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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineralogical_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineralogical_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mineralogical classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineralogical_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_classification_and_petrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_classification_and_petrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chemical classification and petrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_classification_and_petrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>History of classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_magmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_magmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Origin of magmas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_of_magmas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin of magmas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_magmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decompression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decompression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Decompression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decompression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_water_and_carbon_dioxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_water_and_carbon_dioxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Effects of water and carbon dioxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_water_and_carbon_dioxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_increase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_increase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Temperature increase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_increase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magma_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magma_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Magma evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magma_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Igneous rock</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollingsgesteente" title="Stollingsgesteente – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stollingsgesteente" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="صخر ناري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صخر ناري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_ignia" title="Roca ignia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roca ignia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgnea" title="Roca ígnea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roca ígnea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqmatik_s%C3%BCxurlar" title="Maqmatik süxurlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqmatik süxurlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আগ্নেয় শিলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগ্নেয় শিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-s%C3%AAng-g%C3%A2m" title="Hóe-sêng-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-sêng-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Магмалы тау тоҡомдары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Магмалы тау тоҡомдары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Магматычныя горныя пароды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магматычныя горныя пароды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Магматычныя горныя пароды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магматычныя горныя пароды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अगिनचट्टान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अगिनचट्टान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Магмени скали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магмени скали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatske_stijene" title="Magmatske stijene – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magmatske stijene" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgnia" title="Roca ígnia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roca ígnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatick%C3%A1_hornina" title="Magmatická hornina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magmatická hornina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_igneaidd" title="Craig igneaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Craig igneaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatiske_bjergarter" title="Magmatiske bjergarter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magmatiske bjergarter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatisches_Gestein" title="Magmatisches Gestein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magmatisches Gestein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardkivim" title="Tardkivim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tardkivim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Εκρηξιγενές πέτρωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκρηξιγενές πέτρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgnea" title="Roca ígnea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roca ígnea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmoroka%C4%B5o" title="Magmorokaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magmorokaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroka_igneo" title="Arroka igneo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroka igneo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سنگ آذرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ آذرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche_magmatique" title="Roche magmatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roche magmatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraig_dhoigheartha" title="Carraig dhoigheartha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carraig dhoigheartha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach_theinnteach" title="Clach theinnteach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clach theinnteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha_magm%C3%A1tica" title="Rocha magmática – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rocha magmática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1%EC%95%94" title="화성암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화성암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մագմատիկ ապարներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագմատիկ ապարներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="आग्नेय शैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आग्नेय शैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatske_stijene" title="Magmatske stijene – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magmatske stijene" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koagulo-rokaji" title="Koagulo-rokaji – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koagulo-rokaji" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan_beku" title="Batuan beku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batuan beku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkuberg" title="Storkuberg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Storkuberg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccia_magmatica" title="Roccia magmatica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roccia magmatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93" title="סלע יסוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלע יסוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu_beku" title="Watu beku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu beku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಗ್ನಿಶಿಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗ್ನಿಶಿಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მაგმური ქანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგმური ქანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Магмалық тау жыныстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магмалық тау жыныстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwamba_wa_mgando" title="Mwamba wa mgando – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwamba wa mgando" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B2ch_igne" title="Wòch igne – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wòch igne" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Магма кендери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магма кендери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxum_igneum" title="Saxum igneum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saxum igneum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatiskie_ie%C5%BEi" title="Magmatiskie ieži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magmatiskie ieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatescht_Gestengs" title="Magmatescht Gestengs – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Magmatescht Gestengs" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmin%C4%97_uoliena" title="Magminė uoliena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magminė uoliena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dujro%27i" title="dujro'i – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dujro'i" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magm%C3%A1s_k%C5%91zetek" title="Magmás kőzetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magmás kőzetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Магматска карпа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магматска карпа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="ആഗ്നേയശില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഗ്നേയശില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan_igneus" title="Batuan igneus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batuan igneus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Магмын чулуулаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Магмын чулуулаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="မီးသင့်ကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးသင့်ကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollingsgesteente" title="Stollingsgesteente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stollingsgesteente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आग्नेय