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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background: Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background:_Late_Bronze_Age_(1550–1150_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_I_(1150–950_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_I_(1150–950_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iron Age I (1150–950 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_I_(1150–950_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_II_(950–587_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_II_(950–587_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iron Age II (950–587 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_II_(950–587_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath:_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath:_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath: Assyrian and Babylonian periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath:_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Henotheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henotheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Henotheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henotheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_Yahwism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_Yahwism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Iron Age Yahwism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_Yahwism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Babylonian_exile_and_Second_Temple_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Babylonian_exile_and_Second_Temple_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><span>The Babylonian exile and Second Temple Judaism</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Babylonian_exile_and_Second_Temple_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_judicial_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_judicial_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Administrative and judicial structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_judicial_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of ancient Israel and Judah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_antieke_Israel_en_Juda" title="Geskiedenis van antieke Israel en Juda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van antieke Israel en Juda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Israels" title="Geschichte Israels – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geschichte Israels" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاريخ مملكتي إسرائيل ويهوذا القديمتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ مملكتي إسرائيل ويهوذا القديمتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_Israel_antiguu" title="Historia del Israel antiguu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia del Israel antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D3%99_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Боронғо Израиль һәм Йәһүдиә тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо Израиль һәм Йәһүдиә тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27antic_Israel" title="Història de l'antic Israel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'antic Israel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9_d%C4%9Bjiny_%C5%BDid%C5%AF" title="Starověké dějiny Židů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověké dějiny Židů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtidens_Israels_og_Jud%C3%A6as_historie" title="Oldtidens Israels og Judæas historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldtidens Israels og Judæas historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Israels" title="Geschichte Israels – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Israels" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_antiguo_Israel" title="Historia del antiguo Israel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del antiguo Israel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Antikva_Israelo" title="Historio de Antikva Israelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Antikva Israelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Israel_eta_Judeako_historia" title="Antzinako Israel eta Judeako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Israel eta Judeako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ اسرائیل و یهودای باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ اسرائیل و یهودای باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Isra%C3%ABl_antique" title="Histoire de l'Israël antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'Israël antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="प्राचीन इज़राइल और यहूदा का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन इज़राइल और यहूदा का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_drevnog_Izraela_i_Judeje" title="Povijest drevnog Izraela i Judeje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest drevnog Izraela i Judeje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Israel_dan_Yehuda_kuno" title="Sejarah Israel dan Yehuda kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Israel dan Yehuda kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ארץ ישראל בעת העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארץ ישראל בעת העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_ya_Kale" title="Israeli ya Kale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Israeli ya Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Israelis_et_Iudae" title="Historia Israelis et Iudae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Israelis et Iudae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_Izraelio_ir_Jud%C4%97jos_istorija" title="Senovės Izraelio ir Judėjos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės Izraelio ir Judėjos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_temprana_de_la_ivris" title="Istoria temprana de la ivris – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria temprana de la ivris" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Israel_dan_Judah_purba" title="Sejarah Israel dan Judah purba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Israel dan Judah purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Veitarataravi_ni_Veigauna_vaka_i_Isireli_kei_Jiuta" title="Na Veitarataravi ni Veigauna vaka i Isireli kei Jiuta – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Veitarataravi ni Veigauna vaka i Isireli kei Jiuta" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="古代イスラエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代イスラエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtidens_Israels_og_Judeas_historie" title="Oldtidens Israels og Judeas historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oldtidens Israels og Judeas historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytny_Izrael" title="Starożytny Izrael – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starożytny Izrael" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Israel_e_Jud%C3%A1_antigos" title="História de Israel e Judá antigos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Israel e Judá antigos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelul_antic" title="Israelul antic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Israelul antic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="История Древнего Израиля и Иудеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Древнего Израиля и Иудеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of ancient Israel and Judah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija_drevnog_Izraela_i_Judeje" title="Istorija drevnog Izraela i Judeje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istorija drevnog Izraela i Judeje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Iron Age history of the Israelites, including the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. For the post-exilic period of Jewish history, see <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Weller,_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_(FL36012236_3897579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg/220px-Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg/330px-Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg/440px-Edward_Weller%2C_The_Kingdoms_of_Judah_and_Israel_%28FL36012236_3897579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="6272" /></a><figcaption><i>The Kingdoms of Judah and Israel</i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weller_(cartographer)" title="Edward Weller (cartographer)">Edward Weller</a> c. 1890</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of <span class="fn org label">Israel</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a></b> <small></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <small></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern history</b> <small>(1517–1948)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a></b> <small>(1948–present)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of ancient Israel and Judah</b> spans from the early appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>'s hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE. This history unfolds within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The earliest documented mention of "Israel" as a people appears on the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> inscription dating back to around 1208 BCE. Archaeological evidence suggests that ancient Israelite culture evolved from the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite civilization">Canaanite civilization</a>. During the Iron Age II period, two Israelite kingdoms emerged, covering much of Canaan: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a>" consisting of Israel and Judah existed as early as the 11th century BCE, under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>; the great kingdom later was separated into two smaller kingdoms: Israel, containing the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>, in the north, and Judah, containing <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>, in the south. The historicity of the United Monarchy is debated—as there are no <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">archaeological remains</a> of it that are accepted as consensus—but historians and archaeologists agree that Israel and Judah existed as separate kingdoms by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 169–195">: 169–195 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850 BCE</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdoms' history is known in greater detail than that of other kingdoms in the Levant, primarily due to the selective narratives in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>, which were included in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Kingdom of Judah remained intact during this time, it became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Jewish revolts</a> against the Babylonians led to the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE, under the rule of Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>. According to the biblical account, the armies of Nebuchadnezzar II <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">besieged Jerusalem</a> between 589 and 586 BCE, which led to the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exile of the Jews to Babylon</a>; this event was also recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BabylonianChronicles_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BabylonianChronicles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exilic period saw the development of the Israelite religion towards a <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">monotheistic Judaism</a>. </p><p>The exile ended with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">fall of Babylon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 538 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span>. Subsequently, the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> issued a proclamation known as the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">Edict of Cyrus</a>, which authorized and encouraged exiled Jews to return to Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-rennert_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rennert-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrus' proclamation began the exiles' <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to Zion</a>, inaugurating the formative period in which a more distinctive Jewish identity developed in the Persian <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">province of Yehud</a>. During this time, the destroyed Solomon's Temple was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods">Periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#Near_East_timeline" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> I: 1150<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–950 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iron Age II: 950<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–586 BCE</li></ul> <p>The Iron Age II period is followed by periods named after conquering empires, such as the Neo-Babylonians becoming the "godfathers" for the Babylonian period (586–539 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>). </p><p>Other academic terms often used are: </p> <ul><li><i>First Temple</i> or <i>Israelite period</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – 586 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to Zion</a> and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 516 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span> – 70 CE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background:_Late_Bronze_Age_(1550–1150_BCE)"><span id="Background:_Late_Bronze_Age_.281550.E2.80.931150_BCE.29"></span>Background: Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background: Late Bronze Age (1550–1150 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a> seaboard stretches 400 miles north to south from the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, and 100 to 150 km east to west between the sea and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coastal plain of the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone of foothills, the <a href="/wiki/Shfela" class="mw-redirect" title="Shfela">Shfela</a>; like the plain this narrows as it goes northwards, ending in the promontory of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>. East of the plain and the Shfela is a mountainous ridge, the "hill country of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>" in the south, the "<a href="/wiki/Mount_Ephraim" title="Mount Ephraim">hill country of Ephraim</a>" north of that, then <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>. To the east again lie the steep-sided valley occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a>, which continues down to the eastern arm of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia. The location and geographical characteristics of the narrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerful entities that surrounded it.