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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Carolingian_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Carolingian_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Carolingian church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Carolingian_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suger_and_the_Early_Gothic_Church_(12th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suger_and_the_Early_Gothic_Church_(12th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Suger and the Early Gothic Church (12th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suger_and_the_Early_Gothic_Church_(12th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Phase:_the_west_front_(1135–1140)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Phase:_the_west_front_(1135–1140)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>First Phase: the west front (1135–1140)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Phase:_the_west_front_(1135–1140)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Phase:_the_new_choir,_(1140–1144)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Phase:_the_new_choir,_(1140–1144)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Second Phase: the new choir, (1140–1144)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Phase:_the_new_choir,_(1140–1144)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_of_the_Nave_–_the_Rayonnant_style_–_beginning_of_the_Royal_Necropolis_(13th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_of_the_Nave_–_the_Rayonnant_style_–_beginning_of_the_Royal_Necropolis_(13th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reconstruction of the Nave – the Rayonnant style – beginning of the Royal Necropolis (13th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_of_the_Nave_–_the_Rayonnant_style_–_beginning_of_the_Royal_Necropolis_(13th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th–17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th–17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>15th–17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th–17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The French Revolution and Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_–_reconstruction_and_renovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_–_reconstruction_and_renovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>19th century – reconstruction and renovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_–_reconstruction_and_renovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exterior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exterior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_west_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_west_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The west front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_west_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chevet_and_transepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chevet_and_transepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chevet and transepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chevet_and_transepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_south_portals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_south_portals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North and south portals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_and_south_portals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_nave_and_choir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nave_and_choir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The nave and choir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nave_and_choir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_disambulatory_and_chapels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_disambulatory_and_chapels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The disambulatory and chapels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_disambulatory_and_chapels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crypt_and_royal_tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crypt_and_royal_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Crypt and royal tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crypt_and_royal_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacristy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacristy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sacristy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacristy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art and decoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_decoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art and decoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choir_stalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choir_stalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Choir stalls</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Choir_stalls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Choir stalls subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Choir_stalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Treasury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Burials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Burials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_royalty_and_nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_royalty_and_nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other royalty and nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_royalty_and_nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Abbots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basilica of Saint-Denis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basiliek" title="Saint Denis Basiliek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saint Denis Basiliek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika_Saint-Denis" title="Basilika Saint-Denis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Basilika Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="كاتدرائية سان دوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية سان دوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen-Deni_bazilikas%C4%B1" title="Sen-Deni bazilikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sen-Deni bazilikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Абацтва Сен-Дэні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абацтва Сен-Дэні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сен Дени (базилика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сен Дени (базилика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Saint-Denis" title="Bazilika Saint-Denis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bazilika Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Saint-Denis" title="Basílica de Saint-Denis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basílica de Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Saint-Denis" title="Bazilika Saint-Denis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bazilika Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterkirken_Saint-Denis" title="Klosterkirken Saint-Denis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klosterkirken Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedrale_von_Saint-Denis" title="Kathedrale von Saint-Denis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathedrale von Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis%27_basiilika" title="Saint Denis' basiilika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Denis' basiilika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD-%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Βασιλική Σαιν-Ντενί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασιλική Σαιν-Ντενί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Saint-Denis" title="Basílica de Saint-Denis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basílica de Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baziliko_de_Saint-Denis" title="Baziliko de Saint-Denis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baziliko de Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis_basilika" title="Saint-Denis basilika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saint-Denis basilika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کلیسای سن-دنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای سن-دنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Denis" title="Basilique Saint-Denis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basilique Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisleac_Saint-Denis" title="Baisleac Saint-Denis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baisleac Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Saint-Denis" title="Basílica de Saint-Denis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Basílica de Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%93%9C%EB%8B%88_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="생드니 대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생드니 대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սեն Դենի աբբայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեն Դենի աբբայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Saint-Denis" title="Bazilika Saint-Denis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazilika Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilika_Saint_Denis" title="Basilika Saint Denis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basilika Saint Denis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica di Saint-Denis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basilica di Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9F-%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99" title="בזיליקת סן-דני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזיליקת סן-דני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_cathedralis_Sancti_Dionysii" title="Basilica cathedralis Sancti Dionysii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Basilica cathedralis Sancti Dionysii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senden%C4%AB_bazilika" title="Sendenī bazilika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sendenī bazilika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Deni_vienuolyno_bazilika" title="Sen Deni vienuolyno bazilika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sen Deni vienuolyno bazilika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis-sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z" title="Saint-Denis-székesegyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saint-Denis-székesegyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="كاتدرائيه سان دونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائيه سان دونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Basilica of Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedraal_van_Saint-Denis" title="Kathedraal van Saint-Denis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kathedraal van Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" title="サン＝ドニ大聖堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サン＝ドニ大聖堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterkirken_Saint-Denis" title="Klosterkirken Saint-Denis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klosterkirken Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_de_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica de Saint-Denis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Basilica de Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilike_ed_Saint-Dnis" title="Basilike ed Saint-Dnis – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Basilike ed Saint-Dnis" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazylika_w_Saint-Denis" title="Bazylika w Saint-Denis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazylika w Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Saint-Denis" title="Basílica de Saint-Denis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Basílica de Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_din_Saint-Denis" title="Catedrala din Saint-Denis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catedrala din Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Базилика Сен-Дени – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базилика Сен-Дени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_o_St_Denis" title="Basilica o St Denis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Basilica o St Denis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සාන්ත ඩෙනිස් බැසිලිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාන්ත ඩෙනිස් බැසිලිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basilica of Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Saint-Denis" title="Bazilika Saint-Denis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazilika Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolnica_sv._Dionizija,_Saint-Denis" title="Stolnica