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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet_classification_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_classification_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alphabet classification system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_classification_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Granitization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granitization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Granitization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granitization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascent_and_emplacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascent_and_emplacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ascent and emplacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascent_and_emplacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weathering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weathering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Weathering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Natural radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sculpture_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Sculpture and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Paving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curling_stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curling_stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Curling stones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curling_stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_climbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_climbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rock climbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_climbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Granite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniet" title="Graniet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Graniet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्रेनाइट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्रेनाइट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldgl%C3%A6sstan" title="Feldglæsstan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Feldglæsstan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جرانيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرانيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitu" title="Granitu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Granitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qranit" title="Qranit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qranit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="গ্রানাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রানাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa-kong-g%C3%A2m" title="Hoa-kong-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoa-kong-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Граніт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Граніт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Граніт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Граніт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्रेनाइट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रेनाइट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greunvaen" title="Greunvaen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Greunvaen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDula" title="Žula – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitu" title="Granitu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Granitu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenithfaen" title="Gwenithfaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwenithfaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniit" title="Graniit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Graniit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γρανίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρανίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitu" title="Granitu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Granitu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="گرانیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرانیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite" title="Granite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Granite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibhear" title="Eibhear – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eibhear" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clagh_hryal" title="Clagh hryal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Clagh hryal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibhir" title="Eibhir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eibhir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EA%B0%95%EC%95%94" title="화강암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화강암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Գրանիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրանիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्रेनाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेनाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="গ্রানিটো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গ্রানিটো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Айнæгдур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Айнæгдур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%C3%ADt" title="Granít – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Granít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98" title="גרניט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרניט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ರಾನೈಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರಾನೈಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გრანიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრანიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_growan" title="Men growan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Men growan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itale" title="Itale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Itale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitik" title="Granitik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Granitik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitum_(lapis)" title="Granitum (lapis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Granitum (lapis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%C4%ABts" title="Granīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Granīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitas" title="Granitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Granitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniittu" title="Graniittu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Graniittu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1nit" title="Gránit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gránit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatorano" title="Vatorano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatorano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D" title="കരിങ്കല്ല് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരിങ്കല്ല്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جرانيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرانيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantarie" title="Cantarie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cantarie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Боржин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боржин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="နှမ်းဖတ်ကျောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှမ်းဖတ်ကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniet" title="Graniet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graniet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E5%B2%A9" title="花崗岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="花崗岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitt" title="Granitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Granitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitt" title="Granitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Granitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F" title="ਗਰੇਨਾਈਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੇਨਾਈਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="گرینائیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرینائیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BC_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ګرانيټ ډبره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرانيټ ډبره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaymuska_rumi" title="Alaymuska rumi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alaymuska rumi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE)" title="ग्रनैट् (शिला) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ग्रनैट् (शिला)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniti" title="Graniti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Graniti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite" title="Granite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Granite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniitti" title="Graniitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Graniitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88)" title="கருங்கல் (பாறை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருங்கல் (பாறை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гранит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="หินแกรนิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินแกรนิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Хоро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хоро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit" title="Granit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Granit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Граніт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Граніт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_hoa_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đá hoa cương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá hoa cương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniit" title="Graniit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Graniit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granito" title="Granito – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Granito" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B2%97%E5%B2%A9" title="花岗岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="花岗岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9F%B3" title="麻石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麻石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E5%B2%A9" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of igneous rock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Granite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Granite (disambiguation)">Granite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Granite</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">Igneous rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/300px-Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/450px-Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/600px-Bianco_Sardo_Granit_mit_polierter_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Granite containing <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagioclase feldspar">plagioclase feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_feldspar" title="Potassium feldspar">potassium feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagioclase feldspar">plagioclase feldspar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">Differing amounts of <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphiboles</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Granite</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GRAN</span>-it</i></a>) is a coarse-grained (<a href="/wiki/Phanerite" title="Phanerite">phaneritic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>. It forms from <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> with a high content of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal oxide">alkali metal oxides</a> that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> of Earth, where it is found in <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">igneous intrusions</a>. These range in size from <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a> only a few centimeters across to <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a> exposed over hundreds of square kilometers. </p><p>Granite is typical of a larger family of <i>granitic rocks</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Granitoid" title="Granitoid">granitoids</a></i>, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase (the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF classification</a>), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a> minerals, though a few (known as <a href="/wiki/Leucogranite" title="Leucogranite">leucogranites</a>) contain almost no dark minerals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG/300px-Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG/450px-Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG/600px-Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Granite containing <a href="/wiki/Potassium_feldspar" title="Potassium feldspar">potassium feldspar</a>, plagioclase feldspar, quartz, biotite, and/or amphibole</figcaption></figure> <p>Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard (falling between 6 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="How hard? Says who? (October 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QAPF_diagram_granite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/QAPF_diagram_granite.svg/310px-QAPF_diagram_granite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/QAPF_diagram_granite.svg/465px-QAPF_diagram_granite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/QAPF_diagram_granite.svg/620px-QAPF_diagram_granite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a> with granite field highlighted</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg/310px-Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg/465px-Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg/620px-Mineralogy_igneous_rocks_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "granite" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>granum</i>, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a <a href="/wiki/Holocrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocrystalline">completely crystalline</a> rock.<sup id="cite_ref-read-1943_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-read-1943-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granitic rocks mainly consist of <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, which form an interlocking, somewhat <a href="/wiki/Equigranular" title="Equigranular">equigranular</a> <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a> of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> mica and amphibole (often <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals (<a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>) are larger than the <a href="/wiki/Groundmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundmass">groundmass</a>, in which case the texture is known as <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a>. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Granitoid" title="Granitoid">Granitoid</a> is a general, descriptive <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field</a> term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. <a href="/wiki/Petrography" title="Petrography">Petrographic</a> examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a> in granites is typically <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microcline" title="Microcline">microcline</a> and is often <a href="/wiki/Perthitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perthitic">perthitic</a>. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich <a href="/wiki/Oligoclase" title="Oligoclase">oligoclase</a>. Phenocrysts are usually alkali feldspar.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-45_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-45-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Granitic rocks are classified according to the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a> for coarse grained <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">plutonic rocks</a> and are named according to the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, alkali feldspar (<a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanidine" title="Sanidine">sanidine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Microcline" title="Microcline">microcline</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrologic</a> convention) contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>. Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">monzonites</a>, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">granodiorites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">tonalites</a>. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">alkali feldspar granites</a>. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as <a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">quartzolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iugs-1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iugs-1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGS-1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>True granites are further classified by the percentage of their total feldspar that is alkali feldspar. Granites whose feldspar is 65% to 90% alkali feldspar are <a href="/wiki/Syenogranite" title="Syenogranite">syenogranites</a>, while the feldspar in <a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">monzogranite</a> is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS-1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A granite containing both muscovite and biotite <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a> is called a binary or <i>two-mica</i> granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites, as described <a href="#Alphabet_classification_system">below</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barbarin-1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbarin-1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another aspect of granite classification is the ratios of metals that potentially form feldspars. Most granites have a composition such that almost all their aluminum and alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are combined as feldspar. This is the case when <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K<sub>2</sub>O</a> + <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a> + <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a> > <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> > K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O. Such granites are described as <i>normal</i> or <i>metaluminous</i>. Granites in which there is not enough aluminum to combine with all the alkali oxides as feldspar (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> < K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O) are described as <i>peralkaline</i>, and they contain unusual sodium amphiboles such as <a href="/wiki/Riebeckite" title="Riebeckite">riebeckite</a>. Granites in which there is an excess of aluminum beyond what can be taken up in feldspars (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> > CaO + K<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>O) are described as <i>peraluminous</i>, and they contain aluminum-rich minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (165 and 172 lb/cu ft),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> usually lies above 200 MPa (29,000 psi), and its <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> near <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a> is 3–6·10<sup>20</sup> Pa·s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C (2219–2300 °F);<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 °C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Granite has poor primary <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a> overall, but strong secondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy-66_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>72.04% (silica) </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">72.04</span><div style="width:360.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></td> <td>14.42% (alumina) </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">14.42</span><div style="width:72.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K<sub>2</sub>O</a></td> <td>4.12% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4.12</span><div style="width:20.