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href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Royal spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerning_the_American_Revolution_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerning_the_American_Revolution_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Concerning the American Revolution and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerning_the_American_Revolution_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerning_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerning_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Concerning Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerning_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_constitutional_reign_(1789–1792)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_constitutional_reign_(1789–1792)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revolutionary constitutional reign (1789–1792)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutionary_constitutional_reign_(1789–1792)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolutionary constitutional reign (1789–1792) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_constitutional_reign_(1789–1792)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight_to_Varennes_(1791)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_to_Varennes_(1791)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Flight to Varennes (1791)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_to_Varennes_(1791)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_by_foreign_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_by_foreign_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Intervention by foreign powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervention_by_foreign_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment,_execution_and_burial_(1792–1793)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment,_execution_and_burial_(1792–1793)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Imprisonment, execution and burial (1792–1793)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment,_execution_and_burial_(1792–1793)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis XVI</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewyk_XVI_van_Frankryk" title="Lodewyk XVI van Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lodewyk XVI van Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XVI." title="Ludwig XVI. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ludwig XVI." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlo%C3%B0wig_XVI_Francena_Cyning" title="Hloðwig XVI Francena Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hloðwig XVI Francena Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="لويس السادس عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس السادس عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XVI_de_Francia" title="Loís XVI de Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Loís XVI de Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluis_XVI_de_Francia" title="Lluis XVI de Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluis XVI de Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_L%C3%BCdovik" title="XVI Lüdovik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XVI Lüdovik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="اون‌آلتینجی لوئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اون‌آلتینجی لوئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87" title="ষোড়শ লুই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ষোড়শ লুই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_16-s%C3%A8" title="Louis 16-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis 16-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_XVI" title="Людовік XVI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людовік XVI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_XVI" title="Людовік XVI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Людовік XVI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_XVI" title="Луи XVI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи XVI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_XVI,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj XVI, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luj XVI, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeiz_XVI_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Loeiz XVI (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loeiz XVI (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_XVI_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Lluís XVI de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís XVI de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XVI" title="Людовик XVI – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Людовик XVI" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_XVI." title="Ludvík XVI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík XVI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Louis XVI, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis XVI, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_16._af_Frankrig" title="Ludvig 16. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludvig 16. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XVI." title="Ludwig XVI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig XVI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λουδοβίκος ΙΣΤ΄ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος ΙΣΤ΄ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XVI_de_Francia" title="Luis XVI de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luis XVI de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviko_la_16-a_(Francio)" title="Ludoviko la 16-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludoviko la 16-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XVI.a_Borboikoa" title="Luis XVI.a Borboikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis XVI.a Borboikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="لوئی شانزدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی شانزدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_16._kongur" title="Ludvík 16. kongur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ludvík 16. kongur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadewyk_XVI_fan_Frankryk" title="Loadewyk XVI fan Frankryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loadewyk XVI fan Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_na_Fraince" title="Louis XVI na Fraince – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis XVI na Fraince" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_XVI_de_Francia" title="Lois XVI de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lois XVI de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%88_%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%AC%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B" title="લૂઈ ૧૬મો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લૂઈ ૧૬મો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_16%EC%84%B8" title="루이 16세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 16세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_XVI" title="Լուի XVI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի XVI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="लुई सोलहवाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई सोलहवाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_XVI.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj XVI., kralj Francuske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luj XVI., kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_la_16ma_di_Francia" title="Louis la 16ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis la 16ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_dari_Prancis" title="Louis XVI dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis XVI dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_XVI_de_Francia" title="Ludovico XVI de Francia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ludovico XVI de Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_waseFrance" title="Louis XVI waseFrance – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Louis XVI waseFrance" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%B0v%C3%ADk_16." title="Loðvík 16. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loðvík 16." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_XVI_di_Francia" title="Luigi XVI di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi XVI di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="לואי השישה עשר, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי השישה עשר, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_saka_Prancis" title="Louis XVI saka Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louis XVI saka Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_XVI" title="ლუი XVI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი XVI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XVI" title="Людовик XVI – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Людовик XVI" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Louis XVI (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Louis XVI (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_XVI" title="Ludovicus XVI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus XVI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_XVI" title="Luijs XVI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs XVI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI._vu_Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Louis XVI. vu Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis XVI. vu Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudvikas_XVI" title="Liudvikas XVI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liudvikas XVI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XVI_de_Francia" title="Luis XVI de Francia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Luis XVI de Francia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._Lajos_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="XVI. Lajos francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XVI. Lajos francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_XVI" title="Луј XVI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј XVI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwi%C4%A1i_XVI_ta%27_Franza" title="Luwiġi XVI ta' Franza – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Luwiġi XVI ta' Franza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88" title="फ्रान्सचा सोळावा लुई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सचा सोळावा लुई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="لويس الستاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس الستاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%85" title="لویی شونزهم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لویی شونزهم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_dari_Perancis" title="Louis XVI dari Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis XVI dari Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_XVI_van_Frankrijk" title="Lodewijk XVI van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk XVI van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%81" title="लुई सोह्रौँ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुई सोह्रौँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A416%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="ルイ16世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ16世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigge_XVI_%27e_Franza" title="Luigge XVI 'e Franza – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Luigge XVI 'e Franza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XVI_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig XVI av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludvig XVI av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XVI_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig XVI av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ludvig XVI av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XVI_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Loís XVI de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Loís XVI de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_XVI" title="لوئی XVI – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی XVI" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="شپاړسم لوييس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شپاړسم لوييس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_XVI" title="Ludwik XVI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik XVI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_XVI_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luís XVI de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís XVI de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_al_XVI-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Ludovic al XVI-lea al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic al XVI-lea al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XVI" title="Людовик XVI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Людовик XVI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisu_XVI_de_Frantza" title="Luisu XVI de Frantza – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Luisu XVI de Frantza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_o_Fraunce" title="Louis XVI o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis XVI o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigji_XVI" title="Luigji XVI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luigji XVI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiggi_XVI" title="Luiggi XVI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luiggi XVI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2" title="දහසය වැනි ලුවී රජ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දහසය වැනි ලුවී රජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_XVI." title="Ľudovít XVI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudovít XVI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_XVI._Francoski" title="Ludvik XVI. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludvik XVI. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_XVI" title="Луј XVI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј XVI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_od_Francuske" title="Louis XVI od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis XVI od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XVI" title="Ludvig XVI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig XVI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XVI_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig XVI av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludvig XVI av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_ng_Pransiya" title="Louis XVI ng Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louis XVI ng Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரான்சின் பதினாறாம் லூயி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சின் பதினாறாம் லூயி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_16_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 16 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 16 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._Louis" title="XVI. Louis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XVI. Louis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XVI" title="Людовик XVI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людовик XVI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="لوئی شانزدہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئی شانزدہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_XVI_de_Fransa" title="Luigi XVI de Fransa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Luigi XVI de Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Louis XVI của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis XVI của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD" title="路易十六 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="路易十六" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_han_Fransya" title="Louis XVI han Fransya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis XVI han Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD" title="路易十六 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易十六" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לואי דער זעכצנטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואי דער זעכצנטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_16k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Louis 16k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis 16k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD" title="路易十六 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易十六" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD" title="路易十六 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易十六" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_%C9%96%C3%B2_Fransi" title="Louis XVI ɖò Fransi – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Louis XVI ɖò Fransi" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7732#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the king of France. For the type of furniture, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_furniture" title="Louis XVI furniture">Louis XVI furniture</a>. For the architectural style, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Louis XVI</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="5062" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, 1779</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1774 – <span class="nowrap">21 September 1792</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Louis_XVI" title="Coronation of Louis XVI">11 June 1775</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Convention" title="List of presidents of the National Convention">President of the National Convention</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief ministers</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Nicolas_Charles_Augustin_de_Maupeou" title="René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou">René Nicolas de Maupeou</a><br />(1770–1774) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Jacques Turgot</a><br />(1774–1776) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas">The Count of Maurepas</a><br />(1776–1781) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">The Count of Vergennes</a><br />(1781–1787) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Étienne Charles de Loménie</a><br />(1787–1788) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a><br />(1788–1789) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">The Baron of Breteuil</a><br />(1789–1789) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Jacques Necker<br />(1789–1790) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">The Count of Montmorin</a><br />(1790–1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of France <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(claimant)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1792 – <span class="nowrap">21 January 1793</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Louis Auguste, Duke of Berry<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1754-08-23</span>)</span>23 August 1754<br /><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1793<span style="display:none">(1793-01-21)</span> (aged 38)<br /><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Révolution">Place de la Révolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr> <tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1815<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="19 April 1770">1770</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1786-1787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1786-1787)">Sophie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony_(1731%E2%80%931767)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767)">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI's signature"><img alt="Louis XVI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg/125px-Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg/188px-Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg/250px-Signature_of_Louis_XVI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="179" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis XVI</b> (Louis Auguste; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛːz]</a></span>; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">king of France</a> before the fall of the monarchy during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>The son of <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)</a> (son and heir-apparent of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a>, Louis became the new <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> when his father died in 1765. In 1770, he married <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a> (Marie Antoinette). He became <a href="/wiki/King_of_France_and_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France and Navarre">King of France and Navarre</a> on his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reigned until the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">abolition of the monarchy</a> on 21 September 1792. From 1791 onwards, he used the style of <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the French">King of the French</a>. </p><p>The first part of Louis XVI's reign was marked by attempts to reform the French government in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightenment</a> ideas. These included efforts to increase <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Versailles" title="Edict of Versailles">tolerance toward non-Catholics</a> as well as abolish the death penalty for <a href="/wiki/Deserters" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserters">deserters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ib-miw_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ib-miw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-md-eote_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-eote-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation. Louis implemented <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain market</a>, advocated by his <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberal</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a>, but it resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it led to food scarcity which, during a particularly bad harvest in 1775, <a href="/wiki/Flour_War" title="Flour War">prompted the masses to revolt</a>. From 1776, Louis XVI actively <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">supported the North American colonists</a>, who were seeking their <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">independence from Great Britain</a>, which was realised in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>. This led to the convening of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a>. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">absolute monarchy</a>, of which Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were representatives. Increasing tensions and violence were marked by events such as the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a>, during which riots in Paris forced Louis to definitively recognize the legislative authority of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>. </p><p>Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the <i>Ancien Régime</i>, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">flight to Varennes</a> in June 1791, four months before the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">constitutional monarchy</a> was declared, seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">foreign intervention</a>. His credibility was deeply undermined, and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolition of the monarchy</a> and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The growth of <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tithe#France" title="Tithe">dîme</a></i> (religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">dechristianization of France</a>. </p><p>In a context of <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">civil and international war</a>, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">Insurrection of 10 August 1792</a>. One month later, the monarchy was abolished and the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> was proclaimed on 21 September 1792. The former king became a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/desacralized" class="extiw" title="wikt:desacralized">desacralized</a> French citizen, addressed as <i>Citoyen Louis Capet</i> (Citizen Louis Capet) in reference to his ancestor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">Louis was tried</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> (self-instituted as a tribunal for the occasion), found guilty of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">executed by guillotine</a> on 21 January 1793. Louis XVI's death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Both of his sons died in childhood, before the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>; his only child to reach adulthood, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse</a>, was given over to her <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a> relatives in exchange for French prisoners of war, eventually dying childless in 1851. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg/260px-Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg/390px-Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg/520px-Fran%C3%A7ois_hubert_drouais_-_duque_berry_conde_proven%C3%A7a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The young Duke of Berry (right) with his younger brother, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Count of Provence</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Hubert_Drouais" title="François-Hubert Drouais">François-Hubert Drouais</a>, 1757)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg/190px-Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg/285px-Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg/380px-Duc_de_Berry-Bor%C3%A9ly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>The Duke of Berry as a young boy (portrait artributed to Pierre Jouffroy)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Louis-Auguste de France</i>, who was given the title <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Berry" title="Duke of Berry">Duke of Berry</a> at birth, was born in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> on 23 August 1754. One of seven children, he was the second surviving son of <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> and of his consort, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leszczy%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Leszczyńska">Maria Leszczyńska</a>. His mother was <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony_(1731%E2%80%931767)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767)">Marie-Josèphe of Saxony</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus III">Augustus III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a>. </p><p>Louis-Auguste was overlooked by his parents who favored his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_France_(1751%E2%80%931761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of France (1751–1761)">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a>, who was regarded as bright and handsome but died at the age of nine in 1761. Louis-Auguste, a strong and healthy boy but very shy, excelled in his studies and had a strong taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy and became fluent in Italian and English. His tutors in mathematics and physics had high praises for his work. Le Blonde, his mathematics instructor, wrote that the prince's studies were "proofs of [his] intelligence and the excellence of [his] judgement," though flattery was to be expected when addressing a prince. Louis-Auguste's apparent mathematical skills are corroborated by his enjoyment of cartography, which would have required an understanding of scale and projections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also enjoyed physical activities such as hunting with his grandfather and rough play with his younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis-Stanislas, Count of Provence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles-Philipe, Count of Artois</a>. From an early age, Louis-Auguste was encouraged in another of his interests, locksmithing, which was seen as a useful pursuit for a child.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his father died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> on 20 December 1765, the eleven-year-old Louis-Auguste became the new <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a>. His mother never recovered from the loss of her husband and died on 13 March 1767, also from tuberculosis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strict and conservative education he received from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Quelen_de_la_Vauguyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon">Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon</a>, "<i>gouverneur des Enfants de France</i>" (governor of the Children of France), from 1760 until his marriage in 1770, did not prepare him for the throne that he was to inherit in 1774 after the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. Throughout his education, Louis-Auguste received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His instructors may have also had a good hand in shaping Louis-Auguste into the indecisive king that he became. Abbé Berthier, his instructor, taught him that timidity was a value in strong monarchs, and Abbé Soldini, his confessor, instructed him not to let people read his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family_life">Marriage and family life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/220px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/330px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/440px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of France">queen of France</a> and wife of Louis XVI, with their three eldest children, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis-Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis-Joseph</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun">Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun</a>, 1787)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 April 1770, at the age of fifteen, Louis XVI married the fourteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Second_cousin_once_removed" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cousin once removed">second cousin once removed</a> and the youngest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Francis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Francis I">Holy Roman Emperor Francis I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Maria_Theresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Maria Theresa">Empress Maria Theresa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardman1994_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardman1994-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This marriage was met with hostility from the French public. <a href="/wiki/Franco-Austrian_alliance" title="Franco-Austrian alliance">France's alliance</a> with its traditional enemy <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> had pulled the country into the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, in which it was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussians</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. By the time that Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were married, the French people generally disliked the Austrian alliance, and Marie Antoinette was seen as an unwelcome foreigner.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the young couple, the marriage was initially amiable but distant. Louis XVI's shyness and, among other factors, the young age and inexperience of the newlyweds (who were near total strangers to each other: they had met only two days before their wedding) meant that the fifteen-year-old bridegroom failed to consummate the union with his fourteen-year-old bride. His fear of being manipulated by her for Austrian purposes caused him to behave coldly towards her in public.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondence between Marie Antoinette's mother and Austria's French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Florimond_Claude,_Comte_de_Mercy-Argenteau" title="Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau">Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau</a> suggest that the Austrian court did hope for the princess to exert influence over her husband. Letters sent between the Empress and the Ambassador express a desire for Marie Antoinette to exercise authority in the French court and to encourage Louis XVI to dedicate more attention to his role as prince. To their disappointment, however, the princess did not seem overly interested in "serious affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the couple became closer, though while their marriage was reportedly consummated in July 1773, it did not actually happen until 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-fraser127_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser127-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France,_oval,_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France%2C_oval%2C_Versailles.jpg/220px-Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France%2C_oval%2C_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France%2C_oval%2C_Versailles.jpg/330px-Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France%2C_oval%2C_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France%2C_oval%2C_Versailles.jpg/440px-Duplessis_-_Louis_XVI_of_France%2C_oval%2C_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Louis XVI in early adulthood</figcaption></figure><p>The couple's failure to produce any children for several years placed a strain upon their marriage,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exacerbated by the publication of obscene pamphlets (<a href="/wiki/Libelle_(literary_genre)" title="Libelle (literary genre)"><i>libelles</i></a>) mocking their infertility. One such pamphlet questioned, "Can the King do it? Can't the King do it?".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for the couple's initial failure to have children were debated at that time, and they have continued to be debated since. One suggestion is that Louis XVI suffered from a physiological dysfunction,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most often thought to be <a href="/wiki/Phimosis" title="Phimosis">phimosis</a>, a suggestion first made in late 1772 by the royal doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-fraser122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser122-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians adhering to this view suggest that he was <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcised</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a common treatment for phimosis) to relieve the condition seven years after their marriage. Louis XVI's doctors were not in favour of the surgery – the operation was delicate and traumatic, and capable of doing "as much harm as good" to an adult male. The argument for phimosis and a resulting operation is mostly seen to originate from <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>'s 1932 biography of Marie Antoinette. </p><p>Most modern historians agree that Louis XVI had no surgery<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – for instance, as late as 1777, the Prussian envoy, Baron Goltz, reported that Louis XVI had definitely declined the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis XVI was frequently declared to be perfectly capable of sexual intercourse, as confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>, and during the time he was supposed to have had the operation, he went out hunting almost every day, according to his journal. This would not have been possible if he had undergone a circumcision; at the very least, he would have been unable to ride to the hunt for a few weeks afterwards. The couple's sexual problems are now attributed to other factors. <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>'s biography of Marie Antoinette discusses Joseph II's letter on the matter to one of his brothers after he visited Versailles in 1777. In the letter, Joseph describes in astonishingly frank detail Louis XVI's inadequate performance in the marriage bed and Marie Antoinette's lack of interest in conjugal activity. Joseph described the couple as "complete fumblers"; however, with his advice, Louis XVI began to apply himself more effectively to his marital duties, and in the third week of March 1778 Marie Antoinette became pregnant. </p><p>Eventually, the royal couple became the parents of four children. According to <a href="/wiki/Jeanne-Louise-Henriette_Campan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan">Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan</a>, Marie Antoinette's lady-in-waiting, the queen also suffered two miscarriages. The first one, in 1779, a few months after the birth of her first child, is mentioned in a letter to her daughter, written in July by Empress Maria Theresa. Madame Campan states that Louis XVI spent an entire morning consoling his wife at her bedside, and swore to secrecy everyone who knew of the occurrence. Marie Antoinette suffered a second miscarriage on the night of 2–3 November 1783. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg/220px-Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg/330px-Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg/440px-Louis_Charles_of_France5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>The 7 year-old Louis XVII (1792)</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were the parents of four live-born children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte</a> (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France</a> (22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis-Charles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a></i> after the death of his elder brother, future titular King Louis XVII of France (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Beatrix_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Hélène Beatrix of France">Sophie-Hélène-Béatrix</a>, died in infancy (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787)</li></ul> <p>In addition to his biological children, Louis XVI also adopted six children: "Armand" <a href="/wiki/Francois-Michel_Gagn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois-Michel Gagné">Francois-Michel Gagné</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1771</span>–1792), a poor orphan adopted in 1776; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Amilcar" title="Jean Amilcar">Jean Amilcar</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1781</span>–1796), a <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegalese</a> <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> boy given to the queen as a present by <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_de_Boufflers" title="Stanislas de Boufflers">Stanislas de Boufflers</a> in 1787, but whom she instead had freed, baptized, adopted and placed in a pension; <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Lambriquet" title="Ernestine Lambriquet">Ernestine Lambriquet</a> (1778–1813), daughter of two servants at the palace, who was raised as the playmate of his daughter and whom he adopted after the death of her mother in 1788; and finally <a href="/wiki/%22Zoe%22_Jeanne_Louise_Victoire" class="mw-redirect" title=""Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire">"Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire</a> (born in 1787), who was adopted in 1790 along with her two older sisters when her parents, an usher and his wife in service of the king, had died.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of these, only Armand, Ernestine and Zoe actually lived with the royal family: Jean Amilcar, along with the elder siblings of Zoe and Armand who were also formally foster children of the royal couple, simply lived on the queen's expense until her imprisonment, which proved fatal for at least Amilcar, as he was evicted from the boarding school when the fee was no longer paid, and reportedly starved to death on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armand and Zoe had a position which was more similar to that of Ernestine: Armand lived at court with the king and queen until he left them at the outbreak of the revolution because of his republican sympathies, and Zoe was chosen to be the playmate of the Dauphin, just as Ernestine had once been selected as the playmate of Marie Thérèse, and sent away to her sisters in a convent boarding school before the <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Absolute_monarch_of_France_(1774–1789)"><span id="Absolute_monarch_of_France_.281774.E2.80.931789.29"></span>Absolute monarch of France (1774–1789)</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_XVI" title="Special:EditPage/Louis XVI">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif/220px-Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif/330px-Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif/440px-Louis_XVI_Helping_Poor.gif 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Louis XVI distributing money to the poor of Versailles, during the brutal winter of 1788</figcaption></figure> <p>When Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, he was nineteen years old. He had an enormous responsibility, as the government was deeply in debt, and resentment of despotic monarchy was on the rise. His predecessor, his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, had been widely hated by the time of his death. The public remembered him as an irresponsible man who spent his time womanizing rather than administrating.