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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crystal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Crystal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_morphology_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_morphology_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crystal morphology and size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_morphology_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Magnetic properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melting_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Melting point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution of deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological occurrences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_occurrences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biological occurrences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetic_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Magnetic recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Catalysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetite_nanoparticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetite_nanoparticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Magnetite nanoparticles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetite_nanoparticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_mining_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_mining_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Coal mining industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_mining_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Magnetene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetiet" title="Magnetiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magnetiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مغنيتيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغنيتيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqnetit" title="Maqnetit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqnetit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ম্যাগনেটাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাগনেটাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Магнетыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магнетыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Магнэтыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магнэтыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetiit" title="Magnetiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnetiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μαγνητίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνητίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetito" title="Magnetito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magnetito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مگنتیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مگنتیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tite" title="Magnétite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnétite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maighn%C3%A9id%C3%ADt" title="Maighnéidít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maighnéidít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%B2%A0%EC%84%9D" title="자철석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자철석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Մագնետիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնետիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="मैग्नेटाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैग्नेटाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet%C3%ADt" title="Magnetít – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Magnetít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnetite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98" title="מגנטיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנטיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginetiti" title="Maginetiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maginetiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayetit" title="Mayetit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mayetit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetitas" title="Magnetitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnetitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetiet" title="Magnetiet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Magnetiet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മാഗ്നറ്റൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാഗ്നറ്റൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetiet" title="Magnetiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnetiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%89%84%E9%89%B1" title="磁鉄鉱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="磁鉄鉱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetitt" title="Magnetitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnetitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetitt" title="Magnetitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnetitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetyt" title="Magnetyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnetyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnetita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchu" title="Winchu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Winchu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Magnetite" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetiitti" title="Magnetiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnetiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyetit" title="Manyetit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manyetit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнетит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магнетит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Magnetit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="磁铁矿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磁铁矿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" title="磁鐵礦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磁鐵礦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iron ore mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mineral magnetite as found in natural deposits. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manganite" title="Manganite">manganite</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Magnetite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetite-118736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Magnetite-118736.jpg/220px-Magnetite-118736.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Magnetite-118736.jpg/330px-Magnetite-118736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Magnetite-118736.jpg/440px-Magnetite-118736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Magnetite from Bolivia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide minerals">Oxide minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spinel_group" title="Spinel group">Spinel group</a></li><li>Spinel structural group</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">iron(II,III) oxide, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup>Fe<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3+</span><span>2</span></span>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mag<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.BB.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic (crystal system)">Isometric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hexoctahedral (m<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (4/m <span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Fd<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m</i> (no. 227)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 8.397 Å; Z = 8</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Black, gray with brownish tint in reflected sun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Octahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral">Octahedral</a>, fine granular to massive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">On {Ill} as both twin and composition plane, the spinel law, as contact twins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Indistinct, parting on {Ill}, very good</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Uneven</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5.5–6.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Metallic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.17–5.18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dissolves slowly in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Major varieties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">Lodestone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Magnetic with definite north and south poles</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg/260px-Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg/390px-Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg/520px-Magnetite_sample_with_neodymium_magnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Magnetite is one of the very few minerals that is <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrimagnetic">ferrimagnetic</a>; it is attracted by a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> as shown here</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png/220px-Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png/330px-Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png/440px-Kristallstruktur_Magnetit.png 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Unit cell of magnetite. The gray spheres are oxygen, green are divalent iron, blue are trivalent iron. Also shown are an iron atom in an octahedral space (light blue) and another in a tetrahedral space (gray).