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></td> <td>3.69% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">3.69</span><div style="width:18.45px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></td> <td>1.82% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.82</span><div style="width:9.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></td> <td>1.68% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.68</span><div style="width:8.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></td> <td>1.22% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1.22</span><div style="width:6.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></td> <td>0.71% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.71</span><div style="width:3.55px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">TiO<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>0.30% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.3</span><div style="width:1.5px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></td> <td>0.12% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.12</span><div style="width:0.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></td> <td>0.05% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.05</span><div style="width:0.25px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The medium-grained equivalent of granite is <b>microgranite</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Microgran_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microgran-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Extrusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrusive">extrusive</a> igneous rock equivalent of granite is <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haldar2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haldar2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cheesewring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Cheesewring.jpg/170px-The_Cheesewring.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Cheesewring.jpg/255px-The_Cheesewring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Cheesewring.jpg/340px-The_Cheesewring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cheesewring" title="Cheesewring">Cheesewring</a>, a granite <a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">tor</a> in England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HuangShan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HuangShan.JPG/220px-HuangShan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HuangShan.JPG/330px-HuangShan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HuangShan.JPG/440px-HuangShan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A granite peak at <a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg/220px-Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg/330px-Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg/440px-Hiltaba_pink_granite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Pink granite at <a href="/wiki/Hiltaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiltaba">Hiltaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Hiltaba_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiltaba Suite">Hiltaba Suite</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArideGranite1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ArideGranite1.jpg/170px-ArideGranite1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ArideGranite1.jpg/255px-ArideGranite1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ArideGranite1.jpg/340px-ArideGranite1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Granite with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> veins at Gros la Tête cliff, <a href="/wiki/Aride_Island" title="Aride Island">Aride Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of it was intruded during the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> age; it is the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Basement_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Basement rock">basement rock</a> that underlies the relatively thin <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> veneer of the continents. <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">Outcrops</a> of granite tend to form <a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">tors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite_dome" title="Granite dome">domes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bornhardt" title="Bornhardt">bornhardts</a>, and rounded <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massifs</a>. Granites sometimes occur in circular <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depressions</a> surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_aureole" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic aureole">metamorphic aureole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">hornfels</a>. Granite often occurs as relatively small, less than 100 km<sup>2</sup> stock masses (<a href="/wiki/Stock_(geology)" title="Stock (geology)">stocks</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a> that are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> ranges. Small <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a> of granitic composition called <a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">aplites</a> are often associated with the margins of granitic <a href="/wiki/Intrusion_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion (geology)">intrusions</a>. In some locations, very coarse-grained <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> masses occur with granite.<sup id="cite_ref-twidale-1982_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twidale-1982-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granite forms from silica-rich (<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a>) magmas. Felsic magmas are thought to form by addition of heat or water vapor to rock of the lower <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a>, rather than by decompression of mantle rock, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> magmas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915–16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915–16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that some granites found at <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent boundaries">convergent boundaries</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> <a href="/wiki/Subducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Subducts">subducts</a> below continental crust, were formed from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">sediments</a> subducted with the oceanic plate. The melted sediments would have produced magma <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_magma" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate magma">intermediate</a> in its silica content, which became further enriched in silica as it rose through the overlying crust.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in magnesium and chromium, and enrich the melt in iron, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and silicon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996128_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996128-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further fractionation reduces the content of iron, calcium, and titanium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996172_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996172-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in the high content of alkali feldspar and quartz in granite. </p><p>The presence of granitic rock in <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> shows that <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a> alone can convert a basaltic magma to a granitic magma, but the quantities produced are small.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, granitic rock makes up just 4% of the exposures in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In continental arc settings, granitic rocks are the most common plutonic rocks, and batholiths composed of these rock types extend the entire length of the arc. There are no indication of magma chambers where basaltic magmas <a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation" title="Igneous differentiation">differentiate</a> into granites, or of <a href="/wiki/Cumulate_rock" title="Cumulate rock">cumulates</a> produced by mafic crystals settling out of the magma. Other processes must produce these great volumes of felsic magma. One such process is injection of basaltic magma into the lower crust, followed by differentiation, which leaves any cumulates in the mantle. Another is heating of the lower crust by <a href="/wiki/Underplating" class="mw-redirect" title="Underplating">underplating</a> basaltic magma, which produces felsic magma directly from crustal rock. The two processes produce different kinds of granites, which may be reflected in the division between S-type (produced by underplating) and I-type (produced by injection and differentiation) granites, discussed below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet_classification_system">Alphabet classification system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alphabet classification system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The composition and origin of any magma that differentiates into granite leave certain petrological evidence as to what the granite's parental rock was. The final texture and composition of a granite are generally distinctive as to its parental rock. For instance, a granite that is derived from partial melting of metasedimentary rocks may have more alkali feldspar, whereas a granite derived from partial melting of metaigneous rocks may be richer in plagioclase. It is on this basis that the modern "alphabet" classification schemes are based. </p><p>The letter-based Chappell & White classification system was proposed initially to divide granites into <a href="/wiki/I-type_granite" title="I-type granite">I-type</a> (igneous source) granite and S-type (sedimentary sources).