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> in the Late Bronze Age was a shadow of what it had been centuries earlier: many cities were abandoned, others shrank in size, and the total settled population was probably not much more than a hundred thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlement was concentrated in cities along the coastal plain and along major communication routes; the central and northern hill country which would later become the biblical kingdom of Israel was only sparsely inhabited<sup id="cite_ref-killebrew38_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killebrew38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although letters from the Egyptian archives indicate that <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was already a Canaanite city-state recognizing Egyptian overlordship.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically and culturally it was dominated by Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each city under its own ruler, constantly at odds with its neighbours, and appealing to the Egyptians to adjudicate their differences.<sup id="cite_ref-killebrew38_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killebrew38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merneptah_Steli_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a>. While alternative translations exist, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical archeology">biblical archaeologists</a> translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel", representing the first instance of the name <i>Israel</i> in the historical record.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canaanite city state system broke down during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canaanite culture was then gradually absorbed into those of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was gradual<sup id="cite_ref-mcnutt47_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcnutt47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a strong Egyptian presence continued into the 12th century BCE, and, while some Canaanite cities were destroyed, others continued to exist in Iron Age I.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Israel" first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1208 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span>: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity, well enough established for the Egyptians to perceive it as a possible challenge, but an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> rather than an organized state.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age_I_(1150–950_BCE)"><span id="Iron_Age_I_.281150.E2.80.93950_BCE.29"></span>Iron Age I (1150–950 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iron Age I (1150–950 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the Late Bronze Age there were no more than about 25 villages in the highlands, but this increased to over 300 by the end of Iron Age I, while the settled population doubled from 20,000 to 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-mcnutt70_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcnutt70-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villages were more numerous and larger in the north, and probably shared the highlands with pastoral <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>, who left no remains.<sup id="cite_ref-mcnutt69_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcnutt69-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists and historians attempting to trace the origins of these villagers have found it impossible to identify any distinctive features that could define them as specifically Israelite –  <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">collared-rim jars</a> and four-room houses have been identified outside the highlands and thus cannot be used to distinguish Israelite sites,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while the pottery of the highland villages is far more limited than that of lowland Canaanite sites, it develops typologically out of Canaanite pottery that came before.<sup id="cite_ref-killebrew13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killebrew13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and the notable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as markers of ethnicity, but others have cautioned that these can be a "common-sense" adaptation to highland life and not necessarily revelatory of origins.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Aramaean sites also demonstrate a contemporary absence of pig remains at that time, unlike earlier Canaanite and later Philistine excavations.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_reconstructed_israelite_house,_Monarchy_period3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_reconstructed_israelite_house%2C_Monarchy_period3.jpg/220px-A_reconstructed_israelite_house%2C_Monarchy_period3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_reconstructed_israelite_house%2C_Monarchy_period3.jpg/330px-A_reconstructed_israelite_house%2C_Monarchy_period3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_reconstructed_israelite_house%2C_Monarchy_period3.jpg/440px-A_reconstructed_israelite_house%2C_Monarchy_period3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed Israelite house, 10th–7th century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel_Museum" title="Eretz Israel Museum">Eretz Israel Museum</a>, Tel Aviv.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Unearthed" title="The Bible Unearthed">The Bible Unearthed</a></i> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman</a> summarized recent studies. They described how, up until 1967, the Israelite heartland in the highlands of western <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> was virtually an archaeological terra incognita. Since then, intensive surveys have examined the traditional territories of the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Manasseh</a>. These surveys have revealed the sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> in the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new culture is characterized by a lack of pork remains (whereas pork formed 20% of the Philistine diet in places), by an abandonment of the Philistine/Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery, and by the practice of circumcision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Israelite ethnic identity had originated, not from <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">conquest</a>, but from a transformation of the existing Canaanite-Philistine cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These surveys revolutionized the study of early Israel. The discovery of the remains of a dense network of highland villages –  all apparently established within the span of few generations –  indicated that a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE. There was no sign of violent invasion or even the infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group. Instead, it seemed to be a revolution in lifestyle. In the formerly sparsely populated highlands from the Judean hills in the south to the hills of Samaria in the north, far from the Canaanite cities that were in the process of collapse and disintegration, about two-hundred fifty hilltop communities suddenly sprang up. Here were the first Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Modern scholars therefore see Israel arising peacefully and internally from existing people in the highlands of Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive archaeological excavations have provided a picture of Israelite society during the early Iron Age period. The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population. During this period, Israelites lived primarily in small villages, the largest of which had populations of up to 300 or 400.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their villages were built on hilltops. Their houses were built in clusters around a common courtyard. They built three- or four-room houses out of mudbrick with a stone foundation and sometimes with a second story made of wood. The inhabitants lived by farming and herding. They built terraces to farm on hillsides, planting various crops and maintaining orchards. The villages were largely economically self-sufficient and economic interchange was prevalent. According to the Bible, prior to the rise of the Israelite monarchy the early Israelites were led by the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Biblical judges</a>, or chieftains who served as military leaders in times of crisis. Scholars are divided over the historicity of this account. However, it is likely that regional chiefdoms and polities provided security. The small villages were unwalled but were likely subjects of the major town in the area. Writing was known and available for recording, even at small sites.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age_II_(950–587_BCE)"><span id="Iron_Age_II_.28950.E2.80.93587_BCE.29"></span>Iron Age II (950–587 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron Age II (950–587 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)#Proto-Aeolic" title="Capital (architecture)">Capital (architecture) § Proto-Aeolic</a></div><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a>, after an emergent and large polity was suddenly formed based on the <a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a> plateau and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a>, the biblical <a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak</a>, in the 10th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Saul_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saul-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a return to small <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> was prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a>, but between 950 and 900 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span> another large polity emerged in the northern highlands with its capital eventually at <a href="/wiki/Tirzah_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirzah (ancient city)">Tirzah</a>, that can be considered the precursor of the Kingdom of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Core_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Core-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Israel was consolidated as an important <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> by the first half of the 9th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before falling to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 722 BCE, and the Kingdom of Judah began to flourish in the second half of the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israelite_pillared_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Israelite_pillared_house.jpg/220px-Israelite_pillared_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Israelite_pillared_house.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Model of Levantine four-roomed house from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Unusually favourable climatic conditions in the first two centuries of Iron Age II brought about an expansion of population, settlements and trade throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson408_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson408-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the central highlands this resulted in unification in a kingdom with the <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">city of Samaria</a> as its capital,<sup id="cite_ref-thompson408_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson408-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly by the second half of the 10th century BCE when an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> records a series of campaigns directed at the area.