चट्टान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आग्नेय चट्टान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火成岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatisk_bergart" title="Magmatisk bergart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magmatisk bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatisk_bergart" title="Magmatisk bergart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magmatisk bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ca_magmatica" title="Ròca magmatica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ròca magmatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatik_tog%CA%BB_jinslari" title="Magmatik togʻ jinslari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magmatik togʻ jinslari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਤਸ਼ੀ ਚਟਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਤਸ਼ੀ ਚਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتشی چٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آتشی چٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%90" title="انګاري ګارې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انګاري ګارې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatit" title="Magmatit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Magmatit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%82y_magmowe" title="Skały magmowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skały magmowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha_%C3%ADgnea" title="Rocha ígnea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rocha ígnea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%C4%83_magmatic%C4%83" title="Rocă magmatică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rocă magmatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Магматические горные породы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магматические горные породы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتشی چٹاناں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آتشی چٹاناں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ආග්නේය පාෂාණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආග්නේය පාෂාණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Igneous rock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyvret%C3%A1_hornina" title="Vyvretá hornina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vyvretá hornina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatska_kamnina" title="Magmatska kamnina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magmatska kamnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Магматске стене – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магматске стене" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatske_stijene" title="Magmatske stijene – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magmatske stijene" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_igneus" title="Batu igneus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batu igneus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmakivi" title="Magmakivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magmakivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="หินอัคนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินอัคนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D3%AF%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Ҷинсҳои кӯҳии магматикӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷинсҳои кӯҳии магматикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_geologic_provinces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/400px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/600px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/800px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">Geologic provinces</a> of the world (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f96; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">Shield</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f9c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Platform_(geology)" title="Platform (geology)">Platform</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9fc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orogenic_belt" title="Orogenic belt">Orogen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9cf; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Basin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#969; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">Large igneous province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Extended crust</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cde; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0–20 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#abc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 20–65 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#89a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> >65 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></div>  </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Igneous rock</b> (<i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/igneous#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:igneous">igneous</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/igneus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:igneus">igneus</a></i></i> 'fiery'), or <b>magmatic rock</b>, is one of the three main <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)#Types" title="Rock (geology)">rock types</a>, the others being <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a>. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>. </p><p>The magma can be derived from <a href="/wiki/Partial_melting" title="Partial melting">partial melts</a> of existing rocks in either a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">planet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive rocks</a> or on the surface as <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrusive (geology)">extrusive</a> rocks. Igneous rock may form with <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a> to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">natural glasses</a>. </p><p>Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayon_0021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mayon_0021.jpg/300px-Mayon_0021.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mayon_0021.jpg/450px-Mayon_0021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mayon_0021.jpg/600px-Mayon_0021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">Volcanic eruptions</a> of lava are major sources of igneous rocks. (<a href="/wiki/Mayon" title="Mayon">Mayon</a> volcano in the Philippines, erupting in 2009)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG/300px-BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG/450px-BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG/600px-BasaltColumns_PortoSanto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Natural columns of igneous rock separated from each other by <a href="/wiki/Columnar_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar joint">columnar joints</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_significance">Geological significance</h2></div> <p>Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of the Earth's crust by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface.<sup id="cite_ref-first_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> is made of igneous rock. </p><p>Igneous rocks are also geologically important because: </p> <ul><li>their <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> and global chemistry give information about the composition of the lower crust or upper mantle from which their parent magma was extracted, and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this extraction;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>their <a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">absolute ages</a> can be obtained from various forms of <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> and can be compared to adjacent geological <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>, thus permitting calibration of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">geological time scale</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009295_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009295-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstructions (see <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>);</li> <li>in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (<a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>): for example, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorites</a>, whereas ores of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> are commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200996,_387–388_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200996,_387–388-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_setting">Geological setting</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg/220px-Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg/330px-Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg/440px-Igneous_rock_eng_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Formation of igneous rock</figcaption></figure> <p>Igneous rocks can be either <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic">plutonic</a> and hypabyssal) or <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrusive (geology)">extrusive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrusive">Intrusive</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">Intrusive rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intrusion_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intrusion_types.svg/290px-Intrusion_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intrusion_types.svg/435px-Intrusion_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intrusion_types.svg/580px-Intrusion_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption> Basic types of intrusions: <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">Laccolith</a></li><li>Small <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">Batholith</a></li><li>Dike</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">Sill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic neck">Volcanic