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both types are produced by partial melting of crustal rocks, either metaigneous rocks or metasedimentary rocks. </p><p>I-type granites are characterized by a high content of sodium and calcium, and by a <a href="/wiki/Strontium_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium isotope">strontium isotope</a> ratio, <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr, of less than 0.708. <sup>87</sup>Sr is produced by radioactive decay of <sup>87</sup>Rb, and since rubidium is concentrated in the crust relative to the mantle, a low ratio suggests origin in the mantle. The elevated sodium and calcium favor crystallization of hornblende rather than biotite. I-type granites are known for their <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry copper">porphyry copper</a> deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I-type granites are orogenic (associated with mountain building) and usually metaluminous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996185_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996185-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S-type granites are sodium-poor and aluminum-rich. As a result, they contain <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a> such as biotite and muscovite instead of hornblende. Their strontium isotope ratio is typically greater than 0.708, suggesting a crustal origin. They also commonly contain <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a> of metamorphosed sedimentary rock, and host <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> ores. Their magmas are water-rich, and they readily solidify as the water outgasses from the magma at lower pressure, so they less commonly make it to the surface than magmas of I-type granites, which are thus more common as volcanic rock (rhyolite).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also orogenic but range from metaluminous to strongly peraluminous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996185_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996185-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although both I- and S-type granites are orogenic, I-type granites are more common close to the convergent boundary than S-type. This is attributed to thicker crust further from the boundary, which results in more crustal melting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A-type granites show a peculiar mineralogy and geochemistry, with particularly high silicon and potassium at the expense of calcium and magnesium<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a high content of high field strength cations (cations with a small radius and high electrical charge, such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009148_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009148-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not orogenic, forming instead over hot spots and continental rifting, and are metaluminous to mildly peralkaline and iron-rich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996185_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996185-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These granites are produced by partial melting of refractory lithology such as granulites in the lower continental crust at high thermal gradients. This leads to significant extraction of hydrous felsic melts from granulite-facies resitites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996203–206_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996203–206-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A-type granites occur in the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhyolites of the Yellowstone Caldera are examples of volcanic equivalents of A-type granite.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>M-type granite was later proposed to cover those granites that were clearly sourced from crystallized mafic magmas, generally sourced from the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the fractional crystallisation of basaltic melts can yield small amounts of granites, which are sometimes found in island arcs,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such granites must occur together with large amounts of basaltic rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H-type granites were suggested for hybrid granites, which were hypothesized to form by mixing between mafic and felsic from different sources, such as M-type and S-type.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the big difference in rheology between mafic and felsic magmas makes this process problematic in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009104–105_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009104–105-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Granitization">Granitization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Granitization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif/220px-Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif/330px-Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif/440px-Granito_nicol_incrociati.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">Thin section</a> of granite</figcaption></figure> <p>Granitization is an old, and largely discounted, hypothesis that granite is formed in place through extreme <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatism</a>. The idea behind granitization was that fluids would supposedly bring in elements such as potassium, and remove others, such as calcium, to transform a metamorphic rock into granite. This was supposed to occur across a migrating front. However, experimental work had established by the 1960s that granites were of igneous origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009511_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009511-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mineralogical and chemical features of granite can be explained only by crystal-liquid phase relations, showing that there must have been at least enough melting to mobilize the magma.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, at sufficiently deep crustal levels, the distinction between metamorphism and crustal melting itself becomes vague. Conditions for crystallization of liquid magma are close enough to those of high-grade metamorphism that the rocks often bear a close resemblance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcBirney1984379–380_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBirney1984379–380-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under these conditions, granitic melts can be produced in place through the partial melting of metamorphic rocks by extracting melt-mobile elements such as potassium and silicon into the melts but leaving others such as calcium and iron in granulite residues. This may be the origin of <i><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">migmatites</a></i>. A migmatite consists of dark, refractory rock (the <i>melanosome</i>) that is permeated by sheets and channels of light granitic rock (the <i>leucosome</i>). The leucosome is interpreted as partial melt of a parent rock that has begun to separate from the remaining solid residue (the melanosome).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200944_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200944-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If enough partial melt is produced, it will separate from the source rock, become more highly evolved through fractional crystallization during its ascent toward the surface, and become the magmatic parent of granitic rock. The residue of the source rock becomes a <a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">granulite</a>. </p><p>The partial melting of solid rocks requires high temperatures and the addition of water or other volatiles which lower the <a href="/wiki/Solidus_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus temperature">solidus temperature</a> (temperature at which partial melting commences) of these rocks. It was long debated whether crustal thickening in orogens (mountain belts along <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent boundaries">convergent boundaries</a>) was sufficient to produce granite melts by <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heating">radiogenic heating</a>, but recent work suggests that this is not a viable mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In-situ granitization requires heating by the asthenospheric mantle or by underplating with mantle-derived magmas.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascent_and_emplacement">Ascent and emplacement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ascent and emplacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granite magmas have a density of 2.4 Mg/m<sup>3</sup>, much less than the 2.8 Mg/m<sup>3</sup> of high-grade metamorphic rock. This gives them tremendous buoyancy, so that ascent of the magma is inevitable once enough magma has accumulated. However, the question of precisely how such large quantities of magma are able to shove aside <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a> to make room for themselves (the <i>room problem</i>) is still a matter of research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200980_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200980-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two main mechanisms are thought to be important: </p> <ul><li>Stokes <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracture propagation</a></li></ul> <p>Of these two mechanisms, Stokes diapirism has been favoured for many years in the absence of a reasonable alternative. The basic idea is that magma will rise through the crust as a single mass through <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. As it rises, it heats the <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">wall rocks</a>, causing them to behave as a <a href="/wiki/Power-law_fluid" title="Power-law fluid">power-law fluid</a> and thus flow around the <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusion</a> allowing it to pass without major heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is entirely feasible in the warm, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> lower crust where rocks are easily deformed, but runs into problems in the upper crust which is far colder and more brittle. Rocks there do not deform so easily: for magma to rise as a diapir it would expend far too much energy in heating wall rocks, thus cooling and solidifying before reaching higher levels within the crust. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracture</a> propagation is the mechanism preferred by many geologists as it largely eliminates the major problems of moving a huge mass of magma through cold brittle crust. Magma rises instead in small channels along self-propagating <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a> which form along new or pre-existing fracture or <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> systems and networks of active shear zones.