<sup id="cite_ref-mazar163_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazar163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel had clearly emerged in the first half of the 9th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Saul_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saul-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is attested when the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> names "<a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> Sir'lit" among his enemies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">battle of Qarqar</a> (853 BCE) on the <a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths#"Ahab_of_Israel"" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a>. This "Sir'lit" is most often interpreted as "Israel". At this time Israel was apparently engaged in a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a> and Galilee in the north, and with <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aram_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Damascus">Aram Damascus</a> in the east for control of <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-thompson408_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson408-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 830 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span>), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the "House of <a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a>" (i.e., Israel). It bears what is generally thought to be the earliest extra-biblical reference to the name "<a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century later Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, which first split its territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of people from Israel and their replacement with settlers from other parts of the empire –  such <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population exchanges</a> were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure –  and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/220px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/330px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg/440px-Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a> King of Israel giving tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 841–840</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Finkelstein holds that Judah emerged as an operational kingdom somewhat later than Israel, during the second half of 9th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the subject is one of considerable controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are indications that during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, the southern highlands had been divided between a number of centres, none with clear primacy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 715 and 686 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span>, a notable increase in the power of the Judean state can be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in archaeological sites and findings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Wall_(Jerusalem)" title="Broad Wall (Jerusalem)">Broad Wall</a>; a defensive city wall in Jerusalem; and the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_tunnel" title="Siloam tunnel">Siloam tunnel</a>, an aqueduct designed to provide Jerusalem with water during an impending siege by the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_inscription" title="Siloam inscription">Siloam inscription</a>, a lintel inscription found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to comptroller <a href="/wiki/Shebna" title="Shebna">Shebna</a>. <a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seals</a> on storage jar handles, excavated from strata in and around that formed by Sennacherib's destruction, appear to have been used throughout Sennacherib's 29-year reign, along with <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bullae</a> from sealed documents, some that belonged to Hezekiah himself and others that name his servants.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2024)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/220px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/330px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>"To <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a>, king of Judah" – royal <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> found at the <a href="/wiki/Ophel" title="Ophel">Ophel</a> excavations in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure><p> Archaeological records indicate that the Kingdom of Israel was fairly prosperous. The late Iron Age saw an increase in urban development in Israel. Whereas previously the Israelites had lived mainly in small and unfortified settlements, the rise of the Kingdom of Israel saw the growth of cities and the construction of palaces, large royal enclosures, and fortifications with walls and gates. Israel initially had to invest significant resources into defence as it was subjected to regular <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a> incursions and attacks, but after the Arameans were subjugated by the Assyrians and Israel could afford to put less resources into defending its territory, its architectural infrastructure grew dramatically. Extensive fortifications were built around cities such as <a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, including monumental and multi-towered city walls and multi-gate entry systems. Israel's economy was based on multiple industries. It had the largest olive oil production centres in the region, using at least two different types of olive oil presses, and also had a significant wine industry, with wine presses constructed next to vineyards.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the Kingdom of Judah was significantly less advanced. Some scholars believe it was no more than a small tribal entity limited to Jerusalem and its immediate surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to have been sparsely populated, limited to small and mostly unfortified settlements. The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a major subject of debate among scholars. According to some scholars, Jerusalem does not show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity until the 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars argue that recent discoveries and radiocarbon tests in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a> seem to indicate that Jerusalem was already a significant city by the 10th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant administrative structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Stepped_Stone_Structure" title="Stepped Stone Structure">Stepped Stone Structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure" title="Large Stone Structure">Large Stone Structure</a>, which originally formed part of one structure, also contain material culture from the 10th century BCE or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins of a significant Judahite military fortress, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a>, have also been found in the Negev, and a collection of military orders found there suggest literacy was present throughout the ranks of the Judahite army. This suggests that literacy was not limited to a tiny elite, indicating the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiloach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg/220px-Shiloach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg/330px-Shiloach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siloam_inscription" title="Siloam inscription">Siloam inscription</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_tunnel" title="Siloam tunnel">Siloam tunnel</a>, Jerusalem (c. 700 BCE)</figcaption></figure><p>In the 7th century Jerusalem grew to contain a population many times greater than earlier and achieved clear dominance over its neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson410_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson410-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and was probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal state controlling the valuable olive industry.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson410_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson410-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judah prospered as a vassal state (despite a <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib#War_with_Judah" title="Sennacherib">disastrous rebellion against Sennacherib</a>), but in the last half of the 7th century BCE, Assyria suddenly collapsed, and the ensuing competition between Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> for control of the land led to the destruction of Judah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson410_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson410-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath:_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_periods">Aftermath: Assyrian and Babylonian periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath: Assyrian and Babylonian periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Samerina" title="Samerina">Samerina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud (Babylonian province)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></div> <p>After its fall, the former Kingdom of Israel became the Assyrian province of <a href="/wiki/Samerina" title="Samerina">Samerina</a>, which was taken over about a century later by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, created after the revolt of the Babylonians and them defeating the Neo-Assyrian Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Al-Yahudu_Tablets3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Yahudu_Tablets" title="Al-Yahudu Tablets">Al-Yahudu Tablets</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, which documented the condition of the exiled Judean community in Babylon</figcaption></figure> <p>Babylonian Judah suffered a steep decline in both economy and population<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lost the Negev, the Shephelah, and part of the Judean hill country, including Hebron, to encroachments from <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> and other neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerusalem, destroyed but probably not totally abandoned, was much smaller than previously, and the settlements surrounding it, as well as the towns in the former kingdom's western borders, were all devastated as a result of the Babylonian campaign. The town of <a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah in Benjamin</a> in the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom became the capital of the new Babylonian province of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was standard Babylonian practice: when the Philistine city of <a href="/wiki/Ashkalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkalon">Ashkalon</a> was conquered in 604, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a strong probability that for most or all of the period the temple at <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a> in Benjamin replaced that at Jerusalem, boosting the prestige of Bethel's priests (the Aaronites) against those of Jerusalem (the Zadokites), now in exile in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, but the liquidation of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant casualty was the state ideology of "Zion theology,"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea that the god of Israel had chosen Jerusalem for his dwelling-place and that the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Davidic dynasty">Davidic dynasty</a> would reign there forever.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of the city and the end of Davidic kingship forced the leaders of the exile community –  kings, priests, scribes and prophets –  to reformulate the concepts of community, faith and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exile community in Babylon thus became the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 40–55; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>; the final version of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>; the work of the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">priestly source</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>; and the final form of the history of Israel from <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-middlemas10_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middlemas10-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologically, the Babylonian exiles were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism (the concept that one god controls the entire world) and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-middlemas10_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middlemas10-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most significantly, the trauma of the exile experience led to the development of a strong sense of Hebrew identity distinct from other peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with increased emphasis on symbols such as circumcision and Sabbath-observance to sustain that distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Hans M. Barstad</a> writes that the concentration of the biblical literature on the experience of the exiles in Babylon disguises that the great majority of the population remained in Judah; for them, life after the fall of Jerusalem probably went on much as it had before.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may even have improved, as they were rewarded with the land and property of the deportees, much to the anger of the community of exiles remaining in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Faust" title="Avraham Faust">Avraham Faust</a> writes that archaeological and demographic surveys show that the population of Judah was significantly reduced to barely 10% of what it had been in the time before the exile.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination around 582 of the Babylonian governor by a disaffected member of the former royal House of David provoked a Babylonian crackdown, possibly reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a>, but the situation seems to have soon stabilized again.