neck</a>, pipe</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lopolith" title="Lopolith">Lopolith</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Intrusive igneous rocks make up the majority of igneous rocks and are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet. Bodies of intrusive rock are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusions</a></i> and are surrounded by pre-existing rock (called <i><a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a></i>). The country rock is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal insulator">thermal insulator</a>, so the magma cools slowly, and intrusive rocks are coarse-grained (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a></i>). The mineral <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">grains</a> in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye. Intrusions can be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding (geology)">bedding</a> of the country rock into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive bodies are <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_(geology)" title="Stock (geology)">stocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">laccoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>. Common intrusive rocks are <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>. </p><p>The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks. When exposed by erosion, these cores (called <i><a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a></i>) may occupy huge areas of the Earth's surface. </p><p>Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic (or <i>abyssal</i>) rocks and are usually coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed <i><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic</a></i> or <i>hypabyssal</i> rocks and they are usually much finer-grained, often resembling volcanic rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes, sills, laccoliths, <a href="/wiki/Lopolith" title="Lopolith">lopoliths</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Phacolith" title="Phacolith">phacoliths</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrusive">Extrusive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">Extrusive rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcano_q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/220px-Volcano_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/330px-Volcano_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/440px-Volcano_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Extrusive igneous rock is made from lava released by volcanoes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_36mw1041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basalt_36mw1041.jpg/220px-Basalt_36mw1041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basalt_36mw1041.jpg/330px-Basalt_36mw1041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basalt_36mw1041.jpg/440px-Basalt_36mw1041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Sample of basalt (an extrusive igneous rock), found in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Extrusive igneous rock, also known as volcanic rock, is formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a>, rapidly solidifies. Hence such rocks are fine-grained (<a href="/wiki/Aphanitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanitic">aphanitic</a>) or even glassy. <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> is the most common extrusive igneous rock<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200952–59_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200952–59-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forms lava flows, lava sheets and lava plateaus. Some kinds of basalt solidify to form long <a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">polygonal columns</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a> in Antrim, Northern Ireland is an example. </p><p>The molten rock, which typically contains suspended crystals and dissolved gases, is called <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200919–26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200919–26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rises because it is less dense than the rock from which it was extracted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200928–35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200928–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When magma reaches the surface, it is called <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eruptions of <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">volcanoes</a> into air are termed <i><a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerial</a></i>, whereas those occurring underneath the ocean are termed <i><a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">submarine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Black_smokers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smokers">Black smokers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> basalt are examples of submarine volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009365–374_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009365–374-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volume of extrusive rock erupted annually by volcanoes varies with plate tectonic setting. Extrusive rock is produced in the following proportions:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundary</a>: 73%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a>): 15%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>: 12%.</li></ul> <p>The behaviour of lava depends upon its <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, which is determined by temperature, composition, and crystal content. High-temperature magma, most of which is basaltic in composition, behaves in a manner similar to thick oil and, as it cools, <a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">treacle</a>. Long, thin basalt flows with <a href="/wiki/Pahoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoehoe">pahoehoe</a> surfaces are common. Intermediate composition magma, such as <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, tends to form cinder cones of intermingled <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> and lava, and may have a viscosity similar to thick, cold <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> or even rubber when erupted. <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a> magma, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>, is usually erupted at low temperature and is up to 10,000 times as viscous as basalt. Volcanoes with rhyolitic magma commonly erupt explosively, and rhyolitic lava flows are typically of limited extent and have steep margins because the magma is so viscous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923–26,_59–73_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923–26,_59–73-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felsic and intermediate magmas that erupt often do so violently, with explosions driven by the release of dissolved gases—typically water vapour, but also <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Explosively erupted <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> material is called <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> and includes <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">agglomerate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrite</a>. Fine volcanic ash is also erupted and forms ash tuff deposits, which can often cover vast areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973–77_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973–77-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because volcanic rocks are mostly fine-grained or glassy, it is much more difficult to distinguish between the different types of extrusive igneous rocks than between different types of intrusive igneous rocks. Generally, the mineral constituents of fine-grained extrusive igneous rocks can only be determined by examination of <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin sections</a> of the rock under a <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">microscope</a>, so only an approximate classification can usually be made in the <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field</a>. Although classification by mineral makeup is preferred by the <a href="/wiki/IUGS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUGS">IUGS</a>, this is often impractical, and chemical classification is done instead using the <a href="/wiki/TAS_classification" title="TAS classification">TAS classification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_granite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spanish_granite.jpg/220px-Spanish_granite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spanish_granite.jpg/330px-Spanish_granite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spanish_granite.jpg/440px-Spanish_granite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> (an intrusive igneous rock)</figcaption></figure> <p>Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical composition, and the geometry of the igneous body. </p><p>The classification of the many types of igneous rocks can provide important information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history, and the mineral composition of the rock. <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">Feldspars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphiboles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a> are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called <i>accessory minerals</i>. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, but include <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a>, which contain essential <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a simplified compositional classification, igneous rock types are categorized into felsic or mafic based on the abundance of silicate minerals in the Bowen's Series. Rocks dominated by quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar and muscovite are felsic. Mafic rocks are primarily composed of biotite, hornblende, pyroxene and olivine. Generally, felsic rocks are light colored and mafic rocks are darker colored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For textural classification, igneous rocks that have crystals large enough to be seen by the naked eye are called <a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a>; those with crystals too small to be seen are called <a href="/wiki/Aphanitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanitic">aphanitic</a>. Generally speaking, phaneritic implies an intrusive origin or plutonic, indicating slow cooling; aphanitic are extrusive or volcanic, indicating rapid cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An igneous rock with larger, clearly discernible crystals embedded in a finer-grained matrix is termed <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>. Porphyritic texture develops when the larger crystals, called phenocrysts, grow to considerable size before the main mass of the magma crystallizes as finer-grained, uniform material called groundmass. Grain size in igneous rocks results from cooling time so porphyritic rocks are created when the magma has two distinct phases of cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of texture and composition. Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral grains or crystals of which the rock is composed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture">Texture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GabbroRockCreek1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/220px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/330px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/440px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> specimen showing <a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a> texture, from Rock Creek Canyon, eastern <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">Rock microstructure</a></div> <p>Texture is an important criterion for the naming of volcanic rocks. The <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">texture</a> of volcanic rocks, including the size, shape, orientation, and distribution of mineral grains and the intergrain relationships, will determine whether the rock is termed a <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> lava or a simple <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>. However, the texture is only a subordinate part of classifying volcanic rocks, as most often there needs to be chemical information gleaned from rocks with extremely fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">groundmass</a> or from airfall tuffs, which may be formed from volcanic ash.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Textural criteria are less critical in classifying intrusive rocks where the majority of minerals will be visible to the naked eye or at least using a hand lens, magnifying glass or microscope. Plutonic rocks also tend to be less texturally varied and less prone to showing distinctive structural fabrics. Textural terms can be used to differentiate different intrusive phases of large plutons, for instance <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> margins to large intrusive bodies, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> stocks and <a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>. Mineralogical classification is most often used to classify plutonic rocks. Chemical classifications are preferred to classify volcanic rocks, with phenocryst species used as a prefix, e.g. "olivine-bearing picrite" or "orthoclase-phyric rhyolite".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineralogical_classification">Mineralogical classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IUGS_Classification_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IUGS_Classification_EN.svg/400px-IUGS_Classification_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IUGS_Classification_EN.svg/600px-IUGS_Classification_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IUGS_Classification_EN.svg/800px-IUGS_Classification_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg/300px-Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg/450px-Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg/600px-Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Basic classification scheme for igneous rocks based on their mineral composition. If the approximate volume fractions of minerals in the rock are known, the rock name and silica content can be read off the diagram. This is not an exact method, because the classification of igneous rocks also depends on other components, yet in most cases it is a good first guess.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IUGS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUGS">IUGS</a> recommends classifying igneous rocks by their mineral composition whenever possible. This is straightforward for coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, but may require examination of thin sections under a microscope for fine-grained volcanic rock, and may be impossible for glassy volcanic rock. The rock must then be classified chemically.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mineralogical classification of an intrusive rock begins by determining if the rock is ultramafic, a carbonatite, or a <a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">lamprophyre</a>. An ultramafic rock contains more than 90% of iron- and magnesium-rich minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene, or olivine, and such rocks have their own classification scheme. Likewise, rocks containing more than 50% carbonate minerals are classified as carbonatites, while lamprophyres are rare ultrapotassic rocks. Both are further classified based on detailed mineralogy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_BasStreckeisen1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_BasStreckeisen1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the great majority of cases, the rock has a more typical mineral composition, with significant quartz, feldspars, or feldspathoids. Classification is based on the percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, and feldspathoid out of the total fraction of the rock composed of these minerals, ignoring all other minerals present. These percentages place the rock somewhere on the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a>, which often immediately determines the rock type. In a few cases, such as the diorite-gabbro-anorthite field, additional mineralogical criteria must be applied to determine the final classification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_BasStreckeisen1991_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_BasStreckeisen1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the mineralogy of a volcanic rock can be determined, it is classified using the same procedure, but with a modified QAPF diagram whose fields correspond to volcanic rock types.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_BasStreckeisen1991_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_BasStreckeisen1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_classification_and_petrology">Chemical classification and petrology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg/400px-Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg/600px-Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg/800px-Classification_extrusive_rocks_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Total alkali versus silica classification scheme (TAS) as proposed in Le Maitre's 2002 Igneous Rocks – A classification and glossary of terms<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue area is roughly where alkaline rocks plot; yellow area is where subalkaline rocks plot.</figcaption></figure> <p>When it is impractical to classify a volcanic rock by mineralogy, the rock must be classified chemically. </p><p>There are relatively few minerals that are important in the formation of common igneous rocks, because the magma from which the minerals crystallize is rich in only certain elements: <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, aluminium, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, iron, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. These are the elements that combine to form the <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>, which account for over ninety percent of all igneous rocks. The chemistry of igneous rocks is expressed differently for major and minor elements and for trace elements. Contents of major and minor elements are conventionally expressed as weight percent oxides (e.g., 51% SiO<sub>2</sub>, and 1.50% TiO<sub>2</sub>). Abundances of trace elements are conventionally expressed as parts per million by weight (e.g., 420 ppm Ni, and 5.1 ppm Sm). The term "trace element" is typically used for elements present in most rocks at abundances less than 100 ppm or so, but some trace elements may be present in some rocks at abundances exceeding 1,000 ppm. The diversity of rock compositions has been defined by a huge mass of analytical data—over 230,000 rock analyses can be accessed on the web through a site sponsored by the U. S. National Science Foundation (see the External Link to EarthChem).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The single most important component is silica, SiO<sub>2</sub>, whether occurring as quartz or combined with other oxides as feldspars or other minerals. Both intrusive and volcanic rocks are grouped chemically by total silica content into broad categories. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a></i> rocks have the highest content of silica, and are predominantly composed of the <i>felsic minerals</i> quartz and feldspar. These rocks (granite, rhyolite) are usually light coloured, and have a relatively low density.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate rock">Intermediate</a></i> rocks have a moderate content of silica, and are predominantly composed of feldspars. These rocks (diorite, andesite) are typically darker in colour than felsic rocks and somewhat more dense.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a></i> rocks have a relatively low silica content and are composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivines</a> and calcic <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>. These rocks (basalt, gabbro) are usually dark coloured, and have a higher density than felsic rocks.