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the monarchy had poured money into a series of unsuccessful foreign military campaigns, leaving France in a state of financial difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Louis XVI felt woefully unqualified to resolve the situation. </p><p>As king, Louis XVI focused primarily on religious freedom and foreign policy. Although raised as the Dauphin since 1765, he lacked firmness and decisiveness. His desire to be loved by his people is evident in the prefaces of many of his edicts that would often explain the nature and good intention of his actions as benefiting the people, such as reinstating the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlements</a></i></span>. When questioned about his decision, he said, "It may be considered politically unwise, but it seems to me to be the general wish and I want to be loved."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of his indecisiveness, Louis XVI was determined to be a good king, stating that he "must always consult public opinion; it is never wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, therefore, appointed an experienced advisor, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas">Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas</a> who, until his death in 1781, would take charge of many important ministerial functions. </p><p>Among the major events of Louis XVI's reign was his signing of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Versailles" title="Edict of Versailles">Edict of Versailles</a>, also known as the Edict of Tolerance, on 7 November 1787, which was registered in the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> on 29 January 1788. Granting non-Roman Catholics – <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> – civil and legal status in France and the legal right to practice their faiths, this edict effectively nullified the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> that had been law for 102 years. The Edict of Versailles did not legally proclaim freedom of religion in France – this took two more years, with the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> of 1789 – however, it was an important step in eliminating religious tensions and it officially ended religious persecution within his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3></div> <p>Radical financial reforms by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes</a> angered the nobles and were blocked by the <i>parlements</i> who insisted that the King did not have the legal right to levy new taxes. So, in 1776, Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned, to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>. Necker supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and he carried out a policy of taking out large international loans instead of raising taxes. He attempted to gain public favor in 1781 by publishing the first ever accounting of the French Crown's expenses and accounts, the <i><a href="/wiki/Compte-rendu_au_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Compte-rendu au Roi">Compte-rendu au Roi</a></i>. This misleading publication led the people of France to believe the kingdom ran a modest surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this policy of hiding and ignoring the kingdom's financial woes failed miserably, Louis dismissed and replaced him in 1783 with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a>, who increased public spending to "buy" the country's way out of debt. Again this failed, so Louis convoked the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> in 1787 to discuss a revolutionary new fiscal reform proposed by Calonne. When the nobles were informed of the true extent of the debt, they were shocked and rejected the plan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg/220px-Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg/330px-Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg/440px-Le_Couronnement_de_Louis_XVI_1775_Silver_Medallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption><i>"Le Couronnement de Louis XVI"</i>, 18th century motif by Benjamin Duvivier, coins honouring the 11 June 1775 <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Louis_XVI" title="Coronation of Louis XVI">Coronation of Louis XVI</a></figcaption></figure><p>After this, Louis XVI and his new <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne</a>, tried to simply force the Parlement of Paris to register the new laws and fiscal reforms. Upon the refusal of the members of the <i>Parlement</i>, Louis XVI tried to use his absolute power to subjugate them by every means: enforcing in many occasions the registration of his reforms via <i><a href="/wiki/Lit_de_justice" title="Lit de justice">Lit de justice</a></i> (6 August 1787, 19 November 1787, and 8 May 1788), exiling all <i>Parlement</i> magistrates to <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> as a punishment on 15 August 1787, prohibiting six members from attending parliamentary sessions on 19 November, arresting two very important members of the <i>Parlement</i>, who opposed his reforms, on 6 May 1788, and even dissolving and depriving of all power the "Parlement", replacing it with a plenary court, on 8 May 1788. The failure of these measures and displays of royal power is attributable to three decisive factors. First, the majority of the population stood in favor of the <i>Parlement</i> against the King, and thus continuously rebelled against him. Second, the royal treasury was financially destitute to a crippling degree, leaving it incapable of sustaining its own imposed reforms. Third, although the King enjoyed as much absolute power as his predecessors, he lacked the personal authority crucial for absolutism to function properly. Now unpopular with both the commoners and the aristocracy, Louis XVI was therefore only very briefly able to impose his decisions and reforms, for periods ranging from 2 to 4 months, before having to revoke them. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_visitant_le_port_de_Cherbourg_en_1786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Louis XVI visiting <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg</a> in June <a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>, on the occasion of the work to put in place a dike (1817 painting)</figcaption></figure><p>As authority dissipated from him and reforms were clearly becoming unavoidable, there were increasingly loud calls for him to convoke the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>, which had not met since 1614 (at the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a>). As a last-ditch attempt to get new monetary reforms approved, Louis XVI <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">convoked the Estates General</a> on 8 August 1788, setting the date of their opening on 1 May 1789. With the convocation of the Estates General, as in many other instances during his reign, Louis XVI placed his reputation and public image in the hands of those who were perhaps not as sensitive to the desires of the French population as he was. Because it had been so long since the Estates General had been convened, there was some debate as to which procedures should be followed. Ultimately, the Parlement of Paris agreed that "all traditional observances should be carefully maintained to avoid the impression that the Estates General could make things up as it went along." Under this decision, the King agreed to retain many of the traditions which had been the norm in 1614 and prior convocations of the Estates General, but which were intolerable to a Third Estate (the bourgeoisie) buoyed by recent proclamations of equality. For example, the First and Second Estates (the clergy and nobility respectively) proceeded into the assembly wearing their finest garments, while the Third Estate was required to wear plain, oppressively somber black, an act of alienation that Louis XVI would likely have not condoned. He seemed to regard the deputies of the Estates General with respect: in a wave of self-important patriotism, members of the Estates refused to remove their hats in the King's presence, so Louis removed his to them.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This convocation was one of the events that transformed the general economic and political <i>malaise</i> of the country into the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. In June 1789, the Third Estate unilaterally declared itself the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>. Louis XVI's attempts to control it resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> (<i>serment du jeu de paume</i>), on 20 June, the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> on 9 July, and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July, which started the French Revolution. Within three short months, the majority of the King's executive authority had been transferred to the elected representatives of the Nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_spending">Royal spending</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg/220px-J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg/330px-J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg/440px-J.M._Moreau_-_Souper_donn%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Louveciennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Moreau" title="Jean-Michel Moreau">Jean-Michel Moreau</a> – Souper donné à <a href="/wiki/Louveciennes" title="Louveciennes">Louveciennes</a> (1771) </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Menus-Plaisirs_du_Roi" title="Menus-Plaisirs du Roi">Menus-Plaisirs du Roi</a> was under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Papillon_de_la_Fert%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillon de la Ferté">Papillon de la Ferté</a> and he gave details in his journal about the costs of the performances over the years 1756–1780 in three different palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding in 1771 was especially costly. The performance of <a href="/wiki/Castor_et_Pollux" title="Castor et Pollux">Castor et Pollux</a> in 1779 when he was visited by his brother-in-law, Joseph II, involved more than 500 people. Royal household spending in 1788 was 13% of total state expenses (excluding interest on debts).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Indian alliances">Franco-Indian alliances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="France in the Seven Years' War">French involvement in the Seven Years' War</a> had left Louis XVI a disastrous inheritance. <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Britain's victories</a> had seen them capture most of France's colonial territories. While some were returned to France at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, almost all of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> was ceded to the British, or to France's Spanish allies to compensate them for losses to the British. </p><p>This had led to a strategy amongst the French leadership of seeking to rebuild the French military in order to fight a war of revenge against Britain, in which it was hoped the lost colonies could be recovered. France still maintained a strong influence in the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">West Indies</a>, and in India maintained <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">five trading posts</a>, leaving opportunities for disputes and power-play with Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerning_the_American_Revolution_and_Europe">Concerning the American Revolution and Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France in the American Revolutionary War</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Louis XVI receiving the ambassadors of <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in 1788, Voyer after Emile Wattier, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1776, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes</a>, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, saw an opportunity to humiliate France's long-standing enemy, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and to recover territory lost during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, by supporting the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In the same year Louis was persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a> to send supplies, ammunition, and guns to the rebels secretly. Early in 1778 he signed a formal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a>, and later that year France went to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%9383)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1778–83)">war with Britain</a>. In deciding in favor of war, despite France's large financial problems, the King was materially influenced by alarmist reports after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a>, which suggested that Britain was preparing to make huge concessions to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and then, allied with them, to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Netherlands</a> soon joined the French in an anti-British coalition. After 1778, Great Britain switched its focus to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, as defending the sugar islands was considered more important than trying to recover the Thirteen Colonies. France and Spain planned to invade the British Isles themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">Armada of 1779</a>, but the operation never went ahead. </p><p> France's initial military assistance to the American rebels was a disappointment, with defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a>. In 1780, France sent <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">François Joseph Paul de Grasse</a> to help the Americans, along with large land and naval forces. The <a href="/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_Particuli%C3%A8re" title="Expédition Particulière">French expeditionary force</a> arrived in North America in July 1780. The appearance of French fleets in the Caribbean was followed by the capture of a number of the sugar islands, including <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)" title="Capture of Grenada (1779)">Grenada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1781, the French naval blockade was instrumental in forcing a British army under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a> to surrender at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news of this reached London in March 1782, the <a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a> fell and Great Britain immediately sued for peace terms; however, France delayed the end of the war until September 1783 in the hope of overrunning more British colonies in India and the West Indies.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorktown80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/220px-Yorktown80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/330px-Yorktown80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/440px-Yorktown80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of Cornwallis to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> in 1781 (by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>Great Britain recognized the independence of the Thirteen Colonies as the United States of America, and the French war ministry rebuilt its <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">army</a>. However, the British defeated the main French fleet in 1782 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a> and successfully defended <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. France gained little from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> that ended the war, except the colonies of Tobago and Senegal. Louis XVI was wholly disappointed in his aims of recovering Canada, India, and other islands in the West Indies from Britain, as they were too well defended and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> made any attempted invasion of mainland Britain impossible. The war cost 1,066 million <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livres</a>, financed by new loans at high interest (with no new taxes). Necker concealed the crisis from the public by explaining only that ordinary revenues exceeded ordinary expenses, and not mentioning the loans. After he was forced from office in 1781, new taxes were levied.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This intervention in America was not possible without France adopting a neutral position in European affairs to avoid being drawn into a continental war which would be simply a repetition of the French policy mistakes in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Vergennes, supported by King Louis, refused to go to war to support <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession" title="War of the Bavarian Succession">War of the Bavarian Succession</a> in 1778, when the Queen's brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> tried to partition <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> over a disputed inheritance. Vergennes and Maurepas refused to support the Austrian position, but the intervention of Marie Antoinette in favor of Austria obliged France to adopt a position more favorable to Austria, which in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen" title="Treaty of Teschen">Treaty of Teschen</a> was able to get in compensation the <a href="/wiki/Innviertel" title="Innviertel">Innviertel</a>, a territory whose population numbered around 100,000 persons. However, this intervention was a disaster for the image of the Queen, who was named "<i>l'Autrichienne</i>" (a pun in French meaning "Austrian", but the "chienne" suffix can mean "bitch") on account of it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerning_Asia">Concerning Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_et_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Louis XVI giving <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">La Pérouse</a> his instructions, by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Andr%C3%A9_Monsiau" title="Nicolas-André Monsiau">Nicolas-André Monsiau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis XVI hoped to use the American Revolutionary War as an opportunity to expel the British from India.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1782, he sealed an <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_Alliances#Alliance_of_Louis_XVI" title="Franco-Indian Alliances">alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Madhavrao II</a>. As a consequence, the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Bussy-Castelnau" title="Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau">Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau</a> moved his troops to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>) and later contributed to the French effort in India in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Pierre André de Suffren</a> became the ally of <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> against the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> from 1782 to 1783, engaging the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> along the coasts of India and <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France also intervened in <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a> following <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pigneau_de_Behaine" title="Pierre Pigneau de Behaine">Pierre Pigneau de Behaine</a>'s intervention to obtain military aid. A France-Cochinchina alliance was signed through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1787)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1787)">Treaty of Versailles of 1787</a>, between Louis XVI and Prince <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XVI also encouraged major voyages of exploration. In 1785, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse</a> to lead a sailing expedition around the world (La Pérouse and his fleet disappeared after leaving <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> in March 1788. Louis is recorded as having asked, on the morning of his execution, "Any news of La Pérouse?".).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_constitutional_reign_(1789–1792)"><span id="Revolutionary_constitutional_reign_.281789.E2.80.931792.29"></span>Revolutionary constitutional reign (1789–1792)</h2></div> <p>There is a lack of scholarship on the subject of Louis XVI's time as a constitutional monarch, though it was a significant length of time. The reason as to why many biographers have not elaborated extensively on this time in the king's life is due to the uncertainty surrounding his actions during this period, as Louis XVI's declaration that was left behind in the Tuileries stated that he regarded his actions during his constitutional reign as provisional; he reflected that his "palace was a prison". This time period was exemplary in its demonstration of an institution's deliberation while in their last standing moments.