sv. Dionizija, Saint-Denis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stolnica sv. Dionizija, Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Базилика Сен Дени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Базилика Сен Дени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Saint-Denis" title="Bazilika Saint-Denis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazilika Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis%E2%80%99n_basilika" title="Saint-Denis’n basilika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saint-Denis’n basilika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosterkyrkan_Saint-Denis" title="Klosterkyrkan Saint-Denis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klosterkyrkan Saint-Denis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="มหาวิหารแซ็ง-เดอนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิหารแซ็ง-เดอนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis_Bazilikas%C4%B1" title="Saint-Denis Bazilikası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saint-Denis Bazilikası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Абатство Сен-Дені – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абатство Сен-Дені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="باسیلیکا ساں-دونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باسیلیکا ساں-دونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_cung_th%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Th%C3%A1nh_Denis" title="Vương cung thánh đường Thánh Denis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương cung thánh đường Thánh Denis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82" title="圣丹尼大堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣丹尼大堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BD%86%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="聖但尼大教堂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖但尼大教堂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BD%86%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF" title="圣但尼圣殿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣但尼圣殿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&params=48_56_08_N_2_21_35_E_region:FR_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°56′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.93556°N 2.35972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.93556; 2.35972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_St_Denis&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Basilica in Saint-Denis, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/St._Denis%27_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Denis' Church (disambiguation)">St. Denis' Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Saint-Denis, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Basilica of Saint-Denis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><div class="nickname"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Basilique Saint-Denis</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/220px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/330px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/440px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">West façade of Saint-Denis</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_b24ffe3129d36f49fbf07c0772fe82f9c6b4094e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&revid=1259142658&groups=_b24ffe3129d36f49fbf07c0772fe82f9c6b4094e" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&revid=1259142658&groups=_b24ffe3129d36f49fbf07c0772fe82f9c6b4094e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&params=48_56_08_N_2_21_35_E_region:FR_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°56′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.93556°N 2.35972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.93556; 2.35972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1135<span class="noprint">; 889 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1135</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Delannoy" title="Pascal Delannoy">Pascal Delannoy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Basilica of Saint-Denis</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Basilique royale de Saint-Denis</i>, now formally known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Basilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, a northern suburb of Paris. The building is of singular importance historically and architecturally as its <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a>, completed in 1144, is widely considered the first structure to employ all of the elements of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–128_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–128-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basilica became a place of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> containing the tombs of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">kings of France</a>, including nearly every king from the 10th century to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> came to Saint-Denis formally to renounce his <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> faith and become a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a>. The queens of France were crowned at Saint-Denis, and the <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a>, including the sword used for crowning the kings and the royal sceptre, were kept at Saint-Denis between coronations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018346_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018346-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site originated as a Gallo-Roman cemetery in late Roman times. The archaeological remains still lie beneath the cathedral; the graves indicate a mixture of Christian and pre-Christian burial practices.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the year 475 AD, <a href="/wiki/St._Genevieve" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Genevieve">St. Genevieve</a> purchased some land and built <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denys_de_la_Chapelle" title="Saint-Denys de la Chapelle">Saint-Denys de la Chapelle</a>. In 636, on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>, the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of France, were reinterred in the basilica. The relics of St-Denis, which had been transferred to the parish church of the town in 1795, were brought back again to the abbey in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> rebuilt portions of the abbey church using innovative structural and decorative features. In doing so, he is said to have created the first truly <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> building.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following century the master-builder <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Montreuil" title="Pierre de Montreuil">Pierre de Montreuil</a> rebuilt the nave and the transepts in the new <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> Gothic style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018346_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018346-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbey church became a cathedral on the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Saint-Denis">Diocese of Saint-Denis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1966 and is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis">Bishop of Saint-Denis</a>, currently (since 2009) <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Delannoy" title="Pascal Delannoy">Pascal Delannoy</a>. Although known as the "Basilica of St Denis", the cathedral has not been granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Minor_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Basilica">Minor Basilica</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 86-metre (282-foot) tall spire, dismantled in the 19th century, is to be rebuilt. The project, initiated more than 30 years ago, was to have begun in May 2020, and is expected to take about 11 years at a cost of about €28 million.<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_churches">Early churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cathedral is on the site where <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Paris">bishop of Paris</a>, is believed to have been buried. According to the "Life of Saint Genevieve", written in about 520, he was sent by Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement I">Clement I</a> to evangelise the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a>. He was arrested and condemned by the Roman authorities. Along with two of his followers, the priest Rusticus and deacon Eleutherius, he was decapitated on the hill of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> in about 250 AD. According to the legend, he is said to have carried his head four leagues to the Roman settlement of Catulliacus, the site of the current church, and indicated that it was where he wanted to be buried. A <a href="/wiki/Martyrium" title="Martyrium">martyrium</a> or shrine-mausoleum was erected on the site of his grave in about 313 AD, and was enlarged into a basilica with the addition of tombs and monuments under <a href="/wiki/Saint_Genevieve" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Genevieve">Saint Genevieve</a>. These including a royal tomb, that of Aregonde, the wife of King <a href="/wiki/Clothar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothar I">Clothar I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dagobert I visiting the construction site of the Abbey of St. Denis (painted 1473)"><img alt="Dagobert I visiting the construction site of the Abbey of St. Denis (painted 1473)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg/377px-Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg/566px-Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg/754px-Dagobert_visitant_le_chantier_de_la_construction_de_Saint-Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> visiting the construction site of the Abbey of St. Denis (painted 1473)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clovis2_saint_denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clovis II visiting Saint Denis (painted in 15th c.)"><img alt="Clovis II visiting Saint Denis (painted in 15th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clovis2_saint_denis.jpg/370px-Clovis2_saint_denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Clovis2_saint_denis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a> visiting Saint Denis (painted in 15th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (reigned 628 to 637), transformed the church into the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a> of Saint Denis, a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> in 632.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon grew to a community of more than five hundred monks, plus their servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982–3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dagobert also commissioned a new shrine to house the saint's remains, which was created by his chief councillor, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eligius" title="Saint Eligius">Eligius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a> by training. An early <i><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">vita</a></i> of Saint Eligius describes the shrine: </p> <blockquote><p>:Above all, Eligius fabricated a mausoleum for the holy martyr Denis in the city of Paris with a wonderful marble <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)" title="Ciborium (architecture)">ciborium</a> over it marvelously decorated with gold and gems. He composed a crest [at the top of a tomb] and a magnificent frontal and surrounded the throne of the altar with golden axes in a circle. He placed golden apples there, round and jeweled. He made a pulpit and a gate of silver and a roof for the throne of the altar on silver axes. He made a covering in the place before the tomb and fabricated an outside altar at the feet of the holy martyr. So much industry did he lavish there, at the king's request, and poured out so much that scarcely a single ornament was left in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and it is the greatest wonder of all to this very day.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Carolingian_church">The Carolingian church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Carolingian church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_(93),_basilique,_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walls of the crypt built by the Abbot Hilduin (9th century)"><img alt="Walls of the crypt built by the Abbot Hilduin (9th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg/400px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg/600px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg/800px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte_d%27Hilduin_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Walls of the crypt built by the Abbot <a href="/wiki/Hilduin_of_Saint-Denis" title="Hilduin of Saint-Denis">Hilduin</a> (9th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Underground_crypt_@_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_@_Saint-Denis_(30624057081).