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">Ultramafic</a></i> rock is very low in silica, with more than 90% of mafic minerals (komatiite, <a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">dunite</a>).</li></ul> <p>This classification is summarized in the following table: </p> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th style="background:#ffc0c0;" colspan="4">Composition </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ffc0c0;">Mode of occurrence </th> <td style="background:#c0ffc0;">Felsic<br />(>63% SiO<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td style="background:#c0ffc0;">Intermediate<br />(52% to 63% SiO<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td style="background:#c0ffc0;">Mafic<br />(45% to 52% SiO<sub>2</sub>) </td> <td style="background:#c0ffc0;">Ultramafic<br />(<45% SiO<sub>2</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c0ffc0;">Intrusive </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c0ffc0;">Extrusive </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The percentage of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal oxide">alkali metal oxides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K<sub>2</sub>O</a>) is second only to silica in its importance for chemically classifying volcanic rock. The silica and alkali metal oxide percentages are used to place volcanic rock on the <a href="/wiki/TAS_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="TAS diagram">TAS diagram</a>, which is sufficient to immediately classify most volcanic rocks. Rocks in some fields, such as the trachyandesite field, are further classified by the ratio of potassium to sodium (so that potassic trachyandesites are latites and sodic trachyandesites are benmoreites). Some of the more mafic fields are further subdivided or defined by <a href="/wiki/Normative_mineralogy" title="Normative mineralogy">normative mineralogy</a>, in which an idealized mineral composition is calculated for the rock based on its chemical composition. For example, <a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">basanite</a> is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">tephrite</a> by having a high normative olivine content. </p><p>Other refinements to the basic TAS classification include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultrapotassic_igneous_rocks" title="Ultrapotassic igneous rocks">Ultrapotassic</a> – rocks containing molar K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O >3.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peralkaline_rock" title="Peralkaline rock">Peralkaline</a> – rocks containing molar (K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O)/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> >1.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraluminous_rock" title="Peraluminous rock">Peraluminous</a> – rocks containing molar (K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O + CaO)/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <1.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In older terminology, silica oversaturated rocks were called <i><a href="/wiki/Silicic" title="Silicic">silicic</a></i> or <i>acidic</i> where the SiO<sub>2</sub> was greater than 66% and the family term <i>quartzolite</i> was applied to the most silicic. A normative <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoid</a> classifies a rock as silica-undersaturated; an example is <a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">nephelinite</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFM_diagram_-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AFM_diagram_-.svg/220px-AFM_diagram_-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AFM_diagram_-.svg/330px-AFM_diagram_-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AFM_diagram_-.svg/440px-AFM_diagram_-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>AFM <a href="/wiki/Ternary_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternary diagram">ternary diagram</a> showing the relative proportions of Na<sub>2</sub>O + K<sub>2</sub>O (A for <a href="/wiki/Alkali_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali earth metals">Alkali earth metals</a>), FeO + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (F), and MgO (M) with arrows showing the path of chemical variation in tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series magmas</figcaption></figure> <p>Magmas are further divided into three series: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series" title="Tholeiitic magma series">tholeiitic</a></i> series – <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesites</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline_magma_series" title="Calc-alkaline magma series">calc-alkaline</a> series – andesites.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_magma_series" title="Alkaline magma series">alkaline</a> series – subgroups of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline basalt">alkaline basalts</a> and the rare, very high potassium-bearing (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">shoshonitic</a>) lavas.</li></ul> <p>The alkaline series is distinguishable from the other two on the TAS diagram, being higher in total alkali oxides for a given silica content, but the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series occupy approximately the same part of the TAS diagram. They are distinguished by comparing total alkali with iron and magnesium content.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009143–146_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009143–146-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These three magma series occur in a range of plate tectonic settings. Tholeiitic magma series rocks are found, for example, at mid-ocean ridges, <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basins</a>, oceanic islands formed by hotspots, island arcs and continental <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All three series are found in relatively close proximity to each other at subduction zones where their distribution is related to depth and the age of the subduction zone. The tholeiitic magma series is well represented above young subduction zones formed by magma from relatively shallow depth. The calc-alkaline and alkaline series are seen in mature subduction zones, and are related to magma of greater depths. Andesite and basaltic andesite are the most abundant volcanic rock in island arc which is indicative of the calc-alkaline magmas. Some <a href="/wiki/Island_arcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island arcs">island arcs</a> have distributed volcanic series as can be seen in the Japanese island arc system where the volcanic rocks change from tholeiite—calc-alkaline—alkaline with increasing distance from the trench.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h3></div> <p>Some igneous rock names date to before the modern era of geology. For example, <i>basalt</i> as a description of a particular composition of lava-derived rock dates to <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> in 1546 in his work <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium" title="De Natura Fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>granite</i> goes back at least to the 1640s and is derived either from French <i>granit</i> or Italian <i>granito</i>, meaning simply "granulate rock".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>rhyolite</i> was introduced in 1860 by the German traveler and geologist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Richthofen" title="Ferdinand von Richthofen">Ferdinand von Richthofen</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MindMagma_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindMagma-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naming of new rock types accelerated in the 19th century and peaked in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-lebas-etal-2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lebas-etal-2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the early classification of igneous rocks was based on the geological age and occurrence of the rocks. However, in 1902, the American petrologists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Whitman_Cross" title="Charles Whitman Cross">Charles Whitman Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Iddings" title="Joseph P. Iddings">Joseph P. Iddings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_V._Pirsson" title="Louis V. Pirsson">Louis V. Pirsson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Washington" title="Henry Stephens Washington">Henry Stephens Washington</a> proposed that all existing classifications of igneous rocks should be discarded and replaced by a "quantitative" classification based on chemical analysis. They showed how vague, and often unscientific, much of the existing terminology was and argued that as the chemical composition of an igneous rock was its most fundamental characteristic, it should be elevated to prime position.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cipw_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cipw-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geological occurrence, structure, mineralogical constitution—the hitherto accepted criteria for the discrimination of rock species—were relegated to the background. The completed rock analysis is first to be interpreted in terms of the rock-forming minerals which might be expected to be formed when the magma crystallizes, e.g., quartz feldspars, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, akermannite, <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">Feldspathoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, and so on, and the rocks are divided into groups strictly according to the relative proportion of these minerals to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new classification scheme created a sensation, but was criticized for its lack of utility in fieldwork, and the classification scheme was abandoned by the 1960s. However, the concept of normative mineralogy has endured, and the work of Cross and his coinvestigators inspired a flurry of new classification schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these was the classification scheme of M.A. Peacock, which divided igneous rocks into four series: the alkalic, the alkali-calcic, the calc-alkali, and the calcic series.