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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocalisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocalisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-YHWH_and_Hebrew_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YHWH_and_Hebrew_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 YHWH and Hebrew script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YHWH_and_Hebrew_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yahweh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yahweh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Yahweh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yahweh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-biblical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-biblical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Non-biblical texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-biblical_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-biblical texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-biblical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts_with_Tetragrammaton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_with_Tetragrammaton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Texts with Tetragrammaton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_with_Tetragrammaton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts_with_similar_theonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_with_similar_theonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Texts with similar theonyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_with_similar_theonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magical_papyri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magical_papyri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Magical papyri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magical_papyri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernacular_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernacular_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Vernacular evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernacular_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Hebrew Bible </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hebrew Bible subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masoretic_Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masoretic_Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Masoretic Text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masoretic_Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leningrad_Codex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leningrad_Codex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Leningrad Codex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leningrad_Codex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dead_Sea_Scrolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_Sea_Scrolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dead Sea Scrolls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_Sea_Scrolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Septuagint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Septuagint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Septuagint </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Septuagint-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Septuagint subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Septuagint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_of_the_Septuagint_and_later_Greek_renderings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_of_the_Septuagint_and_later_Greek_renderings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Manuscripts of the Septuagint and later Greek renderings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_of_the_Septuagint_and_later_Greek_renderings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patristic_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patristic_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Patristic writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patristic_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peshitta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peshitta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Peshitta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peshitta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Vulgate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Usage in religious traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_in_religious_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage in religious traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spoken_prohibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_prohibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Spoken prohibitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_prohibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_prohibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_prohibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Written prohibitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_prohibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Kabbalah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Samaritans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 Christian translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.2 Eastern Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.3 Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism_and_Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism_and_Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.4 Lutheranism and Anglicanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism_and_Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_preserving_Hebraic_form_of_Tetragrammaton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_preserving_Hebraic_form_of_Tetragrammaton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.5 Translations preserving Hebraic form of Tetragrammaton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_preserving_Hebraic_form_of_Tetragrammaton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Usage in art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tetragrammaton</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%85%E1%8B%8C" title="ያህዌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ያህዌ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تتراجراماتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تتراجراماتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%97" title="ܝܗ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܗ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraqrammaton" title="Tetraqrammaton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tetraqrammaton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="টেট্রাগ্রামাটোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেট্রাগ্রামাটোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тэтраграматон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэтраграматон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrama_b%C3%ADblic" title="Tetragrama bíblic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tetragrama bíblic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHVH" title="JHVH – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="JHVH" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tetragrammaton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Τετραγράμματο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τετραγράμματο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahveh#Escritura" title="Yahveh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yahveh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Tetragramo" title="Biblia Tetragramo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblia Tetragramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تتراگراماتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تتراگراماتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="신명사문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신명사문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տետրագրամմատոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տետրագրամմատոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragram" title="Tetragram – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tetragram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tetragrammaton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tetragrammaton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHVH" title="JHVH – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="JHVH" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragramma_biblico" title="Tetragramma biblico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetragramma biblico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9" title="השם המפורש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השם המפורש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tetragrammaton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragramatonas" title="Tetragramatonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tetragramatonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrama_biblegh" title="Tetragrama biblegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tetragrama biblegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHVH" title="JHVH – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="JHVH" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тетраграматон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тетраграматон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHVH" title="IHVH – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="IHVH" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="टेट्राग्रामॅटन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेट्राग्रामॅटन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragramaton" title="Tetragramaton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tetragramaton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="テトラグラマトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テトラグラマトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammet" title="Tetragrammet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tetragrammet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHVH" title="JHVH – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="JHVH" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHWH" title="JHWH – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="JHWH" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragram" title="Tetragram – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tetragram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тетраграмматон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тетраграмматон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHVH" title="JHVH – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="JHVH" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="YHWH" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JHVH" title="JHVH – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="JHVH" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragramaton" title="Tetragramaton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tetragramaton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тетраграматон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тетраграматон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragram" title="Tetragram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tetragram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tetragrammaton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tetragrammaton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тетраграмматон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тетраграмматон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เตตราแกรมมาทอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เตตราแกรมมาทอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHVH" title="YHVH – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="YHVH" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Four-letter name of God in the Hebrew Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tetragrammaton (disambiguation)">Tetragrammaton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"YHWH" redirects here. For the historic Iron Age deity, see <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. For the modern Jewish conception of God, see <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a>. For the episode of the drama series Person of Interest, see <a href="/wiki/YHWH_(Person_of_Interest)" title="YHWH (Person of Interest)">YHWH (Person of Interest)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/150px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/225px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/300px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>The Tetragrammaton in <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a> (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (3rd century BCE to present) scripts</figcaption></figure> The Tetragrammaton<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> is the four-letter <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>יהוה‎ (<a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as YHWH or YHVH), the name of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. The four letters, written and read from right to left (in Hebrew), are <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a>, and he.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> The name may be derived from a verb that means "to be", "to exist", "to cause to become", or "to come to pass".<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> While there is no consensus about the structure and etymology of the name, the form <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> is now accepted almost universally among Biblical and Semitic linguistics scholars,<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 2]</a> though the vocalization <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> continues to have wide usage.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-TEOC-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valentin2015-7">[5]</a> The books of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> except <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, and (with <a href="#Texts_with_similar_theonyms">a possible instance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יה‎</a> in verse 8:6) the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> contain this <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> name.<a href="#cite_note-TEOC-6">[4]</a> Observant <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and those who follow <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> Jewish traditions do not pronounce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ nor do they read aloud proposed transcription forms such as Yahweh or <a href="/wiki/Yehovah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehovah">Yehovah</a>; instead they replace it with a different term, whether in addressing or referring to the God of Israel. Common substitutions in Hebrew are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‎ (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a>, <abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> "My Lords", <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">pluralis majestatis</a> taken as singular) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֱלֹהִים‎ (<a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, literally "gods" but treated as singular when meaning "God") in prayer, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">הַשֵּׁם‎ (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#HaShem" title="Names of God in Judaism">HaShem</a>, "The Name") in everyday speech. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four_letters">Four letters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Four letters">edit</a>]</div> The letters, properly written and read from right to left (in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>), are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew</th> <th>Letter name</th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[j]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Waw</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[w]</a>, or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">mater lectionis</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[h]</a> (or often a <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letter</a> at the end of a word) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The Hebrew Bible explains it by the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה‎‎ (’ehye ’ăšer ’ehye <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʔehˈje ʔaˈʃer ʔehˈje]</a> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> he – transl. <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>), the name of God revealed to Moses in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 3:14.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> This would frame Y-H-W-H as a derivation from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Hebrew triconsonantal root</a> היה (h-y-h), "to be, become, come to pass", with a third person masculine <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ (y-) <a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">prefix</a>, equivalent to English "he",<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_1907-10">[8]</a> in place of the first person <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ ('-), thereby affording translations as "he who causes to exist",<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncycloName-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> "he who is",<a href="#cite_note-The_New_1907-10">[8]</a> etc.; although this would elicit the form Y-H-Y-H (יהיה‎), not Y-H-W-H. To rectify this, some scholars propose that the Tetragrammaton derived instead from the triconsonantal root הוה (h-w-h)<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a>—itself an archaic doublet of היה—with the final form eliciting similar translations as those derived from the same. As such, the consensus among modern scholars considers that YHWH represents a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbal form</a>, with the y- representing the third masculine verbal prefix of the verb hyh "to be", as indicated in the Hebrew Bible.<a href="#cite_note-lewis-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocalisation">Vocalisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocalisation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YHWH_and_Hebrew_script">YHWH and Hebrew script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: YHWH and Hebrew script">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical Hebrew orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4Q120_frg20_with_Divine_Name.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/4Q120_frg20_with_Divine_Name.jpg/220px-4Q120_frg20_with_Divine_Name.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/4Q120_frg20_with_Divine_Name.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Transcription of the divine name as ΙΑΩ in the 1st-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts" title="Septuagint manuscripts">Septuagint manuscript</a> <a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a> </figcaption></figure> Like all letters in the Hebrew script, the letters in YHWH originally indicated consonants. In unpointed Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written, but some are indicated ambiguously, as certain letters came to have a secondary function indicating vowels (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> use of I and V to indicate either the consonants /j, w/ or the vowels /i, u/). Hebrew letters used to indicate vowels are known as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אִמּוֹת קְרִיאָה‎‎ (imot kri'a) or <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">matres lectionis</a> ("mothers of reading"). Therefore, it can be difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling, and each of the four letters in the Tetragrammaton can individually serve as a mater lectionis. Several centuries later, between the 5th through 10th centuries CE, the original <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">consonantal text</a> of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> to assist reading. In places where the word to be read (the <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">qere</a>) differed from that indicated by the consonants of the written text (the <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">ketiv</a>), they wrote the qere in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowel marks of the qere were written on the ketiv. For a few frequent words, the marginal note was omitted: these are called <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv#Qere_perpetuum" title="Qere and Ketiv">qere perpetuum</a>. One of the frequent cases was the Tetragrammaton, which according to later <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinite Jewish</a> practices should not be pronounced but read as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‎ (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a>, <abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> My Lords, <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">Pluralis majestatis</a> taken as singular), or, if the previous or next word already was <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a>, as "<a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֱלֹהִים‎/"God"). Writing the vowel diacritics of these two words on the consonants YHVH produces <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יֱהֹוִה‎ respectively, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_word" title="Ghost word">ghost-words</a> that would spell "Yehovah" and "Yehovih" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The oldest complete or nearly complete manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberian vocalisation">Tiberian vocalisation</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a>, both of the 10th or 11th century, mostly write <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהוָה‎ (yəhwāh), with no pointing on the first h. It could be because the o diacritic point plays no useful role in distinguishing between Adonai and <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a> and so is redundant, or it could point to the qere being <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שְׁמָא‎ (šəmâ), which is <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> for "the Name". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yahweh">Yahweh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yahweh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a></div> The scholarly consensus is that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was Yahweh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יַהְוֶה‎).<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._R._Reno" title="R. R. Reno">R. R. Reno</a> agrees that, when in the late first millennium Jewish scholars inserted indications of vowels into the Hebrew Bible, they <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">signalled</a> that what was pronounced was "Adonai" (Lord); non-Jews later combined the vowels of Adonai with the consonants of the Tetragrammaton and invented the name "Jehovah".