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capital of a column in the Carolingian crypt"><img alt="Capital of a column in the Carolingian crypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624057081%29.jpg/200px-Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624057081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624057081%29.jpg/300px-Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624057081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624057081%29.jpg/400px-Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624057081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capital of a column in the Carolingian crypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_tombs_@_Underground_crypt_@_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_@_Saint-Denis_(30624049031).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earliest sarcophagi in the crypt"><img alt="Earliest sarcophagi in the crypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oldest_tombs_%40_Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624049031%29.jpg/450px-Oldest_tombs_%40_Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624049031%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oldest_tombs_%40_Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624049031%29.jpg/675px-Oldest_tombs_%40_Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624049031%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oldest_tombs_%40_Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624049031%29.jpg/900px-Oldest_tombs_%40_Underground_crypt_%40_Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_%40_Saint-Denis_%2830624049031%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earliest sarcophagi in the crypt</div> </li> </ul> <p>During his second coronation at Saint-Denis, King <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> made a vow to rebuild the old abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19983_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first church mentioned in the chronicles was begun in 754 and completed under <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, who was present at its consecration in 775. By 832 the Abbey had been granted a remunerative whaling concession on the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one of the Abbey's many <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_origins" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of origins">foundation myths</a> a leper, who was sleeping in the nearly completed church the night before its planned consecration, witnessed a blaze of light from which Christ, accompanied by St Denis and a host of angels, emerged to conduct the consecration ceremony himself. Before leaving, Christ healed the leper, tearing off his diseased skin to reveal a perfect complexion underneath. A mis-shapen patch on a marble column was said to be the leper's former skin, which stuck there when Christ discarded it. Having been consecrated by Christ, the fabric of the building was itself regarded as sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of what is now known about the Carolingian church at St Denis resulted from a lengthy series of excavations begun under the American art historian <a href="/wiki/Sumner_McKnight_Crosby" title="Sumner McKnight Crosby">Sumner McKnight Crosby</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure altogether was about eighty meters long, with an imposing <a href="/wiki/Westwork" title="Westwork">facade</a>, a nave divided into three sections by two rows of marble columns, a transept, and <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> and at the east end. During important religious celebrations, the interior of the church was lit with 1250 lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beneath the apse, in imitation of St. Peter's in Rome, a crypt was constructed, with a Confession, or martyr's chapel, in the center. Inside this was a platform on which the sarcophagus of Denis was displayed, with those of his companions Rusticus and Eleutherus on either side. Around the platform was a corridor where pilgrims could circulate, and bays with windows. Traces of painted decoration of this original crypt can be seen in some of the bays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crypt was not large enough for the growing number of pilgrims who came, so in about 832 the abbot Hilduin built a second crypt, to the west of the first, and a small new chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary was constructed next to the apse. The new crypt was extensively rebuilt under Suger in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suger_and_the_Early_Gothic_Church_(12th_century)"><span id="Suger_and_the_Early_Gothic_Church_.2812th_century.29"></span>Suger and the Early Gothic Church (12th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suger and the Early Gothic Church (12th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbot Suger depicted in the Tree of Jesse window (19th c.)"><img alt="Abbot Suger depicted in the Tree of Jesse window (19th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG/225px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG/337px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG/450px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Verri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Arbre_de_Jess%C3%A9_-_Suger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Abbot Suger</a> depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a> window (19th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 410px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 408px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_le_Gros_visiting_St_Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis VI of France visiting St. Denis (14th century illustration)"><img alt="Louis VI of France visiting St. Denis (14th century illustration)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Louis_le_Gros_visiting_St_Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="408" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI of France</a> visiting St. Denis (14th century illustration)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Oriflamme (top left), or battle flag of French kings, was kept at Saint Denis."><img alt="The Oriflamme (top left), or battle flag of French kings, was kept at Saint Denis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg/326px-Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg/488px-Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg/651px-Battle_of_Poitiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">Oriflamme</a> (top left), or battle flag of French kings, was kept at Saint Denis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_II_et_Oriflamme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Philip II of France receives the Oriflamme from the bishop before going to war (13th c., 1841 painting)"><img alt="King Philip II of France receives the Oriflamme from the bishop before going to war (13th c., 1841 painting)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Philippe_II_et_Oriflamme.jpg/338px-Philippe_II_et_Oriflamme.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Philippe_II_et_Oriflamme.jpg/506px-Philippe_II_et_Oriflamme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Philippe_II_et_Oriflamme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> receives the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">Oriflamme</a> from the bishop before going to war (13th c., 1841 painting)</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> (c. 1081 – 1151), the patron of the rebuilding of the Abbey church, had begun his career in the church at the age of ten, and rose to become the Abbot in 1122. He was a school companion and then confidant and minister of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a> and then of his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis VII">Louis VII</a>, and was a regent of Louis VII when the King was absent on the Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an accomplished fund-raiser, acquiring treasures for the cathedral and collecting an enormous sum for its rebuilding. In about 1135 he began reconstructing and enlarging the abbey. In his famous account of the work undertaken during his administration, Suger explained his decision to rebuild the church, due to the decrepit state of the old structure and its inability to cope with the crowds of pilgrims visiting the shrine of St Denis. </p><p>In the 12th century, thanks largely to Suger, the Basilica became a principal sanctuary of French Royalty, rivalling <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, where the kings were crowned. The Abbey also kept the regalia of the coronation, including the robes, crowns and sceptre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1124, and until the mid-15th century, the kings departed for war carrying the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">oriflamme</a>, or battle flag, of St. Denis, to give the King the protection of the Saint. It was taken to the Abbey only when France was in danger. The flag was retired in 1488, when the Parisians opened the gates of Paris to invading English and Burgundian armies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Phase:_the_west_front_(1135–1140)"><span id="First_Phase:_the_west_front_.281135.E2.80.931140.29"></span>First Phase: the west front (1135–1140)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Phase: the west front (1135–1140)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suger began his rebuilding project at the western end of St Denis, demolishing the old Carolingian facade with its single, centrally located door. He extended the old nave westwards by an additional four bays and added a massive western narthex, incorporating a new façade and three chapels on the first floor level. </p><p>In the new design, massive vertical buttresses separated the three doorways and horizontal string-courses and window arcades clearly marked out the divisions. This clear delineation of parts was to influence subsequent west façade designs as a common theme in the development of Gothic architecture and a marked departure from the Romanesque. The portals themselves were sealed by gilded bronze doors, ornamented with scenes from Christ's Passion. They clearly recorded Suger's patronage with the following inscription: </p><p>On the lintel below the great tympanum showing the Last Judgement, beneath a carved figure of the kneeling Abbot, was inscribed the more modest plea; </p> <blockquote><p>Receive, stern Judge, the prayers of your Suger, Let me be mercifully numbered among your sheep.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Phase:_the_new_choir,_(1140–1144)"><span id="Second_Phase:_the_new_choir.2C_.281140.E2.80.931144.29"></span>Second Phase: the new choir, (1140–1144)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Phase: the new choir, (1140–1144)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suger's western extension was completed in 1140 and the three new chapels in the narthex were consecrated on 9 June of that year, but the Romanesque nave between was yet unchanged. He wrote about the new narthex at the west end and proposed chapels at the east: "Once the new rear part is joined to the part in front, the church shines with its middle part brightened. For bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright, and bright is the noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suger's great innovation in the new choir was the replacement of the heavy dividing walls in the apse and ambulatory with slender columns, so that the interior of that part of the church was filled with light. He described "A circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these chapels was dedicated to Saint <a href="/wiki/Osmanna" title="Osmanna">Osmanna</a>, and held her relics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon1873241_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon1873241-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suger's masons drew on elements which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture: the <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> with pointed arches, and exterior buttresses which made it possible to have larger windows and to eliminate interior walls. It was the first time that these features had all been drawn together; and the new style evolved radically from the previous Romanesque architecture by the lightness of the structure and the unusually large size of the stained glass windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–127_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–127-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new architecture was full of symbolism. The twelve columns in the choir represented the twelve Apostles, and the light represented the Holy Spirit. Like many French clerics in the 12th century AD, he was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>, a 6th century mystic who equated the slightest reflection or glint with divine light. Suger's own words were carved in the nave: "For bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright/and bright is the noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Suger's example, large stained glass windows filling the interior with mystical light became a prominent feature of Gothic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two different architects, or master masons, were involved in the 12th century rebuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both remain anonymous but their work can be distinguished on stylistic grounds. The first, who was responsible for the initial work at the western end, favoured conventional Romanesque capitals and moulding profiles with rich and individualised detailing. His successor, who completed the western facade and upper storeys of the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a>, before going on to build the new choir, displayed a more restrained approach to decorative effects, relying on a simple repertoire of motifs, which may have proved more suitable for the lighter Gothic style that he helped to create.