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His definition of the alkali series, and the term calc-alkali, continue in use as part of the widely used<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009143_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009143-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irvine-Barager classification,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with W.Q. Kennedy's tholeiitic series.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1958, there were some 12 separate classification schemes and at least 1637 rock type names in use. In that year, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Streckeisen" title="Albert Streckeisen">Albert Streckeisen</a> wrote a review article on igneous rock classification that ultimately led to the formation of the IUGG Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. By 1989 a single system of classification had been agreed upon, which was further revised in 2005. The number of recommended rock names was reduced to 316. These included a number of new names promulgated by the Subcommission.<sup id="cite_ref-lebas-etal-2005_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lebas-etal-2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_magmas">Origin of magmas</h2></div> <p>The Earth's crust averages about 35 kilometres (22 mi) thick under the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continents</a>, but averages only some 7–10 kilometres (4.3–6.2 mi) beneath the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceans</a>. The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline <i><a href="/wiki/Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement</a></i> formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including <a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">granulite</a> and granite. Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>. Both continental and oceanic crust rest on <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> of the mantle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure, to a change in composition (such as an addition of water), to an increase in temperature, or to a combination of these processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other mechanisms, such as melting from a <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impact</a>, are less important today, but impacts during the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accretion</a> of the Earth led to extensive melting, and the outer several hundred kilometres of our early Earth was probably an ocean of magma. Impacts of large meteorites in the last few hundred million years have been proposed as one mechanism responsible for the extensive basalt magmatism of several large igneous provinces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decompression">Decompression</h3></div> <p>Decompression melting occurs because of a decrease in pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (chemistry)">solidus</a> temperatures of most rocks (the temperatures below which they are completely solid) increase with increasing pressure in the absence of water. <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> at depth in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a> may be hotter than its solidus temperature at some shallower level. If such rock rises during the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">convection</a> of solid mantle, it will cool slightly as it expands in an <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic process</a>, but the cooling is only about 0.3 °C per kilometre. Experimental studies of appropriate <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> samples document that the solidus temperatures increase by 3 °C to 4 °C per kilometre. If the rock rises far enough, it will begin to melt. Melt droplets can coalesce into larger volumes and be intruded upwards. This process of melting from the upward movement of solid mantle is critical in the evolution of the Earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-ocean ridges">mid-ocean ridges</a>. It also causes <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> in intraplate regions, such as Europe, Africa and the Pacific sea floor. There, it is variously attributed either to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a> (the "Plume hypothesis") or to intraplate extension (the "Plate hypothesis").<sup id="cite_ref-Foulger_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foulger-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_water_and_carbon_dioxide">Effects of water and carbon dioxide</h3></div> <p>The change of rock composition most responsible for the creation of magma is the addition of water. Water lowers the solidus temperature of rocks at a given pressure. For example, at a depth of about 100 kilometres, peridotite begins to melt near 800 °C in the presence of excess water, but near or above about 1,500 °C in the absence of water.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water is driven out of the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>, and it causes melting in the overlying mantle. Hydrous magmas composed of basalt and andesite are produced directly and indirectly as results of dehydration during the subduction process. Such magmas, and those derived from them, build up <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a>. These magmas form rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc-alkaline">calc-alkaline</a> series, an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is relatively a much less important cause of magma formation than the addition of water, but genesis of some <a href="/wiki/Normative_mineralogy" title="Normative mineralogy">silica-undersaturated</a> magmas has been attributed to the dominance of carbon dioxide over water in their mantle source regions. In the presence of carbon dioxide, experiments document that the peridotite solidus temperature decreases by about 200 °C in a narrow pressure interval at pressures corresponding to a depth of about 70 km. At greater depths, carbon dioxide can have more effect: at depths to about 200 km, the temperatures of initial melting of a carbonated peridotite composition were determined to be 450 °C to 600 °C lower than for the same composition with no carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magmas of rock types such as <a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">nephelinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a> are among those that may be generated following an influx of carbon dioxide into mantle at depths greater than about 70 km.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_increase">Temperature increase</h3></div> <p>Increase in temperature is the most typical mechanism for formation of magma within continental crust. Such temperature increases can occur because of the upward intrusion of magma from the mantle. Temperatures can also exceed the solidus of a crustal rock in continental crust thickened by compression at a <a href="/wiki/Plate_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate boundary">plate boundary</a>. The plate boundary between the Indian and Asian continental masses provides a well-studied example, as the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> just north of the boundary has crust about 80 kilometres thick, roughly twice the thickness of normal continental crust. Studies of electrical <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> deduced from <a href="/wiki/Magnetotellurics" title="Magnetotellurics">magnetotelluric data</a> have detected a layer that appears to contain <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> melt and that stretches for at least 1,000 kilometres within the middle crust along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granite and <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> are types of igneous rock commonly interpreted as products of the melting of continental crust because of increases in temperature. Temperature increases also may contribute to the melting of <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> dragged down in a subduction zone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magma_evolution">Magma evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fractional_crystallization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fractional_crystallization.svg/400px-Fractional_crystallization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fractional_crystallization.svg/600px-Fractional_crystallization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fractional_crystallization.svg/800px-Fractional_crystallization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallisation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. <b>1</b>: <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> crystallizes; <b>2</b>: olivine and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> crystallize; <b>3</b>: pyroxene and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> crystallize; <b>4</b>: plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a <a href="/wiki/Cumulate_rock" title="Cumulate rock">cumulate rock</a> forms.