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, those unwalled cities and towns that remained were subject to slave raids by the Phoenicians and intervention in their internal affairs by <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritans</a>, Arabs, and Ammonites.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the specific process by which the Israelites adopted <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> is unknown, it is certain that the transition was a gradual one and was not totally accomplished during the First Temple period.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More is known about this period, as during this time writing was widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of gods that the Israelites worshipped decreased, and figurative images vanished from their shrines. <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a>, as some scholars name this belief system, is often described as a form of <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatry</a>. Over the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> continued to be practised across Israel and Judah. These practices were influenced by the polytheistic beliefs of the surrounding ethnicities, and were denounced by the prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, there was public worship practised all over Israel and Judah in shrines and sanctuaries, outdoors, and close to city gates. In the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, the kings Hezekiah and Josiah of Judah implemented a number of significant religious reforms that aimed to centre worship of the God of Israel in Jerusalem and eliminate foreign customs.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henotheism">Henotheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Henotheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El,_the_Canaanite_creator_deity,_Megiddo,_Stratum_VII,_Late_Bronze_II,_1400-1200_BC,_bronze_with_gold_leaf_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07734.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El%2C_the_Canaanite_creator_deity%2C_Megiddo%2C_Stratum_VII%2C_Late_Bronze_II%2C_1400-1200_BC%2C_bronze_with_gold_leaf_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07734.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El%2C_the_Canaanite_creator_deity%2C_Megiddo%2C_Stratum_VII%2C_Late_Bronze_II%2C_1400-1200_BC%2C_bronze_with_gold_leaf_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07734.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El%2C_the_Canaanite_creator_deity%2C_Megiddo%2C_Stratum_VII%2C_Late_Bronze_II%2C_1400-1200_BC%2C_bronze_with_gold_leaf_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07734.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>El, the Canaanite creator deity, Megiddo, Stratum VII, Late Bronze II, 1400–1200 BCE, bronze with gold leaf – Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago – DSC07734 The Canaanite god El, who may have been the precursor to the Israelite god Yahweh.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a> is the act of worshipping a single god, without denying the existence of other deities.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars believe that before monotheism in ancient Israel, there came a transitional period; in this transitional period many followers of the Israelite religion worshipped the god Yahweh, but did not deny the existence of other deities accepted throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Henotheistic worship was not uncommon in the Ancient Near East, as many Iron Age nation states worshipped an elevated <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> which was nonetheless only part of a wider pantheon; examples include <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkom">Milkom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a> syncretized elements from neighbouring cultures, largely from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian religious</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Meek_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meek-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Canaanite religion as a base was natural due to the fact that the Canaanite culture inhabited the same region prior to the emergence of Israelite culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Dever_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dever-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israelite religion was no exception, as during the transitional period, Yahweh and <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> were syncretized in the Israelite pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-Dever_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dever-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El already occupied a reasonably important place in the Israelite religion. Even the name "Israel" is based on the name El, rather than Yahweh.<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this initial harmonization of Israelite and Canaanite religious thought that led to Yahweh gradually absorbing several characteristics from Canaanite deities, in turn strengthening his own position as an all-powerful "One." Even still, monotheism in the region of ancient Israel and Judah did not take hold overnight, and during the intermediate stages most people are believed to have remained henotheistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Meek_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meek-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this intermediate period of henotheism many families worshipped different gods. Religion was very much centred around the family, as opposed to the community. The region of Israel and Judah was sparsely populated during the time of Moses. As such many different areas worshipped different gods, due to social isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-Caquot_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caquot-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until later on in Israelite history that people started to worship Yahweh alone and fully convert to monotheistic values. That switch occurred with the growth of power and influence of the Israelite kingdom and its rulers. Further details of this are contained in the Iron Age Yahwism section below. Evidence from the Bible suggests that henotheism did exist: "They [the Hebrews] went and served alien gods and paid homage to them, gods of whom they had no experience and whom he [Yahweh] did not allot to them" (Deut. 29.26). Many believe that this quote demonstrates that the early Israelite kingdom followed traditions similar to ancient Mesopotamia, where each major urban centre had a supreme god. Each culture embraced their patron god but did not deny the existence of other cultures' patron gods. In Assyria, the patron god was Ashur, and in ancient Israel, it was Yahweh; however, both Israelite and Assyrian cultures recognized each other's deities during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Caquot_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caquot-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have used the Bible as evidence to argue that most of the people alive during the events recounted in the Hebrew Bible, including Moses, were most likely henotheists. There are many quotes from the Hebrew Bible that are used to support this view. One such quote from Jewish tradition is the first commandment which in its entirety reads "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage: You shall have no other gods before me."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quote does not deny the existence of other gods; it merely states that Jews should consider Yahweh or God the supreme god, incomparable to other supernatural beings. Some scholars attribute the concept of angels and demons found in Judaism and Christianity to the tradition of henotheism. Instead of completely getting rid of the concept of other supernatural beings, these religions changed former deities into angels and demons.<sup id="cite_ref-Meek_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meek-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_Yahwism">Iron Age Yahwism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iron Age Yahwism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/220px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/330px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/440px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanite</a> god <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, 14th–12th century BCE (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum, Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I, like the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Canaanite religion</a> from which it evolved and other <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">religions of the ancient Near East</a>, was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods (the "gods of the fathers").<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, Yahweh, as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centred.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major deities were not numerous – El, <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, and Yahweh, with <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> as a fourth god, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (the sun) in the early period.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith57_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith57-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an early stage El and Yahweh became fused and Asherah did not continue as a separate state cult,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith57_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith57-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persian times.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yahweh, the <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> of both Israel and Judah, seems to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a> in southern Canaan and may have been brought to Israel by the <a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midianites" class="mw-redirect" title="Midianites">Midianites</a> at an early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a general consensus among scholars that the first formative event in the emergence of the distinctive religion described in the Bible was triggered by the destruction of Israel by Assyria in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 722 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span></span>. Refugees from the northern kingdom fled to Judah, bringing with them laws and a prophetic tradition of Yahweh. This religion was subsequently adopted by the landowners of Judah, who in 640 BCE placed the eight-year-old <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> on the throne. Judah at this time was a vassal state of Assyria, but Assyrian power collapsed in the 630s, and around 622 Josiah and his supporters launched a bid for independence expressed as loyalty to "Yahweh alone".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Babylonian_exile_and_Second_Temple_Judaism"><span id="Second_Temple">The Babylonian exile and Second Temple Judaism</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Babylonian exile and Second Temple Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomists</a>, as scholars call these Judean nationalists, the treaty with Yahweh would enable Israel's god to preserve both the city and the king in return for the people's worship and obedience. The destruction of Jerusalem, its Temple, and the Davidic dynasty by Babylon in 587/586 BCE was deeply traumatic and led to revisions of the national <a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">mythos</a> during the Babylonian exile. This revision was expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic history">Deuteronomistic history</a>, the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>, which interpreted the Babylonian destruction as divinely-ordained punishment for the failure of Israel's kings to worship Yahweh to the exclusion of all other deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (520 BCE – 70 CE) differed in significant ways from what had gone before.