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portal of Valois was the last of the Gothic structures planned by Suger. It was designed for the original building, but was not yet begun when Suger died in 1151. In the 13th century it was moved to the end of the new transept on the north side of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculpture of the portal includes six standing figures in the embracements and thirty figures in the voussures, or arches, over the doorway, which probably represent the Kings of the Old Testament. The scene in the Tympanum over the doorway depicts the martyrdom of Saint Denis. In their realism and finesse, they were a landmark in Gothic sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abbey of St Denis thus became the prototype for further building in the royal domain of northern France. Through the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Angevin dynasty</a>, the style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gothicplantagenet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gothicplantagenet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JH1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JH1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_of_the_Nave_–_the_Rayonnant_style_–_beginning_of_the_Royal_Necropolis_(13th_century)"><span id="Reconstruction_of_the_Nave_.E2.80.93_the_Rayonnant_style_.E2.80.93_beginning_of_the_Royal_Necropolis_.2813th_century.29"></span>Reconstruction of the Nave – the Rayonnant style – beginning of the Royal Necropolis (13th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconstruction of the Nave – the Rayonnant style – beginning of the Royal Necropolis (13th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The glazed triforium (center level) and upper clerestory, where windows fill almost the entire wall, a prominent feature of Rayonnant Gothic. (present windows from 19th c.)"><img alt="The glazed triforium (center level) and upper clerestory, where windows fill almost the entire wall, a prominent feature of Rayonnant Gothic. (present windows from 19th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG/400px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG/600px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG/800px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_vetrata_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The glazed <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> (center level) and upper <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, where windows fill almost the entire wall, a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> Gothic. (present windows from 19th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window,_Paris,_France_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rayonnant rose window in the north transept"><img alt="Rayonnant rose window in the north transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/411px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/616px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/822px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_North_Transept_Rose_Window%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6515" data-file-height="4758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rayonnant rose window in the north transept</div> </li> </ul> <p>Suger died in 1151 with the Gothic reconstruction incomplete. In 1231, Abbot Odo Clement began work on the rebuilding of the Carolingian nave, which remained sandwiched incongruously between Suger's Gothic works to the east and west. Both the nave and the upper parts of Suger's choir were replaced in the <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> Gothic style. From the start it appears that Abbot Odo, with the approval of the Regent <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a> and her son, the young <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis IX">King Louis IX</a>, planned for the new nave and its large crossing to have a much clearer focus as the French 'royal necropolis', or burial place. That plan was fulfilled in 1264 under Abbot <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Vend%C3%B4me_(abbot)" title="Matthew of Vendôme (abbot)">Matthew of Vendôme</a> when the bones of 16 former kings and queens were relocated to new tombs arranged around the crossing, eight Carolingian monarchs to the south and eight Capetians to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tombs, featuring lifelike carved recumbent <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigies</a> or <i>gisants</i> lying on raised bases, were badly damaged during the French revolution though all but two were subsequently restored by Viollet le Duc in 1860. </p><p>The dark Romanesque nave, with its thick walls and small window-openings, was rebuilt using the very latest techniques, in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">Rayonnant Gothic</a>. This new style, which differed from Suger's earlier works as much as they had differed from their Romanesque precursors, reduced the wall area to an absolute minimum. Solid masonry was replaced with vast window openings filled with brilliant stained glass (all destroyed in the Revolution) and interrupted only by the most slender of bar <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>—not only in the clerestory but also, perhaps for the first time, in the normally dark <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> level. The upper facades of the two much-enlarged transepts were filled with two spectacular 12m-wide <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Suger's earlier rebuilding work, the identity of the architect or master mason remains unknown. Although often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Montreuil" title="Pierre de Montreuil">Pierre de Montreuil</a>, the only evidence for his involvement is an unrelated document of 1247 which refers to him as 'a mason from Saint-Denis'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th–17th_century"><span id="15th.E2.80.9317th_century"></span>15th–17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 15th–17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 298px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 296px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cathedral in 1655 by Claude Chastillon"><img alt="The cathedral in 1655 by Claude Chastillon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg/444px-La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg/666px-La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg/889px-La_ville_et_m%C3%A9morable_abaie_de_Sainct_Denis_-_Claude_Chastillon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cathedral in 1655 by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chastillon" title="Claude Chastillon">Claude Chastillon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry IV of France renounces Protestantism in 1593 at Saint-Denis by Nicolas Baullery"><img alt="Henry IV of France renounces Protestantism in 1593 at Saint-Denis by Nicolas Baullery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg/402px-Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg/603px-Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg/805px-Nicolas_Baullery_Abjuration_Henri_IV_mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_de_meudon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> renounces Protestantism in 1593 at Saint-Denis by Nicolas Baullery</div> </li> </ul> <p>During the following centuries, the cathedral was pillaged twice; once during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a> (1337–1453) and again during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598). Damage was largely limited to broken tombs and precious objects stolen from the altars and treasury. Many modifications were made under <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> and later royal families. These included the construction of chapel adjoining the north transept to serve as a tomb for the monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois Dynasty</a> (later demolished). A plan of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span> by Félibien shows the <a href="/wiki/Valois_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Valois Chapel">Valois Chapel</a>, a large mortuary chapel in the form of a domed colonnaded "<a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>", adjoining the north transept of the basilica and containing the tomb of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the display of the skeleton of a baleine whale in the nave in 1771. Greater harm was done with the removal of the early Gothic column-statues which Suger had used to decorate the west front. (They were replaced with replicas in the 19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816–17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816–17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1700, reconstruction began of the monastic buildings adjacent to the church. This was not completed until the mid-18th century. Into these buildings Napoleon installed a school for the daughters of members of the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, which still is in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">The French Revolution and Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The French Revolution and Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich,_(...)_.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The looting of the church in 1793, by Friedrich Staffnick"><img alt="The looting of the church in 1793, by Friedrich Staffnick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich%2C_%28...%29_.png/439px-Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich%2C_%28...%29_.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich%2C_%28...%29_.png/658px-Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich%2C_%28...%29_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich%2C_%28...%29_.png/877px-Friedrich_Staffnick_-_Abbildung_der_Kirche_St_Denis_in_Frankreich%2C_%28...