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation" title="Igneous differentiation">Igneous differentiation</a></div></dd></dl> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Magmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Magmas">magmas</a> are fully melted only for small parts of their histories. More typically, they are mixes of melt and crystals, and sometimes also of gas bubbles. Melt, crystals, and bubbles usually have different densities, and so they can separate as magmas evolve. </p><p>As magma cools, minerals typically <a href="/wiki/Crystallize" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallize">crystallize</a> from the melt at different temperatures (<a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a>). As minerals crystallize, the composition of the residual melt typically changes. If crystals separate from the melt, then the residual melt will differ in composition from the parent magma. For instance, a magma of gabbroic composition can produce a residual melt of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granitic</a> composition if early formed crystals are separated from the magma. Gabbro may have a <a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">liquidus</a> temperature near 1,200 °C, and the derivative granite-composition melt may have a liquidus temperature as low as about 700 °C. <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">Incompatible elements</a> are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting: either process can form the magma that crystallizes to <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a>, a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements. <a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_reaction_series" title="Bowen's reaction series">Bowen's reaction series</a> is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma. <a href="/wiki/Clinopyroxene_thermobarometry" title="Clinopyroxene thermobarometry">Clinopyroxene thermobarometry</a> is used to determine temperature and pressure conditions at which magma differentiation occurred for specific igneous rocks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases, melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <ul><li>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/igneous" class="extiw" title="wikt:igneous">igneous</a></i> rock means <i>composed of fire</i>. and is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root words of <i>igni-</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>fire</i>, and <i>-eous</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>composed of</i>.</li> <li>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root words of <i><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> god of fire, and <i>-ic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>having some characteristics of</i>.</li> <li>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Plutonic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic rock">plutonic</a></i> rock, another name for <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> igneous rock, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root words of <i><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (god)">Pluto</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> god of the underworld, and <i>-ic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>having some characteristics of</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanaga_Volcano_(22432739869).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanaga volcano in the Aleutian Islands with a 1906 lava flow in the foreground"><img alt="Kanaga volcano in the Aleutian Islands with a 1906 lava flow in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kanaga_Volcano_%2822432739869%29.jpg/240px-Kanaga_Volcano_%2822432739869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kanaga_Volcano_%2822432739869%29.jpg/360px-Kanaga_Volcano_%2822432739869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kanaga_Volcano_%2822432739869%29.jpg/480px-Kanaga_Volcano_%2822432739869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kanaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Kanaga">Kanaga</a> volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> with a 1906 lava flow in the foreground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A "skylight" hole, about 6 m (20 ft) across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of Kīlauea in Hawaii"><img alt="A "skylight" hole, about 6 m (20 ft) across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of Kīlauea in Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg/270px-Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg/405px-Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg/540px-Molten_Lava_in_Pahoehoe_Skylight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "skylight" hole, about 6 m (20 ft) across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> in Hawaii</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_(19967592275).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Devils Tower, an eroded laccolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming"><img alt="Devils Tower, an eroded laccolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_%2819967592275%29.jpg/240px-%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_%2819967592275%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_%2819967592275%29.jpg/360px-%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_%2819967592275%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_%2819967592275%29.jpg/480px-%22This_means_something._This_is_important%22_%2819967592275%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a>, an eroded laccolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_(14802198589).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea volcano"><img alt="A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea volcano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_%2814802198589%29.jpg/274px-Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_%2814802198589%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_%2814802198589%29.jpg/411px-Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_%2814802198589%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_%2814802198589%29.jpg/548px-Happy_Anniversary_Hawaii_%2814802198589%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969–1971 <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Ulu" title="Mauna Ulu">Mauna Ulu</a> eruption of Kilauea volcano</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge,_Sicily.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columnar jointing in the Alcantara Gorge, Sicily"><img alt="Columnar jointing in the Alcantara Gorge, Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge%2C_Sicily.jpg/270px-Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge%2C_Sicily.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge%2C_Sicily.jpg/405px-Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge%2C_Sicily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge%2C_Sicily.jpg/540px-Columnar_jointing_in_the_Alcantara_Gorge%2C_Sicily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a> in the Alcantara Gorge, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A laccolith of granite (light-coloured) that was intruded into older sedimentary rocks (dark-coloured) at Cuernos del Paine, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile"><img alt="A laccolith of granite (light-coloured) that was intruded into older sedimentary rocks (dark-coloured) at Cuernos del Paine, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg/240px-Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg/360px-Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg/480px-Cretaceous_sedimentary_rocks_intruded_by_a_Miocene_granite_laccolith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A laccolith of granite (light-coloured) that was intruded into older sedimentary rocks (dark-coloured) at Cuernos del Paine, <a href="/wiki/Torres_del_Paine_National_Park" title="Torres del Paine National Park">Torres del Paine National Park</a>, Chile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An igneous intrusion cut by a pegmatite dike, which in turn is cut by a dolerite dike"><img alt="An igneous intrusion cut by a pegmatite dike, which in turn is cut by a dolerite dike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg/135px-Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg/202px-Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg/270px-Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> An igneous intrusion cut by a <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> dike, which in turn is cut by a <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">dolerite</a> dike</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a> – List of rock types recognized by geologists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a> – Rock that was subjected to heat and pressure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a> – Mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a> – Branch of geology that studies the formation, composition, distribution and structure of rocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a> – Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">15% is the arithmetic sum of the area for intrusive plutonic rock (7%) plus the area for extrusive volcanic rock (8%).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFProtheroSchwab2004" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sedimentarygeolo0000prot_r6t3/page/12/mode/2up"><i>Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3905-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-3905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+geology+%3A+an+introduction+to+sedimentary+rocks+and+stratigraphy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Freeman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-3905-0&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsedimentarygeolo0000prot_r6t3%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonMcElroyKeslerPeters2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/121/5-6/760.abstract">"Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies"</a>. <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>121</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">760–</span>779. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GSAB..121..760W">2009GSAB..121..760W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB26457.1">10.1130/B26457.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Global+geologic+maps+are+tectonic+speedometers%E2%80%94Rates+of+rock+cycling+from+area-age+frequencies&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E760-%3C%2Fspan%3E779&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB26457.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GSAB..121..760W&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+H.&rft.au=McElroy%2C+Brandon+J.&rft.au=Kesler%2C+Stephen+E.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Shanan+E.&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Edward+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsabulletin.gsapubs.org%2Fcontent%2F121%2F5-6%2F760.