<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jo%C3%BCon" title="Paul Joüon">Paul Joüon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takamitsu_Muraoka" title="Takamitsu Muraoka">Takamitsu Muraoka</a> state: "The <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">Qre</a> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎ the Lord, whilst the Ktiv is probably <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יַהְוֶה‎ (according to ancient witnesses)", and they add: "Note 1: In our translations, we have used Yahweh, a form widely accepted by scholars, instead of the traditional Jehovah."<a href="#cite_note-Jouon-20">[18]</a> In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's Bible Dictionary</a>, a collaborative work of noted scholars of the time, declared: "Whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not Jehovah."<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Mark P. Arnold remarks that certain conclusions drawn from the pronunciation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ as "Yahweh" would be valid even if the scholarly consensus were not correct.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6mer" title="Thomas Römer">Thomas Römer</a> holds that "the original pronunciation of Yhwh was 'Yahô' or 'Yahû'".<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Reisel" title="Max Reisel">Max Reisel</a>, in The Mysterious Name of YHWH, says that the "vocalisation of the Tetragrammaton must originally have been YeHūàH or YaHūàH".<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The element yahwi- (ia-wi) is found in <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> personal names (e.g. yahwi-dagan), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> ibašši-DN. The latter refers to one existing which, in the context of deities, can also refer to one's eternal existence, which aligns with Bible verses such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%203:15&version=nrsv">Exodus 3:15</a> and views that <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">ehye ’ăšer ’ehye</a> can mean "I am the Existing One".<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> It also explains the ease of Israelites applying the Olam (or 'everlasting') epithet from <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199719-26">[24]</a> to Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-lewis-14">[12]</a>: 209–286  But J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that yahwi- refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of yahwi- to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g. Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ).<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[25]</a> Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using yahwi- to refer to a god. But he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that yahwi-, or more accurately yawi, derives from the root hwy in pa 'al, which means "he will be".<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The adoption at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> of "Jehovah" in place of the traditional "Lord" in some new translations, vernacular or Latin, of the biblical Tetragrammaton stirred up dispute about its correctness. In 1711, <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a> published a book containing the text of 17th-century writings, five attacking and five defending it.<a href="#cite_note-Reeland-29">[27]</a> As critical of the use of "Jehovah" it incorporated writings by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Driesche" title="Johannes van den Driesche">Johannes van den Driesche</a> (1550–1616), known as Drusius; <a href="/wiki/Sixtinus_Amama" title="Sixtinus Amama">Sixtinus Amama</a> (1593–1629); <a href="/wiki/Louis_Cappel" title="Louis Cappel">Louis Cappel</a> (1585–1658); <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Buxtorf" title="Johannes Buxtorf">Johannes Buxtorf</a> (1564–1629); <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Alting" title="Jacob Alting">Jacob Alting</a> (1618–1679). Defending "Jehovah" were writings by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Fuller" title="Nicholas Fuller">Nicholas Fuller</a> (1557–1626) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gataker" title="Thomas Gataker">Thomas Gataker</a> (1574–1654) and three essays by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Leusden" title="Johann Leusden">Johann Leusden</a> (1624–1699). The opponents of "Jehovah" said that the Tetragrammaton should be pronounced as "Adonai" and in general do not speculate on what may have been the original pronunciation, although mention is made of the fact that some held that Jahve was that pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-Reeland-29">[27]</a>: 392  Almost two centuries after the 17th-century works reprinted by Reland, 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a> reported in his Thesaurus Philologicus on the main reasoning of those who argued either for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יַהְוֹה‎/Yah[w]oh or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יַהְוֶה‎/Yahweh as the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, as opposed to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎/Yehovah. He explicitly cited the 17th-century writers mentioned by Reland as supporters of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎, as well as implicitly citing <a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Michaelis" title="Johann David Michaelis">Johann David Michaelis</a> (1717–1791) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Meyer" title="Johann Friedrich von Meyer">Johann Friedrich von Meyer</a> (1772–1849),<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> the latter of whom Johann Heinrich Kurtz described as the last of those "who have maintained with great pertinacity that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎ was the correct and original pointing".<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Edward Robinson's translation of a work by Gesenius, gives Gesenius' personal view as: "My own view coincides with that of those who regard this name as anciently pronounced [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יַהְוֶה‎/Yahweh] like the Samaritans."<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-biblical_texts">Non-biblical texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-biblical texts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts_with_Tetragrammaton">Texts with Tetragrammaton</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Texts with Tetragrammaton">edit</a>]</div> Current overviews begin with the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphic</a> inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (1402–1363 BCE) mentions a group of <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> whom it calls "the Shasu of Yhwꜣ" (read as: ja-h-wi or ja-h-wa). <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Rogerson" title="John W. Rogerson">John W. Rogerson</a> suggested that the Amenhotep III inscription may indicate that worship of Yahweh originated in an area to the southeast of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> A later inscription from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> (1279–1213 BCE) in <a href="/wiki/Amara,_Nubia" title="Amara, Nubia">West Amara</a> associates the Shasu nomads with S-rr, interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Mount Seir</a>, spoken of in some texts as where Yahweh comes from.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a> says: "It must be emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the proto-Hebrew or South Canaanite verbal form used in the name Yahweh. We should argue vigorously against attempts to take Amorite yahwi and yahu as divine epithets."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199761–63-37">[35]</a> Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schneider_(Egyptologist)" title="Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)">Thomas Schneider</a> argued for the existence of a theophoric name in a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a> papyrus dating to the late 18th or early 19th dynasty which he translated as ‘adōnī-rō‘ē-yāh, meaning "My lord is the shepherd of Yah".<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg/220px-YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg/330px-YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg/440px-YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a> bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite god <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lemaire-39">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a>, dated to 840 BCE, mentions the Israelite god <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lemaire-39">[37]</a> Roughly contemporary pottery sherds and plaster <a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions" title="Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions">inscriptions</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud" title="Kuntillet Ajrud">Kuntillet Ajrud</a> mention "Yahweh of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>" and "Yahweh of <a href="/wiki/Teman_(Edom)" title="Teman (Edom)">Teman</a> and his Asherah".<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> A tomb inscription at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Qom" title="Khirbet el-Qom">Khirbet el-Qom</a> also mentions Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199761-43">[41]</a> Dated slightly later (7th century BCE) there are an ostracon from the collections of Shlomo Moussaieff,<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom_scrolls" title="Ketef Hinnom scrolls">two tiny silver amulet scrolls</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a> that mention Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-Knight,2011-45">[43]</a> Also a wall inscription, dated to the late 6th century BCE, with mention of Yahweh had been found in a tomb at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Beit_Lei" title="Khirbet Beit Lei">Khirbet Beit Lei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_(no._2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_%28no._2%29.jpg/220px-YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_%28no._2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_%28no._2%29.jpg/330px-YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_%28no._2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_%28no._2%29.jpg/440px-YHWH_on_Lakis_Letters_%28no._2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>YHWH in one of the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_letters" title="Lachish letters">Lachish letters</a></figcaption></figure> Yahweh is mentioned also in the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_letters" title="Lachish letters">Lachish letters</a> (587 BCE) and the slightly earlier <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a> ostraca, and on a stone from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a> (3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Texts_with_similar_theonyms">Texts with similar theonyms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Texts with similar theonyms">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonyms</a> YHW and YHH are found in the <a href="/wiki/Elephantine_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantine papyri">Elephantine papyri</a> of about 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> One ostracon with YH is thought to have lost the final letter of an original YHW.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> These texts are in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, not the language of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton (YHWH) and, unlike the Tetragrammaton, are of three letters, not four. However, because they were written by Jews, they are assumed to refer to the same deity and to be either an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton or the original name from which the name YHWH developed. <a href="/wiki/Kristin_De_Troyer" title="Kristin De Troyer">Kristin De Troyer</a> says that YHW or YHH, and also YH, are attested in the fifth and fourth-century BCE papyri from Elephantine and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Daliyeh" title="Wadi Daliyeh">Wadi Daliyeh</a>: "In both collections one can read the name of God as Yaho (or Yahu) and Ya".<a href="#cite_note-Troyer-51">[49]</a> The name YH (Yah/Jah), the first syllable of "Yahweh", appears 50 times in the Old Testament, 26 times alone (Exodus 15:2; 17:16; and 24 times in the Psalms), 24 times in the expression "<a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">Hallelujah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> According to De Troyer, the short names, instead of being ineffable like "Yahweh", seem to have been in spoken use not only as elements of personal names but also in reference to God: "The Samaritans thus seem to have pronounced the Name of God as Jaho or Ja." She cites <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 393 – c. 460) as that the shorter names of God were pronounced by the Samaritans as "Iabe" and by the Jews as "Ia". She adds that the Bible also indicates that the short form "Yah" was spoken, as in the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Halleluyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halleluyah">Halleluyah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Troyer-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a> texts of Theodoret differ slightly from what De Troyer says. In Quaestiones in Exodum 15 he says that Samaritans pronounced the name Ἰαβέ and Jews the name Άϊά.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> (The Greek term Άϊά is a transcription of the Exodus 3:14 phrase אֶהְיֶה (ehyeh), "I am".)<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In Haereticarum Fabularum Compendium 5.3, he uses the spelling Ἰαβαί.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magical_papyri">Magical papyri</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magical papyri">edit</a>]</div> Among the Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a> magical amulets became very popular. Representations of the Tetragrammaton name or combinations inspired by it in languages such as Greek and Coptic, giving some indication of its pronunciation, occur as names of powerful agents in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_magical_papyri" title="Jewish magical papyri">Jewish magical papyri</a> found in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Iαβε Iave and Iαβα Yaba occurs frequently,<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> "apparently the Samaritan enunciation of the tetragrammaton YHWH (Yahweh)".<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The most commonly invoked god is Ιαω (Iaō), another vocalization of the tetragrammaton YHWH.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> There is a single instance of the heptagram ιαωουηε (iaōouēe).<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Yāwē is found in an <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopian Christian</a> list of magical names of Jesus, purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vernacular_evidence">Vernacular evidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vernacular evidence">edit</a>]</div> Also relevant is the use of the name in <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophoric names">theophoric names</a>; there is a common Hebrew prefix form, Yeho or "Yehō-", and a common suffix form, "Yahū" or "-Yehū". These provide some corroborating evidence of how YHWH was pronounced.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masoretic_Text">Masoretic Text</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Masoretic Text">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> it occurs 5,410 times in the Hebrew scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the Tetragrammaton occurs 6828 times,<a href="#cite_note-Knight,2011-45">[43]</a>: 142  as can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_(Kittel)" title="Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)">Kittel's Biblia Hebraica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a>. In addition, the marginal notes or masorah<a href="#cite_note-63">[note 3]</a> indicate that in another 134 places, where the received text has the word Adonai, an earlier text had the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[note 4]</a> which would add up to 142 additional occurrences. Even in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> practice varied with regard to use of the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎ (<a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">qere</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‎) occurs 6,518 times, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יֱהֹוִה‎ (qere <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֱלֹהִים‎) 305 times in the Masoretic Text. The first appearance of the Tetragrammaton is in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 2:4.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> The only books it does not appear in are <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knight,2011-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-TEOC-6">[4]</a> In the Book of Esther the Tetragrammaton does not appear, but it has been distinguished <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a>-wise in the initial or last letters of four consecutive words,<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 5]</a> as indicated in Est 7:5 by writing the four letters in red in at least three ancient Hebrew manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] The short form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יָהּ‎/<a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Yah</a> (a digrammaton) "occurs 50 times if the phrase <a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">hallellu-Yah</a> is included":<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> 43 times in the Psalms, once in Exodus 15:2; 17:16; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4, and twice in Isaiah 38:11. It also appears in the Greek phrase Ἁλληλουϊά (Alleluia, Hallelujah) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2019:1&version=nrsv">Revelation 19:1, 3, 4, 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Other short forms are found as a component of theophoric Hebrew names in the Bible: jô- or jehô- (29 names) and -jāhû or -jāh (127 jnames). A form of jāhû/jehô appears in the name Elioenai (Elj(eh)oenai) in 1Ch 3:23–24; 4:36; 7:8; Ezr 22:22, 27; Neh 12:41. The following graph shows the absolute number of occurrences of the Tetragrammaton (6828 in all) in the books in the Masoretic Text,<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> without relation to the length of the books. <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_hou7zwy1ly1j7g9fzchqqznuerzwg07"></map><img usemap="#timeline_hou7zwy1ly1j7g9fzchqqznuerzwg07" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/hou7zwy1ly1j7g9fzchqqznuerzwg07.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leningrad_Codex">Leningrad Codex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leningrad Codex">edit</a>]</div> Six presentations of the Tetragrammaton with some or all of the vowel points of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‎ (Adonai) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֱלֹהִים‎ (Elohim) are found in the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a> of 1008–1010, as shown below. The close transcriptions do not indicate that the Masoretes intended the name to be pronounced in that way (see <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv#Qere_perpetuum" title="Qere and Ketiv">qere perpetuum</a>). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chapter and verse</th> <th>Masoretic Text display</th> <th>Close transcription of the display</th> <th>Ref.</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Genesis 2:4</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהוָה‎</td> <td>Yǝhwāh</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left">This is the first occurrence of the Tetragrammaton in the Hebrew Bible and shows the most common set of vowels used in the Masoretic Text. It is the same as the form used in Exodus 3:14 below, but with the dot (holam) on the first he left out, because it is a little redundant. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genesis 3:14</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוָה‎</td> <td>Yǝhōwāh</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left">This is a set of vowels used rarely in the Masoretic Text, and are essentially the vowels from Adonai (with the hataf patakh reverting to its natural state as a shewa). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Judges 16:28</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יֱהֹוִה‎</td> <td>Yĕhōwih</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left">When the Tetragrammaton is preceded by Adonai, it receives the vowels from the name Elohim instead. The hataf segol does not revert to a shewa because doing so could lead to confusion with the vowels in Adonai. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genesis 15:2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יֱהוִה‎</td> <td>Yĕhwih</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left">Just as above, this uses the vowels from Elohim, but like the second version, the dot (holam) on the first he is omitted as redundant. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Kings 2:26</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהֹוִה‎</td> <td>Yǝhōwih</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left">Here, the dot (holam) on the first he is present, but the hataf segol does get reverted to a shewa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ezekiel 24:24</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהוִה‎</td> <td>Yǝhwih</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left">Here, the dot (holam) on the first he is omitted, and the hataf segol gets reverted to a shewa. </td></tr></tbody></table> ĕ is hataf <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">segol</a>; ǝ is the pronounced form of plain <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shva</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dead Sea Scrolls">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and other Hebrew and Aramaic texts the Tetragrammaton and some other <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names of God in Judaism</a> (such as El or Elohim) were sometimes written in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew script</a>, showing that they were treated specially. Most of God's names were pronounced until about the 2nd century BCE. Then, as a tradition of non-pronunciation of the names developed, alternatives for the Tetragrammaton appeared, such as Adonai, Kurios and Theos.<a href="#cite_note-Troyer-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a>, a Greek fragment of Leviticus (26:2–16) discovered in the Dead Sea scrolls (Qumran) has ιαω ("Iao"), the Greek form of the Hebrew trigrammaton YHW.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/John_the_Lydian" title="John the Lydian">John the Lydian</a> (6th century) wrote: "The Roman <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> [116–27 BCE] defining him [that is the Jewish God] says that he is called Iao in the Chaldean mysteries" (De Mensibus IV 53). Van Cooten mentions that Iao is one of the "specifically Jewish designations for God" and "the Aramaic papyri from the Jews at Elephantine show that 'Iao' is an original Jewish term".