&q=%22the+prohibition+of+images+was+a+late+idea%22%22in+a+very+late+Deuteronomistic+layer%22&pg=PA273">"A Conversation with My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?"</a>. In Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav (eds.). Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Conversation+with+My+Critics%3A+Cultic+Image+or+Aniconism+in+the+First+Temple%3F&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+Its+Near+Eastern+Context&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-128-3&rft.aulast=Mettinger&rft.aufirst=Tryggve+N.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu4OKVrEd4MC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bprohibition%2Bof%2Bimages%2Bwas%2Ba%2Blate%2Bidea%2522%2522in%2Ba%2Bvery%2Blate%2BDeuteronomistic%2Blayer%2522%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2001" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Carol (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-tZeEO4wgC&q=%22monarchic+state%22%22formal+concentration+of+power%22&pg=PA166">"Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kinship+and+Kingship%3A+The+early+Monarchy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgM-tZeEO4wgC%26q%3D%2522monarchic%2Bstate%2522%2522formal%2Bconcentration%2Bof%2Bpower%2522%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2007" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Nathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrGfxNqfszsC&q=%22Aniconism+in+the+Old+Testament%22&pg=PA21">"Aniconism in the Old Testament"</a>. In Gordon, R.P. (ed.). The God of Israel. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87365-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aniconism+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=The+God+of+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87365-9&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrGfxNqfszsC%26q%3D%2522Aniconism%2Bin%2Bthe%2BOld%2BTestament%2522%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Miller" title="Patrick D. 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Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22145-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22145-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBhY9BQ7hIQC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James M.; Hayes, John H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA110">A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9"><bdi>978-0-664-21262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21262-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDijjc_D5P0C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller_II2021" class="citation book cs1">Miller II, Robert D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrbkEAAAQBAJ">Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God</a>. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Vol. 284. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-647-54086-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-647-54086-3"><bdi>978-3-647-54086-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh%3A+Origin+of+a+Desert+God&rft.series=Forschungen+zur+Religion+und+Literatur+des+Alten+und+Neuen+Testaments&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-647-54086-3&rft.aulast=Miller+II&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrbkEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA125">Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past%3A+The+Changing+Study+of+the+Bible+and+History&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nestor, Dermot Anthony, Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1995" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45">"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion"</a>. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+YHWH+in+Judahite+and+Israelite+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2001" class="citation book cs1">Noll, K. L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rnyjxLHy-QC&pg=PA124">Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-258-0"><bdi>978-1-84127-258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaan+and+Israel+in+Antiquity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-258-0&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rnyjxLHy-QC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParke-Taylor1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Parke-Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. Parke-Taylor">Parke-Taylor, G. H.</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZhkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible</a>, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-013-5"><bdi>978-0-88920-013-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh%3A+The+Divine+Name+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-013-5&rft.aulast=Parke-Taylor&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZhkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1998" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YetAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit?</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-864-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-864-8"><bdi>978-1-85075-864-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+God%3A+Enthronement+Festivals+in+Ancient+Israel+and+Ugarit%3F&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-864-8&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Allan+Rosengren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YetAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarchn.d." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (n.d.). Goodwin, William Watson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg112.perseus-eng1:4.0">Quaestiones Convivales</a>. Translated by Creech, Thomas. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. (published 1874).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaestiones+Convivales&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0007.tlg112.perseus-eng1%3A4.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreuss2008" class="citation book cs1">Preuss, Horst (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PA823">"Yahweh"</a>. In Bromiley, Geoffrey William (ed.). The Encyclodedia of Christianity. Vol. 5. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahweh&rft.btitle=The+Encyclodedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Preuss&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC%26pg%3DPA823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyschny2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pyschny, Katharina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9263">"On Deserted Landscapes and Divine Iconography: Iconographic Perspectives on the Origins of YHWH"</a>. Entangled Religions. 12 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9263">10.46586/er.12.2021.9263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2363-6696">2363-6696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entangled+Religions&rft.atitle=On+Deserted+Landscapes+and+Divine+Iconography%3A+Iconographic+Perspectives+on+the+Origins+of+YHWH&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9263&rft.issn=2363-6696&rft.aulast=Pyschny&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.46586%252Fer.12.2021.9263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRömer2015" class="citation book cs1">Römer, Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z59XCwAAQBAJ">The Invention of God</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4"><bdi>978-0-674-50497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+God&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50497-4&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ59XCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1966" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Roy A. (1966). "Yahweh Becomes King". Journal of Biblical Literature. 85 (3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 297–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3264243">10.2307/3264243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264243">3264243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Yahweh+Becomes+King&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-307&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3264243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3264243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind2013" class="citation book cs1">Schniedewind, William M. 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Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54045-9"><bdi>978-3-525-54045-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacchius+Iudaeus%3A+A+Denarius+Commemorating+Pompey%27s+Victory+over+Judea&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum+et+Orbis+Antiquus&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54045-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalomi_Hen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shalomi Hen, Racheli (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9463">"Signs of YHWH, God of the Hebrews, in New Kingdom Egypt?"</a>. Entangled Religions. 12 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9463">10.46586/er.12.2021.9463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2363-6696">2363-6696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entangled+Religions&rft.atitle=Signs+of+YHWH%2C+God+of+the+Hebrews%2C+in+New+Kingdom+Egypt%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9463&rft.issn=2363-6696&rft.aulast=Shalomi+Hen&rft.aufirst=Racheli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.46586%252Fer.12.2021.9463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. 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Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0v0NB5-n3sC">The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516768-9"><bdi>978-0-19-516768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism%3A+Israel%27s+Polytheistic+Background+and+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516768-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0v0NB5-n3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA6">The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</a> (2nd ed.). Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. 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Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA278">"Monotheism and the Redefinition of Divinity in Ancient Israel"</a>. In Niditch, Susan (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65677-8"><bdi>978-0-470-65677-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+and+the+Redefinition+of+Divinity+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65677-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMACgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LtGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"Proposals for the Original Profile of YHWH"</a>. In Van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witte, Markus (eds.). The Origins of Yahwism. <a href="/wiki/Beihefte_zur_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_alttestamentliche_Wissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft">Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110448221">10.1515/9783110448221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044711-8"><bdi>978-3-11-044711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proposals+for+the+Original+Profile+of+YHWH&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yahwism&rft.series=Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110448221&rft.isbn=978-3-11-044711-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LtGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Smith, Morton</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo0LKxcMJKAC">"Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period"</a>. In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21880-1"><bdi>978-0-521-21880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Religious+Life+in+the+Persian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+1%2C+Introduction%3A+The+Persian+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21880-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJo0LKxcMJKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCohen1996a" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyfB19u1U8EC">Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume One: Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10477-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10477-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Cult+of+Yahweh%3A+Volume+One%3A+Studies+in+Historical+Method%2C+Ancient+Israel%2C+Ancient+Judaism&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands%2C+New+York%2C+and+Cologne&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10477-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyfB19u1U8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCohen1996b" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996b). Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume Two: New Testament, Christianity, and Magic. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10479-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10479-2"><bdi>978-90-04-10479-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Cult+of+Yahweh%3A+Volume+Two%3A+New+Testament%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Magic&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands%2C+New+York%2C+and+Cologne&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10479-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Shaye+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2009" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Benjamin D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9eWJuM7EcC&pg=PA145">The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51872-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51872-7"><bdi>978-0-521-51872-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodies+of+God+and+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51872-7&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3T9eWJuM7EcC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2011" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA299">"God, Names of"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God%2C+Names+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperling2017" class="citation book cs1">Sperling, S. David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q668DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">Ve-Eileh Divrei David</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34087-9"><bdi>978-90-04-34087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ve-Eileh+Divrei+David&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34087-9&rft.aulast=Sperling&rft.aufirst=S.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq668DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Stager, Lawrence</a> (2001). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forging+an+Identity%3A+The+Emergence+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl2021" class="citation book cs1">Stahl, Michael J. 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BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44772-1"><bdi>978-90-04-44772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22God+of+Israel%22+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.series=Vetus+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44772-1&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrMlEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrakopoulou2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Stavrakopoulou" title="Francesca Stavrakopoulou">Stavrakopoulou, Francesca</a> (2021). God: An Anatomy. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-6734-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-6734-9"><bdi>978-1-5098-6734-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+An+Anatomy&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5098-6734-9&rft.aulast=Stavrakopoulou&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2000" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=i+am">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+Am+Who+I+Am&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26q%3Di%2Bam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebes2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tebes, Juan Manuel (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47182%2Frb.85.n1-2-2023349">"El extraño caso del dios Qos. ¿Por qué la deidad edomita/idumea no es mencionada en la Biblia?"</a>. Revista Bíblica (in Spanish). 85 (1–2): 55–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47182%2Frb.85.n1-2-2023349">10.47182/rb.85.n1-2-2023349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2683-7153">2683-7153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+B%C3%ADblica&rft.atitle=El+extra%C3%B1o+caso+del+dios+Qos.+%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+la+deidad+edomita%2Fidumea+no+es+mencionada+en+la+Biblia%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=55-70&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47182%2Frb.85.n1-2-2023349&rft.issn=2683-7153&rft.aulast=Tebes&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.47182%252Frb.85.n1-2-2023349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Van der Toorn, Karel</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=178X5n7zArwC&q=%22Ritual+Resistance+and+Self-Assertion%22&pg=PA229">"Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion"</a>. In Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van der Toorn, Karel (eds.). Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10373-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10373-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10373-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual+Resistance+and+Self-Assertion&rft.btitle=Pluralism+and+Identity%3A+Studies+in+Ritual+Behaviour&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10373-3&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D178X5n7zArwC%26q%3D%2522Ritual%2BResistance%2Band%2BSelf-Assertion%2522%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=%22If+the+Kenite+hypothesis+is+to+be+maintained%22&pg=PA912">"Yahweh"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahweh&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3D%2522If%2Bthe%2BKenite%2Bhypothesis%2Bis%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bmaintained%2522%26pg%3DPA912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA281">Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Religion+in+Babylonia%2C+Ugarit+and+Israel%3A+Continuity+and+Changes+in+the+Forms+of+Religious+Life&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10410-5&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSJWkrXfbLQC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVriezenvan_der_Woude2005" class="citation book cs1">Vriezen, T. C.; van der Woude, Simon Adam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeOwyTae71cC&pg=PA18">Ancient Israelite And Early Jewish Literature</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12427-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12427-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israelite+And+Early+Jewish+Literature&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12427-1&rft.aulast=Vriezen&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft.au=van+der+Woude%2C+Simon+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeOwyTae71cC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanke1984" class="citation book cs1">Wanke, Gunther (1984). "Prophecy and Psalms in the Persian Period". In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxrgAVkVysAC">The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction, The Persian Period</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21880-1"><bdi>978-0-521-21880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prophecy+and+Psalms+in+the+Persian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+1%2C+Introduction%2C+The+Persian+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21880-1&rft.aulast=Wanke&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxrgAVkVysAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, J. Edward (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC&pg=PA42">The Early History of Heaven</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534849-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534849-1"><bdi>978-0-19-534849-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Heaven&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534849-1&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKvMeMorNBEC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2010" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, Nicolas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kG_9-vki4ocC&pg=PR5">"Royal Religion in Ancient Judah"</a>. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.). Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03216-4"><bdi>978-0-567-03216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Religion+in+Ancient+Judah&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03216-4&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkG_9-vki4ocC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevit2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ziony_Zevit" title="Ziony Zevit">Zevit, Ziony</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC">The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6339-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Parallactic+Approaches&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6339-5&rft.aulast=Zevit&rft.aufirst=Ziony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddb4hr55j0yYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmzallag2009" class="citation journal cs1">Amzallag, Nissim (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309089209105686">"Yahweh, the Canaanite God of Metallurgy?"</a>. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 33 (4): 387–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309089209105686">10.1177/0309089209105686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171053999">171053999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=Yahweh%2C+the+Canaanite+God+of+Metallurgy%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-404&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309089209105686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171053999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Amzallag&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0309089209105686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/handle/123456789/7231">"Toward a new synthesis of the god of Edom and Yaheweh"</a>. Antiguo Oriente. 7. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/123456789%2F7231">123456789/7231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiguo+Oriente&rft.atitle=Toward+a+new+synthesis+of+the+god+of+Edom+and+Yaheweh&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F123456789%2F7231&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.uca.edu.ar%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F7231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebes2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tebes, J. M. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/handle/123456789/15051">"Yahweh's Desert Origins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/123456789%2F15051">123456789/15051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Yahweh%27s+Desert+Origins&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F123456789%2F15051&rft.aulast=Tebes&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.uca.edu.ar%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F15051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYahweh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenri-%C5%8C-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto">Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yahweh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766677#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766677#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766677#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080114972">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/529159234869003372966">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118556703">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85055581">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976631p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976631p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph854345&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX529059">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=004359563&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000101272">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000007065">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533663605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118556703">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahweh&oldid=1258828351">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahweh&oldid=1258828351</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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151.138 1 Template:Langx"," 3.81% 89.836 1 Template:Middle_Eastern_deities"," 3.72% 87.664 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.48% 82.010 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.663","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20660121,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhlström1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbertz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbertz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmzallag2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecking2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Sasson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerquist2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCogan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsom2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarby2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesRogerson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDicou1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijkstra2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEakin1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElior2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2020b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanO\u0026#039;ConnorRinggren1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrevel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpernAdams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphries1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyatt1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingStager2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnohl2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeech2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiverani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManyanya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonough1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMettinger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerHayes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller_II2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreKelle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiehr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParke-Taylor1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarchn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreuss2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyschny2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRömer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchniedewind2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeeversKorhonen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalomi_Hen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithCohen1996a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithCohen1996b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperling2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStager2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahl2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStavrakopoulou2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaliaferroHarrisonGoetz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVriezenvan_der_Woude2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWanke1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZevit2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 112,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Hair space\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle Eastern deities\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Names of God\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Poem quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Egyp\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 121,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Synthesis inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","16.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","16.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","6.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.4"],["format","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.2"],["[others]","460","25.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mcz5d","timestamp":"20241124053108","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yahweh","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahweh","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q766677","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q766677","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-03T10:02:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T21:23:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg","headline":"national god of ancient Israel and Judah kingdoms, god of monotheistic Judaism and Abrahamic religions"}</script> </body> </html>