<sup id="cite_ref-caiani1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caiani1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XVI's time in his previous palace came to an end on 5 October 1789, when an angry mob of Parisian working men and women was incited by revolutionaries and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">marched</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, where the royal family lived. At dawn, they infiltrated the palace and attempted to kill the queen, who was associated with a frivolous lifestyle that symbolized much that was despised about the <i>Ancien régime</i>. After the situation had been defused by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>, the king and his family were brought by the crowd to the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> in Paris, the reasoning being that the King would be more accountable to the people if he lived among them in Paris. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_(Louis_XVI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XVI%29.jpg/220px-France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XVI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XVI%29.jpg/330px-France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XVI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XVI%29.jpg/440px-France_1788_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XVI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11565" data-file-height="5872" /></a><figcaption>One <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27or" title="Louis d'or">Louis d'or</a>, 1788, depicting Louis XVI</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png/220px-1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png/330px-1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png/440px-1_ecu_Louis_XVI_1-_1784_M.png 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 1 écu – Louis XVI, 1784</figcaption></figure> <p>The Revolution's principles of popular sovereignty, though central to democratic principles of later eras, marked a decisive break from the centuries-old principle of <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a> that was at the heart of the French monarchy. As a result, the Revolution was opposed by many of the rural people of France and by all the governments of France's neighbors. Still, within the city of Paris and amongst the philosophers of the time, many of which were members of the National Assembly, the monarchy had next to no support. As the Revolution became more radical and the masses more uncontrollable, several of the Revolution's leading figures began to doubt its benefits. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoré Mirabeau">Honoré Mirabeau</a>, secretly plotted with the Crown to restore its power in a new <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional form</a>. </p><p>Beginning in 1791, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin</a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs, started to organize covert resistance to the revolutionary forces. Thus, the funds of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list"><i>Liste Civile</i></a>, voted annually by the National Assembly, were partially assigned to secret expenses in order to preserve the monarchy. <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnault Laporte</a>, who was in charge of the civil list, collaborated with both Montmorin and Mirabeau. After the sudden death of Mirabeau, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Radix_de_Sainte-Foix" title="Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix">Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix</a>, a noted financier, took his place. In effect, he headed a secret council of advisers to Louis XVI, which tried to preserve the monarchy; these schemes proved unsuccessful, and were exposed later when the <a href="/wiki/Armoire_de_fer" title="Armoire de fer">armoire de fer</a> was discovered. Regarding the financial difficulties facing France, the Assembly created the Comité des Finances, and while Louis XVI attempted to declare his concern and interest in remedying the economic situations, inclusively offering to melt crown silver as a dramatic measure, it appeared to the public that the King did not understand that such statements no longer held the same meaning as they did before and that doing such a thing could not restore the economy of a country.<sup id="cite_ref-caiani1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caiani1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirabeau's death on 7 April, and Louis XVI's indecision, fatally weakened negotiations between the Crown and moderate politicians. The Third Estate leaders also had no desire in turning back or remaining moderate after their hard efforts to change the politics of the time, and so the plans for a constitutional monarchy did not last long. On one hand, Louis was nowhere near as reactionary as his brothers, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Count of Provence</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Count of Artois</a>, and he repeatedly sent messages to them requesting a halt to their attempts to launch counter-coups. This was often done through his secretly nominated regent, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne</a>. On the other hand, Louis was alienated from the new democratic government both by its negative reaction to the traditional role of the monarch and in its treatment of him and his family. He was particularly irked by being kept essentially as a prisoner in the Tuileries, and by the refusal of the new regime to allow him to have confessors and priests of his choice rather than '<a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">constitutional priests</a>' pledged to the state and not the Roman Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_to_Varennes_(1791)"><span id="Flight_to_Varennes_.281791.29"></span>Flight to Varennes (1791)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9claration_autographe_de_Louis_XVI_adress%C3%A9e_aux_Fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_sa_sortie_de_Paris_le_20_juin_1791._1_sur_27_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Declaration to the French People (June 1791)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png/220px-Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png/330px-Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png/440px-Duplessi-Bertaux_-_Arrivee_de_Louis_Seize_a_Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The return of the royal family to Paris on 25 June 1791, coloured copperplate after a drawing of Jean-Louis Prieur</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 June 1791, Louis XVI attempted to flee secretly with his family from Paris to the royalist fortress town of <a href="/wiki/Montm%C3%A9dy" title="Montmédy">Montmédy</a> on the northeastern border of France, where he would join the <i><a href="/wiki/French_emigration_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="French emigration (1789–1815)">émigrés</a></i> and be protected by Austria. The voyage was planned by the Swedish nobleman, and often assumed secret lover of Queen Marie Antoinette, <a href="/wiki/Axel_von_Fersen_the_Younger" title="Axel von Fersen the Younger">Axel von Fersen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the National Assembly worked painstakingly towards a <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">constitution</a>, Louis and Marie-Antoinette were involved in plans of their own. Louis had appointed <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil</a> to act as plenipotentiary, dealing with other foreign heads of state in an attempt to bring about a counter-revolution. Louis himself held reservations against depending on foreign assistance. Like his mother and father, he thought that the Austrians were treacherous and the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a> were overly ambitious.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As tensions in Paris rose and he was pressured to accept measures from the Assembly against his will, Louis XVI and the Queen plotted to secretly escape from France. Beyond escape, they hoped to raise an "armed congress" with the help of the <i>émigrés</i>, as well as assistance from other nations with which they could return and, in essence, recapture France. This degree of planning reveals Louis's political determination, but it was for this determined plot that he was eventually convicted of high treason.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left behind (on his bed) a 16-page written manifesto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahrnoproducts.com/PDF/Declaration%20to%20the%20French%20People%20by%20Louis%20XVI.pdf"><i>Déclaration du roi, adressée à tous les François, à sa sortie de Paris</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditionally known as the <i>Testament politique de Louis XVI</i> ("Political Testament of Louis XVI"), explaining his rejection of the constitutional system as illegitimate. </p><p>The National Assembly was quick to decide to publish the theory that the King had been kidnapped, thus avoiding any challenge to the Constitution, which was then nearing completion, while at the same time ordering that the carriage be placed under arrest. It was a deliberately deceptive choice, since Louis XVI had left a manifesto in plain view, assuming and justifying the escape. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">La Fayette</a> decided to censor the text. Letters were sent throughout the country to stop the royal carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis's indecision, many delays, and misunderstanding of France were responsible for the failure of the escape. Within 24 hours, the royal family was arrested at <a href="/wiki/Varennes-en-Argonne" title="Varennes-en-Argonne">Varennes-en-Argonne</a> shortly after <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet_(French_revolutionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet (French revolutionary)">Jean-Baptiste Drouet</a>, who recognised the king from his profile on a 50 livres <i><a href="/wiki/Assignat" title="Assignat">assignat</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (paper money), had given the alert. Louis XVI and his family were taken back to Paris where they arrived on 25 June. Viewed suspiciously as traitors, they were placed under tight <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> upon their return to the Tuileries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the individual level, the failure of the escape plans was due to a series of misadventures, delays, misinterpretations, and poor judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a wider perspective, the failure was attributable to the king's indecision—he repeatedly postponed the schedule, allowing for smaller problems to become severe. Furthermore, he totally misunderstood the political situation. He thought only a small number of radicals in Paris were promoting a revolution that the people as a whole rejected. He thought, mistakenly, that he was beloved by his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King's flight in the short term was traumatic for France, inciting a wave of emotions that ranged from anxiety to violence to panic. The realization that the King had repudiated the Revolution was a shock for people who until then had seen him as a good king who governed as a manifestation of God's will. Many suspected the King of collaborating with the Austrians, due to Marie Antoinette's family ties and the fact that the monarchs had clearly been heading for the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian border</a>. War now seemed imminent, and the King seemed to have been politically involved with France's traditional enemies, who were still widely hated despite recent cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many citizens felt betrayed, and as a result, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> now burst out of the coffee houses and became a dominating philosophy of the rapidly radicalized French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervention_by_foreign_powers">Intervention by foreign powers</h3></div> <p>The other monarchies of Europe looked with concern upon the developments in France, and considered whether they should intervene, either in support of Louis or to take advantage of the chaos in France. The key figure was Marie Antoinette's brother, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Initially, he had looked on the Revolution with equanimity. However, he became more and more disturbed as it became more and more radical. Despite this, he still hoped to avoid war. </p><p>On 27 August, Leopold and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a>, in consultation with <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Émigrés">émigrés</a></i> French nobles, issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a>, which declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe in the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them. Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration as an easy way to appear concerned about the developments in France without committing any soldiers or finances to change them, the revolutionary leaders in Paris viewed it fearfully as a dangerous foreign attempt to undermine France's sovereignty. </p><p>In addition to the ideological differences between France and the monarchical powers of Europe, there were continuing disputes over the status of Austrian estates in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and the concern of members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> about the agitation of <i>émigrés</i> nobles abroad, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> and the minor states of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries,_1792,_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries%2C_1792%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries%2C_1792%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries%2C_1792%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries%2C_1792%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries%2C_1792%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_des_Tuileries%2C_1792%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 August (French Revolution)">The Storming of the Tuileries Palace</a></i>, on 10 August 1792 (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Musée de la Révolution française</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the end, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">Legislative Assembly</a>, supported by Louis XVI, declared war on Austria ("the King of Bohemia and Hungary") first, voting for war on 20 April 1792, after a long list of grievances was presented to it by the foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a>. Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule. However, the Revolution had thoroughly disorganised the army, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">forces raised</a> were insufficient for the invasion. The soldiers fled at the first sign of battle and, in one case, on 28 April 1792, murdered their general, Irish-born <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9obald_Dillon" title="Théobald Dillon">Théobald Dillon</a>, whom they accused of treason.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganised its armies, a Prussian-Austrian army under <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a> assembled at <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. In July, the <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">invasion began</a>, with Brunswick's army easily taking the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verdun-sur-Meuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdun-sur-Meuse">Verdun</a>. The duke then issued on 25 July a proclamation called the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a>, written by Louis's émigré cousin, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a>, declaring the intent of the Austrians and Prussians to restore the King to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law. </p><p>Contrary to its intended purpose of strengthening Louis XVI's position against the revolutionaries, the Brunswick Manifesto greatly undermined his already highly tenuous position. It was taken by many to be the final proof of collusion between the King and foreign powers in a conspiracy against his own country. The anger of the populace boiled over on <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10 August</a> when an armed mob – with the backing of a new municipal government of Paris that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)"><i>Insurrectional</i> Paris Commune</a> – marched upon and invaded the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>. The royal family took shelter with the Legislative Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment,_execution_and_burial_(1792–1793)"><span id="Imprisonment.2C_execution_and_burial_.281792.E2.80.931793.29"></span>Imprisonment, execution and burial (1792–1793)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">Trial of Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Garneray_-_Louis_XVI_au_Temple_-_P2813_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait of Louis XVI imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Tour_du_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour du Temple">Tour du Temple</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Garneray" title="Jean-François Garneray">Jean-François Garneray</a>, 1814)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_le_dernier3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_le_dernier3.jpg/220px-Louis_le_dernier3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_le_dernier3.jpg/330px-Louis_le_dernier3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_le_dernier3.jpg/440px-Louis_le_dernier3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption>Tinted etching of Louis XVI, 1792. The caption refers to the date of the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> and concludes, "The same Louis XVI who bravely waits until his fellow citizens return to their hearths to plan a secret war and exact his revenge."</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis was officially arrested on 13 August 1792 and sent to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple (Paris)">Temple</a>, an ancient fortress in Paris that was used as a prison. On 21 September, the National Assembly declared France to be a republic, and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">abolished the monarchy</a>. Louis was stripped of all of his titles and honors, and from this date was known as <i>Citoyen Louis Capet.</i> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a> were partial to keeping the deposed king under arrest, both as a hostage and a guarantee for the future. Members of the Commune and the most radical deputies, who would soon form the group known as <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">the Mountain</a>, argued for Louis's immediate execution. The legal background of many of the deputies made it difficult for a great number of them to accept an execution without the <a href="/wiki/Due_process_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process of law">due process of law</a>, and it was voted that the deposed monarch be tried before the National Convention, the organ that housed the representatives of the sovereign people. In many ways, the former king's trial represented the trial of the monarchy by the Revolution. It was seen as if with the death of one came the life of the other. The historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> later argued that the death of the former king led to the acceptance of violence as a tool for happiness. He said, "If we accept the proposition that one person can be sacrificed for the happiness of the many, it will soon be demonstrated that two or three or more could also be sacrificed for the happiness of the many. Little by little, we will find reasons for sacrificing the many for the happiness of the many, and we will think it was a bargain."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two events led up to the trial for Louis XVI. First, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Battle of Valmy</a> on 22 September 1792, General Dumouriez negotiated with the Prussians who evacuated France. Louis could no longer be considered a hostage or as leverage in negotiations with the invading forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardman_2000_157–158_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardman_2000_157–158-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, in November 1792, the <i><a href="/wiki/Armoire_de_fer" title="Armoire de fer">armoire de fer</a></i> (iron chest) incident took place at the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, when the existence of the hidden safe in the king's bedroom containing compromising documents and correspondence, was revealed by François Gamain, the Versailles locksmith who had installed it. Gamain went to Paris on 20 November and told <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Roland">Jean-Marie Roland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondin</a> Minister of the Interior, who ordered it opened.