%29_.png 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The looting of the church in 1793, by Friedrich Staffnick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The violation of the royal tombs in 1793 depicted by Hubert Robert"><img alt="The violation of the royal tombs in 1793 depicted by Hubert Robert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG/364px-HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG" decoding="async" width="243" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG/546px-HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG/728px-HubertRobertViolationDesCaveauxASaintDenis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The violation of the royal tombs in 1793 depicted by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Due to its connections to the French monarchy and proximity to Paris, the abbey of Saint-Denis was a prime target of revolutionary vandalism. On Friday, 14 September 1792, the monks celebrated their last services in the abbey church; the monastery was dissolved the next day. The church was used to store grain and flour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>, the revolutionary government, ordered the violation of the sepulchres and the destruction of the royal tombs, but agreed to create a commission to select those monuments which were of historical interest for preservation. In 1798, these were transferred to the chapel of the Petit-Augustins, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Monuments_fran%C3%A7ais_(1795%E2%80%931816)" title="Musée des Monuments français (1795–1816)">Museum of French Monuments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the medieval monastic buildings were demolished in 1792. Although the church itself was left standing, it was profaned, its treasury confiscated and its reliquaries and liturgical furniture melted down for their metallic value. Some objects, including a chalice and aquamanile donated to the abbey in Suger's time, were successfully hidden and survive to this day. The jamb figures of the façade representing <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> royalty, mistakenly identified as images of royal French kings and queens, were removed from the portals and the tympana sculpture defaced. </p><p>In 1794, the government decided to remove the lead tiles from the roof, to melt them down to make bullets. This left the interior of the church badly exposed to the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_–_reconstruction_and_renovation"><span id="19th_century_.E2.80.93_reconstruction_and_renovation"></span>19th century – reconstruction and renovation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century – reconstruction and renovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Denis_F%C3%A9lix_Benoist_1844_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The left tower, completed, damaged and removed in the 1840s"><img alt="The left tower, completed, damaged and removed in the 1840s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Saint_Denis_F%C3%A9lix_Benoist_1844_1845.jpg/346px-Saint_Denis_F%C3%A9lix_Benoist_1844_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Saint_Denis_F%C3%A9lix_Benoist_1844_1845.jpg/519px-Saint_Denis_F%C3%A9lix_Benoist_1844_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Saint_Denis_F%C3%A9lix_Benoist_1844_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The left tower, completed, damaged and removed in the 1840s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_(basilique)_Viollet-le-Duc_(projet).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The two-tower plan of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, never built"><img alt="The two-tower plan of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, never built" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saint-Denis_%28basilique%29_Viollet-le-Duc_%28projet%29.jpg/339px-Saint-Denis_%28basilique%29_Viollet-le-Duc_%28projet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saint-Denis_%28basilique%29_Viollet-le-Duc_%28projet%29.jpg/509px-Saint-Denis_%28basilique%29_Viollet-le-Duc_%28projet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saint-Denis_%28basilique%29_Viollet-le-Duc_%28projet%29.jpg/678px-Saint-Denis_%28basilique%29_Viollet-le-Duc_%28projet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The two-tower plan of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, never built</div> </li> </ul> <p>The church was reconsecrated by Napoléon in 1806, and he designated it as the future site for his own tomb and those of his intended dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also ordered the construction of three chapels to honour the last French kings, created a chapel under the authority of his uncle, Cardinal Fesch, which was decorated with richly-carved choir stalls and marquetry from the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Gaillon" title="Château de Gaillon">Château de Gaillon</a>. (See "Choir Stalls" section below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Napoleon's downfall, the ashes of the previous king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, were ceremoniously moved from the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">Madeleine</a> to Saint-Denis. The last king to be entombed in Saint-Denis was <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> in 1824. </p><p>In 1813 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Debret" title="François Debret">François Debret</a> was named the chief architect of the cathedral; he proceeded, over thirty years, to repair the Revolutionary damage. He was later best known for his design of the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Salle Le Peletier</a>, the primary opera house of Paris before the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a> in 1873. He replaced the upper stained glass windows in the nave with depictions of the historic kings of France, and added new windows to the transept depicting the renovation, and the July 1837 visit to the Cathedral of King Louis Philippe. On 9 June, the spire of the tower was struck by lightning and destroyed. Debret rapidly put into place a new spire, but he did not fully understand the principles of Gothic architecture. He made errors in his plans for the new structure, which resulted in the spire and tower collapsing under their own weight in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L'affaire_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L'affaire-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debret resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, who had the support of <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, the French author who led campaign for the restoration of ruined Gothic architecture in France. Viollet-le-Duc continued working on the Abbey until his death in 1879, and replaced many of the creations conceived by Debret. Viollet-le-Duc focused on the tombs, rearranging and transforming portions of the interior into a vast museum of French sculpture. In the 1860s Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> asked Viollet-le-Duc to construct an imperial section in the crypt for him and his dynasty, but he was deposed and went into exile before it was begun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._(PA00079952)(Detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West portals before cleaning (2011)"><img alt="West portals before cleaning (2011)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paris%2C_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._%28PA00079952%29%28Detail%29.jpg/400px-Paris%2C_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._%28PA00079952%29%28Detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paris%2C_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._%28PA00079952%29%28Detail%29.jpg/600px-Paris%2C_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._%28PA00079952%29%28Detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paris%2C_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._%28PA00079952%29%28Detail%29.jpg/800px-Paris%2C_France._BASILICA_SAINT-DENIS._%28PA00079952%29%28Detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West portals before cleaning (2011)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In 1895, when the chapter created by Napoleon was dissolved, the church lost its cathedral rank and reverted to being a parish church. It did not become a cathedral again until 1966, with the creation of the new diocese of Saint-Denis. The formal title is now the "Baslilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822–23_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, 170 years after the north tower's dismantlement and following several false starts, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a> again proposed its reconstruction after concluding it was technically feasible—albeit without public funding.<sup id="cite_ref-parisien_tour_nord_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parisien_tour_nord-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An association, <i>Suivez la flèche</i> ("Follow the Spire"), chaired by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Braouezec" title="Patrick Braouezec">Patrick Braouezec</a>, has since been established to support the reconstruction, with the aim of raising the necessary funds by opening the reconstruction works to the general public, along the model of the <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9delon_Castle" title="Guédelon Castle">Guédelon Castle</a>. In March 2018, the culture ministry signed an accord with the association, officially launching the reconstruction project, with works expected to commence in May 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Accorde_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accorde-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, French scholars were still divided on the €25 million proposal to reconstruct the spire.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, hundreds of anonymous graves dating from the 5th to the 14th century were discovered in the Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Basilica's stained glass windows which have been the central focus of a project spanning 25 years, entered the final stage of restoration with a total cost exceeding 2 million euros.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exterior">Exterior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_west_front">The west front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The west front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west front"><img alt="The west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg/409px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg/614px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg/819px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="3218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tympanum and lintel of the central portal "Last Judgement (c. 1135, restored 1839)"><img alt="Tympanum and lintel of the central portal "Last Judgement (c. 1135, restored 1839)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg/395px-Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg/592px-Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg/789px-Saint-Denis_-_Portail_central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tympanum and lintel of the central portal "Last Judgement (c. 1135, restored 1839)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west front after its cleaning"><img alt="The west front after its cleaning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg/399px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg/598px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg/798px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Fassade_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4497" data-file-height="3384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west front after its cleaning</div> </li> </ul> <p>The west front of the church, dedicated on 9 June 1140, is divided into three sections, each with its own entrance, representing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>. A crenellated parapet runs across the west front and connects the towers (still unfinished in 1140), illustrating that the church front was the symbolic entrance to the celestial Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This new façade, 34 metres (112 ft) wide and 20 metres (66 ft) deep, has three portals, the central one larger than those on either side, reflecting the relative width of the central nave and lateral aisles. This tripartite arrangement was clearly influenced by the late 11th century Norman-Romanesque façades of the abbey churches of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne,_Caen" title="Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen">St Etienne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also shared with them a three-storey elevation and <a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">flanking towers</a>. Only the south tower survives; the north tower was dismantled following a tornado which struck in 1846. </p><p>The west front was originally decorated with a series of column statues, representing the kings and queens of the Old Testament. These were removed in 1771 and were mostly destroyed during the French Revolution, though a number of the heads can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bronze doors of the central portal are modern, but are a faithful reproduction of the original doors, which depicted the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One other original feature was added by Suger's builders; a rose window over the central portal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although small circular windows (oculi) within triangular tympana were common on the west facades of Italian Romanesque churches, this was probably the first example of a rose window within a square frame, which was to become a dominant feature of the Gothic facades of northern France (soon to be imitated at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and many others).