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these narrow conduits open, the first magma to enter solidifies and provides a form of insulation for later magma. </p><p>These mechanisms can operate in tandem. For example, diapirs may continue to rise through the brittle upper crust through <a href="/wiki/Stoping_(geology)" title="Stoping (geology)">stoping</a>, where the granite cracks the roof rocks, removing blocks of the overlying crust which then sink to the bottom of the diapir while the magma rises to take their place. This can occur as piecemeal stopping (stoping of small blocks of chamber roof), as cauldron subsidence (collapse of large blocks of chamber roof), or as roof foundering (complete collapse of the roof of a shallow magma chamber accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> eruption.) There is evidence for cauldron subsidence at the Mt. Ascutney intrusion in eastern Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199621–22_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199621–22-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for piecemeal stoping is found in intrusions that are rimmed with <i>igneous breccia</i> containing fragments of country rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200980_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200980-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assimilation is another mechanism of ascent, where the granite melts its way up into the crust and removes overlying material in this way. This is limited by the amount of thermal energy available, which must be replenished by crystallization of higher-melting minerals in the magma. Thus, the magma is melting crustal rock at its roof while simultaneously crystallizing at its base. This results in steady contamination with crustal material as the magma rises. This may not be evident in the major and minor element chemistry, since the minerals most likely to crystallize at the base of the chamber are the same ones that would crystallize anyway, but crustal assimilation is detectable in isotope ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009347–350_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009347–350-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat loss to the country rock means that ascent by assimilation is limited to distance similar to the height of the magma chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weathering">Weathering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weathering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrusSand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GrusSand.JPG/220px-GrusSand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GrusSand.JPG/330px-GrusSand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GrusSand.JPG/440px-GrusSand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grus_(geology)" title="Grus (geology)">Grus</a> sand and granitoid from which it derived</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Physical_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical weathering">Physical weathering</a> occurs on a large scale in the form of <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">exfoliation joints</a>, which are the result of granite's expanding and fracturing as pressure is relieved when overlying material is removed by erosion or other processes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weathering">Chemical weathering</a> of granite occurs when dilute <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, and other acids present in rain and soil waters, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_alteration" title="Mineral alteration">alter</a> feldspar in a process called <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">hydrolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As demonstrated in the following reaction, this causes potassium feldspar to form <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, with potassium ions, bicarbonate, and silica in solution as byproducts. An end product of granite weathering is <a href="/wiki/Grus_(geology)" title="Grus (geology)">grus</a>, which is often made up of coarse-grained fragments of disintegrated granite. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">2 KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 9 H<sub>2</sub>O → Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> + 4 H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> + 2 K<sup>+</sup> + 2 HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></div> <p>Climatic variations also influence the weathering rate of granites. For about two thousand years, the relief engravings on <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra's Needle (London)">Cleopatra's Needle</a> obelisk had survived the arid conditions of its origin before its transfer to London. Within two hundred years, the red granite has drastically deteriorated in the damp and polluted air there.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soil development on granite reflects the rock's high quartz content and dearth of available bases, with the base-poor status predisposing the soil to <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">acidification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">podzolization</a> in cool humid climates as the weather-resistant quartz yields much sand.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspars also weather slowly in cool climes, allowing sand to dominate the fine-earth fraction. In warm humid regions, the weathering of feldspar as described above is accelerated so as to allow a much higher proportion of clay with the <a href="/wiki/Cecil_(soil)" title="Cecil (soil)">Cecil</a> soil series a prime example of the consequent <a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisol</a> great soil group.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_radiation">Natural radiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Natural radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granite is a natural source of <a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">radiation</a>, like most natural stones. <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">Potassium-40</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotope">radioactive isotope</a> of weak emission, and a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>, which in turn is a common component of granitic rocks, more abundant in <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">alkali feldspar granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenites</a>. Some granites contain around 10 to 20 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm) of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. By contrast, more mafic rocks, such as tonalite, <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>, have 1 to 5 ppm uranium, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> rocks usually have equally low amounts. </p><p>Many large granite plutons are sources for <a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">palaeochannel</a>-hosted or roll front <a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium ore deposits">uranium ore deposits</a>, where the uranium washes into the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> from the granite uplands and associated, often highly radioactive pegmatites. </p><p>Cellars and basements built into soils over granite can become a trap for <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> gas,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is formed by the decay of uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radon gas poses significant health concerns and is the number two cause of <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> in the US behind smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> occurs in all granites.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbert1956_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbert1956-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conway_granite" title="Conway granite">Conway granite</a> has been noted for its relatively high thorium concentration of 56±6 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some concern that some granite sold as countertops or building material may be hazardous to health.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dan Steck of St. Johns University has stated<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that approximately 5% of all granite is of concern, with the caveat that only a tiny percentage of the tens of thousands of granite slab types have been tested. Resources from national geological survey organizations are accessible online to assist in assessing the risk factors in granite country and design rules relating, in particular, to preventing accumulation of radon gas in enclosed basements and dwellings. </p><p>A study of granite countertops was done (initiated and paid for by the Marble Institute of America) in November 2008 by National Health and Engineering Inc. of USA. In this test, all of the 39 full-size granite slabs that were measured for the study showed radiation levels well below the European Union safety standards (section 4.1.1.1 of the National Health and Engineering study) and radon emission levels well below the average outdoor radon concentrations in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg/220px-Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg/330px-Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg/440px-Hilloinen_2017_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Granite dimension stone quarry in <a href="/wiki/Taivassalo" title="Taivassalo">Taivassalo</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Granite and related <a href="/wiki/Marble_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble industry">marble industries</a> are considered one of the oldest industries in the world, existing as far back as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemerow2009_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemerow2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major modern exporters of granite include China, India, Italy, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Spain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleopatra%27s_Needle_(London)_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_%28London%29_inscriptions.jpg/170px-Cleopatra%27s_Needle_%28London%29_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_%28London%29_inscriptions.jpg/255px-Cleopatra%27s_Needle_%28London%29_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_%28London%29_inscriptions.jpg/340px-Cleopatra%27s_Needle_%28London%29_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Cleopatra's Needle, London</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red Pyramid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2590 BC</span>), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed limestone surfaces, is the third largest of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a>, likely dating 2510 BC, was constructed of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and granite blocks. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> (c. <a href="/wiki/26th_century_BC" title="26th century BC">2580 BC</a>) contains a huge granite <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> fashioned of "Red <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> Granite". The mostly ruined <a href="/wiki/Black_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pyramid">Black Pyramid</a> dating from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> once had a polished granite <a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">pyramidion</a> or capstone, which is now on display in the main hall of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a>). Other uses in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> include <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, door <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamb" title="Jamb">jambs</a>, and wall and floor veneer.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> worked the solid granite is still a matter of debate. Tool marks described by the Egyptologist Anna Serotta indicate the use of flint tools on finer work with harder stones, e.g. when producing the hieroglyphic inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hunt_(archaeologist)" title="Patrick Hunt (archaeologist)">Patrick Hunt</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has postulated that the Egyptians used <a href="/wiki/Emery_(rock)" title="Emery (rock)">emery</a>, which has greater hardness. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram</a> Grotto in Korea is a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> shrine and part of the <a href="/wiki/Bulguksa" title="Bulguksa">Bulguksa</a> temple complex. Completed in 774 AD, it is an artificial grotto constructed entirely of granite. The main Buddha of the grotto is a highly regarded piece of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and along with the temple complex to which it belongs, Seokguram was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage List">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola I">Rajaraja Chola I</a> of the Chola Dynasty in South India built the world's first temple entirely of granite in the 11th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple">Brihadeeswarar Temple</a> dedicated to Lord Shiva was built in 1010. The massive Gopuram (ornate, upper section of shrine) is believed to have a mass of around 81 tonnes. It was the tallest temple in south India.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperial Roman granite was quarried mainly in Egypt, and also in Turkey, and on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isola_del_Giglio" title="Isola del Giglio">Giglio</a>. Granite became "an integral part of the Roman language of monumental architecture".<sup id="cite_ref-a_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quarrying ceased around the third century AD. Beginning in Late Antiquity the granite was reused, which since at least the early 16th century became known as <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a>. Through the process of <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening_of_rocks" title="Case hardening of rocks">case-hardening</a>, granite becomes harder with age. The technology required to make <a href="/wiki/Tempered_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempered steel">tempered metal</a> chisels was largely forgotten during the Middle Ages. As a result, Medieval stoneworkers were forced to use saws or emery to shorten ancient columns or hack them into discs. <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> noted in the 16th century that granite in quarries was "far softer and easier to work than after it has lain exposed" while ancient columns, because of their "hardness and solidity have nothing to fear from fire or sword, and time itself, that drives everything to ruin, not only has not destroyed them but has not even altered their colour."<sup id="cite_ref-a_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture_and_memorials">Sculpture and memorials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sculpture and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_granites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Various_granites.jpg/330px-Various_granites.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Various_granites.jpg/495px-Various_granites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Various_granites.jpg/660px-Various_granites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2897" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Granites (cut and polished surfaces)</figcaption></figure> <p>In some areas, granite is used for gravestones and memorials. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Until the early 18th century, in the Western world, granite could be carved only by hand tools with generally poor results. </p><p>A key breakthrough was the invention of steam-powered cutting and dressing tools by Alexander MacDonald of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, inspired by seeing ancient Egyptian granite carvings. In 1832, the first polished tombstone of Aberdeen granite to be erected in an English cemetery was installed at <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>. It caused a sensation in the London monumental trade and for some years all polished granite ordered came from MacDonald's.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the work of sculptor William Leslie, and later Sidney Field, granite memorials became a major status symbol in Victorian Britain. The royal sarcophagus at <a href="/wiki/Frogmore#Royal_Mausoleum" title="Frogmore">Frogmore</a> was probably the pinnacle of its work, and at 30 tons one of the largest. It was not until the 1880s that rival machinery and works could compete with the MacDonald works. </p><p>Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and <a href="/wiki/Sandblasting" title="Sandblasting">sandblasting</a> over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers, and emblems exposed and the remainder of the stone covered with rubber, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph. </p><p>The stone known as "black granite" is usually <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>, which has a completely different chemical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Geologydotcom_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geologydotcom-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings">Buildings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graniittilinna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Graniittilinna.jpg/220px-Graniittilinna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Graniittilinna.jpg/330px-Graniittilinna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Graniittilinna.jpg/440px-Graniittilinna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aulanko_Castle" title="Aulanko Castle">granite castle of Aulanko</a> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Granite has been extensively used as a <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> in Scotland, which is constructed principally from local granite, is known as "The Granite City". Because of its abundance in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, granite was commonly used to build foundations for homes there. The <a href="/wiki/Granite_Railway" title="Granite Railway">Granite Railway</a>, America's first railroad, was built to haul granite from the quarries in <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy, Massachusetts</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Neponset_River" title="Neponset River">Neponset River</a> in the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engineering">Engineering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">Engineers</a> have traditionally used polished granite <a href="/wiki/Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">surface plates</a> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">plane</a> of reference, since they are relatively impervious, inflexible, and maintain good dimensional stability. Sandblasted <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> with a heavy <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(geology)" title="Aggregate (geology)">aggregate</a> content has an appearance similar to rough granite, and is often used as a substitute when use of real granite is impractical. Granite tables are used extensively as bases or even as the entire structural body of optical instruments, <a href="/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">CMMs</a>, and very high precision CNC machines because of granite's rigidity, high dimensional stability, and excellent vibration characteristics. A most unusual use of granite was as the material of the tracks of the <a href="/wiki/Haytor_Granite_Tramway" title="Haytor Granite Tramway">Haytor Granite Tramway</a>, Devon, England, in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewans_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewans-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granite block is usually processed into slabs, which can be cut and shaped by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutting_center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cutting center (page does not exist)">cutting center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In military engineering, Finland planted granite boulders along its <a href="/wiki/Mannerheim_Line" title="Mannerheim Line">Mannerheim Line</a> to block invasion by Russian tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> of 1939–40.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paving">Paving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granite is used as a <a href="/wiki/Pavers_(flooring)" title="Pavers (flooring)">pavement</a> material. This is because it is extremely durable, permeable and requires little maintenance. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> black granite stone is used for the paving and kerbs throughout the <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">Central Business District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curling_stones">Curling stones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Curling stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curling_stones_yellow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Curling_stones_yellow.jpg/220px-Curling_stones_yellow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Curling_stones_yellow.jpg/330px-Curling_stones_yellow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Curling_stones_yellow.jpg/440px-Curling_stones_yellow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Curling stones</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a> stones are traditionally fashioned of Ailsa Craig granite. The first stones were made in the 1750s, the original source being <a href="/wiki/Ailsa_Craig" title="Ailsa Craig">Ailsa Craig</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Because of the rarity of this granite, the best stones can cost as much as US$1,500. Between 60 and 70 percent of the stones used today are made from Ailsa Craig granite. Although the island is now a wildlife reserve, it is still quarried under license for Ailsa granite by <a href="/wiki/Kays_of_Scotland" title="Kays of Scotland">Kays of Scotland</a> for curling stones.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_climbing">Rock climbing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rock climbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granite is one of the rocks most prized by climbers, for its steepness, soundness, crack systems, and friction.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-known venues for granite climbing include the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Bugaboos" title="The Bugaboos">Bugaboos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> massif (and peaks such as the <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Dru" title="Aiguille du Dru">Aiguille du Dru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adamello-Presanella_Alps" title="Adamello-Presanella Alps">Adamello-Presanella Alps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Midi" title="Aiguille du Midi">Aiguille du Midi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grandes_Jorasses" title="Grandes Jorasses">Grandes Jorasses</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Bregaglia_Range" title="Bregaglia Range">Bregaglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Trango_Towers" title="Trango Towers">Trango Towers</a>), the Fitzroy Massif, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogawayama" title="Ogawayama">Ogawayama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cornwall" title="Geography of Cornwall">Cornish coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain" title="Sugarloaf Mountain">Sugarloaf Mountain</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the <a href="/wiki/Stawamus_Chief" title="Stawamus Chief">Stawamus Chief</a>, British Columbia, Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Granite was used for setts on the St. Louis riverfront and for the piers of the Eads Bridge (background)"><img alt="Granite was used for setts on the St. Louis riverfront and for the piers of the Eads Bridge (background)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg/200px-St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg/300px-St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg/400px-St._Louis_wharf_cobbles_20090121_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Granite was used for <a href="/wiki/Setts" class="mw-redirect" title="Setts">setts</a> on the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">riverfront</a> and for the piers of the <a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Eads Bridge</a> (background)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torres_del_Paine,_Patagonia_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The granite peaks of the Cordillera Paine in the Chilean Patagonia"><img alt="The granite peaks of the Cordillera Paine in the Chilean Patagonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Torres_del_Paine%2C_Patagonia_%282004%29.jpg/200px-Torres_del_Paine%2C_Patagonia_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Torres_del_Paine%2C_Patagonia_%282004%29.jpg/300px-Torres_del_Paine%2C_Patagonia_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Torres_del_Paine%2C_Patagonia_%282004%29.jpg/400px-Torres_del_Paine%2C_Patagonia_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The granite peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Paine" title="Cordillera Paine">Cordillera Paine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, is actually a granite arête and is a popular rock climbing destination"><img alt="Half Dome, Yosemeite National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg/200px-Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg/300px-Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg/400px-Yosemite_20_bg_090404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Half_Dome" title="Half Dome">Half Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, is actually a granite <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">arête</a> and is a popular rock climbing destination</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rixö red granite quarry in Lysekil, Sweden"><img alt="Rixö red granite quarry in Lysekil, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg/200px-Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg/300px-Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg/400px-Rix%C3%B6_granitbrott_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rixö red granite quarry in <a href="/wiki/Lysekil" title="Lysekil">Lysekil</a>, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auyuittuq_National_Park,_Baffin_Island,_Nunavut_-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Granite in Auyuittuq National Park on Baffin Island, Canada"><img alt="Granite in Auyuittuq National Park on Baffin Island, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Auyuittuq_National_Park%2C_Baffin_Island%2C_Nunavut_-c.jpg/200px-Auyuittuq_National_Park%2C_Baffin_Island%2C_Nunavut_-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Auyuittuq_National_Park%2C_Baffin_Island%2C_Nunavut_-c.jpg/300px-Auyuittuq_National_Park%2C_Baffin_Island%2C_Nunavut_-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Auyuittuq_National_Park%2C_Baffin_Island%2C_Nunavut_-c.jpg/400px-Auyuittuq_National_Park%2C_Baffin_Island%2C_Nunavut_-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Granite in <a href="/wiki/Auyuittuq_National_Park" title="Auyuittuq National Park">Auyuittuq National Park</a> on Baffin Island, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paarl_Mountain04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Granite in Paarl, South Africa"><img alt="Granite in Paarl, South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paarl_Mountain04.jpg/200px-Paarl_Mountain04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paarl_Mountain04.jpg/300px-Paarl_Mountain04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paarl_Mountain04.jpg/400px-Paarl_Mountain04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Granite in <a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a>, South Africa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The graves of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives Maria Leopoldina (not pictured, facing his grave) and Amélie (left), in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil, are made of green granite. The walls as well as the floor are clad with the same material.[80]"><img alt="The graves of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives Maria Leopoldina (not pictured, facing his grave) and Amélie (left), in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil, are made of green granite. The walls as well as the floor are clad with the same material.[80]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg/200px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg/300px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg/400px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The graves of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina</a> (not pictured, facing his grave) and <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie</a> (left), in the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a>, are made of green granite. The walls as well as the floor are clad with the same material.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliating_granite" title="Exfoliating granite">Exfoliating granite</a> – Granite skin peeling like an onion (desquamation) because of weathering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greisen" title="Greisen">Greisen</a> – Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersolvus" title="Hypersolvus">Hypersolvus</a> – Type of granite, with a single feldspar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a> – List of rock types recognized by geologists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a> – Rare type of granite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbicular_granite" title="Orbicular granite">Orbicular granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a> – Type of igneous rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a> – Type of igneous rock in alkali feldspar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsolvus" title="Subsolvus">Subsolvus</a> – Two feldspar granite</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-read-1943-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-read-1943_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRead1943" class="citation journal cs1">Read, H.H. (January 1943). "Meditations on granite: Part one". <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 64–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943PrGA...54...64R">1943PrGA...54...64R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2843%2980008-0">10.1016/S0016-7878(43)80008-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Geologists%27+Association&rft.atitle=Meditations+on+granite%3A+Part+one&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=64-85&rft.date=1943-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7878%2843%2980008-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943PrGA...54...64R&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810214900/http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm">"Granitoids – Granite and the Related Rocks Granodiorite, Diorite and Tonalite"</a>. Geology.about.com. 2010-02-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Granitoids+%E2%80%93+Granite+and+the+Related+Rocks+Granodiorite%2C+Diorite+and+Tonalite&rft.pub=Geology.about.com&rft.date=2010-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.about.com%2Fod%2Fmore_igrocks%2Fa%2Fgranitoids.