<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> The preserved manuscripts from Qumran show the inconsistent practice of writing the Tetragrammaton, mainly in biblical quotations: in some manuscripts is written in paleo-Hebrew script, square scripts or replaced with four dots or dashes (tetrapuncta). The members of the Qumran community were aware of the existence of the Tetragrammaton, but this was not tantamount to granting consent for its existing use and speaking. This is evidenced not only by special treatment of the Tetragrammaton in the text, but by the recommendation recorded in the 'Rule of Association' (VI, 27): "Who will remember the most glorious name, which is above all [...]".<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> The table below presents all the manuscripts in which the Tetragrammaton is written in paleo-Hebrew script,<a href="#cite_note-84">[note 6]</a> in square scripts, and all the manuscripts in which the copyists have used tetrapuncta. Copyists used the 'tetrapuncta' apparently to warn against pronouncing the name of God.<a href="#cite_note-Tov-85">[79]</a>: 206  In the manuscript number 4Q248 is in the form of bars. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>PALEO-HEBREW</th> <th>SQUARE</th> <th>TETRAPUNCTA </th></tr> <tr> <td>1Q11 (1QPsb) 2–5 3 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277262">[1]</a>)</td> <td>2Q13 (2QJer) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278363">[2]</a>)</td> <td>1QS VIII 14 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/community">[3]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1Q14 (1QpMic) 1–5 1, 2 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277254">[4]</a>)</td> <td>4Q27 (4QNumb) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-298706">[5]</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1QIsaa" class="mw-redirect" title="1QIsaa">1QIsaa</a> XXXIII 7, XXXV 15 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah">[6]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1QpHab" class="mw-redirect" title="1QpHab">1QpHab</a> VI 14; X 7, 14; XI 10 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/habakkuk">[7]</a>)</td> <td>4Q37 (4QDeutj) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278426">[8]</a>)</td> <td>4Q53 (4QSamc) 13 III 7, 7 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-288404">[9]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1Q15 (1QpZeph) 3, 4 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-277302">[10]</a>)</td> <td>4Q78 (4QXIIc) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-280209">[11]</a>)</td> <td>4Q175 (4QTest) 1, 19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2Q3 (2QExodb) 2 2; 7 1; 8 3 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-284856">[12]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-278362">[13]</a>)</td> <td>4Q96 (4QPso (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-299918">[14]</a>)</td> <td>4Q176 (4QTanḥ) 1–2 i 6, 7, 9; 1–2 ii 3; 8–10 6, 8, 10 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q176-1">[15]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3Q3 (3QLam) 1 2 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-284853">[16]</a>)</td> <td>4Q158 (4QRPa) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q158-1">[17]</a>)</td> <td>4Q196 (4QpapToba ar) 17 i 5; 18 15 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q196-1">[18]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q20 (4QExodj) 1–2 3 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-284014">[19]</a>)</td> <td>4Q163 (4Qpap pIsac) I 19; II 6; 15–16 1; 21 9; III 3, 9; 25 7 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q163-1">[20]</a>)</td> <td>4Q248 (history of the kings of Greece) 5 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-284694">[21]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q26b (4QLevg) linia 8 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-284277">[22]</a>)</td> <td>4QpNah (4Q169) II 10 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-299230">[23]</a>)</td> <td>4Q306 (4QMen of People Who Err) 3 5 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-295766">[24]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q38a (4QDeutk2) 5 6 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-284297">[25]</a>)</td> <td>4Q173 (4QpPsb) 4 2 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q173-1">[26]</a>)</td> <td>4Q382 (4QparaKings et al.) 9+11 5; 78 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q57 (4QIsac) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-300013">[27]</a>)</td> <td>4Q177 (4QCatena A) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q177-1">[28]</a>)</td> <td>4Q391 (4Qpap Pseudo-Ezechiel) 36, 52, 55, 58, 65 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q391-1">[29]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q161 (4QpIsaa) 8–10 13 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q55-1">[30]</a>)</td> <td>4Q215a (4QTime of Righteousness) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q215-1">[31]</a>)</td> <td>4Q462 (4QNarrative C) 7; 12 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-288554">[32]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q165 (4QpIsae) 6 4 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q59-1">[33]</a>)</td> <td>4Q222 (4QJubg) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q222-1">[34]</a>)</td> <td>4Q524 (4QTb)) 6–13 4, 5 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q524-1">[35]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4Q171 (4QpPsa) II 4, 12, 24; III 14, 15; IV 7, 10, 19 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q171-1">[36]</a>)</td> <td>4Q225 (4QPsJuba) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q225-1">[37]</a>)</td> <td>XḤev/SeEschat Hymn (XḤev/Se 6) 2 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11Q2 (11QLevb) 2 2, 6, 7 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-285319">[38]</a>)</td> <td>4Q365 (4QRPc) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q365-1">[39]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11Q5" class="mw-redirect" title="11Q5">11Q5</a> (11QPsa)<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/11Q5-1">[40]</a>)</td> <td>4Q377 (4QApocryphal Pentateuch B) 2 ii 3, 5 (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q377-1">[41]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4Q382 (4Qpap paraKings) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q382-1">[42]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>11Q6 (11QPsb) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/2Q13-1">[43]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>11Q7 (11QPsc) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-285346">[44]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">11Q19</a> (11QTa)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>11Q20 (11QTb) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/11Q20-1">[45]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>11Q11 (11QapocrPs) (link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/image/B-285324">[46]</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Septuagint">Septuagint</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Septuagint">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lxx_Minorprophets.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lxx_Minorprophets.gif/260px-Lxx_Minorprophets.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lxx_Minorprophets.gif/390px-Lxx_Minorprophets.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lxx_Minorprophets.gif/520px-Lxx_Minorprophets.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tetragrammaton written in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew</a> script on <a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></figcaption></figure> Editions of the Septuagint Old Testament are based on the complete or almost complete fourth-century manuscripts <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> and consistently use Κ[ύριο]ς, "<a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a>", where the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> has the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew. This corresponds with the Jewish practice of replacing the Tetragrammaton with "<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a>" when reading the Hebrew word.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> However, five of the oldest manuscripts now extant (in fragmentary form) render the Tetragrammaton into Greek in a different way.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> Two of these are of the first century BCE: <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Fouad_266" title="Papyrus Fouad 266">Papyrus Fouad 266</a> uses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ in the normal <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> in the midst of its Greek text, and <a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a> uses the Greek transcription of the name, ΙΑΩ. Three later manuscripts use <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style>𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄‎, the name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew script</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3522" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_5101" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Other extant ancient fragments of Septuagint or Old Greek manuscripts provide no evidence on the use of the Tetragrammaton, Κύριος, or ΙΑΩ in correspondence with the Hebrew-text Tetragrammaton. They include the oldest known example, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Rylands_458" title="Papyrus Rylands 458">Papyrus Rylands 458</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tov-85">[79]</a>: 304  Scholars differ on whether in the original Septuagint translations the Tetragrammaton was represented by Κύριος,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietersma198490-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rösel-93">[87]</a>: 411 <a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> by ΙΑΩ,<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> by the Tetragrammaton in either normal or Paleo-Hebrew form, or whether different translators used different forms in different books.<a href="#cite_note-JHS-97">[91]</a> Frank Shaw argues that the Tetragrammaton continued to be articulated until the second or third century CE and that the use of Ιαω was by no means limited to magical or mystical formulas, but was still normal in more elevated contexts such as that exemplified by Papyrus <a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a>. Shaw considers all theories that posit in the Septuagint a single original form of the divine name as merely based on a priori assumptions.<a href="#cite_note-JHS-97">[91]</a> Accordingly, he declares: "The matter of any (especially single) 'original' form of the divine name in the LXX is too complex, the evidence is too scattered and indefinite, and the various approaches offered for the issue are too simplistic" to account for the actual scribal practices (p. 158). He holds that the earliest stages of the LXX's translation were marked by diversity (p. 262), with the choice of certain divine names depending on the context in which they appear (cf. Gen 4:26; Exod 3:15; 8:22; 28:32; 32:5; and 33:19). He treats of the related blank spaces in some Septuagint manuscripts and the setting of spaces around the divine name in 4Q120 and <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Fouad_266" title="Papyrus Fouad 266">Papyrus Fouad 266b</a> (p. 265), and repeats that "there was no one 'original' form but different translators had different feelings, theological beliefs, motivations, and practices when it came to their handling of the name" (p. 271).<a href="#cite_note-JHS-97">[91]</a> His view has won the support of Anthony R. Meyer,<a href="#cite_note-JHS-97">[91]</a> Bob Becking,<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> and (commenting on Shaw's 2011 dissertation on the subject) D.T. Runia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> Mogens Müller says that, while no clearly Jewish manuscript of the Septuagint has been found with Κύριος representing the Tetragrammaton, other Jewish writings of the time show that Jews did use the term Κύριος for God, and it was because Christians found it in the Septuagint that they were able to apply it to Christ.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> of the Septuagint, written originally in Greek (e.g., Wisdom, 2 and 3 Maccabees), do speak of God as Κύριος and thus show that "the use of κύριος as a representation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ must be pre-Christian in origin".<a href="#cite_note-Rösel-93">[87]</a> Similarly, while consistent use of Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton has been called "a distinguishing mark for any Christian LXX manuscript", <a href="/wiki/Eugen_J._Pentiuc" title="Eugen J. Pentiuc">Eugen J. Pentiuc</a> says: "No definitive conclusion has been reached thus far."<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> And Sean McDonough denounces as implausible the idea that Κύριος did not appear in the Septuagint before the Christian era.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> Speaking of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Kaige_recension" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaige recension">kaige recension</a> of the Septuagint, "a revision of the Old Greek text to bring it closer to the Hebrew text of the Bible as it existed in ca. 2nd-1st century BCE" (and thus not necessarily the original text), Kristin De Troyer remarks: "The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form and what the recension. Hence, is the paleo-Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary – a part of the recension – or proof of the Old Greek text? This debate has not yet been solved." While some interpret the presence of the Tetragrammaton in <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Fouad_266" title="Papyrus Fouad 266">Papyrus Fouad 266</a>, the oldest Septuagint manuscript in which it appears, as an indication of what was in the original text, others see this manuscript as "an archaizing and hebraizing revision of the earlier translation κύριος".<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> Of this papyrus, De Troyer asks: "Is it a recension or not?" In this regard she says that Emanuel Tov notes that in this manuscript a second scribe inserted the four-letter Tetragrammaton where the first scribe left spaces large enough for the six-letter word Κύριος, and that Pietersma and Hanhart say the papyrus "already contains some pre-<a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">hexaplaric</a> corrections towards a Hebrew text (which would have had the Tetragrammaton). She also mentions Septuagint manuscripts that have Θεός and one that has παντοκράτωρ where the Hebrew text has the Tetragrammaton. She concludes: "It suffices to say that in old Hebrew and Greek witnesses, God has many names. Most if not all were pronounced till about the second century BCE. As slowly onwards there developed a tradition of non-pronunciation, alternatives for the Tetragrammaton appeared. The reading Adonai was one of them. Finally, before Kurios became a standard rendering Adonai, the Name of God was rendered with Theos."<a href="#cite_note-Troyer-51">[49]</a> In the Book of Exodus alone, Θεός represents the Tetragrammaton 41 times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietersmaWright200746-104">[98]</a> Robert J. Wilkinson says that the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a> is also a <a href="/wiki/Kaige_recension" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaige recension">kaige recension</a> and thus not strictly a Septuagint text.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-105">[99]</a>: 55  <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (Commentary on Psalms 2.2) said that in the most accurate manuscripts the name was written in an older form of the Hebrew characters, the paleo-Hebrew letters, not the square: "In the more accurate exemplars the (divine) name is written in Hebrew characters; not, however, in the current script, but in the most ancient." While Pietersma interprets this statement as referring to the Septuagint,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietersma198490-92">[86]</a> Wilkinson says one might assume that Origen refers specifically to the version of <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila of Sinope</a>, which follows the Hebrew text very closely, but he may perhaps refer to Greek versions in general.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-105">[99]</a>: 70 <a href="#cite_note-OE-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_of_the_Septuagint_and_later_Greek_renderings">Manuscripts of the Septuagint and later Greek renderings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Manuscripts of the Septuagint and later Greek renderings">edit</a>]</div> The great majority of extant manuscripts of the Old Testament in Greek, complete or fragmentary, dated to the ninth century CE or earlier, employ Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew text. The following do not. They include the oldest now extant. <ol><li>Manuscripts of the Septuagint or recensions thereof <ul><li>1st century BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4QpapLXXLevb</a> – fragments of the Book of Leviticus, chapters 1 to 5. In two verses: 3:12; 4:27 the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew Bible is represented by Greek ΙΑΩ.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Fouad_266" title="Papyrus Fouad 266">Papyrus Fouad 266b</a> (848) – fragments of Deuteronomy, chapters 10 to 33.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> The Tetragrammaton appears in square Hebrew/Aramaic script. According to a disputed view, the first copyist left a blank space marked with a dot, and another inscribed the letters.</li></ul></li> <li>1st century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3522" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522</a> – contains parts of two verses of chapter 42 of the Book of Job and has the Tetragrammaton in <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">paleo-Hebrew letters</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a> – in three fragments whose contents were published separately. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Se2grXII" class="mw-redirect" title="Se2grXII">Se2grXII (LXXIEJ 12)</a> has the Tetragrammaton in 1 place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8HevXII_a" class="mw-redirect" title="8HevXII a">8HevXII a (LXXVTS 10a)</a> in 24 places, in whole or part.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8HevXII_b" class="mw-redirect" title="8HevXII b">8HevXII b (LXXVTS 10b)</a> in 4 places.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1st to 2nd century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_5101" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101</a> – contains fragments of the Book of Psalms. It has YHWH in Paleo-Hebrew script.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tov-85">[79]</a>: 231 <a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></li></ul></li> <li>3rd century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a> – contains Genesis 2 and 3. The divine name is written with a double <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_656" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656</a> – fragments of the Book of Genesis, chapters 14 to 27. Has Κύριος where the first copyist left blank spaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Berlin_17213" title="Papyrus Berlin 17213">Papyrus Berlin 17213</a> – fragments of the Book of Genesis, chapter 19. One space is left blank. Emanuel Tov thinks it indicated the end of a paragraph.<a href="#cite_note-Tov-85">[79]</a>: 231  It has been dated to 3rd century CE.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Manuscripts of Greek translations made by <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)" title="Symmachus (translator)">Symmachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila of Sinope</a> (2nd century CE) <ul><li>3rd century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Vindobonensis_Greek_39777" title="Papyrus Vindobonensis Greek 39777">Papyrus Vindobonensis Greek 39777</a>. Has the Tetragrammaton in archaic Hebrew script.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></li></ul></li> <li>5th century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AqTaylor" title="AqTaylor">AqTaylor</a>, this manuscript of the Aquila version is dated after the middle of the 5th century, but not later than the beginning of the 6th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AqBurkitt" title="AqBurkitt">AqBurkitt</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> manuscript of the Aquila version dated late 5th century or early 6th century.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Manuscripts with Hexaplaric elements <ul><li>6th century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Marchalianus" title="Codex Marchalianus">Codex Marchalianus</a> – In addition to the Septuagint text of the prophets (with κς), the manuscript contains marginal notes from a hand "not much later than the original scribe" indicating <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexaplaric</a> variations, each identified as from Aquila, Symmachus or Theodotion. Marginal notes on some of the prophets contain πιπι to indicate that κς in the text corresponds to the Tetragrammaton. Two marginal notes at Ezekiel 1:2 and 11:1 use the form ιαω with reference to the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a></li></ul></li> <li>7th century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor-Schechter_12.182" title="Taylor-Schechter 12.182">Taylor-Schechter 12.182</a> – a Hexapla manuscript with Tetragrammaton in Greek letters ΠΙΠΙ. It has Hebrew text transliterated into Greek, Aquila, Symmachus and the Septuagint.</li></ul></li> <li>9th century CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosiano_O_39_sup." title="Ambrosiano O 39 sup.">Ambrosiano O 39 sup.</a> – the latest Greek manuscript containing the name of God is <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a>, transmitting among other translations the text of the Septuagint, Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, and in three other unidentified Greek translations (Quinta, Sextus and Septima). This codex, copied from a much earlier original, comes from the late 9th century, and is stored in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patristic_writings">Patristic writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Patristic writings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton-Trinity-diagram-12thC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tetragrammaton-Trinity-diagram-12thC.jpg/220px-Tetragrammaton-Trinity-diagram-12thC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tetragrammaton-Trinity-diagram-12thC.jpg/330px-Tetragrammaton-Trinity-diagram-12thC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Tetragrammaton-Trinity-diagram-12thC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Alphonsi" title="Petrus Alphonsi">Petrus Alphonsi</a>'s early 12th-century Tetragrammaton-Trinity diagram, rendering the name as "IEVE", which in contemporary letters is "IEUE".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg/220px-Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg/330px-Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg/440px-Tetragrammaton_at_5th_Chapel_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Tetragrammaton at the Fifth Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, France.