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Magnetite</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> and one of the main <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ores</a>, with the chemical formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup>Fe<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3+</span><span>2</span></span>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">oxides of iron</a>, and is <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetic</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrimag2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrimag2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is attracted to a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> and can be <a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">magnetized</a> to become a permanent magnet itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wasilewski_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasilewski-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of extremely rare <a href="/wiki/Native_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Native iron">native iron</a> deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestone</a>, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tremolet_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tremolet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 5–6 and leaves a black <a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">streak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small grains of magnetite are very common in <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic rocks">metamorphic rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chemical <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> name is <a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">iron(II,III) oxide</a> and the common chemical name is <i>ferrous-ferric oxide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to igneous rocks, magnetite also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">sedimentary rocks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formations</a> and in lake and marine sediments as both detrital grains and as <a href="/wiki/Magnetofossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetofossils">magnetofossils</a>. Magnetite nanoparticles are also thought to form in soils, where they probably oxidize rapidly to <a href="/wiki/Maghemite" title="Maghemite">maghemite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chemical composition of magnetite is Fe<sup>2+</sup>(Fe<sup>3+</sup>)<sub>2</sub>(O<sup>2-</sup>)<sub>4</sub>. This indicates that magnetite contains both <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Divalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Divalent">divalent</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ferric" title="Ferric">ferric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivalent">trivalent</a>) iron, suggesting crystallization in an environment containing intermediate levels of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main details of its structure were established in 1915. It was one of the first crystal structures to be obtained using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>. The structure is inverse <a href="/wiki/Spinel_group" title="Spinel group">spinel</a>, with O<sup>2-</sup> ions forming a <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> lattice and iron cations occupying <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_site" title="Interstitial site">interstitial sites</a>. Half of the Fe<sup>3+</sup> cations occupy tetrahedral sites while the other half, along with Fe<sup>2+</sup> cations, occupy octahedral sites. The unit cell consists of thirty-two<span class="nowrap"> </span>O<sup>2-</sup> ions and unit cell length is <i>a</i> = 0.839 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the inverse spinel group, magnetite can form <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solutions</a> with similarly structured minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Ulvospinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulvospinel">ulvospinel</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Magnesioferrite" title="Magnesioferrite">magnesioferrite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MgFe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000360_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000360-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Titanomagnetite, also known as titaniferous magnetite, is a solid solution between magnetite and ulvospinel that crystallizes in many <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> igneous rocks. Titanomagnetite may undergo <a href="/wiki/Solid_Solution#Exsolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid Solution">oxy-exsolution</a> during cooling, resulting in ingrowths of magnetite and ilmenite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000360_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000360-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_morphology_and_size">Crystal morphology and size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crystal morphology and size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural and synthetic magnetite occurs most commonly as <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedral</a> crystals bounded by {111} planes and as <a href="/wiki/Rhombic_dodecahedron" title="Rhombic dodecahedron">rhombic-dodecahedra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twinning occurs on the {111} plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrothermal synthesis usually produces single octahedral crystals which can be as large as 10 mm (0.39 in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the presence of mineralizers such as 0.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>M HI or 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>M <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</a> and at 0.207<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a> at 416–800 °C, magnetite grew as crystals whose shapes were a combination of rhombic-dodechahedra forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crystals were more rounded than usual. The appearance of higher forms was considered as a result from a decrease in the surface energies caused by the lower surface to volume ratio in the rounded crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetite has been important in understanding the conditions under which rocks form. Magnetite reacts with oxygen to produce <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, and the mineral pair forms a <a href="/wiki/Mineral_redox_buffer" title="Mineral redox buffer">buffer</a> that can control how oxidizing its environment is (the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Fugacity" title="Fugacity">fugacity</a>). This buffer is known as the hematite-magnetite or HM buffer. At lower oxygen levels, magnetite can form a buffer with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fayalite" title="Fayalite">fayalite</a> known as the QFM buffer. At still lower oxygen levels, magnetite forms a buffer with <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCstite" title="Wüstite">wüstite</a> known as the MW buffer. The QFM and MW buffers have been used extensively in laboratory experiments on rock chemistry. The QFM buffer, in particular, produces an oxygen fugacity close to that of most igneous rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonly, <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> contain solid solutions of both titanomagnetite and hemoilmenite or titanohematite. Compositions of the mineral pairs are used to calculate oxygen fugacity: a range of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_redox_buffer" title="Mineral redox buffer">oxidizing conditions</a> are found in magmas and the oxidation state helps to determine how the magmas might evolve by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnetite also is produced from <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">dunites</a> by <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_properties">Magnetic properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magnetic properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lodestones were used as an early form of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic compass">magnetic compass</a>. Magnetite has been a critical tool in <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetism</a>, a science important in understanding <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> and as historic data for <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">magnetohydrodynamics</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Scientific_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific fields">scientific fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000361_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000361-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationships between magnetite and other iron oxide minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, hematite, and <a href="/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel" title="Ulvöspinel">ulvospinel</a> have been much studied; the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_reaction" title="Metamorphic reaction">reactions</a> between these minerals and oxygen influence how and when magnetite preserves a record of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At low temperatures, magnetite undergoes a crystal structure <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> from a monoclinic structure to a cubic structure known as the <a href="/wiki/Verwey_transition" title="Verwey transition">Verwey transition</a>. Optical studies show that this metal to insulator transition is sharp and occurs around 120<span class="nowrap"> </span>K.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Verwey transition is dependent on grain size, domain state, pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the iron-oxygen <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An isotropic point also occurs near the Verwey transition around 130<span class="nowrap"> </span>K, at which point the sign of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant changes from positive to negative.