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strict monotheism emerged among the priests of the Temple establishment during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, as did beliefs regarding <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision#In_the_Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcision</a>, dietary laws, and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath-observance</a> gained more significance as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a>, and the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> became increasingly important, and most of the biblical literature, including the Torah, was substantially revised during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_judicial_structure">Administrative and judicial structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative and judicial structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/220px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg/330px-LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/LMLK%2C_Ezekiah_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>"To <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a>, king of Judah" – royal <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> found at the <a href="/wiki/Ophel" title="Ophel">Ophel</a> excavations in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>As was customary in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, a king (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלך</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">melekh</i></span>) ruled over the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The national god Yahweh, who selects those to rule his realm and his people, is depicted in the Hebrew Bible as having a hand in the establishment of the royal institution. In this sense, the true king is God, and the king serves as his earthly envoy and is tasked with ruling his realm. In some <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> that appear to be related to the coronation of kings, they are referred to as "sons of Yahweh". The kings actually had to succeed one another according to a dynastic principle, even though the succession was occasionally decided through <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a>. The coronation seemed to take place in a sacred place, and was marked by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">anointing</a> of the king who then becomes the "anointed one (māšîaḥ, the origin of the word <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>) of Yahweh"; the end of the ritual seems marked by an acclamation by the people (or at least their representatives, the Elders), followed by a banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible's descriptions of the lists of dignitaries from the reigns of David and Solomon show that the king is supported by a group of high dignitaries. Those include the chief of the army (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שר הצבא</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">śar haṣṣābā</i></span>), the great scribe (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שר הצבא</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">śar haṣṣābā</i></span>) who was in charge of the management of the royal chancellery, the herald (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מזכיר</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mazkîr</i></span>), as well as the high priest (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כהן הגדול</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kōhēn hāggādôl</i></span>) and the master of the palace (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">על הבית, סוכן</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿal-habbayit, sōkēn</i></span>), who has a function of stewardship of the household of the king at the beginning and seems to become a real prime minister of Judah during the later periods. The attributions of most of these dignitaries remain debated, as illustrated in particular by the much-discussed case of the “king's friend” mentioned under Solomon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Jewish">Jewish</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Israelite_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Israelite campaigns">Early Israelite campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the ancient Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline of Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region" title="Timeline of the Palestine region">Timeline of the Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Time periods in the Palestine region">Time periods in the Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_the_Negev" title="Ancient history of the Negev">Ancient history of the Negev</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBienkowskiMillard2000" class="citation book cs1">Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan (2000). <i>British Museum Dictionary of the Ancient Near East</i>. British Museum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714111414" title="Special:BookSources/9780714111414"><bdi>9780714111414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Museum+Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780714111414&rft.aulast=Bienkowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Millard%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). <i>The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories</i> (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+unearthed+%3A+archaeology%27s+new+vision+of+ancient+Israel+and+the+origin+of+its+stories&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Touchstone&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164250/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml">"David, King of Judah (Not Israel)"</a>. <i>The Bible and Interpretation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml">the original</a> on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+and+Interpretation&rft.atitle=David%2C+King+of+Judah+%28Not+Israel%29&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jacob+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleinterp.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F07%2Fwri388001.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">"Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem"</a>, in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), <i>Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives</i>, SBL Press, Atlanta, GA, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229">The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995</a> Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi2001" class="citation book cs1">Broshi, Maguen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrvUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-201-6"><bdi>978-1-84127-201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread%2C+Wine%2C+Walls+and+Scrolls&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-201-6&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Maguen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrvUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BabylonianChronicles-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BabylonianChronicles_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx">"British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx">the original</a> on 30 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+%E2%80%93+Cuneiform+tablet+with+part+of+the+Babylonian+Chronicle+%28605%E2%80%93594+BCE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fc%2Fcuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html">"ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=ABC+5+%28Jerusalem+Chronicle%29+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fcg-cm%2Fchronicles%2Fabc5%2Fjerusalem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rennert-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rennert_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html">"Second Temple Period (538 BCE to 70 CE) Persian Rule"</a>. Biu.ac.il<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Temple+Period+%28538+BCE+to+70+CE%29+Persian+Rule&rft.pub=Biu.ac.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2Fjs%2Frennert%2Fhistory_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harper's Bible Dictionary</i>, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lester and Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en-humanities.tau.ac.il/archaeology.megiddo">Megiddo.</a> in Archaeology & History of the Land of the Bible International MA in Ancient Israel Studies, Tel Aviv University: "...Megiddo has...a fascinating picture of state-formation and social evolution in the Bronze Age (ca. 3500-1150 B.C.) and Iron Age (ca. 1150-600 B.C.)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Israel, (2019).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42018894/Israel_Finkelstein_First_Israel_Core_Israel_United_Northern_Israel_Near_Eastern_Archaeology_82_2019_pp._8-15">First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel</a>, in Near Eastern Archaeology 82.1 (2019), p. 8: "...The late Iron I system came to an end during the tenth century BCE..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Israel, and Eli Piasetzky, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4B3131D98CD0B75F6DC544DFF9E2D48/S003382220005640Xa.pdf/iron_iiia_transition_in_the_levant_a_reply_to_mazar_and_bronk_ramsey_and_a_new_perspective.pdf">"The Iron I/IIA Transition in the Levant: A Reply to Mazar and Bronk Ramsey and a New Perspective"</a>, in Radiocarbon, Vol 52, No. 4, The Arizona Board of Regents in behalf of the University of Arizona, pp. 1667 and 1674: "The Iron I/IIA transition occurred during the second half of the 10th century...We propose that the late Iron I cities came to an end in a gradual process and interpret this proposal with Bayesian Model II...The process results in a transition date of 915-898 BCE (68% range), or 927-879 BCE (95% range)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_3.html">Jerusalem in the First Temple period (c.1000-586 B.C.E.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009154903/https://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_3.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University, last modified 1997, accessed 11 February 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1986, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan 1998, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein 2001, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-killebrew38-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-killebrew38_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-killebrew38_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Killebrew (2005), pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahill in Vaughn 1992, pp. 27–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt 1995, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Killebrew 2005, pp. 10–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden 2004b, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcnutt47-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcnutt47_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNutt (1999), p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden 2004a, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dever 2003, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcnutt70-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcnutt70_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNutt (1999), pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcnutt69-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcnutt69_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNutt (1999), p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1986, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-killebrew13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-killebrew13_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Killebrew (2005), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman in Brett 2002, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein and Silberman (2001), p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Faust" title="Avraham Faust">Avraham Faust</a>, "How Did Israel Become a People? The Genesis of Israelite Identity", <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i> 201 (2009): 62–69, 92–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein and Silberman (2001), p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC"><i>No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel</i></a>. Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement series. Vol. 241. Sheffield: A&C Black. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6"><bdi>978-1-85075-657-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>Out of the discussions a new model is beginning to emerge, which has been inspired, above all, by recent archaeological field research. There are several variations in this new theory, but they share in common the image of an Israelite community which arose peacefully and internally in the highlands of Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.series=Journal+for+the+study+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Supplement+series&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-657-6&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Kf1ZwDifdAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNutt (1999), p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 2005, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNutt (1999), p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 2005, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 2005, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/daily-life-in-ancient-israel/">"Daily Life in Ancient Israel"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society. 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fancient-cultures%2Fancient-israel%2Fdaily-life-in-ancient-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saul-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saul_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saul_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">"Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem"</a>. In Joachim J. Krause; Omer Sergi; Kristin Weingart (eds.). <i>Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives</i>. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-451-9"><bdi>978-0-88414-451-9</bdi></a>. <q>...Shoshenq I, the founder of the Twenty-Second Dynasty and seemingly the more assertive of the Egyptian rulers of the time, reacted to the north Israelite challenge. He campaigned into the highlands and took over the Saulide power bases in the Gibeon plateau and the area of the Jabbok River in the western Gilead. The fortified sites of Khirbet Qeiyafa, Khirbet Dawwara, et-Tell, and Gibeon were destroyed or abandoned. Shoshenq reorganized the territory of the highlands - back to the traditional situation of two city-states under his domination... (p. 48)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saul+and+Highlands+of+Benjamin+Update%3A+The+Role+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Saul%2C+Benjamin%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+Monarchy+in+Israel%3A+Biblical+and+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-451-9&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwH3-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Core-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Core_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Finkelstein, Israel</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42018894">"First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_Archaeology_(journal)" title="Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)">Near Eastern Archaeology</a></i>. <b>82</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Schools of Oriental Research">American Schools of Oriental Research</a> (ASOR): 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F703321">10.1086/703321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167052643">167052643</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>...the emergence of the 'Tirzah polity' (the first fifty years of the Northern Kingdom) in the middle of the tenth century BCE...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=First+Israel%2C+Core+Israel%2C+United+%28Northern%29+Israel&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F703321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167052643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42018894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson408-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson408_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson408_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson408_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1992), p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mazar163-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mazar163_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazar in Schmidt, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2000-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2000_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Miller" title="Patrick D. Miller">Miller, Patrick D.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBhY9BQ7hIQC&pg=PA40"><i>The Religion of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22145-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22145-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBhY9BQ7hIQC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemche 1998, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe (2008), pp. 225–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehman in Vaughn 1992, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Carr, <i>Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature</i>, Oxford University Press, 2005, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmlk.com/research/lmlk_ahoh.htm">"LAMRYEU-HNNYEU-OBD-HZQYEU"</a>. <i>www.lmlk.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lmlk.com&rft.atitle=LAMRYEU-HNNYEU-OBD-HZQYEU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmlk.com%2Fresearch%2Flmlk_ahoh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Israelite_Technology/">"Ancient Israelite Technology"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ancient+Israelite+Technology&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FIsraelite_Technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2011-05-06/ty-article/the-keys-to-the-kingdom/0000017f-f749-d47e-a37f-ff7ddabf0000">"The Keys to the Kingdom"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Keys+to+the+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2011-05-06%2Fty-article%2Fthe-keys-to-the-kingdom%2F0000017f-f749-d47e-a37f-ff7ddabf0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA302">Biblical History and Israel S Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0">978-0-8028-6260-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergi2023" class="citation book cs1">Sergi, Omer (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nLMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity</i></a>. SBL Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-345-5"><bdi>978-1-62837-345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Houses+of+Israel%3A+State+Formation+and+the+Origins+of+Pan-Israelite+Identity&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-345-5&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nLMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegevGadotUzielChalaf2024" class="citation journal cs1">Regev, Johanna; Gadot, Yuval; Uziel, Joe; Chalaf, Ortal; Shalev, Yiftah; Roth, Helena; Shalom, Nitsan; Szanton, Nahshon; Bocher, Efrat; Pearson, Charlotte L.; Brown, David M.; Mintz, Eugenia; Regev, Lior; Boaretto, Elisabetta (29 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11087761">"Radiocarbon chronology of Iron Age Jerusalem reveals calibration offsets and architectural developments"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>121</b> (19): e2321024121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12121024R">2024PNAS..12121024R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2321024121">10.1073/pnas.2321024121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11087761">11087761</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38683984">38683984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+chronology+of+Iron+Age+Jerusalem+reveals+calibration+offsets+and+architectural+developments&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=e2321024121&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11087761%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PNAS..12121024R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38683984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2321024121&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Regev&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Yuval&rft.au=Uziel%2C+Joe&rft.au=Chalaf%2C+Ortal&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Yiftah&rft.au=Roth%2C+Helena&rft.au=Shalom%2C+Nitsan&rft.au=Szanton%2C+Nahshon&rft.au=Bocher%2C+Efrat&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Charlotte+L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Mintz%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Regev%2C+Lior&rft.au=Boaretto%2C+Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11087761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazar, Amihai (19 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2503754">"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"</a>. <i>One God – One Cult – One Nation</i>: <span class="nowrap">29–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110223583.29">10.1515/9783110223583.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022357-6"><bdi>978-3-11-022357-6</bdi></a> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+God+%E2%80%93+One+Cult+%E2%80%93+One+Nation&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Biblical+Narrative%3A+The+Case+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110223583.29&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022357-6&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2503754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-look-at-ancient-shards-suggests-bible-even-older-than-thought/">"New look at ancient shards suggests Bible even older than thought"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=New+look+at+ancient+shards+suggests+Bible+even+older+than+thought&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnew-look-at-ancient-shards-suggests-bible-even-older-than-thought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson410-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thompson410_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson410_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thompson410_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson 1992, pp. 410–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2004, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">Lemaire</a> in Blenkinsopp 2003, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lipschits, Oded (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155">"The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule"</a>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155">10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4355">0334-4355</a>. <q>The destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (586 B.C.E.) is the most traumatic event described in biblical historiography, and in its shadow the history of the people of Israel was reshaped. The harsh impression of the destruction left its mark on the prophetic literature also, and particular force is retained in the laments over the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in its midst. [...] most of Judah's inhabitants remained there after the destruction of Jerusalem. They concentrated chiefly in the Benjamin region and the northern Judean hill country. This area was hardly affected by the destruction, and became the centre of the Babylonian province with its capital at Mizpah. [...] The archaeological data reinforce the biblical account, and they indicate that Jerusalem and its close environs suffered a severe blow. Most of the small settlements near the city were destroyed, the city wall was demolished, and the buildings within were put to the torch. Excavation and survey data show that the western border of the kingdom also sustained a grave onslaught, seemingly at the time when the Babylonians went to besiege Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Benjamin+Region+under+Babylonian+Rule&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155&rft.issn=0334-4355&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipschits 2005, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blenkinsopp in Blenkinsopp 2003, pp. 103–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas 2005, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller 1986, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas 2005, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-middlemas10-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middlemas10_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middlemas10_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas 2005, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas 2005, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bedford 2001, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barstad 2008, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albertz 2003a, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faust, Avraham (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcnPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period: The Archaeology of Desolation.</a></i> Society of Biblical Lit. p. 140. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-641-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-641-9">978-1-58983-641-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albertz 2003a, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albertz 2003a, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferroHarrisonGoetz2012" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012). <i>The Routledge Companion to Theism</i>. 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"Monotheism and the Religion of Israel". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262264">10.2307/3262264</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262264">3262264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Monotheism+and+the+Religion+of+Israel&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=Theophile+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dever-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever1987" class="citation journal cs1">Dever, William (1987). "Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Middle Bronze Age: The Zenith of the Urban Canaanite Era". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biblical_Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Biblical Archaeologist">The Biblical Archaeologist</a></i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210059">10.2307/3210059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210059">3210059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165335710">165335710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Sources+for+the+History+of+Palestine%3A+The+Middle+Bronze+Age%3A+The+Zenith+of+the+Urban+Canaanite+Era&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165335710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210059&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coogan_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&q=name+Israel+comes+from+El&pg=PA54"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26q%3Dname%2BIsrael%2Bcomes%2Bfrom%2BEl%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 2002, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiliad2015" class="citation news cs1">Giliad, Elon (20 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-why-is-israel-called-israel-1.5353207">"Why Is Israel Called Israel?"