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chevet_and_transepts">Chevet and transepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chevet and transepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Abside,_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord-est_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00002668.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The apse, or east end of the cathedral, in 1878"><img alt="The apse, or east end of the cathedral, in 1878" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Abside%2C_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord-est_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00002668.jpg/220px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Abside%2C_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord-est_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00002668.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Abside%2C_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord-est_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00002668.jpg/330px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Abside%2C_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord-est_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00002668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Abside%2C_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord-est_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00002668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The apse, or east end of the cathedral, in 1878</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North transept (left) and north nave walls and buttresses (19th c.)"><img alt="North transept (left) and north nave walls and buttresses (19th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003933.jpg/408px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003933.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003933.jpg/612px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_Saint-Denis_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North transept (left) and north nave walls and buttresses (19th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 278px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rayonnant south transept"><img alt="The Rayonnant south transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg/417px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg/626px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg/835px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Querschiff_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4536" data-file-height="3262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Rayonnant south transept</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South side of the nave, with buttresses and chapels"><img alt="South side of the nave, with buttresses and chapels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg/400px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg/600px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg/799px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_S%C3%BCdliches_Langhaus_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4590" data-file-height="3446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South side of the nave, with buttresses and chapels</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a>, at the east end of the cathedral, was one of the first parts of the structure rebuilt into the Gothic style. The work was commissioned by Abbot Suger in 1140 and completed in 1144. It was considerably modified under the young King Louis IX and his mother, Blanche of Castille, the Regent of the Kingdom, beginning in 1231. The apse was built much higher, along with the nave. Large <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> were added to the chevet, to support the upper walls, and to make possible the enormous windows installed there. The masons used the same engineering concept that was used at the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Priory" title="Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory">Saint-Martin-des-Champs</a> to support the large chapel windows<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the transept was enlarged and given large rose windows in the new rayonnant style, divided into multiple lancet windows topped by trilobe windows and other geometric forms inscribed in circles. The walls of the nave on both sides were entirely filled with windows, each composed of four lancets topped by a rose, filling the entire space above the triforium. The upper walls, like the chevet, were supported by flying buttresses whose bases were placed between the chapels alongside the nave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199815_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199815-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_and_south_portals">North and south portals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: North and south portals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Denis_PM_086190_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of the Porte de Valois, or north portal"><img alt="Sculpture of the Porte de Valois, or north portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saint_Denis_PM_086190_F.jpg/225px-Saint_Denis_PM_086190_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saint_Denis_PM_086190_F.jpg/337px-Saint_Denis_PM_086190_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Saint_Denis_PM_086190_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of the Porte de Valois, or north portal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The south portal and sculpture"><img alt="The south portal and sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg/225px-Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg/337px-Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg/450px-Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south portal and sculpture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the south portal sculpture"><img alt="Detail of the south portal sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg/450px-Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg/675px-Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg/900px-Basilique_St_Denis_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_St_Denis_Seine_St_Denis_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the south portal sculpture</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Porte de Valois, or north portal, was originally built in the 12th century, near the end of Suger's life, then rebuilt at the end of the north transept in the 13th century. According to Suger, the original entrance on the north did not have sculpture, but mosaic, which Suger replaced by sculpture in 1540. It is considered an important step in the history of Gothic sculpture, because of the skill of the carving, and the lack of rigidity of the figures. There are six figures in the embrasures and thirty figures in the voussures, or arches above the door, which represent kings, probably those of the Old Testament, while the tympanum over the door illustrates the martyrdom of Saint-Denis and his companions Eleuthere and Rusticus. This portal was among the last works commissioned by Suger; he died in 1151, before it was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original sculpture that was destroyed in the Revolution was replaced with sculpture from the early 19th century, made by Felix Brun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tympanum of the south portal illustrates the last days of the Denis and his companions before their martyrdom. The piedroits are filled with medallions representing the labours of the days of month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_nave_and_choir">The nave and choir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The nave and choir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_(93),_basilique_Saint-Denis,_abside_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rayonnant Gothic choir of St Denis."><img alt="Rayonnant Gothic choir of St Denis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_abside_3.jpg/225px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_abside_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_abside_3.jpg/337px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_abside_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_abside_3.jpg/450px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_abside_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> Gothic <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> of St Denis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Saint-Denis,_Paris,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The nave and choir"><img alt="The nave and choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg/450px-Basilica_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg/674px-Basilica_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg/899px-Basilica_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The nave and choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The elevation of the nave, with glass-filled triforium and upper windows"><img alt="The elevation of the nave, with glass-filled triforium and upper windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG/225px-Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG/337px-Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG/450px-Saint-Denis_-_Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Nef_-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The elevation of the nave, with glass-filled triforium and upper windows</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The vaults in the transept"><img alt="The vaults in the transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG/400px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG/600px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG/800px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vo%C3%BBte_de_la_crois%C3%A9e_du_transept.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The vaults in the transept</div> </li> </ul> <p>The nave, the portion to the west of the church reserved for ordinary worshippers, and the choir, the portion to the east reserved for the clergy, were rebuilt into the Gothic style in the 13th century, after the apse at the east and the west front. Like the other Gothic churches in the Ile-de-France, its walls had three levels; large arcades of massive pillars on the ground floor; a narrow <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> or passageway midway up the wall; originally windowless; and a row of high windows the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, above. Slender columns rose from the pillars up the walls to support the four-part rib vaults. As a result of the Rayonnant reconstruction in the triforium was given windows, and the upper walls were entirely filled with glass, which reached upward into the arches of the vaults, flooding the church with light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811–15_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811–15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_disambulatory_and_chapels">The disambulatory and chapels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The disambulatory and chapels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The ambulatory (1140–1144)"><img alt="The ambulatory (1140–1144)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG/207px-Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG/310px-Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG/413px-Basilica_Saint_Denis_ambulatory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ambulatory (1140–1144)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_(93),_basilique_Saint-Denis,_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="disambulatory"><img alt="disambulatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg/225px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg/337px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg/450px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique_Saint-Denis%2C_d%C3%A9ambulatoire_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">disambulatory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balisila_of_Saint-Denis,_Paris,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Disambulatory and chapels"><img alt="Disambulatory and chapels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Balisila_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg/450px-Balisila_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Balisila_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg/674px-Balisila_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Balisila_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg/899px-Balisila_of_Saint-Denis%2C_Paris%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Disambulatory and chapels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The axial chapel of the Virgin (12th c.)"