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a> of magnetite is 580 °C (853 K; 1,076 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If magnetite is in a large enough quantity it can be found in <a href="/wiki/Aeromagnetic_survey" title="Aeromagnetic survey">aeromagnetic surveys</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> which measures magnetic intensities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melting_point">Melting point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Melting point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide#Properties" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide § Properties</a></div> <p>Solid magnetite particles melt at about 1,583–1,597 °C (2,881–2,907 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 794">: 794 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_deposits">Distribution of deposits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution of deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg/220px-HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg/330px-HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg/440px-HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Magnetite and other heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnetite is sometimes found in large quantities in beach sand. Such <a href="/wiki/Black_sand" title="Black sand">black sands</a> (mineral sands or <a href="/wiki/Iron_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron sand">iron sands</a>) are found in various places, such as <a href="/wiki/Lung_Kwu_Tan" title="Lung Kwu Tan">Lung Kwu Tan</a> in Hong Kong; <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States; and the west coast of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnetite, eroded from rocks, is carried to the beach by rivers and concentrated by wave action and currents. Huge deposits have been found in banded iron formations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sedimentary rocks have been used to infer changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large deposits of magnetite are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacama">Atacama</a> region of Chile (<a href="/wiki/Chilean_Iron_Belt" title="Chilean Iron Belt">Chilean Iron Belt</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Valentines,_Uruguay" title="Valentines, Uruguay">Valentines</a> region of Uruguay;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a>, Sweden;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tallawang,_New_South_Wales" title="Tallawang, New South Wales">Tallawang region</a> of New South Wales;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kediet_ej_Jill" title="Kediet ej Jill">Kediet ej Jill</a>, the highest mountain of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, is made entirely of the mineral.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the municipalities of Molinaseca, Albares, and Rabanal del Camino, in the province of León (Spain), there is a magnetite deposit in Ordovician terrain, considered one of the largest in Europe. It was exploited between 1955 and 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deposits are also found in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985388_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutKlein1985388-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnetite-rich sand dunes are found in southern Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, an exploration company, Cardero Resources, discovered a vast deposit of magnetite-bearing sand dunes in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The dune field covers 250 square kilometers (100 sq mi), with the highest dune at over 2,000 meters (6,560 ft) above the desert floor. The sand contains 10% magnetite.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In large enough quantities magnetite can affect <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> there are many areas with highly magnetized rocks that can greatly influence compasses. Extra steps and repeated observations are required when using a compass in Tasmania to keep navigation problems to the minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnetite crystals with a <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cubic</a> habit are rare but have been found at Balmat, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">St. Lawrence County, New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minerals_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minerals-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5ngban" title="Långban">Långban, Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This habit may be a result of crystallization in the presence of cations such as zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnetite can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralization</a> and are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Magnetofossil" title="Magnetofossil">magnetofossils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also instances of magnetite with origins in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> coming from <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_occurrences">Biological occurrences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biological occurrences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biomagnetism" title="Biomagnetism">Biomagnetism</a> is usually related to the presence of biogenic crystals of magnetite, which occur widely in organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnetite-based_magnetoreception_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnetite-based_magnetoreception-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisms range from <a href="/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria" title="Magnetotactic bacteria">magnetotactic bacteria</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Magnetospirillum_magnetotacticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum">Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum</a></i>) to animals, including humans, where magnetite crystals (and other magnetically sensitive compounds) are found in different organs, depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_25587420_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_25587420-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirschvink_1992_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschvink_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomagnetites account for the effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanism_for_biological_effects_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanism_for_biological_effects-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a chemical basis for cellular sensitivity to electric and magnetic fields (<a href="/wiki/Galvanotaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanotaxis">galvanotaxis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-galvanotaxis_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvanotaxis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteria.png/330px-Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteria.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteria.png/495px-Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteria.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Magnetite magnetosomes in <a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">Gammaproteobacteria</a></figcaption></figure><p>Pure magnetite particles are <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralized</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magnetosome" title="Magnetosome">magnetosomes</a>, which are produced by several species of <a href="/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria" title="Magnetotactic bacteria">magnetotactic bacteria</a>. Magnetosomes consist of long chains of oriented magnetite particle that are used by bacteria for navigation. After the death of these bacteria, the magnetite particles in magnetosomes may be preserved in sediments as magnetofossils. Some types of <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic bacteria</a> that are not magnetotactic can also create magnetite in oxygen free sediments by reducing amorphic ferric oxide to magnetite.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species of birds are known to incorporate magnetite crystals in the upper beak for <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Magnetoreception_review_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnetoreception_review-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which (in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Cryptochromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptochromes">cryptochromes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>) gives them the ability to sense the direction, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic polarity">polarity</a>, and magnitude of the ambient <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_25587420_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_25587420-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magnetic_inclination_avian_navigation_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnetic_inclination_avian_navigation-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chitons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitons">Chitons</a>, a type of mollusk, have a tongue-like structure known as a <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a>, covered with magnetite-coated teeth, or <a href="/wiki/Denticle_(tooth_feature)" title="Denticle (tooth feature)">denticles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitons_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitons-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hardness of the magnetite helps in breaking down food. </p><p>Biological magnetite may store information about the magnetic fields the organism was exposed to, potentially allowing scientists to learn about the migration of the organism or about changes in the Earth's magnetic field over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bókkon_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bókkon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_brain">Human brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Particulates#Cognitive_hazards_and_mental_health" title="Particulates">Particulates § Cognitive hazards and mental health</a></div> <p>Living organisms can produce magnetite.