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> (1910) and B. D. Eerdmans:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEerdmans19481–29-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas1910-115">[109]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (1st century BCE) writes<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> Ἰαῶ (Iao);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (d. c. 202) reports<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> that the Gnostics formed a compound Ἰαωθ (Iaoth) with the last syllable of <a href="/wiki/Sabaoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaoth">Sabaoth</a>. He also reports<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Valentinian heretics</a> use Ἰαῶ (Iao);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (d. c. 215) reports: "the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the <a href="/wiki/Adytum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adytum">adytum</a> was accessible, is called Ἰαοὺ" (Iaoú); manuscript variants also have the forms ἰαοῦε (Iaoúe) and ἰὰ οὐὲ.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (d. c. 254), Ἰαώ (Iao);<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> (d. c. 305) according to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (died 339),<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> Ἰευώ (Ieuo);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (died 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there, gives Ἰά (Ia) and Ἰάβε (pronounced at that time /ja'vε/) and explains Ἰάβε as meaning He who was and is and always exists.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (died 420)<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> speaks of certain Greek writers who misunderstood the Hebrew letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ (read right-to-left) as the Greek letters ΠΙΠΙ (read left-to-right), thus changing YHWH to pipi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> (d. c. 457) writes Ἰαώ (Iao);<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> he also reports<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> say Ἰαβέ or Ἰαβαί (both pronounced at that time /ja'vε/), while the Jews say Ἀϊά (Aia).<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> (The latter is probably not <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ but <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אהיה‎ Ehyeh = "I am " or "I will be", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%203:14&version=nrsv">Exod. 3:14</a> which the Jews counted among the names of God.)<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a></li> <li>(Pseudo-)Jerome (4th/5th or 9th century),:<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> IAHO. This work was traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and, in spite of the view of one modern writer who in 1936 said it is "now believed to be genuine and to be dated before CE 392"<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> is still generally attributed to the 9th century<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> and to be non-authentic.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peshitta">Peshitta</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Peshitta">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> translation), probably in the second century,<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> uses the word "Lord" (ܡܳܪܝܳܐ, pronounced māryā or moryo (Western pronunciation) for the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch-132">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulgate">Vulgate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vulgate">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> (Latin translation) made from the Hebrew in the 4th century CE,<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> uses the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dominus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Dominus">Dominus</a> ("Lord"), a translation of the Hebrew word Adonai, for the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch-132">[126]</a> The Vulgate translation, though made not from the Septuagint but from the Hebrew text, did not depart from the practice used in the Septuagint. Thus, for most of its history, Christianity's translations of the Scriptures have used equivalents of Adonai to represent the Tetragrammaton. Only at about the beginning of the 16th century did Christian translations of the Bible appear combining the vowels of Adonai with the four (consonantal) letters of the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-Driver-134">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_religious_traditions">Usage in religious traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Usage in religious traditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> Especially due to the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a> tradition found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#15">Exod. 3:15</a>, and ancient Hebrew and Greek texts, biblical scholars widely hold that the Tetragrammaton and other names of God were spoken by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and their neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-JewishEncycloName-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Troyer-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller2000-136">[130]</a>: 40  By at least the 3rd century BCE, the name was not pronounced in normal speech,<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> but only in certain ritual contexts. The Talmud relays this change occurred after the death of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Just" title="Simeon the Just">Simeon the Just</a> (either <a href="/wiki/Simon_I_(High_Priest)" title="Simon I (High Priest)">Simon I</a> or his great-great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Simon_II_(High_Priest)" title="Simon II (High Priest)">Simon II</a>).<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> calls the name <a href="/wiki/Ineffability" title="Ineffability">ineffable</a>, and says that it is lawful only for those “whose ears and tongues are purified by wisdom to hear and utter it in a holy place”, that is, the priests in the Temple. In another passage, commenting on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0324.htm#15">Lev. 24:15</a>, Philo writes, "If any one… should even dare to utter his name unseasonably, let him expect the penalty of death."<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> Some time after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, the spoken use of God's name as it was written ceased altogether, though knowledge of the pronunciation was perpetuated in rabbinic schools.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> Rabbinic sources suggest that the name of God was pronounced only once a year, by the high priest, on the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Others, including <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, claim that the name was pronounced daily in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly blessing">priestly blessing</a> of worshippers, after the daily sacrifice; in <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, though, a substitute (probably "Adonai") was used.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, in the last generations before the fall of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the name was pronounced in a low tone so that the sounds were lost in the chant of the priests.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> Since the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple of Jerusalem">Second Temple of Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE, the Tetragrammaton has no longer been pronounced in the liturgy. However the pronunciation was still known in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> in the latter part of the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spoken_prohibitions">Spoken prohibitions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spoken prohibitions">edit</a>]</div> The vehemence with which the utterance of the name is denounced in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> suggests that use of the name Yahweh was unacceptable in rabbinical Judaism. "He who pronounces the Name with its own letters has no part in the world to come!"<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> Such is the prohibition of pronouncing the Name as written that it is sometimes called the "Ineffable", "Unutterable", or "Distinctive Name", or "Explicit Name" ("<a href="/wiki/Shem_HaMephorash" title="Shem HaMephorash">Shem HaMephorash</a>" in Hebrew).<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rösel-93">[87]</a>: <span title="Page: 418
Quotation: "It is in this book that we find the strictest prohibition against pronouncing the name of the Lord. The Hebrew of 24.16, which may be translated as 'And he that blasphemes/curses (3B?) the name of the Lord (9H9J), he shall surely be put to death', in the LXX is subjected to a ..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">418  <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> prescribes that although the Name is written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎‎ "yodh he waw he", if not preceded by (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‎, Adonai) then it is only to be pronounced "Adonai" and if preceded by "Adonai" then it is only to be pronounced as "Our God" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֱלֹהֵינוּ‎, Eloheinu), or, in rare cases, as a repetition of Adonai, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Attributes_of_Mercy" title="Thirteen Attributes of Mercy">Thirteen Attributes of Mercy</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שְׁלוֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵה‎, Shelosh-'Esreh) in Exodus 34:6–7; the latter names too are regarded as holy names, and are only to be pronounced in prayer.<a href="#cite_note-rambamprayer14-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> Thus when someone wants to refer in third person to either the written or spoken Name, the term HaShem "the Name" is used;<a href="#cite_note-Seidner-143">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> and this handle itself can also be used in prayer.<a href="#cite_note-145">[note 7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> added vowel points (<a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> marks to the manuscripts to indicate vowel usage and for use in ritual chanting of readings from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>. To <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יהוה‎ they added the vowels for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֲדֹנָי‎ (Adonai, <abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> My Lords, <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">Pluralis majestatis</a> taken as singular), the word to use when the text was read. While "HaShem" is the most common way to reference "the Name", the terms "HaMaqom" (lit. "The Place", i.e. "The Omnipresent") and "Raḥmana" (Aramaic, "Merciful") are used in the mishna and <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">gemara</a>, still used in the phrases "HaMaqom y'naḥem ethḥem" ("may The Omnipresent console you"), the traditional phrase used in sitting <a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a> and "Raḥmana l'tzlan" ("may the Merciful save us" i.e. "God forbid"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Written_prohibitions">Written prohibitions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Written prohibitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">Genizah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Erasing_the_name_of_God" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism § Erasing the name of God</a>, and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E2%80%99tt" class="extiw" title="de:G’tt">G’tt [de]</a></div> The written Tetragrammaton,<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> as well as six other names of God, must be treated with special sanctity. They cannot be disposed of regularly, lest they be desecrated, but are usually put in <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">long-term storage</a> or buried in Jewish cemeteries in order to retire them from use.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> Similarly, writing the Tetragrammaton (or these other names) unnecessarily is prohibited, so as to avoid having them treated disrespectfully, an action that is forbidden. To guard the sanctity of the Name, sometimes a letter is substituted by a different letter in writing (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="יקוק">יקוק</a>), or the letters are separated by one or more hyphens, a practice applied also to the English name "God", which some Jews write as "G-d". Most Jewish authorities say that this practice is not obligatory for the English name.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kabbalah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">Kabbalistic</a> tradition holds that the correct pronunciation is known to a select few people in each generation, it is not generally known what this pronunciation is. There are two main schools of Kabbalah arising in 13th century Spain. These are called Theosophic Kabbalah represented by Rabbi Moshe De Leon and the Zohar, and the Kabbalah of Names or Prophetic Kabbalah whose main representative is Rabbi Abraham Abulafia of Saragossa. Rabbi Abulafia wrote many wisdom books and prophetic books where the name is used for meditation purposes from 1271 onwards. Abulafia put a lot of attention on Exodus 15 and the Songs of Moses. In this song it says "Yehovah is a Man of War, Yehovah is his name". For Abulafia the goal of prophecy was for a man to come to the level of prophecy and be called "Yehovah a man of war". Abulafia also used the tetragrammaton in a spiritual war against his spiritual enemies. For example, he prophesied in his book "The Sign", "Therefore, thus said YHWH, the God of Israel: Have no fear of the enemy" (See Hylton, A The Prophetic Jew Abraham Abulafia, 2015). <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ramchal31-149">[142]</a> says that the tree of the Tetragrammaton "unfolds" in accordance with the intrinsic nature of its letters, "in the same order in which they appear in the Name, in the mystery of ten and the mystery of four." Namely, the upper cusp of the Yod is <a href="/wiki/Arich_Anpin" title="Arich Anpin">Arich Anpin</a> and the main body of Yod is and <a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Abba</a>; the first Hei is <a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Imma</a>; the Vav is <a href="/wiki/Zeir_Anpin" title="Zeir Anpin">Ze`ir Anpin</a> and the second Hei is <a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Nukvah</a>. It unfolds in this aforementioned order and "in the mystery of the four expansions" that are constituted by the following various spellings of the letters: ע"ב/`AV : יו"ד ה"י וי"ו ה"י, so called "`AV" according to its <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> value ע"ב=70+2=72. ס"ג/SaG: יו"ד ה"י וא"ו ה"י, gematria 63. מ"ה/MaH: יו"ד ה"א וא"ו ה"א, gematria 45. ב"ן/BaN: יו"ד ה"ה ו"ו ה"ה, gematria 52. Luzzatto summarises, "In sum, all that exists is founded on the mystery of this Name and upon the mystery of these letters of which it consists. This means that all the different orders and laws are all drawn after and come under the order of these four letters. This is not one particular pathway but rather the general path, which includes everything that exists in the <a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a> in all their details and which brings everything under its order."<a href="#cite_note-ramchal31-149">[142]</a> Another parallel is drawn[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] between the four letters of the Tetragrammaton and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a>: the <big>י</big> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Atziluth" title="Atziluth">Atziluth</a>, the first <big>ה</big> with <a href="/wiki/Beri%27ah" title="Beri'ah">Beri'ah</a>, the <big>ו</big> with <a href="/wiki/Yetzirah" title="Yetzirah">Yetzirah</a>, and final <big>ה</big> with <a href="/wiki/Assiah" title="Assiah">Assiah</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png/220px-Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png/330px-Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png/440px-Tetragrammaton-Tetractys.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A tetractys of the letters of the Tetragrammaton adds up to 72 by <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>.</figcaption></figure> There are some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] who believe that the <a href="/wiki/Tetractys" title="Tetractys">tetractys</a> and its mysteries influenced the early <a href="/wiki/Kabballah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabballah">kabbalists</a>. A Hebrew tetractys in a similar way has the letters of the Tetragrammaton (the four lettered name of God in Hebrew scripture) inscribed on the ten positions of the tetractys, from right to left. It has been argued that the Kabbalistic <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a>, with its ten spheres of emanation, is in some way connected to the tetractys, but its form is not that of a triangle. The occult writer <a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a> says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> The <a href="/wiki/Point_(geometry)" title="Point (geometry)">point</a> is assigned to Kether; the <a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">line</a> to Chokmah; the two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> to Binah; consequently the three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Solid_geometry" title="Solid geometry">solid</a> naturally falls to Chesed.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> </div></blockquote> (The first two-dimensional figure is the <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a>.) (The first three-dimensional solid is the <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a>.) The relationship between geometrical shapes and the first four <a href="/wiki/Sephirot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephirot">Sephirot</a> is analogous to the geometrical correlations in tetractys, shown above under Pythagorean Symbol, and unveils the relevance of the Tree of Life with the tetractys. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritans">Samaritans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Samaritans">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> shared the taboo of the Jews about the utterance of the name, and there is no evidence that its pronunciation was common Samaritan practice.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> However <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)#Summary_of_Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin 10:1</a> includes the comment of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Mana_II" title="Rabbi Mana II">Rabbi Mana II</a>, "for example those Kutim who take an oath" would also have no share in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>, which suggests that Mana thought some Samaritans used the name in making oaths. (Their priests have preserved a liturgical pronunciation "Yahwe" or "Yahwa" to the present day.)<a href="#cite_note-Moore-57">[55]</a> As with Jews, Shema (שמא, "the Name") remains the everyday usage of the name among Samaritans, paralleling the Jewish use of HaShem (השם, "the Name") in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-Seidner-143">[137]</a> This reading of the tetragrammaton by Samaritans dates back to at least the 4th century CE, as evidenced in two poems by the Samaritan author <a href="/wiki/Marqah" title="Marqah">Marqah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YHWH_Goya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/YHWH_Goya.jpg/220px-YHWH_Goya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/YHWH_Goya.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Tetragrammaton by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>: "The Name of God", YHWH in triangle, detail from fresco <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Name_of_God" title="Adoration of the Name of God">Adoration of the Name of God</a>, 1772</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tetragrammaton_a.jpg/220px-Tetragrammaton_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tetragrammaton_a.jpg/330px-Tetragrammaton_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tetragrammaton_a.jpg/440px-Tetragrammaton_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>The Tetragrammaton as represented in stained glass in an 1868 Episcopal Church in Iowa</figcaption></figure> It is assumed that early <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> inherited from Jews the practice of reading "Lord" where the Tetragrammaton appears in the Hebrew text (and where a few Greek manuscripts use it in the midst of their Greek translation). Gentile Christians, primarily non-Hebrew speaking and using Greek Scripture texts, may have read Κύριος ("Lord"), as in the Greek text of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and in their copies of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Testament">Greek Old Testament</a>. This practice continued into the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> where Dominus ("Lord") represented the Tetragrammaton in the Latin text. At the Reformation, the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> used capitalized Herr ("Lord") in the German text of the Old Testament to represent the Tetragrammaton.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> In Christianity, when the Tetragrammaton is vocalized, the forms <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> are used.<a href="#cite_note-Valentin2015-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a> or Yah is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh, and often sees usage by Christians in the interjection "<a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">Hallelujah</a>", meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give God glory.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_translations">Christian translations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Christian translations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (Greek translation), the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> (Latin translation), and the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> translation)<a href="#cite_note-Bloch-132">[126]</a> use the word "Lord" (κύριος, kyrios, dominus, and ܡܳܪܝܳܐ, moryo respectively). Use of the Septuagint by Christians in polemics with Jews led to its abandonment by the latter, making it a specifically Christian text. From it Christians made translations into <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Slavonic</a> and other languages used in <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OE-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> whose liturgies and doctrinal declarations are largely a cento of texts from the Septuagint, which they consider to be inspired at least as much as the Masoretic Text.