><img alt="The axial chapel of the Virgin (12th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg/229px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg/343px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg/458px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_chapelle_de_la_Vierge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="3220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The axial chapel of the Virgin (12th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The chevet had been constructed by Suger in record time, in just four years, between 1140 and 1144, and was one of the first great realisations of Gothic architecture. The double disambulatory is divided not by walls but by two rows of columns, while the outside walls, thanks to buttresses on the exterior, are filled with windows. The new system allowed light to pass into the interior of the choir. The disambulatory connects with the five radiating chapels at the east end of the cathedral, which have their own large windows. To give them greater unity, the five chapels share the same system of vaulted roofs. To make the walls between the chapels even less visible, they are masked with networks of slender columns and tracery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The apse with its two ambulatories and axial chapels was extensively rebuilt in the 12th century, to connect harmoniously with the new and larger nave, but a major effort was made to save the early Gothic features created by Suger, including the double disambulatory with its large windows. To accomplish this, four large pillars were installed in the crypt to support the upper level, and the walls of the first traverse of the sanctuary were placed at an angle to connect with the wider transept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199812_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199812-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basilica retains stained glass of many periods (although most of the panels from Suger's time have been removed for long-term conservation and replaced with photographic transparencies), including exceptional modern glass, and a set of 12 <a href="/wiki/Misericords" class="mw-redirect" title="Misericords">misericords</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crypt_and_royal_tombs">Crypt and royal tombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Crypt and royal tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_11_(Cemeteries)_-_St_Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The archeological crypt (8th century) rebuilt by Suger (12th c.), now contains the simple black marble tombs of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette"><img alt="The archeological crypt (8th century) rebuilt by Suger (12th c.), now contains the simple black marble tombs of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017_11_%28Cemeteries%29_-_St_Denis.jpg/450px-2017_11_%28Cemeteries%29_-_St_Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017_11_%28Cemeteries%29_-_St_Denis.jpg/675px-2017_11_%28Cemeteries%29_-_St_Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017_11_%28Cemeteries%29_-_St_Denis.jpg/900px-2017_11_%28Cemeteries%29_-_St_Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="3462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The archeological crypt (8th century) rebuilt by Suger (12th c.), now contains the simple black marble tombs of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Antoinette">Marie-Antoinette</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_(93),_basilique,_crypte,_collat%C3%A9ral_nord,_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carolingian decoration from the early crypt"><img alt="Carolingian decoration from the early crypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte%2C_collat%C3%A9ral_nord%2C_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg/225px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte%2C_collat%C3%A9ral_nord%2C_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte%2C_collat%C3%A9ral_nord%2C_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg/337px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte%2C_collat%C3%A9ral_nord%2C_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte%2C_collat%C3%A9ral_nord%2C_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg/450px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_crypte%2C_collat%C3%A9ral_nord%2C_chapiteau_roman_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carolingian decoration from the early crypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Dagobert I, first King buried at St. Denis remade in the 13th century"><img alt="Tomb of Dagobert I, first King buried at St. Denis remade in the 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg/167px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg/251px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg/335px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_Dagobert_tombeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="3090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>, first King buried at St. Denis remade in the 13th century</div> </li> </ul> <p>The role of St. Denis as the necropolis of French kings formally began under <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a> (987–996), but the tombs of several earlier kings were already located there. The site was chosen because of its association with St. Denis, the first Bishop of Paris and one of the earliest Christian leaders in France, who was buried there<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199824_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199824-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but three of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">monarchs of France</a> from the 10th century until 1793 have their remains here. The remains of some monarchs, including <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> (465–511), were moved to St. Denis from other churches. </p><p>The crypt beneath the church is divided into two sections; the older, called archeological crypt, is located under the transept, and was originally built in about 775 AD, when the abbey was reconstructed by Abbot Fuldiad. It had a disambulatory, passage which allowed pilgrims to circulate around the relics of Saint Denis and his companions on display in the center. It was lit by alternating small windows in the walls and lamps placed in niches. </p><p>The crypt was rebuilt and extended eastward by Suger. The walls were decorated with blind arches, divided by columns whose capitals illustrate Biblical scenes and scenes from the life of St. Denis. Thirty-nine of the original Romanesque sixty-two capitals are still in place. Sugar constructed a new disambulatory connected with radiating chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, the central portion of this crypt was devoted the Bourbon dynasty, but the tombs themselves were simple lead coffins in wood cases. The effigies of many of the kings and queens are on their tombs, but during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> their bodies were thrown out of their coffins, dumped into three trenches and covered with lime to destroy them. The older monarchs were removed in August 1793 to celebrate the revolutionary Festival of Reunion, the Valois and Bourbon monarchs in October 1793 to celebrate the execution of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lindsay_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsay-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preservationist <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lenoir" title="Alexandre Lenoir">Alexandre Lenoir</a> saved many of the monuments by claiming them as artworks for his Museum of French Monuments. The <a href="/wiki/Burial_places_of_British_royalty" title="Burial places of British royalty">bodies of several Plantagenet monarchs</a> of England were likewise removed from <a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a> during the French Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> reopened the church in 1806, but left the royal remains in their mass graves. In 1817 the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restored Bourbons</a> ordered the mass graves to be opened, but only portions of three bodies remained intact. The remaining bones from 158 bodies were collected into an <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> in the crypt of the church, behind marble plates bearing their names.<sup id="cite_ref-lindsay_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsay-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later years, tombs were placed along the aisles that surrounded around the choir and the nave. In the 13th century King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> (Saint Louis) commissioned a number of important tombs of earlier kings and French historical figures, whose remains were collected from other churches. These included the tombs of Clovis I, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a>, Pepin the Short, <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Pious" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert the Pious">Robert the Pious</a> and Hugh Capet (which disappeared during the Revolution). The new tombs were all made in the same style and costume, with a reposing figure holding a staff, to illustrate the continuity of the French Monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany, (c. 1515)"><img alt="Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany, (c. 1515)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg/335px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg/502px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg/669px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_Louis_XII_Anne_de_Bretagne_tombeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="2125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Louis_XII_and_Anne_of_Brittany" title="Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany">Tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany</a>, (c. 1515)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 342.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 340.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Catherine de Medici and Henry II of France (1559)"><img alt="Tomb of Catherine de Medici and Henry II of France (1559)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg/511px-Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="341" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg/766px-Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg/1021px-Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Medici">Catherine de Medici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (1559)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Funeral urn of Francois I by sculptor Pierre Bontemps (1556)"><img alt="Funeral urn of Francois I by sculptor Pierre Bontemps (1556)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG/400px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG/600px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG/800px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_urna_di_francesco_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Funeral urn of <a href="/wiki/Francois_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois I">Francois I</a> by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bontemps" title="Pierre Bontemps">Pierre Bontemps</a> (1556)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The tombs of the Renaissance expressed are theatrical and varied. The largest is that of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> (died 1515) and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a> (died 1514). It takes the form of a white marble temple filled and surrounded with figures. Inside it, the King and Queen are depicted realistically in their dying agonies, Allegorical figures seated around the temple depict the virtues of the King and Queen. On the roof of the tomb, the King and Queen are shown again, kneeling and calmly praying, celebrating their victory over death, thanks to their virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monument to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Medici">Catherine de Medici</a> (1559) followed a similar format; a Roman temple, in this case designed by the celebrated Renaissance architect <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_dell%27Abbate" title="Niccolò dell'Abbate">Primatrice</a> with sculpture on the roof depicting the King and Queen in prayer. The King places his hand on his heart illustrating his Catholic faith a period of religious conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, following the restoration of