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschvink_1992_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschvink_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, magnetite can be found in various parts of the brain including the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschvink_1992_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschvink_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron can be found in three forms in the brain – magnetite, hemoglobin (blood) and <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> (protein), and areas of the brain related to <a href="/wiki/Motor_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor function">motor function</a> generally contain more iron.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zecca2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zecca2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnetite can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. The hippocampus is associated with information processing, specifically learning and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, magnetite can have toxic effects due to its charge or magnetic nature and its involvement in oxidative stress or the production of <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that <a href="/wiki/Beta-amyloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-amyloid">beta-amyloid</a> plaques and <a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">tau proteins</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative disease</a> frequently occur after oxidative stress and the build-up of iron.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers also suggest that humans possess a magnetic sense,<sup id="cite_ref-Human_magnetoreception_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_magnetoreception-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposing that this could allow certain people to use magnetoreception for navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-human_magnetoreception_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human_magnetoreception-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of magnetite in the brain is still not well understood, and there has been a general lag in applying more modern, interdisciplinary techniques to the study of biomagnetism.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_20071390_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_20071390-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscope</a> scans of human brain-tissue samples are able to differentiate between magnetite produced by the body's own cells and magnetite absorbed from airborne pollution, the natural forms being jagged and crystalline, while magnetite pollution occurs as rounded <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>. Potentially a human health hazard, airborne magnetite is a result of pollution (specifically combustion). These nanoparticles can travel to the brain via the olfactory nerve, increasing the concentration of magnetite in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some brain samples, the nanoparticle pollution outnumbers the natural particles by as much as 100:1, and such pollution-borne magnetite particles may be linked to abnormal neural deterioration. In one study, the characteristic nanoparticles were found in the brains of 37 people: 29 of these, aged 3 to 85, had lived and died in Mexico City, a significant air pollution hotspot. Some of the further eight, aged 62 to 92, from Manchester, England, had died with varying severities of neurodegenerative diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such particles could conceivably contribute to diseases like <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a causal link has not yet been established, laboratory studies suggest that iron oxides such as magnetite are a component of <a href="/wiki/Senile_plaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Senile plaques">protein plaques</a> in the brain. Such plaques have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased iron levels, specifically magnetic iron, have been found in portions of the brain in Alzheimer's patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin,_Y._2011_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin,_Y._2011-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monitoring changes in iron concentrations may make it possible to detect the loss of neurons and the development of neurodegenerative diseases prior to the onset of symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-Zecca2004_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zecca2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qin,_Y._2011_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin,_Y._2011-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the relationship between magnetite and <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tissue, magnetite and ferritin can produce small magnetic fields which will interact with <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) creating contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin,_Y._2011_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin,_Y._2011-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huntington patients have not shown increased magnetite levels; however, high levels have been found in study mice.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its high iron content, magnetite has long been a major <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reduced in <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Blast furnaces">blast furnaces</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sponge_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge iron">sponge iron</a> for conversion to <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_recording">Magnetic recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Magnetic recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Audio_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording">Audio recording</a> using magnetic acetate tape was developed in the 1930s. The German <a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">magnetophon</a> first utilized magnetite powder that BASF coated onto cellulose acetate before soon switching to gamma ferric oxide for its superior morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> Company continued work on the German design. In 1946, the 3M researchers found they could also improve their own magnetite-based paper tape, which utilized powders of cubic crystals, by replacing the magnetite with needle-shaped particles of <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide#Gamma_phase" title="Iron(III) oxide">gamma ferric oxide</a> (γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Catalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 2–3% of the world's energy budget is allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Haber_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber Process">Haber Process</a> for nitrogen fixation, which relies on magnetite-derived catalysts. The industrial catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high-purity magnetite. The pulverized iron metal is burnt (oxidized) to give magnetite or wüstite of a defined particle size. The magnetite (or wüstite) particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the process. The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite, encased in a shell of wüstite, which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of iron metal. The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction, resulting in a highly porous high-surface-area material, which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst.<sup id="cite_ref-jozwiak_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jozwiak-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appl_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appl-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetite_nanoparticles">Magnetite nanoparticles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Magnetite nanoparticles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetite micro- and nanoparticles are used in a variety of applications, from biomedical to environmental. One use is in water purification: in high gradient magnetic separation, magnetite nanoparticles introduced into contaminated water will bind to the suspended particles (solids, bacteria, or plankton, for example) and settle to the bottom of the fluid, allowing the contaminants to be removed and the magnetite particles to be recycled and reused.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method works with radioactive and carcinogenic particles as well, making it an important cleanup tool in the case of heavy metals introduced into water systems.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another application of magnetic nanoparticles is in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Ferrofluid" title="Ferrofluid">ferrofluids</a>. These are used in several ways. Ferrofluids can be used for targeted <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">drug delivery</a> in the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnetization of the particles bound with drug molecules allows "magnetic dragging" of the solution to the desired area of the body. This would allow the treatment of only a small area of the body, rather than the body as a whole, and could be highly useful in cancer treatment, among other things. Ferrofluids are also used in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_mining_industry">Coal mining industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coal mining industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">separation of coal from waste</a>, dense medium baths were used. This technique employed the difference in densities between <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> (1.3–1.4 tonnes per m<sup>3</sup>) and shales (2.2–2.4 tonnes per m<sup>3</sup>). In a medium with intermediate <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> (water with magnetite), stones sank and coal floated.