<a href="#cite_note-OE-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> Within the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek text remains the norm for texts in all languages, with particular reference to the wording used in prayers.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> The Septuagint, with its use of Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton, was the basis also for Christian translations associated with the West, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Itala" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetus Itala">Vetus Itala</a>, which survives in some parts of the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a>. Christian translations of the Bible into English commonly use "LORD" in place of the Tetragrammaton in most passages, often in <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small capitals</a> (or in all caps), so as to distinguish it from other words translated as "Lord". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> considers the Septuagint text, which uses Κύριος (Lord), to be the authoritative text of the Old Testament,<a href="#cite_note-OE-106">[100]</a> and in its liturgical books and prayers it uses Κύριος in place of the Tetragrammaton in texts derived from the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a>: 247–248  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg/200px-BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg/300px-BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg/400px-BASILICA_OF_ST_LOUIS_KING_OF_FRANCE_MISSOURI_USA_Near_the_Gateway_Arch_TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>The Tetragrammaton on the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">Tympanum</a> of the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France" title="Basilica of St. Louis, King of France">Basilica of St. Louis, King of France</a> in Missouri</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the first edition of the official Vatican <a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a> Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, editio typica, published in 1979, used the traditional Dominus when rendering the Tetragrammaton in the overwhelming majority of places where it appears; however, it also used the form Iahveh for rendering the Tetragrammaton in three known places: <ul><li>Exodus 3:15<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a></li> <li>Exodus 15:3<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a></li> <li>Exodus 17:15<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a></li></ul> In the second edition of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a> Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, editio typica altera, published in 1986, these few occurrences of the form Iahveh were replaced with Dominus,<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> in keeping with the long-standing Catholic tradition of avoiding direct usage of the Ineffable Name. On 29 June 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> reacted to the then still recent practice of pronouncing, within Catholic <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, the name of God represented by the Tetragrammaton. As examples of such vocalisation it mentioned "Yahweh" and "Yehovah". The early Christians, it said, followed the example of the Septuagint in replacing the name of God with "the Lord", a practice with important theological implications for their use of "the Lord" in reference to Jesus, as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Philippians+2:9">Philippians 2:9–11</a> and other New Testament texts. It therefore directed that, "in liturgical celebrations, in songs and prayers the name of God in the form of the Tetragrammaton YHWH is neither to be used or pronounced"; and that translations of Biblical texts for liturgical use are to follow the practice of the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, replacing the divine name with "the Lord" or, in some contexts, "God".<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> welcomed this instruction, adding that it "provides also an opportunity to offer catechesis for the faithful as an encouragement to show reverence for the Name of God in daily life, emphasizing the power of language as an act of devotion and worship".<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism_and_Anglicanism">Lutheranism and Anglicanism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lutheranism and Anglicanism">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> psalters, the word LORD in "small capital letters [is used] to represent the tetragrammaton YHWH, the personal name of the deity". However, the Psalter of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer used by the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America uses <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> in two places, Psalms 68:4 and Psalms 83:18. Also the Hymnal 1982 as used by the Episcopal Church uses the hymn, "Guide me, O thou great <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a>", Hymn 690 The Christian Life. Aside from those instances, LORD is typically used in the Liturgy of the Episcopal Church.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations_preserving_Hebraic_form_of_Tetragrammaton">Translations preserving Hebraic form of Tetragrammaton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Translations preserving Hebraic form of Tetragrammaton">edit</a>]</div> Since 1950, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Bible" title="Sacred Name Bible">Sacred Name Bibles</a> that have been translated with the conviction that Hebraic forms for the Tetragrammaton and other divine names should be preserved in translating both Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. They have done this by transliteration or the use of Hebrew letters in the text. Some even use Paleo-Hebrew letters to write these names, such as The Besorah.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> While the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a> does not explicitly mention the tetragrammaton, it appears to be well-aware of the name reflecting knowledge of its meaning, paralleling interpretations from early rabbinic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-173">[166]</a> The absence of the tetragrammaton may point to the Qur’an’s oral transmission, especially since it sometimes replaces the tetragrammaton with "Lord" when it re-articulates passages in the Hebrew Bible that contain the tetragrammaton. Thus, the Qur'an appears to also avoid the vocalization of the tetragrammaton no differently than the Jewish communities with whom it was in conversation during Late Antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-173">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_art">Usage in art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Usage in art">edit</a>]</div> Since the 16th century, artists have been using the tetragrammaton as a symbol for God,<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> or for divine illumination.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> Protestant artists avoided to allegorize God in human form, but rather wrote the Hebrew name of God. This was done in book illustrations since 1530, then on coins and medals as well.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> Since the 17th century, both Protestant and Catholic artists have used the tetragrammaton in church decoration, on top of altars, or in center of frescos, often in rays of light or in a triangle.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (the common <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word for <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqattaʿat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_God_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of God in the New Testament">Names and titles of God in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tetragrammatons_in_art_in_Austria" title="List of Tetragrammatons in art in Austria">List of Tetragrammatons in art in Austria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtɛtrəˈɡræmətɒn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TET-rə-GRAM-ə-ton</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τετραγράμματον">τετραγράμματον</a> '[consisting of] four letters'. Also known as the Tetragram. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The form Yahweh is also dominant in Christianity, but is not used in Islam or Judaism. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> masora parva (small) or masora marginalis: notes to the Masoretic Text, written in the margins of the left, right and between the columns and the comments on the top and bottom margins to masora magna (large). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> C. D. Ginsburg in The Massorah. Compiled from manuscripts, London 1880, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MassorahMassorethMassoretic/01.p1.MassoraCompMSS.ALA..Alef.Yod.Ginsburg.1880.#page/n29/mode/2up">vol I, p. 25, 26, § 115</a> lists the 134 places where this practice is observed, and likewise in 8 places where the received text has Elohim (C. D. Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible, London 1897, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/introductionofma00ginsuoft#page/368/mode/2up">s. 368, 369</a>). These places are listed in: C.D. Ginsburg, The Massorah. Compiled from manuscripts, vol I, p. 26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MassorahMassorethMassoretic/01.p1.MassoraCompMSS.ALA..Alef.Yod.Ginsburg.1880.#page/n29/mode/2up">§ 116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> These are Est 1:20; 5:4, 13 and 7:7. The same acrostic has been seen in Exodus 3:14 and in the first four words of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_96" title="Psalm 96">Psalm 96</a>:11 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%2096:11&version=WLC">"Bible Gateway passage: 96:11 תהילים – The Westminster Leningrad Codex"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220014751/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%2096:11&version=WLC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+96%3A11+%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+The+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DPsalm%252096%3A11%26version%3DWLC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> In some manuscripts the Tetragrammaton was replaced by the word ’El or ’Elohim written in Paleo-Hebrew script, they are: 1QpMic (1Q14) 12 3; 1QMyst (1Q27) II 11; 1QHa I (Suk. = Puech IX) 26; II (X) 34; VII (XV) 5; XV (VII) 25; 1QHb (1Q35) 1 5; 3QUnclassified fragments (3Q14) 18 2; 4QpPsb (4Q173) 5 4; 4QAges of Creation A (4Q180) 1 1; 4QMidrEschate?(4Q183) 2 1; 3 1; fr. 1 kol. II 3; 4QSd (4Q258) IX 8; 4QDb (4Q267) fr. 9 kol. i 2; kol. iv 4; kol. v 4; 4QDc (4Q268) 1 9; 4QComposition Concerning Divine Providence (4Q413) fr. 1–2 2, 4; 6QD (6Q15) 3 5; 6QpapHymn (6Q18) 6 5; 8 5; 10 3. W 4QShirShabbg (4Q406) 1 2; 3 2 występuje ’Elohim. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> For example, in the common utterance and praise, "Barukh Hashem" (Blessed [i.e. the source of all] is Hashem), or "Hashem yishmor" (God protect [us]) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The word "tetragrammaton" originates from tetra "four" + γράμμα gramma (gen. grammatos) "letter" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=tetragrammaton">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012141410/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=tetragrammaton">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dtetragrammaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kitz, Anne Marie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716">"The Verb *yahway"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 138 (1): 39–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699%2Fjbl.1381.2019.508716">10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Verb+%2Ayahway&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-62&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1381.2019.508716&rft.aulast=Kitz&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1381.2019.508716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotterweckRinggren1986" class="citation book cs1">Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer, eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcAkKMECPKIC&pg=PA500">Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament</a>. Vol. 5. Translated by Green, David E. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2329-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2329-7"><bdi>0-8028-2329-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023945/https://books.google.com/books?id=pcAkKMECPKIC&pg=PA500">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8028-2329-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpcAkKMECPKIC%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TEOC-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TEOC_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TEOC_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TEOC_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_William_BromileyErwin_FahlbuschJan_Milic_LochmanJohn_Mbiti2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_William_Bromiley" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey William Bromiley">Geoffrey William Bromiley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Fahlbusch" title="Erwin Fahlbusch">Erwin Fahlbusch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jan_Milic_Lochman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Milic Lochman">Jan Milic Lochman</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Mbiti" title="John Mbiti">John Mbiti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Jaroslav Pelikan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lukas_Vischer_(theologian)" title="Lukas Vischer (theologian)">Lukas Vischer</a>, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PA823">"Yahweh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopedia of Christianity">The Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>. Vol. 5. Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 823–824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14596-2"><bdi>978-90-04-14596-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806142021/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahweh&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=823-824&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+%3B+Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14596-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC%26pg%3DPA823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentin2015-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valentin2015_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valentin2015_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentin2015" class="citation book cs1">Valentin, Benjamin (2015). Theological Cartographies: Mapping the Encounter with God, Humanity, and Christ. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-553-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-553-8"><bdi>978-1-61164-553-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Cartographies%3A+Mapping+the+Encounter+with+God%2C+Humanity%2C+and+Christ&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-553-8&rft.aulast=Valentin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#14">Exodus 3:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Translation notes for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1961">"Genesis Chapter 1 (KJV)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis+Chapter+1+%28KJV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_1907-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_1907_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_1907_10-1">b</a> It thus probably means "he causes to be, to become, etc." It has הוה (h-w-h) as a variant form, The New <a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a>-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic by Frances Brown, with the cooperation of S. R. Driver and Charles Briggs (1907), p. 217ff (entry יהוה listed under root הוה). </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishEncycloName-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncycloName_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncycloName_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11305-names-of-god">"Names Of God"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114234306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11305-names-of-god">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+Of+God&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11305-names-of-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1957" class="citation book cs1">Albright, William Foxwell (1957). From the Stone Age to Christianity: Monotheism and the Historical Process. New York: Doubleday. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592443390" title="Special:BookSources/9781592443390"><bdi>9781592443390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Stone+Age+to+Christianity%3A+Monotheism+and+the+Historical+Process&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9781592443390&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=William+Foxwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3068.htm">"NAS Exhaustive Concordance: 3068. Yhvh"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAS+Exhaustive+Concordance%3A+3068.+Yhvh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F3068.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Theodore J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-erqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007254-4"><bdi>978-0-19-007254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Character+of+God%3A+Ancient+Israelite+Religion+through+the+Lens+of+Divinity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-007254-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-erqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotterweckRinggren1979" class="citation book cs1">Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer, eds. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBUH0Znxbb8C&pg=PA112">Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 3</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2327-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2327-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224231656/https://books.google.com/books?id=lBUH0Znxbb8C&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2327-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBUH0Znxbb8C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Samuelson, Norbert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrW3du_y0gEC&pg=PA42">Jewish Philosophy: An Historical Introduction</a>. A&C Black. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9244-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-9244-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130122/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrW3du_y0gEC&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Philosophy%3A+An+Historical+Introduction&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9244-9&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrW3du_y0gEC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2018" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S75SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240">The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393292503" title="Special:BookSources/9780393292503"><bdi>9780393292503</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124023144/https://books.google.com/books?id=S75SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780393292503&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS75SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReno2010" class="citation book cs1">Reno, R. R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLRzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Genesis</a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587430916" title="Special:BookSources/9781587430916"><bdi>9781587430916</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215137/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLRzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781587430916&rft.aulast=Reno&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLRzBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReno2010" class="citation book cs1">Reno, R. R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLRzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Genesis</a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587430916" title="Special:BookSources/9781587430916"><bdi>9781587430916</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215137/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLRzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781587430916&rft.aulast=Reno&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLRzBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jouon-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Jouon_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoüonMuraoka1996" class="citation book cs1">Joüon, Paul; Muraoka, Takamitsu (1996). A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (Subsidia Biblica) - Part One: Orthography and Phonetics. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876535956" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876535956"><bdi>978-8876535956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Biblical+Hebrew+%28Subsidia+Biblica%29+-+Part+One%3A+Orthography+and+Phonetics&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Editrice+Pontificio+Istituto+Biblio&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-8876535956&rft.aulast=Jo%C3%BCon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Muraoka%2C+Takamitsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1872" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YHeIOJGP4C&pg=PA1239">Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Vol. 2. p. 1239. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124023143/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YHeIOJGP4C&pg=PA1239">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=1239&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5YHeIOJGP4C%26pg%3DPA1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Arnold, Mark P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3787/">Revealing the Name: An Investigation of the Divine Character through a Conversation Analysis of the Dialogues between God and Moses in the Book of Exodus</a> (PhD thesis). Gloucestershire: University of Gloucestershire. p. 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130061443/http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3787/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020. 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Harvard University Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674504974" title="Special:BookSources/9780674504974"><bdi>9780674504974</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812162610/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z59XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020. 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Netherlands: Brill. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004354876" title="Special:BookSources/9789004354876"><bdi>9789004354876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysterious+Name+of+YHWH&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004354876&rft.aulast=Reisel&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2000" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=i+am">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+Am+Who+I+Am&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26q%3Di%2Bam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199719-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross199719_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1997">Cross 1997</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyatt1967" class="citation journal cs1">Hyatt, J. Philip (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262791">"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (4): 369–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262791">10.2307/3262791</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262791">3262791</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Was+Yahweh+Originally+a+Creator+Deity%3F&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-377&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262791%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hyatt&rft.aufirst=J.+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson2019" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-32312-7_2">Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought</a>. Chamden: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-32312-7_2">10.1007/978-3-030-32312-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32312-7"><bdi>978-3-030-32312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+YHWH%3A+The+Name+of+God+in+Biblical%2C+Rabbinic%2C+and+Medieval+Jewish+Thought&rft.place=Chamden&rft.pages=25-65&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-32312-7_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-32312-7&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-32312-7_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeland-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reeland_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeland_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeland1707" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Reland" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian Reland">Reeland, Adrian</a> (1707). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDqyxbtzTIsC">Decas exercitationum philologicarum de vera pronuntiatione nominis Jehova, quarum quinque priores lectionem Jehova impugnant, posteriores tuentur. 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Vol. 2. pp. 575–577. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102222202/https://books.google.com/books?id=LewNAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKoGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA214">the original</a> on 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Old+Covenant&rft.pages=214&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Johann+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPKoGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesenius1844" class="citation book cs1">Gesenius, Wilhelm (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130123/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxCBQLh9-9kC">A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament: Including the Biblical Chaldee</a>. Crocker and Brewster. p. 389. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxCBQLh9-9kC">the original</a> on 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hebrew+and+English+Lexicon+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Including+the+Biblical+Chaldee&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Crocker+and+Brewster&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Gesenius&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxCBQLh9-9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2020" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Daniel E. (2020). Yahweh before Israel. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne; New Delhi; Singapore: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83507-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83507-7"><bdi>978-1-108-83507-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+before+Israel&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York%3B+Melbourne%3B+New+Delhi%3B+Singapore&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83507-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA3">Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</a>. Eerdmans. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812162715/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195139372" title="Special:BookSources/9780195139372"><bdi>9780195139372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130123/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199881178" title="Special:BookSources/9780199881178"><bdi>9780199881178</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130124/https://books.google.com/books?id=6YWEAR1lNEwC&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. 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Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 7 (2): 113–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921207783876422">10.1163/156921207783876422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=The+First+Documented+Occurrence+%5Bsic%5D+of+the+God+Yahweh%3F+%28Book+of+the+Dead+Princeton+%22Roll+5%22%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-120&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921207783876422&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemaire-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lemaire_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemaire_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemaire1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">Lemaire, André</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331134523/http://www.cojs.org/pdf/house_of_david.pdf">""House of David" Restored in Moabite Inscription"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>. 20 (3). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Society" title="Biblical Archaeology Society">Biblical Archaeology Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-9444">0098-9444</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cojs.org/pdf/house_of_david.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=%22House+of+David%22+Restored+in+Moabite+Inscription&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0098-9444&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cojs.org%2Fpdf%2Fhouse_of_david.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonanno1986" class="citation book cs1">Bonanno, Anthony (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuKfXsvfr2YC">Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985</a>. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9060322886" title="Special:BookSources/9060322886"><bdi>9060322886</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118214135/https://books.google.com/books?id=uuKfXsvfr2YC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Fertility+Cult+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+First+International+Conference+on+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%2C+University+of+Malta%2C+2-5+September+1985&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9060322886&rft.aulast=Bonanno&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuKfXsvfr2YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeelUehlinger1998" class="citation book cs1">Keel, Othmar; Uehlinger, Christoph (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjYAWXO-jdAC">Gods, Goddesses, And Images of God</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567085917" title="Special:BookSources/9780567085917"><bdi>9780567085917</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615143655/https://books.google.com/books?id=NjYAWXO-jdAC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+And+Images+of+God&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780567085917&rft.aulast=Keel&rft.aufirst=Othmar&rft.au=Uehlinger%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNjYAWXO-jdAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecking2001" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC">Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841271996" title="Special:BookSources/9781841271996"><bdi>9781841271996</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421123929/https://books.google.com/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Only+One+God%3F%3A+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Veneration+of+the+Goddess+Asherah&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781841271996&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz72KmReV-bIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199761-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross199761_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1997">Cross 1997</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenberger2003" class="citation book cs1">Lindenberger, James M. (2003). Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters (2nd ed.). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 110, 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Aramaic+and+Hebrew+Letters&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pages=110%2C+111&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lindenberger&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight,2011-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight,2011_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight,2011_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight,2011_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightLevine2011" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas A.; Levine, Amy-Jill (2011). The Meaning of the Bible: What the Jewish Scriptures and Christian Old Testament Can Teach Us (1st ed.). New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062098597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062098597"><bdi>978-0062098597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Bible%3A+What+the+Jewish+Scriptures+and+Christian+Old+Testament+Can+Teach+Us&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0062098597&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Amy-Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1963" class="citation journal cs1">Naveh, Joseph (1963). "Old Hebrew Inscriptions in a Burial Cave". 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Eerdmans. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802823297" title="Special:BookSources/0802823297"><bdi>0802823297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=YHWH&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0802823297&rft.au=D.+N.+Freedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troyer-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Troyer_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troyer_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troyer_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troyer_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troyer_51-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Troyer2005" class="citation journal cs1">De Troyer, Kristin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lectio.unibe.ch/05_2/troyer_names_of_god.htm">"The Names of God. Their Pronunciation and Their Translation: A Digital Tour of Some of the Main Witnesses"</a>. Lectio Difficilior: European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis (2). Theological Facility of Bern University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1661-3317">1661-3317</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174649029">174649029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711150129/http://www.lectio.unibe.ch/05_2/troyer_names_of_god.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lectio+Difficilior%3A+European+Electronic+Journal+for+Feminist+Exegesis&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+God.+Their+Pronunciation+and+Their+Translation%3A+A+Digital+Tour+of+Some+of+the+Main+Witnesses&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174649029&rft.issn=1661-3317&rft.aulast=De+Troyer&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lectio.unibe.ch%2F05_2%2Ftroyer_names_of_god.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecchioSchadé2006" class="citation book cs1">Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC&pg=PP463">Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Amsterdam: Foreign Media Group. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7"><bdi>978-1-60136-000-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125211518/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRkfKdho-5cC&pg=PP463">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Foreign+Media+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60136-000-7&rft.aulast=Becchio&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Schad%C3%A9%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRkfKdho-5cC%26pg%3DPP463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigne1860" class="citation book cs1">Migne, Jacques-Paul (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AxkRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5">Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca</a>. Vol. 80. pp. col. 244. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813165857/https://books.google.com/books?id=AxkRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrologiae+cursus+completus%2C+series+graeca&rft.pages=col.+244&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Migne&rft.aufirst=Jacques-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAxkRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2008" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Walter Woodburn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813165229/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_VLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=yabe+yave+aia&source=bl&ots=uHswxUAFXM&sig=ACfU3U0VZSYVc9sVakBdFaFRdHfAju_l-A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg-uX1stnnAhX6VBUIHToIDPoQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=yabe%20yave%20aia&f=false">Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire</a>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-349-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-349-9"><bdi>978-1-60608-349-9</bdi></a>. 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Lulu.com. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4452-7220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4452-7220-7"><bdi>978-1-4452-7220-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130124/https://books.google.com/books?id=k9JEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. 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Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judges+16%3A28+in+the+Unicode%2FXML+Leningrad+Codex&rft.pub=Tanach.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanach.us%2FTanach.xml%3FJudg16%3A28-16%3A28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml?Gen15:2-15:2">"Genesis 15:2 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"</a>. Tanach.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914044005/http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml?Gen15:2-15:2">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis+15%3A2+in+the+Unicode%2FXML+Leningrad+Codex&rft.pub=Tanach.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanach.us%2FTanach.xml%3FGen15%3A2-15%3A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml?1Kings2:26-2:26">"1 Kings 2:26 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"</a>. Tanach.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914025158/http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml?1Kings2:26-2:26">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Kings+2%3A26+in+the+Unicode%2FXML+Leningrad+Codex&rft.pub=Tanach.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanach.us%2FTanach.xml%3F1Kings2%3A26-2%3A26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml?Ezek24:24-24:24">"Ezekiel 24:24 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"</a>. Tanach.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914023318/http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml?Ezek24:24-24:24">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ezekiel+24%3A24+in+the+Unicode%2FXML+Leningrad+Codex&rft.pub=Tanach.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanach.us%2FTanach.xml%3FEzek24%3A24-24%3A24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine: The life of an ancient Jewish military colony, 1968, University of California Press, pp. 105, 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Stern M., Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism (1974–84) 1:172; Schafer P., Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World (1997) 232; Cowley A., Aramaic Papyri of the 5th century (1923); Kraeling E.G., The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the 5th century BCE from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine (1953) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Sufficient examination of the subject is available at Sean McDonough's YHWH at Patmos (1999), pp 116 to 122 and George van Kooten's The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses (2006), pp 114, 115, 126–136. It is worth mentioning a fundamental, though aged, source about the subject: Adolf Deissmann's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblestudiescont00deisrich">Bible studies: Contributions chiefly from papyri and inscriptions to the history of the language, the literature, and the religion of Hellenistic Judaism and primitive Christianity</a> (1909), at chapter "Greek transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton". </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Translated by: P. Muchowski, Rękopisy znad Morza Martwego. Qumran – Wadi Murabba‘at – Masada, Kraków 1996, pp. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tov-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_85-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTov2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Tov, Emanuel</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqWODwAAQBAJ">Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1434-6"><bdi>978-90-474-1434-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816023341/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqWODwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribal+Practices+and+Approaches+Reflected+in+the+Texts+Found+in+the+Judean+Desert&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1434-6&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqWODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> A complete list: A. Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa), serie Discoveries of the Judaean Desert of Jordan IV, pp. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuraoka2010" class="citation book cs1">Muraoka, Takamitsu (2010). A Greek-Hebrew/Aramaic Two-way Index to the Septuagint. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 56, 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042923560" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042923560"><bdi>978-9042923560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-Hebrew%2FAramaic+Two-way+Index+to+the+Septuagint&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=56%2C+72&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9042923560&rft.aulast=Muraoka&rft.aufirst=Takamitsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchRedpath1975" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Edwin; Redpath, Henry A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HatchRedpath2">A Concordance to the Septuagint: And the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books)</a>. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 630–648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concordance+to+the+Septuagint%3A+And+the+Other+Greek+Versions+of+the+Old+Testament+%28Including+the+Apocryphal+Books%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=630-648&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Redpath%2C+Henry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHatchRedpath2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> H. Bietenhard, "Lord", in the New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, C. Brown (gen. ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1986, Vol. 2, p. 512, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0310256208" title="Special:BookSources/0310256208">0310256208</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1981" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce Manning (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35H7PQDQ1oC&pg=PA33">Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195365320" title="Special:BookSources/9780195365320"><bdi>9780195365320</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130124/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35H7PQDQ1oC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts+of+the+Greek+Bible%3A+An+Introduction+to+Palaeography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780195365320&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ35H7PQDQ1oC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebertCoxGentry2001" class="citation book cs1">Hiebert, Robert J.V.; Cox, Claude E.; Gentry, Peter J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TWIZaRpnn0C&pg=PA125">The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honour of Albert Pietersma</a>. London: Bloomsbury. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37628-2"><bdi>978-0-567-37628-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073734/https://books.google.com/books?id=1TWIZaRpnn0C&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Greek+Psalter%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Albert+Pietersma&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-37628-2&rft.aulast=Hiebert&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.V.&rft.au=Cox%2C+Claude+E.&rft.au=Gentry%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TWIZaRpnn0C%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietersma198490-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietersma198490_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietersma198490_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietersma1984">Pietersma 1984</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rösel-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rösel_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rösel_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rösel_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRösel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rösel, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309089207080558">"The Reading and Translation of the Divine Name in the Masoretic Tradition and the Greek Pentateuch"</a>. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 31 (4): 425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309089207080558">10.1177/0309089207080558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-0892">0309-0892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170886081">170886081</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227225920/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309089207080558">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Reading+and+Translation+of+the+Divine+Name+in+the+Masoretic+Tradition+and+the+Greek+Pentateuch&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170886081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0309-0892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309089207080558&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0309089207080558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins" class="citation web cs1">Perkins, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ioscs/journal/volumes/bioscs41.pdf">""ΚΥΡΙΟΣ – Articulation and Non-articulation in Greek Exodus" in Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, volume 41 (2008), p. 23"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802095052/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ioscs/journal/volumes/bioscs41.