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-45-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-45_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). <i>Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2438-3"><bdi>0-7167-2438-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology+%3A+igneous%2C+sedimentary%2C+and+metamorphic.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7167-2438-3&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iugs-1991-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iugs-1991_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_BasStreckeisen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>. <b>148</b> (5): 825–833. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JGSoc.148..825L">1991JGSoc.148..825L</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.4446">10.1.1.692.4446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825">10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28548230">28548230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=The+IUGS+systematics+of+igneous+rocks&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=825-833&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.4446%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28548230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JGSoc.148..825L&rft.aulast=Le+Bas&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Streckeisen%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS-1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGS-1999_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS-1999_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3223/1/RR99006.pdf">"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme</i>. <b>1</b>: 1–52. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Geological+Survey%3A+Rock+Classification+Scheme&rft.atitle=Rock+Classification+Scheme+-+Vol+1+-+Igneous&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-52&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F3223%2F1%2FRR99006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Granite+Industry+of+New+England&rft.edition=2018&rft.pub=Franklin+Classics&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=0342278657&rft.aulast=Brayley&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRasJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgranite%2Brailway%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewans-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewans_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans1966" class="citation book cs1">Ewans, M.C. (1966). <i>The Haytor Granite Tramway and Stover Canal</i>. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haytor+Granite+Tramway+and+Stover+Canal&rft.place=Newton+Abbot&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiZhangWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bai, Shuo-wei; Zhang, Jin-sheng; Wang, Zhi (January 2016). "Selection of a sustainable technology for cutting granite block into slabs". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>112</b>: 2278–2291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCPro.112.2278B">2016JCPro.112.2278B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.10.052">10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Selection+of+a+sustainable+technology+for+cutting+granite+block+into+slabs&rft.volume=112&rft.pages=2278-2291&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.10.052&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JCPro.112.2278B&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Shuo-wei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jin-sheng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChersicla2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chersicla, Rick (January–March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718000549/https://www.benning.army.mil/infantry/magazine/issues/2017/JAN-MAR/pdf/Chersicla_WinterWar.pdf">"What Free Men Can Do: The Winter War, the Use of Delay, and Lessons for the 21st Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Infantry</i>: 63. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benning.army.mil/infantry/magazine/issues/2017/JAN-MAR/pdf/Chersicla_WinterWar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infantry&rft.atitle=What+Free+Men+Can+Do%3A+The+Winter+War%2C+the+Use+of+Delay%2C+and+Lessons+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2017-01%2F2017-03&rft.aulast=Chersicla&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benning.army.mil%2Finfantry%2Fmagazine%2Fissues%2F2017%2FJAN-MAR%2Fpdf%2FChersicla_WinterWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/design-codes-technical-specifications/sydney-streets">"Sydney Streets technical specifications"</a>. November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Streets+technical+specifications&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au%2Fdesign-codes-technical-specifications%2Fsydney-streets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach,_John2004" class="citation web cs1">Roach, John (October 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041102011535/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1027_041027_curling_stones.html">"National Geographic News — Puffins Return to Scottish Island Famous for Curling Stones"</a>. National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1027_041027_curling_stones.html">the original</a> on November 2, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+News+%E2%80%94+Puffins+Return+to+Scottish+Island+Famous+for+Curling+Stones&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft.au=Roach%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F10%2F1027_041027_curling_stones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation web cs1">Green, Stewart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/types-of-rock-for-climbing-756145">"3 Types of Rock for Climbing: Granite, Sandstone & Limestone: The Geology of Rock Climbing"</a>. <i>Liveabout.dotcom</i>. Dotdash<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liveabout.dotcom&rft.atitle=3+Types+of+Rock+for+Climbing%3A+Granite%2C+Sandstone+%26+Limestone%3A+The+Geology+of+Rock+Climbing&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Ftypes-of-rock-for-climbing-756145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Matteo,_Giovanna2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Matteo, Giovanna (12 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/leopoldina-e-tereza-cristina-descubra-o-que-aconteceu-com-as-maes-do-brasil.phtml">"Leopoldina e Teresa Cristina: descubra o que aconteceu com as "mães do Brasil"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leopoldina+e+Teresa+Cristina%3A+descubra+o+que+aconteceu+com+as+%22m%C3%A3es+do+Brasil%22&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft.au=De+Matteo%2C+Giovanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Freportagem%2Fleopoldina-e-tereza-cristina-descubra-o-que-aconteceu-com-as-maes-do-brasil.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasik,_MiroslavaHanika,_Bogdashka2012" class="citation book cs1">Blasik, Miroslava; Hanika, Bogdashka, eds. (2012). <i>Granite: Occurrence, Mineralogy and Origin</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62081-566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62081-566-3"><bdi>978-1-62081-566-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Granite%3A+Occurrence%2C+Mineralogy+and+Origin&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-62081-566-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwidale,_Charles_Rowland2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rowland_Twidale" title="Charles Rowland Twidale">Twidale, Charles Rowland</a> (2005). <i>Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36435-5"><bdi>978-0-415-36435-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landforms+and+Geology+of+Granite+Terrains&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=A.+A.+Balkema&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36435-5&rft.au=Twidale%2C+Charles+Rowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmo,_Vladimir1971" class="citation book cs1">Marmo, Vladimir (1971). <i>Granite Petrology and the Granite Problem</i>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-40852-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-40852-5"><bdi>978-0-444-40852-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Granite+Petrology+and+the+Granite+Problem&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Elsevier+Scientific&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-444-40852-5&rft.au=Marmo%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGranite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igneous_rocks" title="Template talk:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">Ultramafic</a><br /><45% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a><br />45–52% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a><br />52–63% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a><br />63–69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a><br />>69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic rocks</a>:</b> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase (Dolerite)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Microdiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Microgranodiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microgranite</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Granite</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonemasonry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41177#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41177#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41177#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Granit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132750-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Granite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85056417">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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