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting scandal served to discredit the King. Following these two events the Girondins could no longer keep the King from trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardman_2000_157–158_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardman_2000_157–158-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December, among crowded and silent streets, the deposed king was brought from the Temple to stand before the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> and hear his indictment, an accusation of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and crimes against the State. On 26 December, his counsel, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Des%C3%A8ze" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Desèze">Raymond Desèze</a>, delivered Louis's response to the charges, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tronchet" class="mw-redirect" title="François Tronchet">François Tronchet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes</a>. Before the trial started and Louis mounted his defense to the convention, he told his lawyers that he knew he would be found guilty and be killed, but to prepare and act as though they could win. He was resigned to and accepted his fate before the verdict was determined, but he was willing to fight to be remembered as a good king for his people.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention would be voting on three questions: first, is Louis guilty; second, whatever the decision, should there be an appeal to the people; and third, if found guilty, what punishment should Louis suffer? The order of the voting on each question was a compromise within the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobin</a> movement between the Girondins and <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">the Mountain</a>; neither were satisfied but both accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_1979_166_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_1979_166-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/250px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/375px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg/500px-Execution_of_Louis_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5043" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>Execution of Louis XVI in the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Révolution">Place de la Révolution</a>. The empty pedestal in front of him had supported an equestrian statue of his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>. When the monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792, the statue was torn down and sent to be melted.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 January 1793, the convention, composed of 721 deputies, voted on the verdict. Given the overwhelming evidence of Louis's collusion with the invaders, the verdict was a foregone conclusion – with 693 deputies voting guilty, none for acquittal, with 23 abstaining.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, a roll-call vote was carried out to decide upon the fate of the former king, and the result was uncomfortably close for such a dramatic decision. 288 of the deputies voted against death and for some other alternative, mainly some means of imprisonment or exile. 72 of the deputies voted for the death penalty, but subject to several delaying conditions and reservations. The voting took a total of 36 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_1979_166_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_1979_166-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 361 of the deputies voted for Louis's immediate execution. Louis was condemned to death by a majority of one vote. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a>, formerly the Duke of Orléans and Louis' cousin, voted for Louis's execution, a cause of much future bitterness among French monarchists; he would himself be guillotined on the same scaffold, <i><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Révolution</a></i>, before the end of the same year, on 6 November 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, a motion to grant Louis XVI reprieve from the death sentence was voted down: 310 of the deputies requested mercy, but 380 voted for the immediate execution of the death penalty. This decision would be final. Malesherbes wanted to break the news to Louis and bitterly lamented the verdict, but Louis told him he would see him again in a happier life and he would regret leaving a friend like Malesherbes behind. The last thing Louis said to him was that he needed to control his tears because all eyes would be upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:PWranitzkySymphOp31TheRevolutionOrLaPaixFuneralMarchForTheDeathofLouisXVI.OGG" title="File:PWranitzkySymphOp31TheRevolutionOrLaPaixFuneralMarchForTheDeathofLouisXVI.OGG">Paul Wranitzky: "Funeral March for the Death of King Louis XVI" from the Symphony Op. 31 "The Revolution" or "La Paix", Mov. 2 Pt. 2.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="145" data-mwtitle="PWranitzkySymphOp31TheRevolutionOrLaPaixFuneralMarchForTheDeathofLouisXVI.OGG" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/PWranitzkySymphOp31TheRevolutionOrLaPaixFuneralMarchForTheDeathofLouisXVI.OGG" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/PWranitzkySymphOp31TheRevolutionOrLaPaixFuneralMarchForTheDeathofLouisXVI.OGG/PWranitzkySymphOp31TheRevolutionOrLaPaixFuneralMarchForTheDeathofLouisXVI.OGG.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Porticodoro / SmartCGArt Media Productions – Classical Orchestra.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI, at age 38, was beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde"><i>Place de la Révolution</i></a>. As Louis XVI mounted the scaffold, he appeared dignified and resigned. He delivered a short speech in which he pardoned "...those who are the cause of my death.... ".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then declared himself innocent of the crimes of which he was accused, praying that his blood would not fall back on France.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many accounts suggest Louis XVI's desire to say more, but <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Joseph_Santerre" title="Antoine Joseph Santerre">Antoine Joseph Santerre</a>, a general in the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>, halted the speech by ordering a drum roll. The former king was then quickly beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accounts of Louis's beheading indicate that the blade did not sever his neck entirely the first time. There are also accounts of a blood-curdling scream issuing from Louis after the blade fell but this is unlikely, since the blade severed Louis' spine. The executioner, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>, testified that the former king had bravely met his fate.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after his execution, Louis XVI's corpse was transported in a cart to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_cemetery" title="Madeleine cemetery">Madeleine cemetery</a>, located <i>rue d'Anjou</i>, where those guillotined at the <i>Place de la Révolution</i> were buried in mass graves. Before his burial, a short religious service was held in the Madeleine church (destroyed in 1799) by two priests who had sworn allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>. Afterward, Louis XVI, his severed head placed between his feet, was buried in an unmarked grave, with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a> spread over his body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Madeleine cemetery was closed in 1794. In 1815 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> had the remains of his brother Louis XVI and of his sister-in-law Marie Antoinette transferred and buried in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a>, the Royal necropolis of the Kings and Queens of France. Between 1816 and 1826, a commemorative monument, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Chapelle expiatoire</a></i>, was erected at the location of the former cemetery and church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While Louis's blood dripped to the ground, several onlookers ran forward to dip their handkerchiefs in it.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account was proven true in 2012 after a DNA comparison linked blood thought to be from Louis XVI's beheading to DNA taken from tissue samples originating from what was long thought to be the mummified head of his ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>. The blood sample was taken from a squash gourd carved to commemorate the heroes of the French Revolution that had, according to legend, been used to house one of the handkerchiefs dipped in Louis's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG/220px-Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG/330px-Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG/440px-Grab_Louis_XVI_und_Marie_Antoinette.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Edme_Gaulle" title="Edme Gaulle">Edme Gaulle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petitot" title="Pierre Petitot">Pierre Petitot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation">Reputation</h3></div> <p>The 19th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> attributed the restoration of the French monarchy to the sympathy that had been engendered by the execution of Louis XVI. Michelet's <i>Histoire de la Révolution Française</i> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>'s <i>Histoire des Girondins</i>, in particular, showed the marks of the feelings aroused by the revolution's regicide. The two writers did not share the same sociopolitical vision, but they agreed that, even though the monarchy was rightly ended in 1792, the lives of the royal family should have been spared. Lack of compassion at that moment contributed to a radicalization of revolutionary violence and to greater divisiveness among Frenchmen. For the 20th century novelist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> the execution signaled the end of the role of God in history, for which he mourned. For the 20th century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> the regicide was the starting point of all French thought, the memory of which acts as a reminder that French modernity began under the sign of a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting,_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI,_Menjaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Painting%2C_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI%2C_Menjaud.jpg/220px-Painting%2C_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI%2C_Menjaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Painting%2C_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI%2C_Menjaud.jpg/330px-Painting%2C_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI%2C_Menjaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Painting%2C_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI%2C_Menjaud.jpg/440px-Painting%2C_The_Death_of_the_Last_Confessor_of_Louis_XVI%2C_Menjaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>The Duchess of Angoulême at the deathbed of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Essex_Edgeworth" title="Henry Essex Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</a>, last confessor to Louis XVI, by Alexandre-Toussaint Menjaud, 1817</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte">Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte</a>, the future Duchess of Angoulême, survived the French Revolution, and she lobbied in Rome energetically for the <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of her father as a saint of the Catholic Church. Despite his signing of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>, Louis had been described as a martyr by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1820, however, a memorandum of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_of_Rites" title="Sacred Congregation of Rites">Sacred Congregation of Rites</a> in Rome, declaring the impossibility of proving that Louis had been executed for religious rather than political reasons, put an end to hopes of canonization. </p><p>Other commemorations of Louis XVI include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Requiem_in_C_minor_(Cherubini)" title="Requiem in C minor (Cherubini)">Requiem in C minor</a> for mixed chorus by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a> was written in 1816, in memory of Louis XVI.</li> <li>The Requiem for Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul-%C3%89gide_Martini" title="Jean-Paul-Égide Martini">Jean-Paul-Égide Martini</a> was written for, and performed at the burial ceremony in St. Denis in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> commissioned a Requiem for the memory of Louis XVI from <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Neukomm" title="Sigismund von Neukomm">Sigismund von Neukomm</a>, a pupil and protégé of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, which was performed in 1815 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wranitzky" title="Paul Wranitzky">Paul Wranitzky</a>'s Symphony Op. 31 (1797), which is themed on the events of the French Revolution, includes a section titled "The Funeral March for the Death of the King Louis XVI".</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, Kentucky, is named for Louis XVI. In 1780, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> bestowed this name in honor of the French king, whose soldiers were aiding the American side in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a>. Kentucky became the 15th <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the United States">State of the United States</a> in 1792.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3></div> <p>King Louis XVI has been portrayed in numerous films. In <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Guard_(film)" title="Captain of the Guard (film)">Captain of the Guard</a></i> (1930), he is played by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Holmes" title="Stuart Holmes">Stuart Holmes</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i> (1938), he was played by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morley" title="Robert Morley">Robert Morley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Balmer" title="Jean-François Balmer">Jean-François Balmer</a> portrayed him in the 1989 two-part miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_(film)" title="La Révolution française (film)">La Révolution française</a></i>. More recently, he was depicted in the 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (2006 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman" title="Jason Schwartzman">Jason Schwartzman</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Guitry" title="Sacha Guitry">Sacha Guitry</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Si_Versailles_m%27%C3%A9tait_cont%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Si Versailles m'était conté">Si Versailles m'était conté</a></i>, Louis was portrayed by one of the film's producers, Gilbert Bokanowski, using the alias Gilbert Boka. Several portrayals have upheld the image of a bumbling, almost foolish king, such as that by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Morel_(actor)" title="Jacques Morel (actor)">Jacques Morel</a> in the 1956 French film <i><a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_reine_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Antoinette reine de France">Marie-Antoinette reine de France</a></i> and that by Terence Budd in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Oscar_(film)" title="Lady Oscar (film)">Lady Oscar</a></i> live action film. In the 1989 series <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_(film)" title="La Révolution française (film)">La Révolution française</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Balmer" title="Jean-François Balmer">Jean-François Balmer</a> played Louis as an intelligent, but ultimately ineffective ruler overwhelmed by events.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Start_the_Revolution_Without_Me" title="Start the Revolution Without Me">Start the Revolution Without Me</a></i>, Louis XVI is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Griffith" title="Hugh Griffith">Hugh Griffith</a> as a laughable <a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">cuckold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> played a comic version of Louis XVI in <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_World_Part_1" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the World Part 1">The History of the World Part 1</a></i>, portraying him as a <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> who has such distaste for the peasantry he uses them as targets in <a href="/wiki/Skeet_shooting" title="Skeet shooting">skeet shooting</a>. In the 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ridicule_(film)" title="Ridicule (film)">Ridicule</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Cancelier" title="Urbain Cancelier">Urbain Cancelier</a> plays Louis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3></div> <p>Louis XVI has been the subject of novels as well, including two of the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate histories">alternate histories</a> anthologized in <i><a href="/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwise" title="If It Had Happened Otherwise">If It Had Happened Otherwise</a></i> (1931): "If <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Drouet's Cart</a> Had Stuck" by <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> and "If Louis XVI Had Had an Atom of Firmness" by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a>, which tell very different stories but both imagine Louis surviving and still reigning in the early 19th century. Louis appears in the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's book">children's book</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me">Ben and Me</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lawson_(author)" title="Robert Lawson (author)">Robert Lawson</a> but does not appear in the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Animated_short_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated short film">animated short film</a> based on the same book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <p>Larmuseau et al. (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-larmuseau2013211_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larmuseau2013211-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tested the Y-DNA of three living members of the House of Bourbon, one descending from Louis XIII of France via King Louis Philippe I, and two from Louis XIV via Philip V of Spain, and concluded that all three men share the same STR haplotype and belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a> (R-M343). The three individuals were further assigned to sub-haplogroup R1b1b2a1a1b* (R-Z381*). These results contradicted an earlier DNA analysis of a handkerchief dipped in the presumptive blood of Louis XVI after his execution performed by Laluez-Fo et al. (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-laluezafo2010_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laluezafo2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Louis XVI</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">16. <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Grand Dauphin</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">17. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria">Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">18. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus II of Savoy">Victor Amadeus II of Savoy</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">19. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie d'Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(son_of_Louis_XV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">20. <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1650%E2%80%931703)" title="Rafał Leszczyński (1650–1703)">Rafał Leszczyński</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">21. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Leszczy%C5%84ska_(1660%E2%80%931727)" title="Anna Leszczyńska (1660–1727)">Anna Jabłonowska</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">22. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Opali%C5%84ski" title="Jan Karol Opaliński">Jan Karol Opaliński</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Opali%C5%84ska" title="Catherine Opalińska">Katarzyna Opalińska</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">23. <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Czarnkowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Zofia Czarnkowska">Zofia Czarnkowska</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Louis XVI of France</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">24. <a href="/wiki/John_George_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John George III, Elector of Saxony">John George III, Elector of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II of Poland">Augustus II of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">25. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sophie_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Sophie of Denmark">Anna Sophie of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">26. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ernst,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth" title="Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth">Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Eberhardine_of_Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth">Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">27. <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Luise_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie Luise of Württemberg">Sophie Luise of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">28. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">29. <a href="/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg" title="Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg">Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">30. <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Calenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg">John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalia_of_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick">Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #1ff">31. <a href="/wiki/Benedicta_Henrietta_of_the_Palatinate" title="Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate">Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Louis XVI </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/220px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/330px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/440px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Upon his accession to the throne Louis assumed the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">royal coat of arms</a> of France & Navarre.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>1774–1793</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/French_Crown_Jewels" title="French Crown Jewels">Royal crown of France</a></dd> <dt>Helm</dt> <dd>An opened gold helmet, with blue and gold mantling.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd><i>Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre)</i>.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>The two supporters are two angels, acting as <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a> for the two realms. The dexter angel carries a standard with the arms of France, and wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabard</a> with the same arms. The sinister angel also carries a standard and wears a tabard, but that of Navarre. Both are standing on puffs of cloud.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>The motto is written in gold on a blue ribbon: <b><a href="/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!" title="Montjoie Saint Denis!">Montjoie Saint Denis!</a></b> the war cry of France, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Saint Denis</a> was also the abbey where the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">oriflamme</a> was kept.</dd> <dt>Orders</dt> <dd>The escutcheons are surrounded first by the chain of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a> and by the chain of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a>, both were known as the <i>ordres du roi</i>.</dd> <dt>Other elements</dt> <dd>Above all is a <i>pavilion armoyé</i> with the Royal crown. From it, is a royal blue mantle with a semis of fleurs-de-lis Or, lined on the inside with ermine.</dd> <dt>Banner</dt> <dd><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/50px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/75px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/100px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> Royal standard of the king</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The style "King of the French" was decreed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> on 9 November 1789,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a proposal approved on 10 October.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was officialized in the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">French Constitution</a> on 3 September 1791,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was ratified by the king on 14 September.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROIxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA57"><i>Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens, avis du Conseil-d'Etat</i></a> (in French). 1834. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collection+compl%C3%A8te+des+lois%2C+d%C3%A9crets%2C+ordonnances%2C+r%C3%A9glemens%2C+avis+du+Conseil-d%27Etat&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROIxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2XPRREQDtEC&pg=PA397"><i>Archives parlementaires: de 1787 à 1860 ; recueil complet des débats législatifs et politiques des chambres françaises. 1787 à 1799. 1. 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CNRS Ed. 1877. p. 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+parlementaires%3A+de+1787+%C3%A0+1860+%3B+recueil+complet+des+d%C3%A9bats+l%C3%A9gislatifs+et+politiques+des+chambres+fran%C3%A7aises.+1787+%C3%A0+1799.+1.+S%C3%A9rie&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=CNRS+Ed.&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2XPRREQDtEC%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/la-constitution-du-3-septembre-1791">La Constitution du 3 Septembre 1791</a>, Chaptire II, Art. 2. <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Élysée">Élysée</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalanne1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lalanne, Ludovic (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ynrx6pbSMIC&pg=PA845"><i>Dictionnaire historique de la France</i></a> (in French). Hachette. p. 845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+de+la+France&rft.pages=845&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Lalanne&rft.aufirst=Ludovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ynrx6pbSMIC%26pg%3DPA845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/french-revolution_202404"><i>French Revolution</i></a> (2nd ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Revolution&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrench-revolution_202404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ib-miw-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ib-miw_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkovich2017" class="citation book cs1">Berkovich, Ilya (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Motivation in War: The Experience of Common Soldiers in Old-Regime Europe</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107167735" title="Special:BookSources/9781107167735"><bdi>9781107167735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motivation+in+War%3A+The+Experience+of+Common+Soldiers+in+Old-Regime+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107167735&rft.aulast=Berkovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JzDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-md-eote-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-md-eote_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelon2013" class="citation book cs1">Delon, Michel, ed. 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London: Routledge. p. 1246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135959982" title="Special:BookSources/9781135959982"><bdi>9781135959982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.isbn=9781135959982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEpJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2000" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, John (2000). <i>Louis XVI</i>. London: Arnold. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-70649-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-70649-X"><bdi>0-340-70649-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-340-70649-X&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndress2005" class="citation book cs1">Andress, David (2005). <i>The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374530730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374530730"><bdi>978-0374530730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror%3A+The+Merciless+War+for+Freedom+in+Revolutionary+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0374530730&rft.aulast=Andress&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLever1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lever, Evelyne (1985). <i>Louis XVI</i> (in French). Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2213015453" title="Special:BookSources/978-2213015453"><bdi>978-2213015453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-2213015453&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=Evelyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardman, John, <i>Louis XVI, The Silent King</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardman, John, <i>Louis XVI, The Silent King</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardman1994-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardman1994_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hardman1994" class="citation book cs1">John Hardman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkJqSmHcd5oC&pg=PA24"><i>Louis XVI: The Silent King and the Estates</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06077-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI%3A+The+Silent+King+and+the+Estates&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06077-5&rft.au=John+Hardman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkJqSmHcd5oC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andress, David. <i>The Terror</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Antonia, <i>Marie Antoinette: The Journey</i>, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fraser127-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fraser127_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Antonia, <i>Marie Antoinette: The Journey</i>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Antonia, <i>Marie Antoinette: The Journey</i>, pp.166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Antonia, <i>Marie Antoinette</i>, p.164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancine_du_Plessix_Gray2000" class="citation web cs1">Francine du Plessix Gray (7 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/printables/archive/021007fr_archive01">"The New Yorker From the Archive Books"</a>. <i>The Child Queen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Child+Queen&rft.atitle=The+New+Yorker+From+the+Archive+Books&rft.date=2000-08-07&rft.au=Francine+du+Plessix+Gray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fprintables%2Farchive%2F021007fr_archive01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fraser122-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fraser122_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Antonia, <i>Marie Antoinette: The Journey</i>, p.122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndroutsos" class="citation web cs1">Androutsos, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518123742/http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=78">"The Truth About Louis XVI's Marital Difficulties"</a>. <i>Translated from French</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=78">the original</a> on 18 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translated+from+French&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Louis+XVI%27s+Marital+Difficulties&rft.aulast=Androutsos&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcircumcision.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcontent%26task%3Dview%26id%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2001" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marieantoinette00anto_0"><i>Marie Antoinette: The Journey</i></a></span>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385489492" title="Special:BookSources/9780385489492"><bdi>9780385489492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Journey&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780385489492&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinette00anto_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLever2001" class="citation book cs1">Lever, Evelyne (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marieantoinette00evel"><i>Marie Antoinette: Last Queen of France</i></a></span>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312283339" title="Special:BookSources/9780312283339"><bdi>9780312283339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+Last+Queen+of+France&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780312283339&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=Evelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinette00evel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1974" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Vincent (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisantoinette00cron"><i>Louis and Antoinette</i></a></span>. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688003319" title="Special:BookSources/9780688003319"><bdi>9780688003319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+and+Antoinette&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780688003319&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisantoinette00cron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dictionary of World Biography". Author: Barry Jones. Published in 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Huisman, Marguerite Jallut: <i>Marie Antoinette</i>, Stephens, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman1993" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, John (1993). <i>Louis XVI</i>. Yale University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05719-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05719-9"><bdi>0-300-05719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-300-05719-9&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2001" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2001). <i>The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285396-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285396-1"><bdi>0-19-285396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19-21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-285396-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardman, John. Louis XVI, The Silent King. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andress, David,(2005) <i>The Terror</i>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booking-help.org/book_338_glava_314_Edict_of_Versailles_%281787%29.html">Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Ideals, <i>Edict of Versailles (1787)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714094231/http://booking-help.org/book_338_glava_314_Edict_of_Versailles_(1787).html">Archived</a> 14 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, downloaded 29 January 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2001" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2001). <i>The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baecque, Antoine de, <i>From Royal Dignity to Republican Austerity: The Ritual for the Reception of Louis XVI in the French National Assembly (1789–1792)</i>, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 4 (December 1994), p. 675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108528n/f3.image/f1n458.pdf?download=1">Journal de Papillon de La Ferté</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finances of Louis XVI (1788) | Nicholas E. Bomba <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blogs.nvcc.edu">https://blogs.nvcc.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110420130803/http://blogs.nvcc.edu/">Archived</a> 20 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> › nbomba › files › 2016/10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixJWG9q0Eo4C"><i>Compte rendu au roi, au mois de mars 1788, et publié par ses ordres</i></a>. de l'Imprimerie royale. 1788.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compte+rendu+au+roi%2C+au+mois+de+mars+1788%2C+et+publi%C3%A9+par+ses+ordres&rft.pub=de+l%27Imprimerie+royale&rft.date=1788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixJWG9q0Eo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGS-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm">"Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India"</a>. The Tiger and The Thistle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tipu+Sultan+and+the+Scots+in+India&rft.pub=The+Tiger+and+The+Thistle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tigerandthistle.net%2Ftipu315.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corwin, Edward Samuel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frenchpolicyamer00corwuoft#page/121/mode/1up">French Policy and the American Alliance</a> (1916) pp. 121–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army</i> (1994) p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan R. Dull, <i>The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–1787</i> (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On finance, see William Doyle, <i>Oxford History of the French Revolution</i> (1989) pp. 67–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélix2006" class="citation book cs1">Félix, Joël (2006). <i>Louis XVI et Marie-Antoinette : un couple en politique</i>. Paris: Payot. pp. 220–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2228901079" title="Special:BookSources/978-2228901079"><bdi>978-2228901079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+et+Marie-Antoinette+%3A+un+couple+en+politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=220-225&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2228901079&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9lix&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1987" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Alfred Thayer (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nc7H1eQiArQC&pg=PA461"><i>The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486255095" title="Special:BookSources/9780486255095"><bdi>9780486255095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+Sea+Power+Upon+History%2C+1660%E2%80%931783&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1987-01&rft.isbn=9780486255095&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Thayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnc7H1eQiArQC%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk_RaalNQAQC&pg=PA183"><i><span></span></i>Britain as a military power, 1688–1815<i><span></span></i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203007617" title="Special:BookSources/9780203007617"><bdi>9780203007617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+as+a+military+power%2C+1688%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=9780203007617&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFk_RaalNQAQC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belleindochine.free.fr/2TraiteVersaillesEvequeAdran.htm">TRAITÉ conclu à Versailles entre la France et la Cochinchine, représentée par Mgr Pigneau de Béhaine, évêque d'Adran, le 28 novembre 1787</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112159/http://belleindochine.free.fr/2TraiteVersaillesEvequeAdran.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reporter.anu.edu.au/finding-la-p%C3%A9rouse">AN|U Reporter, "Finding La Pérouse"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073932/https://reporter.anu.edu.au/finding-la-p%C3%A9rouse">Archived</a> 10 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caiani1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caiani1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caiani1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiani2012" class="citation book cs1">Caiani, Ambrogio (1 January 2012). <i>Louis XVI and the French Revolution, 1789–1792</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107631014" title="Special:BookSources/9781107631014"><bdi>9781107631014</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802746106">802746106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+and+the+French+Revolution%2C+1789%E2%80%931792&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F802746106&rft.isbn=9781107631014&rft.aulast=Caiani&rft.aufirst=Ambrogio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedish historian <a href="/wiki/Herman_Lindqvist_(journalist)" title="Herman Lindqvist (journalist)">Herman Lindqvist</a> in the Swedish tabloid <i><a href="/wiki/Aftonbladet" title="Aftonbladet">Aftonbladet</a></i>, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/kolumnister/hermanlindqvist/article11667372.ab">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112204655/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/kolumnister/hermanlindqvist/article11667372.ab">Archived</a> 12 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In Swedish, not far from the top "<i>Ändå är det historiskt dokumenterat att Marie-Antoinette + Axel von Fersen = sant.