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%CE%9A%CE%A5%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%9F%CE%A3+%E2%80%93+Articulation+and+Non-articulation+in+Greek+Exodus%22+in+Bulletin+of+the+International+Organization+for+Septuagint+and+Cognate+Studies%2C+volume+41+%282008%29%2C+p.+23&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fioscs%2Fjournal%2Fvolumes%2Fbioscs41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbseminary.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Perkins_KURIOS2_BIOSCS_February_2008.pdf">"Larry Perkins, "ΚΥΡΙΟΣ – Proper Name or Title in Greek Exodus", p. 6"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129223009/https://nbseminary.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Perkins_KURIOS2_BIOSCS_February_2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larry+Perkins%2C+%22%CE%9A%CE%A5%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%9F%CE%A3+%E2%80%93+Proper+Name+or+Title+in+Greek+Exodus%22%2C+p.+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbseminary.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2FPerkins_KURIOS2_BIOSCS_February_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkehan1957" class="citation journal cs1">Skehan, Patrick W. (1957). "The Qumran Manuscripts and Textual Criticism". Vetus Testamentum (supp. 4). Leiden: Brill: 148–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02327-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02327-7"><bdi>978-90-04-02327-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Qumran+Manuscripts+and+Textual+Criticism&rft.issue=supp.+4&rft.pages=148-160&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02327-7&rft.aulast=Skehan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988">, reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossṬalmōn1975" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Moore; Ṭalmōn, Šěmaryahū (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAre1FPqZ5IC&pg=PA221">Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text</a>. Cambrdige: Harvard University Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74362-5"><bdi>978-0-674-74362-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811171315/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAre1FPqZ5IC&pg=PA221">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qumran+and+the+History+of+the+Biblical+Text&rft.place=Cambrdige&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74362-5&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft.au=%E1%B9%ACalm%C5%8Dn%2C+%C5%A0%C4%9Bmaryah%C5%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAre1FPqZ5IC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHS-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JHS_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JHS_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JHS_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JHS_97-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/reviews/reviews_new/review763.htm">"The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of Ιαω"</a>. www.jhsonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155148/http://www.jhsonline.org/reviews/reviews_new/review763.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jhsonline.org&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Non-Mystical+Jewish+Use+of+%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%89&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2Freviews%2Freviews_new%2Freview763.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlz.com/artikel/19214/?inhalt=heft%3D2016%23r548">ThLZ – 2016 Nr. 11 / Shaw, Frank / The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of IAO. / Bob Becking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202162933/http://www.thlz.com/artikel/19214/?inhalt=heft%3D2016%23r548">Archived</a> 2018-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Theologische Literaturzeitung, 241 (2016), pp. 1203–1205. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunia2011" class="citation book cs1">Runia, D. T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrhbwyQawYQC&pg=PA229">Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1997-2006</a>. Brill. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004210806" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004210806"><bdi>978-9004210806</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130126/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrhbwyQawYQC&pg=PA229">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philo+of+Alexandria%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+1997-2006&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004210806&rft.aulast=Runia&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrhbwyQawYQC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=401999">David T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1997–2006 (BRILL 2012), pp. 229–230</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719161844/http://oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=401999">Archived</a> 2018-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1996" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Mogens (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4CtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">"The First Bible of the Church: A Plea for the Septuagint"</a>. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 1 (206). A&C Black: 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075571-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075571-5"><bdi>978-1-85075571-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130124/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4CtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=The+First+Bible+of+the+Church%3A+A+Plea+for+the+Septuagint&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=206&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85075571-5&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Mogens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4CtAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentiuc2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_J._Pentiuc" title="Eugen J. Pentiuc">Pentiuc, Eugen J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNZBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">"The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition"</a>. Septuagint Manuscripts and Printed Editions. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> USA. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19533123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19533123-3"><bdi>978-0-19533123-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130125/https://books.google.com/books?id=cNZBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+in+Eastern+Orthodox+Tradition&rft.btitle=Septuagint+Manuscripts+and+Printed+Editions&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19533123-3&rft.aulast=Pentiuc&rft.aufirst=Eugen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNZBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_M._McDonough1999" class="citation book cs1">Sean M. McDonough (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ZG4P8J1roC&pg=PA60">"2: The Use of the Name YHWH"</a>. YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Mohr Siebeck. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-31-6147055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-31-6147055-4"><bdi>978-31-6147055-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126105811/https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ZG4P8J1roC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+Use+of+the+Name+YHWH&rft.btitle=YHWH+at+Patmos%3A+Rev.+1%3A4+in+Its+Hellenistic+and+Early+Jewish+Setting%2C+Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-31-6147055-4&rft.au=Sean+M.+McDonough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0ZG4P8J1roC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurthweinFischer2014" class="citation book cs1">Wurthwein, Ernst; Fischer, Alexander Achilles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T2w9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6680-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-6680-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073725/https://books.google.com/books?id=T2w9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Biblia+Hebraica&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6680-6&rft.aulast=Wurthwein&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Alexander+Achilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT2w9AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietersmaWright200746-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietersmaWright200746_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietersmaWright2007">Pietersma & Wright 2007</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God - From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1"><bdi>978-90-04-28817-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073731/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God+-+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28817-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OE-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OE_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_106-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/septuag.htm">"The Septuagint"</a>. Orthodox England (journal). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140926224517/http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/septuag.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint&rft.pub=Orthodox+England+%28journal%29&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxengland.org.uk%2Fseptuag.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Z. Aly, L. Koenen, Three Rolls of the Early Septuagint: Genesis and Deuteronomy, Bonn 1980, s. 5, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeron_PiotrkowskiGeoffrey_HermanSaskia_Doenitz2018" class="citation book cs1">Meron Piotrkowski; Geoffrey Herman; Saskia Doenitz, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-t5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">Sources and Interpretation in Ancient Judaism: Studies for Tal Ilan at Sixty</a>. BRILL. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004366985" title="Special:BookSources/9789004366985"><bdi>9789004366985</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130125/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sources_and_Interpretation_in_Ancient_Ju/U-t5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA149&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+and+Interpretation+in+Ancient+Judaism%3A+Studies+for+Tal+Ilan+at+Sixty&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004366985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-t5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Michael P. Theophilos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mst.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Theophilos-Michael-P.-Recently-Discovered-Papyri-and-Parchment-of-the-Psalter.pdf">Recently Discovered Greek Papyri and Parchment of the Psalter from the Oxford Oxyrhynchus Manuscripts: Implications for Scribal Practice and Textual Transmission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314125308/http://www.mst.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Theophilos-Michael-P.-Recently-Discovered-Papyri-and-Parchment-of-the-Psalter.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Australian Catholic University. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus2007" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Thomas J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAHcPYN34YC&pg=PA3">Ad Fontes: Original Manuscripts and Their Significance for Studying Early Christianity: Selected Essays</a>. Texts and Editions for New Testament Study. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161825" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161825"><bdi>9789004161825</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130130/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAHcPYN34YC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ad+Fontes%3A+Original+Manuscripts+and+Their+Significance+for+Studying+Early+Christianity%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Texts+and+Editions+for+New+Testament+Study&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004161825&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnAHcPYN34YC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2006" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&pg=PA214">The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828958" title="Special:BookSources/9780802828958"><bdi>9780802828958</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130132/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Christian+Artifacts%3A+Manuscripts+and+Christian+Origins&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780802828958&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5FpP9ZxqlYC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessely1911" class="citation book cs1">Wessely, Carl (1911). Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde. Vol. XI. Leipzig: H. Hassel-Verlag. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+Palaeographie+und+Papyruskunde&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=H.+Hassel-Verlag&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wessely&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Bruce M. Metzger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35H7PQDQ1oC">Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812193007/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35H7PQDQ1oC">Archived</a> 2020-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press; 17 September 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536532-0">978-0-19-536532-0</a>. pp. 94–95 (commentary on p. 94, image of a page from the manuscript on p. 95), cited also on p. 35 fn. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEerdmans19481–29-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEerdmans19481–29_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEerdmans1948">Eerdmans 1948</a>, pp. 1–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas1910-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas1910_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaas1910">Maas 1910</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> "Among the Jews Moses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao (Gr. Ιαώ)." (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica I, 94:2) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Irenaeus, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Against Heresies</a>", II, xxxv, 3, in P. G., VII, col. 840. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Irenaeus, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Against Heresies</a>", I, iv, 1, in P.G., VII, col. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Stromata v,6,34; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Wilhelm_Dindorf1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, ed. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operacle03clem/page/26/mode/2up">Clementis Alexandrini Opera</a> (in Greek). Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 27. <q>ἀτὰρ καὶ τὸ τετράγραμμον ὄνομα τὸ μυστικόν, ὃ περιέκειντο οἷς μόνοις τὸ ἄδυτον βάσιμον ἦν· λέγεται δὲ Ἰαοὺ [also ἰαοῦε; ἰὰ οὐὲ]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clementis+Alexandrini+Opera&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperacle03clem%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Origen, "In Joh.", II, 1, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfsUAAAAQAAJ">P.G., XIV, col. 105</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116055601/https://books.google.com/books?id=gfsUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb">Archived</a> 2017-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, where a footnote says that the last part of the name of Jeremiah refers to what the Samaritans expressed as Ἰαβαί, Eusebius as Ἰευώ, Theodoretus as Ἀϊά and the ancient Greeks as Ἰαώ. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praeparatio_evangelica" title="Praeparatio evangelica">Praeparatio evangelica</a> I, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 72 A; and also ibid. X, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 808 B. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Epiphanius, <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a>, I, iii, 40, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs30hopfgoog">P.G., XLI, col. 685</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Jerome, "Ep. xxv ad Marcell.", in P. L., XXII, col. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> "the word Nethinim means in Hebrew 'gift of Iao', that is of the God who is" (Theodoret, "Quaest. in I Paral.", cap. ix, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs143unkngoog">P. G., LXXX, col. 805 C</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Theodoret, "Ex. quaest.", xv, in P. G., LXXX, col. 244 and "Haeret. Fab.", V, iii, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmDGmXJHWjsC&pg=PP8">P. G., LXXXIII, col. 460</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211013126/https://books.google.com/books?id=JmDGmXJHWjsC&pg=PP8">Archived</a> 2021-12-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> "nomen Domini apud Hebraeos quatuor litterarum est, jod, he, vau, he: quod proprie Dei vocabulum sonat: et legi potest JAHO, et Hebraei ἄῤῥητον, id est, ineffabile opinatur." ("Breviarium in Psalmos. Psalm. viii.", in P.L., XXVI, col. 838 A) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_Alttestamentliche_Wissenschaft" title="Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft">ZATW</a> (W. de Gruyter, 1936. p. 266) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Royal_MS_2_E_XIV">"British Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130212/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Royal_MS_2_E_XIV">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fmanuscripts%2FFullDisplay.aspx%3Fref%3DRoyal_MS_2_E_XIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2000" class="citation book cs1">McNamara, Martin J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mOvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">The Psalms in the Early Irish Church</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-54034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-54034-8"><bdi>978-0-567-54034-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psalms+in+the+Early+Irish+Church&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-567-54034-8&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mOvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimoine.bm-dijon.fr/pleade/ead.html?id=FR212316101_citeaux&c=FR212316101_citeaux_D11010061#!{%22content%22:%5B%22FR212316101_citeaux_D11010061%22,false,%22%22%5D}">"Manuscrits de Cîteaux"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127023837/http://patrimoine.bm-dijon.fr/pleade/ead.html?id=FR212316101_citeaux&c=FR212316101_citeaux_D11010061#!{%22content%22:%5B%22FR212316101_citeaux_D11010061%22,false,%22%22%5D}">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscrits+de+C%C3%AEteaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoine.bm-dijon.fr%2Fpleade%2Fead.html%3Fid%3DFR212316101_citeaux%26c%3DFR212316101_citeaux_D11010061%23%21%7B%2522content%2522%3A%255B%2522FR212316101_citeaux_D11010061%2522%2Cfalse%2C%2522%2522%255D%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Sebastian P. Brock <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBibleInTheSyriacTradition">The Bible in the Syriac Tradition</a> St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1988. Quote Page 17: "The Peshitta Old Testament was translated directly from the original Hebrew text, and most Biblical scholars believe that the Peshitta New Testament directly from the original Greek. The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">"deuterocanonical" books</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>" were all translated from Greek, with ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1919" class="citation journal cs1">Bloch, Joshua (1919). "The Authorship of the Peshitta". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 35 (4): 215–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F369885">10.1086/369885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-0516">1062-0516</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/528619">528619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170883669">170883669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Authorship+of+the+Peshitta&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=215-222&rft.date=1919&rft.issn=1062-0516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170883669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F528619%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F369885&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Adam Kamesar. Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198147275" title="Special:BookSources/9780198147275">9780198147275</a>. page 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Driver-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Driver_134-0">^</a> In the 7th paragraph of Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html">Sir Godfry Driver wrote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426194841/http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for [YHWH]. [...] The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouah in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles." </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbq.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/421/JBQ_421_4_Yah.pdf">"Clifford Hubert Durousseau, "Yah: A Name of God" in Jewish Bible Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1, January–March 2014"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912211542/http://jbq.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/421/JBQ_421_4_Yah.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clifford+Hubert+Durousseau%2C+%22Yah%3A+A+Name+of+God%22+in+Jewish+Bible+Quarterly%2C+Vol.+42%2C+No.+1%2C+January%E2%80%93March+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbq.jewishbible.org%2Fassets%2FUploads%2F421%2FJBQ_421_4_Yah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2000-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2000_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Miller" title="Patrick D. Miller">Miller, Patrick D.