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">356–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88006-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88006-0&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009295-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009295_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich1990" class="citation journal cs1">Heinrich, Christoph A. (1 May 1990). "The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten) ore deposition". <i>Economic Geology</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>481. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990EcGeo..85..457H">1990EcGeo..85..457H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.85.3.457">10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=The+chemistry+of+hydrothermal+tin%28-tungsten%29+ore+deposition&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.date=1990-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.85.3.457&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990EcGeo..85..457H&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Christoph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantSaunders1999" class="citation book cs1">Plant, J.A.; Saunders, A.D. 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Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-12756-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-12756-9"><bdi>3-540-12756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyroclastic+rocks&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-540-12756-9&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard+V.&rft.au=Schmincke%2C+H.-U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923–26,_59–73-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923–26,_59–73_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, pp. 23–26, 59–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973–77-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973–77_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, pp. 73–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, pp. 139–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2001" class="citation book cs1">Winter, John D. 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Pat; Koski, Randolph A.; Mosier, Dan L.; Schulz, Klaus J.; Morgan, Lisa A.; Slack, John F.; Ridley, W. Ian; Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia; Seal II, Robert R.; Piatak, Nadine M. (2012). Shanks, W.C. Pat; Thurston, Roland (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fsir20105070C">"Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model: Chapter C in Mineral deposit models for resource assessment"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report</i>. 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"Trends of differentiation in basaltic magmas". <i>American Journal of Science</i>. s5-25 (147): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933AmJS...25..239K">1933AmJS...25..239K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s5-25.147.239">10.2475/ajs.s5-25.147.239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Trends+of+differentiation+in+basaltic+magmas&rft.volume=s5-25&rft.issue=147&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=1933-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.s5-25.147.239&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933AmJS...25..239K&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=W.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_C._BrownC._J._HawkesworthR._C._L._Wilson1992" class="citation book cs1">Geoff C. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42740-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42740-1"><bdi>0-521-42740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Earth&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-42740-1&rft.au=Geoff+C.+Brown&rft.au=C.+J.+Hawkesworth&rft.au=R.+C.+L.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgk4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foulger-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foulger_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulger,_G.R.2010" class="citation book cs1">Foulger, G.R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=-eous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2F-eous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/volcano">"Volvano"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015120740/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/volcano">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Volvano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fvolcano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ic">"ic"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015094717/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ic">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=ic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgneous+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/plutonic">"Pluto"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015095057/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/plutonic">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Igneous_rocks_and_stratigraphy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Igneous rocks and stratigraphy">Igneous rocks and stratigraphy</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Igneous_rocks" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Igneous rocks">Igneous rocks</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/igneous_rocks.html">USGS Igneous Rocks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221075708/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/igneous_rocks.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510070325/http://geol.lsu.edu/henry/Geology3041/lectures/02IgneousClassify/IUGS-IgneousClassFlowChart.htm">Igneous rock classification flowchart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113152818/http://geology.cnsm.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/IgneousRocksTour/IntroToIgneousRocks.html">Igneous Rocks Tour, an introduction to Igneous Rocks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230620/http://www.utdallas.edu/~aiken/SHAKEBAKE/rockclassification.pdf">The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igneous_rocks" title="Template talk:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a class="mw-selflink selflink">igneous rocks</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">Ultramafic</a><br /><45% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a><br />45–52% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a><br />52–63% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a><br />63–69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a><br />>69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic rocks</a>:</b> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase (Dolerite)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Microdiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Microgranodiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Microgranite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magmatic_processes78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFBF00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magmatic_processes" title="Template:Magmatic processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magmatic_processes" title="Template talk:Magmatic processes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magmatic_processes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magmatic processes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magmatic_processes78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">Magmatic processes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFBF00;">Components of magma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid phase">Liquid phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igneous_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous mineral">Igneous minerals</a></li> <li>Dissolved and exolved <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFBF00;">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">Fractional crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation#Assimilation" title="Igneous differentiation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation#Magma_mixing" title="Igneous differentiation">Magma mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magma_mingling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magma mingling (page does not exist)">Magma mingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Exsolution">Exsolution</a> of gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_melting" title="Partial melting">Partial melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorogenic_magmatism" title="Anorogenic magmatism">Anorogenic magmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_melting" title="Flux melting">Flux melting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFBF00;">Surface manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igneous rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal systems">Geothermal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">Geothermal gradient</a> anomalies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42045#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1694" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42045#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1694" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42045#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036974-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Igneous rocks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114769">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roches ignées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949164c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roches ignées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949164c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565095">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vyvřelé horniny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116651&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541364305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=60229">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igneous_rock&oldid=1275154562">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igneous_rock&oldid=1275154562</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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