</i>" which in English becomes "Still is it historically documented that Marie-Antoinetter + Axel von Fersen = true."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrington1902" class="citation book cs1">Barrington, Michael (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPAtMCWLDz4C&pg=PR3"><i>The Reminiscences of Sir Barrington Beaumont, Bart</i></a>. C. Richards. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reminiscences+of+Sir+Barrington+Beaumont%2C+Bart&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=C.+Richards&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Barrington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPAtMCWLDz4C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardman, John, <i>Louis XVI, The Silent King</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Munro, <i>Louis XVI and Gustavus III: Secret Diplomacy and Counter-Revolution, 1791–1792</i>, The Historical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2 (June 1999), p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance)1791" class="citation web cs1">France), Louis X.V.I. (roi de (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8g_AAAAcAAJ">"Déclaration du roi [Louis XVI] adressée à tous les Français, à sa sortie de ..."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9claration+du+roi+%5BLouis+XVI%5D+adress%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+tous+les+Fran%C3%A7ais%2C+%C3%A0+sa+sortie+de+...&rft.date=1791&rft.aulast=France%29&rft.aufirst=Louis+X.V.I.+%28roi+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8g_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoquard2018" class="citation web cs1">Coquard, Olivier (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historia.fr/eph%C3%A9m%C3%A9ride/varennes-une-cavale-lourde-de-cons%C3%A9quences">"Varennes, une cavale lourde de conséquences"</a>. <i>Historia.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia.fr&rft.atitle=Varennes%2C+une+cavale+lourde+de+cons%C3%A9quences&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.aulast=Coquard&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historia.fr%2Feph%25C3%25A9m%25C3%25A9ride%2Fvarennes-une-cavale-lourde-de-cons%25C3%25A9quences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assignat.fr/1-assignat/ass-04a">"Assignat de 50 livres – Catalogue général des assignats français"</a>. <i>assignat.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assignat.fr&rft.atitle=Assignat+de+50+livres+%E2%80%93+Catalogue+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+assignats+fran%C3%A7ais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassignat.fr%2F1-assignat%2Fass-04a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttner2015" class="citation book cs1">Guttner, Darius von (2015). <i>The French Revolution</i>. Nelson Cengage. pp. 132–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Nelson+Cengage&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Guttner&rft.aufirst=Darius+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Thompson, <i>The French Revolution</i> (1943) identifies a series of major and minor mistakes and mishaps, pp. 224–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Tackett, <i>When the King Took Flight</i> (2003) ch. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackett2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tackett, Timothy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299285">"The Flight to Varennes and the Coming of the Terror"</a>. <i>Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 473. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299285">41299285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections%2FR%C3%A9flexions+Historiques&rft.atitle=The+Flight+to+Varennes+and+the+Coming+of+the+Terror&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=473&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41299285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41299285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Tackett, <i>When the King Took Flight</i> (2003), p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste chronologique des généraux français ou étrangers au service de France, morts sur le champ de bataille... de 1792 à 1837</i>, A. Leneveu, rue des Grands-Augustins, n° 18, Paris, 1838, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, Susan, <i>The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 72–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardman_2000_157–158-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardman_2000_157–158_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardman_2000_157–158_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2000" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, John (2000). <i>Louis XVI: The Silent King</i>. Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI%3A+The+Silent+King&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Lenotre, <i>Vieilles maisons, vieux papiers</i>, Librairie académique Perrin, Paris, 1903, pp. 321–338 (in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1968" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Bernard (1968). <i>Louis XVI or The End of a World</i>. Henry Regnery Company. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+or+The+End+of+a+World&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Henry+Regnery+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_1979_166-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_1979_166_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_1979_166_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1979" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingstrial00davi"><i>The King's Trial: The French Revolution vs. Louis XVI</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingstrial00davi/page/166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520036840" title="Special:BookSources/9780520036840"><bdi>9780520036840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Trial%3A+The+French+Revolution+vs.+Louis+XVI&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780520036840&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingstrial00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Guttner2015" class="citation book cs1">von Guttner, Darius (2015). <i>The French Revolution</i>. Nelson Cengage. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Nelson+Cengage&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=von+Guttner&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Guttner, Darius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9869783/The_French_Revolution">The French Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208035851/https://www.academia.edu/9869783/The_French_Revolution">Archived</a> 8 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2000" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, John (2000). <i>Louis XVI: The Silent King</i>. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI%3A+The+Silent+King&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman1992" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, John (1992). <i>Louis XVI</i>. Yale University Press. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis XVI's last words heard before the drums covered his voice: <i>Je meurs innocent de tous les crimes qu'on m'impute ; je pardonne aux auteurs de ma mort ; je prie Dieu que le sang que vous allez répandre ne retombe pas sur la France.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardman 1992, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2004" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David P. (2004). <i>The King's Trial: The French Revolution vs. Louis XVI</i>. Los Angeles, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520236974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520236974"><bdi>978-0520236974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Trial%3A+The+French+Revolution+vs.+Louis+XVI&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0520236974&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andress, David, <i>The Terror</i>, 2005, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20882305">"Blood of Louis XVI 'found in gourd container'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Blood+of+Louis+XVI+%27found+in+gourd+container%27&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-20882305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Susan Dunn, <i>The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination.</i> (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejosias.com/2015/01/29/pius-vi-quare-lacrymae/">"Pius VI: Quare Lacrymae"</a>. 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pius+VI%3A+Quare+Lacrymae&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthejosias.com%2F2015%2F01%2F29%2Fpius-vi-quare-lacrymae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2017/Aug/Martini_requiem_CHR77413.htm">"MARTINI Requiem pour Louis XVI et Marie Antoinette, Messe de Requiem & GLUCK De profundis clamavi – CHRISTOPHORUS CHR77413 [JV] Classical Music Reviews: August 2017 – MusicWeb-International"</a>. <i>www.musicweb-international.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.musicweb-international.com&rft.atitle=MARTINI+Requiem+pour+Louis+XVI+et+Marie+Antoinette%2C+Messe+de+Requiem+%26+GLUCK+De+profundis+clamavi+%E2%80%93+CHRISTOPHORUS+CHR77413+%5BJV%5D+Classical+Music+Reviews%3A+August+2017+%E2%80%93+MusicWeb-International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2017%2FAug%2FMartini_requiem_CHR77413.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMdB, "The French Revolution" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098238/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st#cast">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098238/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st#cast</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larmuseau2013211-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larmuseau2013211_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarmuseauDelormeGermainVanderheyden2013" class="citation journal cs1">Larmuseau, Maarten H D.; Delorme, Philippe; Germain, Patrick; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Gilissen, Anja; Van Geystelen, Anneleen; Cassiman, Jean-Jacques; Decorte, Ronny (9 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992573">"Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 681–687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.211">10.1038/ejhg.2013.211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992573">3992573</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24105374">24105374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+genealogy+reveals+true+Y+haplogroup+of+House+of+Bourbon+contradicting+recent+identification+of+the+presumed+remains+of+two+French+Kings&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=681-687&rft.date=2013-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3992573%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24105374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.211&rft.aulast=Larmuseau&rft.aufirst=Maarten+H+D.&rft.au=Delorme%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Germain%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Vanderheyden%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Gilissen%2C+Anja&rft.au=Van+Geystelen%2C+Anneleen&rft.au=Cassiman%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft.au=Decorte%2C+Ronny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3992573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laluezafo2010-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laluezafo2010_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalueza-FoxGigliBiniCalafell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lalueza-Fox, C.; Gigli, E.; Bini, C.; Calafell, F.; Luiselli, D.; Pelotti, S.; Pettener, D. 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Genetics</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 459–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2010.09.007">10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.09.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F32188">10261/32188</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20940110">20940110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International.+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+the+presumptive+blood+from+Louis+XVI%2C+King+of+France&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=459-63&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F32188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20940110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2010.09.007&rft.aulast=Lalueza-Fox&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Gigli%2C+E.&rft.au=Bini%2C+C.&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F.&rft.au=Luiselli%2C+D.&rft.au=Pelotti%2C+S.&rft.au=Pettener%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelde2010" class="citation web cs1">Velde, François (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frarms.htm">"The Arms of France – The Kingdom of France"</a>. <i>heraldica.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heraldica.org&rft.atitle=The+Arms+of+France+%E2%80%93+The+Kingdom+of+France&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Ffrance%2Ffrarms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Baecque, Antoine De. 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"A Bankrupt Regime." <i>History Today</i> (January 1984) 34:36–42.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-2753">0018-2753</a> Fulltext in <a href="/wiki/EBSCO" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO">EBSCO</a></li> <li>Doyle, William. <i>Origins of the French Revolution</i> (3rd ed. 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffrenchr00doyl">online</a></li> <li>Doyle, William. "The Execution of Louis XVI and the End of the French Monarchy." <i>History Review.</i> (2000) pp 21+ * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle,_William2002" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl"><i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i></a></span>. UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925298-5&rft.au=Doyle%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryoff00doyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span> Pages 194–196 deal with the trial of Louis XVI.</li> <li>Doyle, William, ed. <i>Old Regime France</i> (2001).</li> <li>Dunn, Susan. <i>The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination.</i> (1994). 178 pp.</li> <li>Hardman, John. <i>Louis XVI: The Silent King</i> (2nd ed. 2016) 500 pages; much expanded new edition; now the standard scholarly biography <ul><li>Hardman, John. <i>Louis XVI: The Silent King</i> (1994) 224 pages, an older scholarly biography</li></ul></li> <li>Hardman, John. <i>French Politics, 1774–1789: From the Accession of Louis XVI to the Fall of the Bastille.</i> (1995). 283 pp.</li> <li>Jones, Colin. <i>The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0140130934">Amazon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309053550/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0140130934/">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, excerpt and text search</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignet,_François_Auguste1824" class="citation web cs1">Mignet, François Auguste (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/8hfrr10.txt">"History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+French+Revolution+from+1789+to+1814&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1824&rft.au=Mignet%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois+Auguste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext06%2F8hfrr10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span> See Chapter VI, <i>The National Convention</i>, for more details on the king's trial and execution.</li> <li>Padover, Saul K. <i>The Life and Death of Louis XVI</i> (1939)</li> <li>Price, Munro. <i>The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy</i> (2004) 425 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0312326130">Amazon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508085627/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312326130">Archived</a> 8 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, excerpt and text search; also published as <i>The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil.</i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schama,_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Schama, Simon">Schama, Simon</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens._A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution">Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution</a></i> (1989), highly readable narrative by scholar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0141017279">Amazon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506001206/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0141017279">Archived</a> 6 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, excerpt and text search</li> <li>Tackett, Timothy. <i>When the King Took Flight.</i> (2003). 270 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000F4LMP8">Amazon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124432/http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000F4LMP8">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, excerpt and text search</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li>McGill, Frank N. "Execution of Louis XVI" in <i>McGill's History of Europe</i> (1993) 3:161–164</li> <li>Moncure, James A. ed. <i>Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450–Present</i> (4 vol 1992) 3:1193–1213</li> <li>Rigney, Ann. "Toward Varennes." <i>New Literary History</i> 1986 18(1): 77–98 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/468656">468656</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigney1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rigney, Ann (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118160402/http://www.jstor.org/stable/468656">"Toward Varennes"</a>. <i>New Literary History</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 77–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F468656">10.2307/468656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/468656">468656</a>. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Toward+Varennes&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-98&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F468656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F468656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rigney&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F468656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, on historiography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampan1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeanne-Louise-Henriette_Campan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan">Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsmarieant00mmegoog"><i>Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Wife of Louis XVI: Queen of France</i></a>. Collier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Marie+Antoinette%2C+Queen+of+France+and+Wife+of+Louis+XVI%3A+Queen+of+France&rft.pub=Collier&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Campan&rft.aufirst=Jeanne-Louise-Henriette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsmarieant00mmegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=/FrnchRev&CISOBOX1=Louis+XVI%2C+King+of+France%2C+1754-1793">Full text of writings of Louis XVI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029042818/http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=%2FFrnchRev&CISOBOX1=Louis+XVI%2C+King+of+France%2C+1754-1793">Archived</a> 29 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Ball State University's <a href="/wiki/Digital_Media_Repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Media Repository">Digital Media Repository</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Louis XVI of France"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Louis XVI of France</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box 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France</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=/FrnchRev&CISOBOX1=Louis+XVI%2C+King+of+France%2C+1754-1793">Full text of writings of Louis XVI</a> in Ball State University's <a href="/wiki/Digital_Media_Repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Media Repository">Digital Media Repository</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Louis XVI </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 23 August 1754</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 January 1793</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> </b><br />10 May 1774 – 21 September 1792<br /><small>King of the French from 1791</small> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as emperor </b></i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> </b><br />20 December 1765 – 10 May 1774 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis-Joseph</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dauphins_of_France" title="Template:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dauphins_of_France" title="Template talk:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphins_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dauphins_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphins of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Dauphin_of_France_(1386)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles, Dauphin of France (1386) (page does not exist)">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Dauphin_of_France_(1392%E2%80%931401)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles, Dauphin of France (1392–1401) (page does not exist)">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Guyenne" title="Louis, Duke of Guyenne">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Touraine" title="John, Duke of Touraine">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li>François</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Orlando,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France">Charles Orlando</a></li> <li>Charles</li> <li>François</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, <i>Le Grand Dauphin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, <i>Le Petit Dauphin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_France" title="Template:Princes of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_France" title="Template talk:Princes of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Princes of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The first generation are the children of <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henri IV</a></i>; these males held the rank of <b><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Son of France</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Grandson of France</a></b>;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">King Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Monsieur d'Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/75px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/113px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Prince Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Prince Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Philip V of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Prince Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Prince Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">King Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis, Prince of Asturias</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip_of_Spain_(1712%E2%80%931719)" title="Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)">Infante Philip of Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Prince Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Prince Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Prince Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">King Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">King Charles X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">King Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Prince Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Prince Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>* <i>until <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">1713</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Bourbon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template talk:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Bourbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_IV_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_of_France" title="Christine of France">Christine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)</li> <li>Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557)</li> <li>Madeleine (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bourbon" title="Catherine of Bourbon">Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="César, Duke of Vendôme">César, Duke of Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Henriette_de_Bourbon" title="Catherine Henriette de Bourbon">Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf</a></li> <li>Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Verneuil" title="Henri, Duke of Verneuil">Henri, Duke of Verneuil</a></li> <li>Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon</li> <li>Antoine, Count of Moret</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelles_Abbey" title="Chelles Abbey">Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marguerite Louise d'Orléans">Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Marguerite_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans">Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Madeleine_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans">Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Anne d'Orléans">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans">Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great <br /> grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Infanta María Teresa of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon" title="Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon">Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate<br />children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Marie Anne de Bourbon">Marie Anne, Princess of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Louis, Count of Vermandois">Louis, Count of Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar,_Count_of_Vexin" title="Louis César, Count of Vexin">Louis César, Count of Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise,_Princess_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé">Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon">Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Maisonblanche" title="Louise de Maisonblanche">Louise, Baroness of La Queue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe V of Spain</a></i> <sup><small>p</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Prince_of_Dombes" title="Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes">Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles,_Count_of_Eu" title="Louis Charles, Count of Eu">Louis Charles, Count of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Bourbon,_Mademoiselle_du_Maine" title="Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine">Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre">Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great<br />grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Francisco of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" title="María Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis,_Count_of_Chinch%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón">Luis, Count of Chinchón</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Ferdinanda_of_Spain" title="Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain">Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Charles, Duke of Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Prince_of_Lamballe" title="Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe">Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_of_France_(1727%E2%80%931752)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriette of France (1727–1752)">Princess Henriette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_France_(1728%E2%80%931733)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of France (1728–1733)">Princess Louise (1728–1733)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Adélaïde">Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_of_France_(1733%E2%80%931799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire of France (1733–1799)">Princess Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1734%E2%80%931782)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1734–1782)">Sophie, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" title="Thérèse of France">Princess Thérèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_France_(1737%E2%80%931787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of France (1737–1787)">Princess Louise (1737–1787)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Madame_Royale_(1746%E2%80%931748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale (1746–1748)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Z%C3%A9phyrine_of_France" title="Marie Zéphyrine of France">Princess Marie Zéphyrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_of_France" title="Clotilde of France">Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Princess Élisabeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children <br /> included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Vintimille" title="Charles de Vintimille">Charles de Vintimille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_O%27Murphy" title="Marie-Louise O'Murphy">Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine</a></li> <li>Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara" title="Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara">Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_B%C3%A9atrice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France">Princess Sophie Hélène</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Note" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Note</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap">Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>See <i><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Spouse(s)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Charles_X_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Theresa of Savoy">Maria Theresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_d%27Artois_(1776%E2%80%931783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie d'Artois (1776–1783)">Sophie, <i>Mademoiselle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li>Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Princess Louise Élisabeth</li> <li>Prince Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Notes</span></dt> <dd><sup><small>1</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante or Infanta of Spain</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>2</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduchess of Austria</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>3</small></sup> both</dd> <dd><sup><small>p</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template talk:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Pretenders to the French throne</a> since <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">1792</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Monarchy in exile</a> (1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1792 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI</a></li> <li>1793 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li>1795 1814 1815 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the House of Capet"><img alt="Coat of arms of the House of Capet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the House of Capet</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte"><img alt="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist</a> (1830–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830 <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li>1836 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri V</a></li> <li>1883 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Jean III</a></li> <li>1887 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Charles XI</a></li> <li>1909 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Jacques I</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Charles XII</a></li> <li>1936 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alphonse I</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jacques II</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Duke_of_Anjou_and_C%C3%A1diz" title="Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz">Alphonse II</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_de_Bourbon" title="Louis Alphonse de Bourbon">Louis XX</a> (present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> (1848–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1848 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></li> <li>1894 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Philippe VIII</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Prince Jean, Duke of Guise">Jean III</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Henri VI</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1933%E2%80%932019)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)">Henri VII</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Jean IV</a> (present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> (1814–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1814 1815 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon I</a></li> <li>1821 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoléon II</a></li> <li>1832 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis</a></li> <li>1846 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoléon III</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Emperor 1852–1870</a>)</small></li> <li>1873 <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" title="Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Napoléon IV</a></li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte">Napoléon V Jérôme</a> / 1891 <a href="/wiki/Victor,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Victor, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon V Victor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte_(1864%E2%80%931932)" title="Louis Bonaparte (1864–1932)">Louis</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Louis, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VI</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Charles, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe</a> present (<a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_(Bonapartist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>*Unionist pretender from 1883-1894 as Philippe VII</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Íñiguez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_Arista_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo Arista of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%BAn_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" title="Fortún Garcés of Pamplona">Fortún Garcés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho I of Pamplona">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona">Jimeno Garcés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez I of Pamplona">García Sánchez I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho II of Pamplona">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_II_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez II of Pamplona">García Sánchez II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez III of Pamplona">García Sánchez III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho IV of Pamplona">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VII_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VII of Navarre">Sancho VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">House of Foix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Phoebus" title="Francis Phoebus">Francis Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre" title="Catherine of Navarre">Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Joan III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis IV</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis V</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis VI</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles V</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joan III</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip V</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand III</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella I</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. <sup>S</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King/Queen of Spain</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7732#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7732#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7732#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000358861922">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/212882453">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52647/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXvHyt7wfQPhxmQvRR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118574949">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80038425">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120081657">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120081657">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621018">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Louis XVI <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV021255">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35410913">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701092&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX953502">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070131244">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p339698810">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90180221">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000163141&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=142184">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3560s9019qb4t">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810618943205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/54030">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264733505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523303906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14619159">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122357">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/435099">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0ac0ed4a-b5ca-46da-9d07-20f6a59c1cfd">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/04195830">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/942965">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118574949.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118574949">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028197631">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67190">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/319299">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI&oldid=1259258833">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI&oldid=1259258833</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louis_XVI" title="Category:Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1754_births" title="Category:1754 births">1754 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1793_deaths" title="Category:1793 deaths">1793 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_kings_of_France" title="Category:18th-century kings of France">18th-century kings of France</a></li><li><a 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coup">Leaders ousted by a coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_executed_by_guillotine_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Category:French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution">French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_for_treason_against_France" title="Category:People executed for treason against France">People executed for treason against France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princes_of_Andorra" title="Category:Princes of Andorra">Princes of Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princes_of_France_(Bourbon)" title="Category:Princes of France (Bourbon)">Princes of France (Bourbon)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Publicly_executed_people" title="Category:Publicly executed people">Publicly executed people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Lazarus">Recipients of the Order of Saint Lazarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_peers_of_France" title="Category:18th-century peers of France">18th-century peers of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dethroned_monarchs" title="Category:Dethroned monarchs">Dethroned monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_who_were_later_imprisoned" title="Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned">Heads of government who were later imprisoned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Navarrese_titular_monarchs" title="Category:Navarrese titular monarchs">Navarrese titular monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legitimist_pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Category:Legitimist pretenders to the French throne">Legitimist pretenders to the French throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_reburials" title="Category:Royal reburials">Royal reburials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Category:People of the War 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