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBhY9BQ7hIQC">The Religion of Ancient Israel</a>. London: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664221454" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664221454"><bdi>978-0664221454</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501170817/https://books.google.com/books?id=JBhY9BQ7hIQC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0664221454&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBhY9BQ7hIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985), Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction (2nd ed.), Palo Alto, California: Mayfield, p. 21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible%3A+A+Reader%27s+Introduction&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+California&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Yoma; <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> Sotah, 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesFinkelsteinKatz2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (2006). The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. p. 779.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.pages=779&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=William+David&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+Louis&rft.au=Katz%2C+Steven+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988">: "The text clearly testifies that the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies." </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissSoloveitchik2005" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Saul; Soloveitchik, Joseph Dov (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmmRRNYXb7kC&pg=PA9">Insights of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4469-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-4469-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126105807/https://books.google.com/books?id=rmmRRNYXb7kC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+of+Rabbi+Joseph+B.+Soloveitchik&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4469-7&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft.au=Soloveitchik%2C+Joseph+Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmmRRNYXb7kC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozen1992" class="citation book cs1">Rozen, Minna (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt50fMlgKuMC&pg=PA67">Jewish Identity and Society in the 17th century</a>. J. C. B. Mohr. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145770-8"><bdi>978-3-16-145770-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226130217/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt50fMlgKuMC&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Identity+and+Society+in+the+17th+century&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=J.+C.+B.+Mohr&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145770-8&rft.aulast=Rozen&rft.aufirst=Minna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPt50fMlgKuMC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rambamprayer14-141"><a href="#cite_ref-rambamprayer14_141-0">^</a> "They [the Priests, when reciting the Priestly Blessing, when the Temple stood] recite [God's] name – i.e., the name yod-hei-vav-hei, as it is written. This is what is referred to as the 'explicit name' in all sources. In the country [that is, outside the Temple], it is read [using another one of God's names], א-ד-נ-י ('Adonai'), for only in the Temple is this name [of God] recited as it is written." – <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, Laws of Prayer and Priestly Blessings, 14:10 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Kiddushin 71a states, "I am not referred to as [My name] is written. My name is written yod-hei-vav-hei and it is pronounced 'Adonai'." </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidner-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seidner_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidner_143-1">b</a> Stanley S. Seidner, "HaShem: Uses through the Ages", Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, California, 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> For example, two common prayer books are titled "Tehillat Hashem" and "Avodat Hashem". Or, a person may tell a friend, "Hashem helped me to perform a great <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> today." </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See Deut. 12:2–4: "You must destroy all the sites at which the nations you are to dispossess worshiped their gods...tear down their altars...and cut down the images of their gods, obliterating their name from that site. Do not do the same thing to Hashem (YHWH) your God." </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> "Based on the Talmud (Shavuot 35a-b), Maimonides (Hilkhot Yesodei HaTorah, Chapter 6), and the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Arukh</a> (Yoreh Deah 276:9) it is prohibited to erase or obliterate the seven Hebrew names for God found in the Torah (in addition to the above, there is E-l, E-loha, Tzeva-ot, Sha-dai,...). </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformjudaism.org/practice/ask-rabbi/why-do-some-jews-write-g-d-instead-god">"Why do some Jews write "G-d" instead of "God"?"</a>. ReformJudaism.org. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209170839/https://reformjudaism.org/practice/ask-rabbi/why-do-some-jews-write-g-d-instead-god">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=Why+do+some+Jews+write+%22G-d%22+instead+of+%22God%22%3F&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformjudaism.org%2Fpractice%2Fask-rabbi%2Fwhy-do-some-jews-write-g-d-instead-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramchal31-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramchal31_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramchal31_149-1">b</a> In קל"ח פתחי חכמה by Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzato, Opening #31; English translation in book "138 Openings of Wisdom" by Rabbi Avraham Greenbaum, 2008, also viewable at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.breslev.co.il/articles/spirituality_and_faith/kabbalah_and_mysticism/the_name_of_havayah.aspx?id=10847&language=english">http://www.breslev.co.il/articles/spirituality_and_faith/kabbalah_and_mysticism/the_name_of_havayah.aspx?id=10847&language=english</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106134959/http://www.breslev.co.il/articles/spirituality_and_faith/kabbalah_and_mysticism/the_name_of_havayah.aspx?id=10847&language=english">Archived</a> 2011-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 12 March 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The Mystical Qabalah, Dion Fortune, Chapter XVIII, 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture: Volume 3 – Page 152 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a>, Catherine Hezser – 2002 " In fact, there is no proof in any other rabbinic writing that Samaritans used to pronounce the Divine Name when they took an oath. The only evidence for Sarmaritans uttering the Tetragrammaton at that ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2024" class="citation cs2">Gordon, Nehemia (6 August 2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111435732-012/html">"Yahweh and the Samaritan Pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton"</a>, Yahweh and the Samaritan Pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, De Gruyter, p. 247, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111435732-012">10.1515/9783111435732-012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-143573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-143573-2"><bdi>978-3-11-143573-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 3 November 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahweh+and+the+Samaritan+Pronunciation+of+the+Tetragrammaton&rft.atitle=Yahweh+and+the+Samaritan+Pronunciation+of+the+Tetragrammaton&rft.pages=247&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111435732-012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-143573-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Nehemia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111435732-012%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2019" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Euan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuiHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">The Annotated Luther, Volume 6: The Interpretation of Scripture</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-6043-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-6043-7"><bdi>978-1-5064-6043-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Luther%2C+Volume+6%3A+The+Interpretation+of+Scripture&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-6043-7&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuiHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/frequently-asked-questions/the-name-of-god-in-the-liturgy.cfm">"The Name of God in the Liturgy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>. 2008. <q>…pronouncing the God of Israel's proper name," known as the holy or divine tetragrammaton, written with four consonants, YHWH, in the Hebrew alphabet. In order to vocalize it, it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. "Yahweh" or "Jehovah").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Name+of+God+in+the+Liturgy&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fthe-mass%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2Fthe-name-of-god-in-the-liturgy.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewen2020" class="citation book cs1">Loewen, Jacob A. (2020). The Bible in Cross Cultural Perspective (Revised ed.). William Carey Publishing. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64508-304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64508-304-7"><bdi>978-1-64508-304-7</bdi></a>. <q>Shorter forms of Yahweh: The name Yahweh also appears in a shortened form, transliterated Jah (pronounced Yah) in the Revised Version and the American Standard Version, either in the text or footnote: "my song is Jah" (Ex 15:2); "by Jah, his name" (Ps 68:4); "I shall not see Jah in Jah's land (Is 38:11). It is common also in such often untranslated compounds as hallelujah 'praise Jah' (Ps 135:3; 146:10, 148:14), and in proper names like Elijah, 'my God is Jah,' Adonijah, 'my Lord is Jah,' Isaiah, 'Jah has saved.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Cross+Cultural+Perspective&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=William+Carey+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64508-304-7&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=Jacob+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504054157/http://www.bibliahebraica.com/the_texts/septuagint.htm">"BibliaHebraica.org, "The Septuagint""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliahebraica.com/the_texts/septuagint.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BibliaHebraica.org%2C+%22The+Septuagint%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliahebraica.com%2Fthe_texts%2Fseptuagint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holy-trinity.org/liturgics/nrsv.html">"HTC: An Orthodox Critique of Bible Translations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007083322/http://www.holy-trinity.org/liturgics/nrsv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTC%3A+An+Orthodox+Critique+of+Bible+Translations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holy-trinity.org%2Fliturgics%2Fnrsv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/liturgics/peter_archbishop_remarks_translations.htm">"orthodoxresearchinstitute.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516154211/http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/liturgics/peter_archbishop_remarks_translations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=orthodoxresearchinstitute.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org%2Farticles%2Fliturgics%2Fpeter_archbishop_remarks_translations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbarn2002" class="citation book cs1">Fairbarn, Donald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKYM6FVxYKIC&pg=PA34">Eastern Orthodoxy through Western Eyes</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-66422497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-66422497-4"><bdi>978-0-66422497-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071606/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKYM6FVxYKIC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+through+Western+Eyes&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-66422497-4&rft.aulast=Fairbarn&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKYM6FVxYKIC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentiuc2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_J._Pentiuc" title="Eugen J. Pentiuc">Pentiuc, Eugen J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNZBAgAAQBAJ">The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition</a>. Oxford University Press USA. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533123-3"><bdi>978-0-19-533123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+Eastern+Orthodox+Tradition&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533123-3&rft.aulast=Pentiuc&rft.aufirst=Eugen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNZBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2010" class="citation book cs1">McGuckin, John Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmFetR5Wqd8C">The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9254-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-9254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9254-8&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmFetR5Wqd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> "Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Iahveh (Qui est), Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." (Exodus 3:15). </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "Dominus quasi vir pugnator; Iahveh nomen eius!" (Exodus 15:3). </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> "Aedificavitque Moyses altare et vocavit nomen eius Iahveh Nissi (Dominus vexillum meum)" (Exodus 17:15). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> "Exodus 3:15: Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Dominus, Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> "Exodus 15:3: Dominus quasi vir pugnator; Dominus nomen eius!" </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> "Exodus 17:15: Aedificavitque Moyses altare et vocavit nomen eius Dominus Nissi (Dominus vexillum meum)" </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Scripture/Name_CDW.pdf">"Letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (PDF)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808142908/http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Scripture/Name_CDW.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+of+the+Congregation+for+Divine+Worship+and+the+Discipline+of+the+Sacraments+%28PDF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgyoffice.org.uk%2FResources%2FScripture%2FName_CDW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141125032003/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/cdwtetragram.pdf">"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee on Divine Worship (PDF)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/cdwtetragram.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops+Committee+on+Divine+Worship+%28PDF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCURIA%2Fcdwtetragram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfatteicher1990" class="citation book cs1">Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context. Augsburg Fortress. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0392-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-0392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Lutheran+Book+of+Worship%3A+Lutheran+Liturgy+in+Its+Ecumenical+Context&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0392-2&rft.aulast=Pfatteicher&rft.aufirst=Philip+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Unseth, Peter. 2019. "Sacred Name Bibles" p. 721, in Noss, Philip A., and Charles S. Houser, eds. A Guide to Bible Translation: People, Languages, and Topics. Maitland, FL: Xulon Press; and Swindon, UK: United Bible Societies </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Unseth, Peter. 2010. Sacred Name Bible Translations in English: A Fast-Growing Phenomenon. The Bible Translator 6.3: 185-194 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaladari2024" class="citation journal cs1">Galadari, Abdulla (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2024.2321044">"Qur'anic Understandings of the Divine Name Yhwh"</a>. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations: 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2024.2321044">10.1080/09596410.2024.2321044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6410">0959-6410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=Qur%27anic+Understandings+of+the+Divine+Name+Yhwh&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410.2024.2321044&rft.issn=0959-6410&rft.aulast=Galadari&rft.aufirst=Abdulla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09596410.2024.2321044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2009" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Bettina (2009). Barocke Sakristeien in Süddeutschland. Chicago and London: Imhof. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783865683304" title="Special:BookSources/9783865683304"><bdi>9783865683304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barocke+Sakristeien+in+S%C3%BCddeutschland&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Imhof&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783865683304&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgrove1999" class="citation book cs1">Cosgrove, Denis (1999). "Global Illumination and Enlightenment in the Geographies of Vincenzo Coronelli and Athansius Kircher". Geography and Enlightenment. Chicago, Illinois and London, England: University of Chicago Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226487210" title="Special:BookSources/0226487210"><bdi>0226487210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+Illumination+and+Enlightenment+in+the+Geographies+of+Vincenzo+Coronelli+and+Athansius+Kircher&rft.btitle=Geography+and+Enlightenment&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0226487210&rft.aulast=Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodov2017" class="citation book cs1">Rodov, Ilia (2017). "Capturing the Ineffable: the Tetragrammaton in Synagogue Art of Romanian Moldavia". The Paths of Daniel. Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber. Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652264015" title="Special:BookSources/9789652264015"><bdi>9789652264015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capturing+the+Ineffable%3A+the+Tetragrammaton+in+Synagogue+Art+of+Romanian+Moldavia&rft.btitle=The+Paths+of+Daniel.+Studies+in+Judaism+and+Jewish+Culture+in+Honor+of+Rabbi+Professor+Daniel+Sperber&rft.place=Ramat+Gan&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Bar-Ilan+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789652264015&rft.aulast=Rodov&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriegerBess1955" class="citation book cs1">Brieger, Theodore; Bess, Bernard (1955). Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte (vol. 67). Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kirchengeschichte+%28vol.+67%29&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Brieger&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Bess%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barton, John (17 May 2022). "Tetragrammaton". In Louth, Andrew (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199642465" title="Special:BookSources/9780199642465"><bdi>9780199642465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tetragrammaton&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022-05-17&rft.isbn=9780199642465&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Cross, Frank Moore</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eOycxXAoHMC">Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic</a>. London: Harvard University Press. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674091760" title="Special:BookSources/0674091760"><bdi>0674091760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819061523/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eOycxXAoHMC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myth+and+Hebrew+Epic&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0674091760&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eOycxXAoHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEerdmans1948" class="citation book cs1">Eerdmans, Bernardus D. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QNywEACAAJ">[The Name Jahu ] ; (The Name Jahu)</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115708/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QNywEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3BThe+Name+Jahu+%26%2393%3B+%3B+%28The+Name+Jahu%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Eerdmans&rft.aufirst=Bernardus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0QNywEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony John (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Jehovah">"Jehovah" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jehovah&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietersma1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pietersma" title="Albert Pietersma">Pietersma, Albert</a> (1984), "Kyrios or Tetragram: A Renewed Quest for the Original LXX", in Albert Pietersma; Claude Cox (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~pietersm/KyriosorTetragram(1984).pdf">De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on his sixty-fifth birthday</a> (PDF), Mississauga: Benben, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507013415/http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~pietersm/KyriosorTetragram(1984).pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2021, retrieved 6 August 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kyrios+or+Tetragram%3A+A+Renewed+Quest+for+the+Original+LXX&rft.btitle=De+Septuaginta%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+John+William+Wevers+on+his+sixty-fifth+birthday&rft.place=Mississauga&rft.pub=Benben&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Pietersma&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomes.chass.utoronto.ca%2F~pietersm%2FKyriosorTetragram%281984%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietersmaWright2007" class="citation book cs1">Pietersma, Albert; Wright, Benjamin G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--LQCwAAQBAJ">A New English Translation of the Septuagint</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972394-2"><bdi>978-0-19-972394-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073733/https://books.google.com/books?id=--LQCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+English+Translation+of+the+Septuagint&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972394-2&rft.aulast=Pietersma&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Wright%2C+Benjamin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--LQCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetragrammaton" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tetragrammaton" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tetragrammaton" 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href="/wiki/Chinese_names_for_the_God_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions">In Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenri-%C5%8C-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto">Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">YHWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118556703">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118556703">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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