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetene">Magnetene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Magnetene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetene is a two-dimensional flat sheet of magnetite noted for its ultra-low-friction properties.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetite-278427.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Octahedral crystals of magnetite up to 1.8 cm across, on cream colored feldspar crystals, locality: Cerro Huañaquino, Potosí Department, Bolivia"><img alt="Octahedral crystals of magnetite up to 1.8 cm across, on cream colored feldspar crystals, locality: Cerro Huañaquino, Potosí Department, Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Magnetite-278427.jpg/150px-Magnetite-278427.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Magnetite-278427.jpg/225px-Magnetite-278427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Magnetite-278427.jpg/300px-Magnetite-278427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Octahedral crystals of magnetite up to 1.8 cm across, on cream colored <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> crystals, locality: Cerro Huañaquino, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a>, Bolivia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetite-170591.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnetite crystals with epitaxial elevations on their faces"><img alt="Magnetite crystals with epitaxial elevations on their faces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Magnetite-170591.jpg/142px-Magnetite-170591.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Magnetite-170591.jpg/214px-Magnetite-170591.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Magnetite-170591.jpg/285px-Magnetite-170591.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnetite crystals with <a href="/wiki/Epitaxial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitaxial">epitaxial</a> elevations on their faces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnetite in contrasting chalcopyrite matrix"><img alt="Magnetite in contrasting chalcopyrite matrix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg/150px-Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg/225px-Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg/300px-Chalcopyrite-Magnetite-cktsr-10c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnetite in contrasting <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a> matrix</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetite-rw16b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnetite with a rare cubic habit from St. Lawrence County, New York"><img alt="Magnetite with a rare cubic habit from St. Lawrence County, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Magnetite-rw16b.jpg/141px-Magnetite-rw16b.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Magnetite-rw16b.jpg/211px-Magnetite-rw16b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Magnetite-rw16b.jpg/282px-Magnetite-rw16b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnetite with a rare cubic habit from <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">St. Lawrence County, New York</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluing_(steel)" title="Bluing (steel)">Bluing (steel)</a>, a process in which steel is partially protected against rust by a layer of magnetite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Iron_Ore_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Buena Vista Iron Ore District">Buena Vista Iron Ore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a> product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)" title="Ferrite (magnet)">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greigite" title="Greigite">Greigite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia (mineral)">Magnesia</a> (in natural mixtures with magnetite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_scale" title="Mill scale">Mill scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnes_the_shepherd" title="Magnes the shepherd">Magnes the shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_lattice_sunstone" title="Rainbow lattice sunstone">Rainbow lattice sunstone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyBideauxBladh" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/magnetite.pdf">"Magnetite"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i>. 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Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-80580-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-80580-9"><bdi>978-0-471-80580-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Mineralogy&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-471-80580-9&rft.aulast=Hurlbut&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+S.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofmineralo00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrimag2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrimag2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenReichmannKantorSpetzler2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, S.D.; Reichmann, H.J.; Kantor, A.; Spetzler, H.A. 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Springer. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-22967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-22967-1"><bdi>0-387-22967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetism%3A+Fundamentals&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-387-22967-1&rft.aulast=Du+Tr%C3%A9molet+de+Lacheisserie&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft.au=Damien+Gignoux&rft.au=Michel+Schlenker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgCExarQD08C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesse2000" class="citation book cs1">Nesse, William D. (2000). <i>Introduction to mineralogy</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195106916" title="Special:BookSources/9780195106916"><bdi>9780195106916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+mineralogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195106916&rft.aulast=Nesse&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelMartínezMosquera2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morel, Mauricio; Martínez, Francisco; Mosquera, Edgar (October 2013). "Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles from mineral magnetite". <i>Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials</i>. <b>343</b>: 76–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JMMM..343...76M">2013JMMM..343...76M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmmm.2013.04.075">10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.04.075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Magnetism+and+Magnetic+Materials&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+characterization+of+magnetite+nanoparticles+from+mineral+magnetite&rft.volume=343&rft.pages=76-81&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmmm.2013.04.075&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JMMM..343...76M&rft.aulast=Morel&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Mosquera%2C+Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaherTaylor1988" class="citation journal cs1">Maher, B. A.; Taylor, R. M. (1988). "Formation of ultrafine-grained magnetite in soils". <i>Nature</i>. <b>336</b> (6197): 368–370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..368M">1988Natur.336..368M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F336368a0">10.1038/336368a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4338921">4338921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Formation+of+ultrafine-grained+magnetite+in+soils&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6197&rft.pages=368-370&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4338921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F336368a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Natur.336..368M&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeslerSimon2015" class="citation book cs1">Kesler, Stephen E.; Simon, Adam F. (2015). <i>Mineral resources, economics and the environment</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107074910" title="Special:BookSources/9781107074910"><bdi>9781107074910</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907621860">907621860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mineral+resources%2C+economics+and+the+environment&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907621860&rft.isbn=9781107074910&rft.aulast=Kesler&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=Simon%2C+Adam+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwertmann-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwertmann_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornellSchwertmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Cornell; Schwertmann (1996). <i>The Iron Oxides</i>. New York: VCH. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28576-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28576-1"><bdi>978-3-527-28576-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Oxides&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=VCH&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-527-28576-1&rft.au=Cornell&rft.au=Schwertmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://log-web.de/chemie/Start.htm?name=magnetite&lang=en">an alternative visualisation of the crystal structure of Magnetite using JSMol is found here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000360-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000360_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000360_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesse2000">Nesse 2000</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichaelGhiorso1986" class="citation journal cs1">Carmichael, Ian S.E.; Ghiorso, Mark S. (June 1986). "Oxidation-reduction relations in basic magma: a case for homogeneous equilibria". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>78</b> (2–3): 200–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986E&PSL..78..200C">1986E&PSL..78..200C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2886%2990061-0">10.1016/0012-821X(86)90061-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Oxidation-reduction+relations+in+basic+magma%3A+a+case+for+homogeneous+equilibria&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=200-210&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2886%2990061-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986E%26PSL..78..200C&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.E.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521880060" title="Special:BookSources/9780521880060"><bdi>9780521880060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=261-265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521880060&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBirney1984" class="citation book cs1">McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). <i>Igneous petrology</i>. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198578105" title="Special:BookSources/0198578105"><bdi>0198578105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igneous+petrology&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Freeman%2C+Cooper&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0198578105&rft.aulast=McBirney&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley1989" class="citation book cs1">Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). <i>An introduction to metamorphic petrology</i>. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582300967" title="Special:BookSources/0582300967"><bdi>0582300967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex%2C+England&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0582300967&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=B.+W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesse2000361-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesse2000361_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesse2000">Nesse 2000</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauxe2010" class="citation book cs1">Tauxe, Lisa (2010). <i>Essentials of paleomagnetism</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520260313" title="Special:BookSources/9780520260313"><bdi>9780520260313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+paleomagnetism&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520260313&rft.aulast=Tauxe&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparov,_L._V.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gasparov, L. V.; et al. (2000). "Infrared and Raman studies of the Verwey transition in magnetite". <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>62</b> (12): 7939. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9905278">cond-mat/9905278</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvB..62.7939G">2000PhRvB..62.7939G</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.242.6889">10.1.1.242.6889</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.62.7939">10.1103/PhysRevB.62.7939</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39065289">39065289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Infrared+and+Raman+studies+of+the+Verwey+transition+in+magnetite&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=7939&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39065289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvB..62.7939G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.242.6889%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.62.7939&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F9905278&rft.au=Gasparov%2C+L.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparov,_L._V.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gasparov, L. V.; et al. (2005). "Magnetite: Raman study of the high-pressure and low-temperature effects". <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>. <b>97</b> (10): 10A922. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0907.2456">0907.2456</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JAP....97jA922G">2005JAP....97jA922G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1854476">10.1063/1.1854476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55568498">55568498</a>. 10A922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=Magnetite%3A+Raman+study+of+the+high-pressure+and+low-temperature+effects&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=10A922&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0907.2456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55568498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1854476&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JAP....97jA922G&rft.au=Gasparov%2C+L.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAragón1985" class="citation journal cs1">Aragón, Ricardo (1985). 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"Magnetite-based magnetoreception". <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 462–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0959-4388%2800%2900235-x">10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00235-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502393">11502393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16073105">16073105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Magnetite-based+magnetoreception.&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=462-7&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16073105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11502393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0959-4388%2800%2900235-x&rft.aulast=Kirschvink&rft.aufirst=J+L&rft.au=Walker%2C+M+M&rft.au=Diebel%2C+C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID_25587420-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMID_25587420_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMID_25587420_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltschkoWiltschko2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wiltschko, Roswitha; Wiltschko, Wolfgang (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264356">"Sensing magnetic directions in birds: radical pair processes involving cryptochrome"</a>. <i>Biosensors</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 221–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbios4030221">10.3390/bios4030221</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264356">4264356</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25587420">25587420</a>. <q>Birds can use the geomagnetic field for compass orientation. Behavioral experiments, mostly with migrating passerines, revealed three characteristics of the avian magnetic compass: (1) it works spontaneously only in a narrow functional window around the intensity of the ambient magnetic field, but can adapt to other intensities, (2) it is an "inclination compass", not based on the polarity of the magnetic field, but the axial course of the field lines, and (3) it requires short-wavelength light from UV to 565 nm Green.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosensors&rft.atitle=Sensing+magnetic+directions+in+birds%3A+radical+pair+processes+involving+cryptochrome&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-42&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264356%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25587420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbios4030221&rft.aulast=Wiltschko&rft.aufirst=Roswitha&rft.au=Wiltschko%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirschvink_1992-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschvink_1992_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschvink_1992_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschvink_1992_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschvink1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kirschvink, Joseph; et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49775">"Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA</i>. <b>89</b> (16): 7683–7687. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...89.7683K">1992PNAS...89.7683K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.16.7683">10.1073/pnas.89.16.7683</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49775">49775</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1502184">1502184</a>. <q>Using an ultrasensitive superconducting magnetometer in a clean-lab environment, we have detected the presence of ferromagnetic material in a variety of tissues from the human brain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+USA&rft.atitle=Magnetite+biomineralization+in+the+human+brain&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=7683-7687&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC49775%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1502184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.89.16.7683&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992PNAS...89.7683K&rft.aulast=Kirschvink&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC49775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mechanism_for_biological_effects-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mechanism_for_biological_effects_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschvinkKobayashi-KirschvinkDiaz-RicciKirschvink1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kirschvink, J L; Kobayashi-Kirschvink, A; Diaz-Ricci, J C; Kirschvink, S J (1992). "Magnetite in human tissues: a mechanism for the biological effects of weak ELF magnetic fields". <i>Bioelectromagnetics</i>. Suppl 1: 101–13. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.326.4179">10.1.1.326.4179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbem.2250130710">10.1002/bem.2250130710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1285705">1285705</a>. <q>A simple calculation shows that magnetosomes moving in response to earth-strength ELF fields are capable of opening trans-membrane ion channels, in a fashion similar to those predicted by ionic resonance models. Hence, the presence of trace levels of biogenic magnetite in virtually all human tissues examined suggests that similar biophysical processes may explain a variety of weak field ELF bioeffects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioelectromagnetics&rft.atitle=Magnetite+in+human+tissues%3A+a+mechanism+for+the+biological+effects+of+weak+ELF+magnetic+fields.&rft.volume=Suppl+1&rft.pages=101-13&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.326.4179%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1285705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbem.2250130710&rft.aulast=Kirschvink&rft.aufirst=J+L&rft.au=Kobayashi-Kirschvink%2C+A&rft.au=Diaz-Ricci%2C+J+C&rft.au=Kirschvink%2C+S+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galvanotaxis-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-galvanotaxis_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakajimaZhuSunHegyi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nakajima, Ken-ichi; Zhu, Kan; Sun, Yao-Hui; Hegyi, Bence; Zeng, Qunli; Murphy, Christopher J; Small, J Victor; Chen-Izu, Ye; Izumiya, Yoshihiro; Penninger, Josef M; Zhao, Min (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4603535">"KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines to sense weak extracellular electric fields in galvanotaxis"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>: 8532. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8532N">2015NatCo...6.8532N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9532">10.1038/ncomms9532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4603535">4603535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26449415">26449415</a>. <q>Taken together these data suggest a previously unknown two-molecule sensing mechanism in which KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines in sensing weak electric fields.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=KCNJ15%2FKir4.2+couples+with+polyamines+to+sense+weak+extracellular+electric+fields+in+galvanotaxis&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=8532&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4603535%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26449415&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9532&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.8532N&rft.aulast=Nakajima&rft.aufirst=Ken-ichi&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Kan&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yao-Hui&rft.au=Hegyi%2C+Bence&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Qunli&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Christopher+J&rft.au=Small%2C+J+Victor&rft.au=Chen-Izu%2C+Ye&rft.au=Izumiya%2C+Yoshihiro&rft.au=Penninger%2C+Josef+M&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4603535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovleyStolzNordPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Lovley, Derek; Stolz, John; Nord, Gordon; Phillips, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329151927/http://www.geobacter.org/publication-files/Nature_1987_Nov.pdf">"Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>geobacter.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lehigh+Review&rft.atitle=Magnetite+%28Fe3O4%29%3A+Properties%2C+Synthesis%2C+and+Applications&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Blaney&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpreserve.lehigh.edu%2Fcas-lehighreview-vol-15%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajputPittmanMohan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rajput, Shalini; Pittman, Charles U.; Mohan, Dinesh (2016). "Magnetic magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticle synthesis and applications for lead (Pb 2+ ) and chromium (Cr 6+ ) removal from water". <i>Journal of Colloid and Interface Science</i>. <b>468</b>: 334–346. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCIS..468..334R">2016JCIS..468..334R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcis.2015.12.008">10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26859095">26859095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Colloid+and+Interface+Science&rft.atitle=Magnetic+magnetite+%28Fe+3+O+4+%29+nanoparticle+synthesis+and+applications+for+lead+%28Pb+2%2B+%29+and+chromium+%28Cr+6%2B+%29+removal+from+water&rft.volume=468&rft.pages=334-346&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26859095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcis.2015.12.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JCIS..468..334R&rft.aulast=Rajput&rft.aufirst=Shalini&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Charles+U.&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Dinesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenKievitZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Zachary R.; Kievit, Forrest M.; <a href="/wiki/Miqin_Zhang" title="Miqin Zhang">Zhang, Miqin</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290401">"Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging"</a>. <i>Materials Today</i>. <b>14</b> (7–8): 330–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1369-7021%2811%2970163-8">10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70163-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290401">3290401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22389583">22389583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Today&rft.atitle=Magnetite+nanoparticles+for+medical+MR+imaging&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=330-338&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3290401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22389583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1369-7021%2811%2970163-8&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Zachary+R.&rft.au=Kievit%2C+Forrest+M.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Miqin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3290401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyssenDiependaeleGoossens2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nyssen, J; Diependaele, S; Goossens, R (2012). "Belgium's burning coal tips - coupling thermographic ASTER imagery with topography to map debris slide susceptibility". <i>Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 23–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ZGm....56...23N">2012ZGm....56...23N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0372-8854%2F2011%2F0061">10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geomorphologie&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+burning+coal+tips+-+coupling+thermographic+ASTER+imagery+with+topography+to+map+debris+slide+susceptibility&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-52&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0372-8854%2F2011%2F0061&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ZGm....56...23N&rft.aulast=Nyssen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Diependaele%2C+S&rft.au=Goossens%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToronto" class="citation web cs1">Toronto, University of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-11-magnetene-graphene-like-2d-material-leverages.html">"Magnetene: Graphene-like 2D material leverages quantum effects to achieve ultra-low friction"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Magnetene%3A+Graphene-like+2D+material+leverages+quantum+effects+to+achieve+ultra-low+friction&rft.aulast=Toronto&rft.aufirst=University+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-11-magnetene-graphene-like-2d-material-leverages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenstamWeiner,_Stephen1989" class="citation book cs1">Lowenstam, Heinz A.; Weiner, Stephen (1989). <i>On Biomineralization</i>. USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504977-0"><bdi>978-0-19-504977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Biomineralization&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504977-0&rft.aulast=Lowenstam&rft.aufirst=Heinz+A.&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangKirschvink,_Joseph_Lynn1989" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Shih-Bin Robin; Kirschvink, Joseph Lynn (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/AnnualReviews89.pdf">"Magnetofossils, the Magnetization of Sediments, and the Evolution of Magnetite Biomineralization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>17</b>: 169–195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AREPS..17..169C">1989AREPS..17..169C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.17.050189.001125">10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.001125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Magnetofossils%2C+the+Magnetization+of+Sediments%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Magnetite+Biomineralization&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=169-195&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.17.050189.001125&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989AREPS..17..169C&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Shih-Bin+Robin&rft.au=Kirschvink%2C+Joseph+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~jkirschvink%2Fpdfs%2FAnnualReviews89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galleries.com/minerals/oxides/magnetit/magnetit.htm">Mineral galleries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207080134/http://www.galleries.com/minerals/oxides/magnetit/magnetit.htm">Archived</a> 2011-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/ask/a11651.html">Bio-magnetics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119180010/http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/minerals/overview/overview?searchterm=ironsand">Magnetite mining in New Zealand</a> Accessed 