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"At the Origins of the Bible". <i><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_Archaeology_(journal)" title="Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)">Near Eastern Archaeology</a></i>. <b>63</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210793">10.2307/3210793</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210793">3210793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164106346">164106346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=At+the+Origins+of+the+Bible&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164106346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210793&rft.aulast=Caquot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Exodus.20.3?lang=bi&aliyot=0">"Exodus 20:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Exodus+20%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FExodus.20.3%3Flang%3Dbi%26aliyot%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tubbs, Jonathan (2006) "The Canaanites" (BBC Books)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Toorn 1996, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Toorn 1996, pp. 181–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith57-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith57_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith57_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2002), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dever (2005), p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Toorn 1999, pp. 911–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David (8 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&q=josiah%2C+book+of+kings%2C+assyria&pg=RA1-PA261"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195139372" title="Special:BookSources/9780195139372"><bdi>9780195139372</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-08&rft.isbn=9780195139372&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26q%3Djosiah%252C%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bkings%252C%2Bassyria%26pg%3DRA1-PA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn and Rogerson, pp. 153–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peck & Neusner, eds. (2003), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe (2004), pp. 243–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peck & Neusner, eds. (2003), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlström1995" class="citation book cs1">Ahlström, G.W. (1995). "Administration of the State in Canaan and Ancient Israel". In Sasson, Jack, M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/213021257"><i>Civilizations of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Hendrickson Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">590–</span>595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-607-1"><bdi>978-1-56563-607-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213021257">213021257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Administration+of+the+State+in+Canaan+and+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E595&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213021257&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-607-1&rft.aulast=Ahlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F213021257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eph’al Jaruzelska, I. (2010). "Officialdom and Society in the Book of Kings: The Social Relevance of the State." In <i>The Books of Kings</i> (pp. 471–480). Brill.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=RA1-PA145"><i>A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22719-7&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvZUWbTftSgC%26pg%3DRA1-PA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC"><i>A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22720-3"><bdi>978-0-664-22720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+II%3A+From+the+Exile+to+the+Maccabees&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22720-3&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexjyhvRy7YUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz2003a" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (2003a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&q=Rainer+Albertz,+%22Israel+in+exile%22"><i>Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-055-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Exile%3A+The+History+and+Literature+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.E&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-055-4&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx9YzJq2B9wC%26q%3DRainer%2BAlbertz%2C%2B%2522Israel%2Bin%2Bexile%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery-PeckNeusner2003" class="citation book cs1">Avery-Peck, Alan; et al., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Judaism</i></a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-059-3"><bdi>978-1-57718-059-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-059-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasYoIwz9z2UC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarstad2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqJxkKy-cMMC"><i>History and the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149809-1"><bdi>978-3-16-149809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149809-1&rft.aulast=Barstad&rft.aufirst=Hans+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqJxkKy-cMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecking2003b" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob (2003b). "Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)". In Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwExATCqwvwC"><i>Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era</i></a>. Koninklijke Van Gorcum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3880-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3880-5"><bdi>978-90-232-3880-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+as+Expression+of+Religion+%28Ezra+7%E2%80%9310%29&rft.btitle=Yahwism+After+the+Exile%3A+Perspectives+on+Israelite+Religion+in+the+Persian+Era&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-232-3880-5&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwExATCqwvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2001" class="citation book cs1">Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOd320e710IC&q=Osarsiph"><i>Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11509-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple+Restoration+in+Early+Achaemenid+Judah&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11509-5&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOd320e710IC%26q%3DOsarsiph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp1988" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC&q=Ezra-Nehemiah:+A+Commentary++By+Joseph+Blenkinsopp"><i>Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22186-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra-Nehemiah%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22186-7&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PvirfZkfvQC%26q%3DEzra-Nehemiah%3A%2BA%2BCommentary%2B%2BBy%2BJoseph%2BBlenkinsopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2003" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2003). "Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period". 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Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bethel+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-073-6&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR65fhpcUFcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2009" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C&q=Judaism,+the+first+phase:+the+place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah"><i>Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6450-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-6450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%2C+the+First+Phase%3A+The+Place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah+in+the+Origins+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6450-5&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1V1DeBS6P0C%26q%3DJudaism%2C%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bphase%3A%2Bthe%2Bplace%2Bof%2BEzra%2Band%2BNehemiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill1992" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, Jane M. (1992). "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C"><i>Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period</i></a>. Sheffield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+at+the+Time+of+the+United+Monarchy&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+Archaeology%3A+The+First+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Sheffield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-066-0&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYS4VEu08h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1998" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1992" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMcM8GGO_n8C"><i>In Search of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Sheffield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-737-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Sheffield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-737-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMcM8GGO_n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA467">"The Origin of Biblical Israel"</a>. In Amit, Yaira; et al. (eds.). <i>Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-128-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Biblical+Israel&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context%3A+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-128-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu4OKVrEd4MC%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528230034/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm">"The Origin of Biblical Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures" title="Journal of Hebrew Scriptures">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</a></i>. <b>9</b> (47). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm">the original</a> on 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Biblical+Israel&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=47&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ualberta.ca%2FJHS%2FArticles%2Farticle_47.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC"><i>Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WkbUkKeqcoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2005" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AOE9sxg3bMC"><i>Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2852-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+God+Have+a+Wife%3F%3A+Archaeology+and+Folk+Religion+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2852-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AOE9sxg3bMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2017" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mog6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah</i></a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-217-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-217-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Texts%3A+An+Archaeological+Portrait+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-217-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmog6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153"><i>Eerdmans commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2002" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Diana (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45">"Ethnicity and Early Israel"</a>. In Brett, Mark G. (ed.). <i>Ethnicity and the Bible</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Early+Israel&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04126-4&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfFRhC4FpZkC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC"><i>The Bible Unearthed</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC"><i>No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6"><bdi>978-1-85075-657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-657-6&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Kf1ZwDifdAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004a" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC&q=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel:+An+Introduction++By+Jonathan+M+Golden"><i>Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3"><bdi>978-0-19-537985-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537985-3&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEResmS5wOnkC%26q%3DAncient%2BCanaan%2Band%2BIsrael%3A%2BAn%2BIntroduction%2B%2BBy%2BJonathan%2BM%2BGolden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2004b" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA62"><i>Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-897-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-897-6&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTMzJAKowyEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C"><i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period</i></a>. T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04352-8"><bdi>978-0-567-04352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04352-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVK2fEzruIn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2008" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC"><i>Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)</i></a>. T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02726-9"><bdi>978-0-567-02726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Transition%3A+From+Late+Bronze+II+to+Iron+IIa+%28c.+1250%E2%80%93850+B.C.E.%29&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-567-02726-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtR0Qpz2zRogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC"><i>Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Archaeological+Study+of+Egyptians%2C+Canaanites%2C+and+Early+Israel%2C+1300%E2%80%931100+B.C.E&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-097-4&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAmmwapfVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingStager2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinbiblicalis0000king"><i>Life in Biblical Israel</i></a></span>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22148-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Biblical+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22148-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeinbiblicalis0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottsieper2006" class="citation book cs1">Kottsieper, Ingo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA75">"And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit"</a>. 