25-Mar-09</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ores" title="Template:Ores"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ores" title="Template talk:Ores"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ores" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ores"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ore_minerals,_mineral_mixtures_and_ore_deposits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ore#Ore,_gangue,_ore_minerals,_gangue_minerals" title="Ore">Ore minerals</a>, mineral mixtures and <a href="/wiki/Ore#Ore_deposits" title="Ore">ore deposits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">Chromite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">Coltan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">Columbite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">Ilmenite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnetite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">Pyrolusite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">Tantalite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">Uraninite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthite" title="Acanthite">Acanthite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentite" title="Argentite">Argentite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornite" title="Bornite">Bornite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">Chalcopyrite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcocite" title="Chalcocite">Chalcocite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">Cinnabar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobaltite" title="Cobaltite">Cobaltite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">Galena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">Molybdenite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">Pentlandite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">Dolomite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">Magnesite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">Baryte</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperrylite" title="Sperrylite">Sperrylite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">Scheelite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">Wolframite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deposit types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate-hosted_lead-zinc_ore_deposits" title="Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits">Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_mineral_sands_ore_deposits" title="Heavy mineral sands ore deposits">Heavy mineral sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide_copper_gold_ore_deposits" title="Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits">Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambalda_type_komatiitic_nickel_ore_deposits" title="Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits">Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateritic_nickel_ore_deposits" title="Lateritic nickel ore deposits">Lateritic nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore#Nickel-cobalt-platinum_deposits" title="Ore">Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper_deposit" title="Porphyry copper deposit">Porphyry copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_exhalative_deposits" title="Sedimentary exhalative deposits">Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore" title="Uranium ore">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit" title="Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit">Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogenic_gold_deposit" title="Orogenic gold deposit">Orogenic gold deposit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181395#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181395#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181395#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114488-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Magnetite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85079771">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Magnétite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12243305w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Magnétite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12243305w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574881">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543550705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=60237">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&oldid=1251269792">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&oldid=1251269792</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron(II,III)_minerals" title="Category:Iron(II,III) minerals">Iron(II,III) minerals</a></li><li><a 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Template:Infobox_mineral"," 6.62% 80.715 4 Template:Sfn"," 6.54% 79.734 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.49% 66.943 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.786","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10841080,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnthonyBideauxBladh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAragón1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_A._MaherImad_A._M._AhmedVassil_KarloukovskiDonald_A._MacLaren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarberScott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthelmy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaney2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoström1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBókkonSalari2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvo_Rebollar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichaelGhiorso1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlainRobinsonLupulescuMorgan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangKirschvink,_Joseph_Lynn1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangKirschvink1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkEvans1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornellSchwertmann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_Trémolet_de_LacheisserieDamien_GignouxMichel_Schlenker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Hand2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabianShcherbakovMcEnroe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasparov,_L._V.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasparov,_L._V.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGubbins,_D.Herrero-Bervera,_E.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisonDunin-BorkowskiPutnis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurlbutKlein1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurlbutW._Edwin_SharpEdward_Salisbury_Dana1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsenReichmannKantorSpetzler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJozwiakKaczmarek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeslerSimon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyserCiobanuCookWade2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschvink1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschvinkKobayashi-KirschvinkDiaz-RicciKirschvink1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschvinkWalkerDiebel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschvinkWinklhoferWalker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishkinevChernetsov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnippingBilenkerSimonReich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovleyStolzNordPhillips\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenstam,_H.A.1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowenstamWeiner,_Stephen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaherAhmedKarloukovskiMacLaren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaherTaylor1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBirney1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorelMartínezMosquera2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriarty2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMénard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakajimaZhuSunHegyi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesse2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyssenDiependaeleGoossens2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker_Gay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin_WalkerWilliam_H._Tarn1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQinZhuZhanZhao2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajputPittmanMohan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussenMuhling2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephenKievitZhang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauxe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempleton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToronto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValleyHancharWhitehouse2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarr2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasilewskiGünther_Kletetschka1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltschkoStapputThalauWiltschko2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltschkoWiltschko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZecca,_LuigiYoudim,_Moussa_B._H.Riederer,_PeterConnor,_James_R.2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mineral\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"Ores\"] = 1,\n [\"Overline\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ullmann\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-z527z","timestamp":"20241125134910","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Magnetite","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetite","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181395","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181395","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-25T19:27:56Z","dateModified":"2024-10-15T07:58:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/Magnetite-118736.jpg","headline":"iron ore mineral"}</script> </body> </html>