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Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-130-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=And+They+Did+Not+Care+to+Speak+Yehudit&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Fourth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-130-6&rft.aulast=Kottsieper&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NsxZRnxE70C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC&q=Am%C3%A9lie+Kuhrt+The+ancient+Near+East"><i>The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16763-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16763-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+BC&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16763-5&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_sfMzRPTgoC%26q%3DAm%25C3%25A9lie%2BKuhrt%2BThe%2Bancient%2BNear%2BEast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehman1992" class="citation book cs1">Lehman, Gunnar (1992). "The United Monarchy in the Countryside". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C"><i>Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period</i></a>. Sheffield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-066-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+Monarchy+in+the+Countryside&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+Archaeology%3A+The+First+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Sheffield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-066-0&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYS4VEu08h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaire2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">Lemaire, André</a> (2003). "Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period". In Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R65fhpcUFcgC&q=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+neo-Babylonian+period"><i>Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-073-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nabonidus+in+Arabia+and+Judea+During+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-073-6&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR65fhpcUFcgC%26q%3DJudah%2Band%2Bthe%2BJudeans%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bneo-Babylonian%2Bperiod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche1998" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC"><i>The Israelites in History and Tradition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelites+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22727-2&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIoY7PagAOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2005" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&q=Lipschitz,+Oded+fall+and+rise"><i>The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-095-8&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78nRWgb-rp8C%26q%3DLipschitz%2C%2BOded%2Bfall%2Band%2Brise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschitsVanderhooft2006" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded; Vanderhooft, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA75">"Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E."</a>. In Lipschits, Oded; et al. (eds.). <i>Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-130-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yehud+Stamp+Impressions+in+the+Fourth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Fourth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-130-6&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft.au=Vanderhooft%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NsxZRnxE70C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazar, Amihay (2007). "The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues". In Schmidt, Brian B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC"><i>The Quest for the Historical Israel</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Divided+Monarchy%3A+Comments+on+Some+Archaeological+Issues&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Israel&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-277-0&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Amihay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpbngoKHg8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1999" class="citation book cs1">McNutt, Paula (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33"><i>Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9"><bdi>978-0-664-22265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22265-9&rft.aulast=McNutt&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhd28MdGNyTYC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlemas2005" class="citation book cs1">Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC&q=lester+grabbe+1995"><i>The Troubles of Templeless Judah</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928386-6"><bdi>978-0-19-928386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles+of+Templeless+Judah&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928386-6&rft.aulast=Middlemas&rft.aufirst=Jill+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrpx-op_-XkC%26q%3Dlester%2Bgrabbe%2B1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Maxwell_Miller_(biblical_scholar)" title="J. Maxwell Miller (biblical scholar)">Miller, James Maxwell</a>; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mill"><i>A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</i></a>. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9"><bdi>978-0-664-21262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Westminster+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21262-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+Haralson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1999" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1999). "Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period". In Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC"><i>The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11496-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11496-8"><bdi>978-90-04-11496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religio-Historical+Aspects+of+the+Early+Post-Exilic+Period&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Israelite+Religion%3A+Transformation+of+Religious+Tradition+in+Exilic+and+Post-Exilic+Times&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11496-8&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlak_YWjCjDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNodet1999" class="citation book cs1">Nodet, Étienne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE49wYHz5YUC"><i>A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-445-9"><bdi>978-1-85075-445-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+From+Joshua+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-445-9&rft.aulast=Nodet&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE49wYHz5YUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC"><i>The Early History of God</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoggin1998" class="citation book cs1">Soggin, Michael J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC"><i>An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah</i></a>. Paideia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02788-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02788-1"><bdi>978-0-334-02788-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Paideia&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02788-1&rft.aulast=Soggin&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzw_H5GhkfYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager1998" class="citation book cs1">Stager, Lawrence E. (1998). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C"><i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forging+an+Identity%3A+The+Emergence+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1992" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofis00thom"><i>Early History of the Israelite People</i></a></span>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09483-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+the+Israelite+People&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09483-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofis00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&q=Family+religion+in+Babylonia,+Syria,+and+Israel"><i>Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10410-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Religion+in+Babylonia%2C+Syria%2C+and+Israel&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10410-5&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSJWkrXfbLQC%26q%3DFamily%2Breligion%2Bin%2BBabylonia%2C%2BSyria%2C%2Band%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_ToornBeckingVan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs1">Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Dictionary+of+Deities"><i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i></a> (2d ed.). Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=Van+der+Horst%2C+Pieter+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DDictionary%2Bof%2BDeities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylen1996" class="citation book cs1">Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsintimeofjesu0000wyle"><i>The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction</i></a></span>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-3610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Jesus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3610-0&rft.aulast=Wylen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsintimeofjesu0000wyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTpBBAAAQBAJ">Arnold, Bill T.; Hess, Richard S., <i>Ancient Israel's History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources</i> (Baker, 2014)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvfCESeU_hwC&pg=PA196">Brettler, Marc Z., <i>The Creation of History in Ancient Israel</i> (Routledge, 1995)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LEA7FnNi-kC">Cook, Stephen L., <i>The social roots of biblical Yahwism</i> (Society of Biblical Literature, 2004)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yM_X2yzRLx4C">Day, John (ed.), <i>In search of pre-exilic Israel: proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar</i> (T&T Clark International, 2004)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ">Frevel, Christian, <i>History of Ancient Israel</i> (SBL Press, 2023)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jNoqNRDYDUC">Hess, Richard S., <i>Israelite religions: an archaeological and biblical survey</i> (Baker, 2007)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ">Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.), <i>The Ancient Israelite World</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2022)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ">Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/73668469">Knauf, Ernst Axel; Niemann, Hermann Michael <i>Geschichte Israels und Judas im Altertum</i> (Walter de Gruyter, 2021)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqLVc7ccG0C">Lemche, Neils Peter, <i>The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey</i> (Westminster John Knox Press, 2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqL8C_JBEm0C&pg=PA196">Levine, Lee I., <i>Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.)</i> (Jewish Publication Society, 2002)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RgRPAkLqLUC">Na'aman, Nadav, <i>Ancient Israel and its neighbours</i> (Eisenbrauns, 2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMACgAAQBAJ">Niditch, Susan (ed.), <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2016)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KztVonFGqcsC">Sparks, Kenton L., <i>Ethnicity and identity in ancient Israel</i> (Eisenbrauns, 1998)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cuAEAAAQBAJ">Vanderkam, James, <i>An introduction to early Judaism (2nd edition)</i> (Eerdmans, 2022)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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selflink">Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian 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Israel">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Israel" title="Banking in Israel">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Israel" title="List of companies of Israel">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry_in_Israel" title="Diamond industry in Israel">Diamond industry</a></li> <li><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Israel" title="Crime in Israel">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Israel" title="Healthcare in Israel">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Israel" title="Standard of living in Israel">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Israel" title="Mass media in Israel">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Israel" title="List of national symbols of Israel">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Israel" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Israel">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Israel" title="Outline of Israel">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles" title="Index of Israel-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israel" title="Category:Israel">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&oldid=1275983893">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah&oldid=1275983893</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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