the monarchy, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> had the remains of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Antoinette">Marie-Antoinette</a> brought to St. Denis. The body of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Dauphin</a>, who died of illness and neglect at the hands of his revolutionary captors, was buried in an unmarked grave in a Parisian churchyard near the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple (Paris)">Temple</a>. During Napoleon's exile in <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, the restored Bourbons ordered a search for the corpses of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. They were found on 21 January 1815, brought to Saint-Denis and placed in the archeologi crypt. Their tombs are covered with black marble slabs installed in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199847_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199847-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a>, upon his death in 1824, was buried in the centre of the crypt, near the graves of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The coffins of royal family members who died between 1815 and 1830 were also placed in the vaults. Under the direction of architect <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a>, church monuments that had been taken to the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Monuments_fran%C3%A7ais_(1795%E2%80%931816)" title="Musée des Monuments français (1795–1816)">Museum of French Monuments</a> were returned to the church. The corpse of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>, who had been buried at <a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Abbey" title="Barbeau Abbey">Barbeau Abbey</a> and whose tomb had not been touched by the revolutionaries, was brought to Saint-Denis and buried in the crypt. In 2004, the mummified heart of the Dauphin, the boy who would have been <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a>, verified to be authentic by DNA testing, was placed in a crystal vase and sealed into the wall of the crypt.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacristy">Sacristy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sacristy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 361.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 359.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sacristy, rebuilt in 1812"><img alt="The Sacristy, rebuilt in 1812" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG/539px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="360" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG/808px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG/1078px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Sacristie_-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="3407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sacristy, rebuilt in 1812</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Sacristy, the room where the clergy traditionally donned their vestments, was transformed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cellerier" title="Jacques Cellerier">Jacques Cellerier</a> in 1812 into a Neo-classical gallery of murals which depict scenes from the history of the cathedral. A work added to the Sacristy is "Allegory of the Divine Word", a painting by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a>, which originally had been commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Retable" title="Retable">retable</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. It was acquired for the cathedral by the administration of national monuments in 1993. The wall cases also display a selection of precious objects from the cathedral's collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_decoration">Art and decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Art and decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 360.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 358.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Infance of Christ", (12th c., Axis chapel)"><img alt=""Infance of Christ", (12th c., Axis chapel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg/538px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="359" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg/807px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg/1076px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Infance of Christ", (12th c., Axis chapel)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from the 12th century Life of Christ window, Axis chapel"><img alt="Detail from the 12th century Life of Christ window, Axis chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg/377px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg/565px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg/754px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from the 12th century Life of Christ window, Axis chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of "Infance of Christ", Suger at the Feet of Christ (12th c.)"><img alt="Detail of "Infance of Christ", Suger at the Feet of Christ (12th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG/421px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG" decoding="async" width="281" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG/631px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG/841px-Basilique_Saint-Denis_-_Vitrail_de_l%27Enfance_du_Christ_-_Suger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4418" data-file-height="3153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of "Infance of Christ", Suger at the Feet of Christ (12th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Abbot Suger commissioned a large amount of stained glass for the new chevet, but only very small amount of the original glass from the time of Suger survived intact. In the 19th century it was collected by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, and was integrated into windows in the chevet. Original glass includes the figure of Suger prostrating himself at the feet of Christ, in the window called "The Childhood of Christ"; the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a>, illustrating the genealogy of Christ, in the Axis chapel; the "Allegories of Saint Paul" and "The Life of Moses" in the fourth radiating chapel on the north; "The vision of Ezekiel under the sign of tau", originally from a group illustrating the Passion of Christ, in the fourth rayonnant chapel on the south, in the left bay and third register.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another piece of original window from Suger's time, depicting mythical <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffonsa</a> a symbol of Paradise, is found in the second radiating chapel on the north. Other scenes which Suger described, showing the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Charlemagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrimage of Charlemagne">pilgrimage of Charlemagne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, have disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis,_Paris,_France.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Kings and Queens of France" (19th c.)"><img alt=""Kings and Queens of France" (19th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis%2C_Paris%2C_France.JPG/402px-Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis%2C_Paris%2C_France.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis%2C_Paris%2C_France.JPG/603px-Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis%2C_Paris%2C_France.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis%2C_Paris%2C_France.JPG/803px-Stained_glass_window_in_the_Basilica_of_Saint_Denis%2C_Paris%2C_France.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="2117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Kings and Queens of France" (19th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The visit of King Louis-Philippe to Saint-Denis in 1837""><img alt=""The visit of King Louis-Philippe to Saint-Denis in 1837"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg/400px-Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg/600px-Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg/800px-Louis-Philippe_1837_Saint-Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The visit of King Louis-Philippe to Saint-Denis in 1837"</div> </li> </ul> <p>Much of the current stained glass dates to the 19th century, as the church began to be restored from the damage of the Revolution. The architect <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Debret" title="François Debret">François Debret</a> designed the first Neo-Gothic windows of the nave in 1813. these include the upper windows of the nave, which represent the kings and queens of France. Later upper windows of the south transept depict the restoration of the church, and particularly the visit there of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, the last king of France, in 1837. This large group of windows was designed by the painter <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>, the brother of the architect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199819–21_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199819–21-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Denis_PM_086189_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the north portal sculpture; the martyrdom of Saint Denis, Eleuthere and Rustique (12th c.)"><img alt="Detail of the north portal sculpture; the martyrdom of Saint Denis, Eleuthere and Rustique (12th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saint_Denis_PM_086189_F.jpg/255px-Saint_Denis_PM_086189_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saint_Denis_PM_086189_F.jpg/383px-Saint_Denis_PM_086189_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Saint_Denis_PM_086189_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the north portal sculpture; the martyrdom of Saint Denis, Eleuthere and Rustique (12th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Denis_PM_086185_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piedroits, or column statues, of the north portal. (12th c.)"><img alt="Piedroits, or column statues, of the north portal. (12th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saint_Denis_PM_086185_F.jpg/200px-Saint_Denis_PM_086185_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saint_Denis_PM_086185_F.jpg/300px-Saint_Denis_PM_086185_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Saint_Denis_PM_086185_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Piedroits, or column statues, of the north portal. (12th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 358px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 356px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Clovis I and his son, Childebert I"><img alt="Tomb of Clovis I and his son, Childebert I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg/534px-Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="356" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg/800px-Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg/1067px-Gisant_de_Clovis_Ier-Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_St_Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagobert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of King Dagobert (13th century)"><img alt="Tomb of King Dagobert (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dagobert.jpg/424px-Dagobert.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dagobert.jpg/635px-Dagobert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dagobert.jpg/847px-Dagobert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Dagobert" title="Dagobert">Dagobert</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 303.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 301.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, sculptures (1830) by Edme Gaulle and Pierre Petitot"><img alt="Memorial to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, sculptures (1830) by Edme Gaulle and Pierre Petitot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg/452px-Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg/678px-Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg/904px-Louis_XVI_et_Marie-Antoinette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, sculptures (1830) by <a href="/wiki/Edme_Gaulle" title="Edme Gaulle">Edme Gaulle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petitot" title="Pierre Petitot">Pierre Petitot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ermentruda_kralovna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ementrude of Orleans, wife of Charles II of France"><img alt="Ementrude of Orleans, wife of Charles II of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ermentruda_kralovna.jpg/228px-Ermentruda_kralovna.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ermentruda_kralovna.jpg/341px-Ermentruda_kralovna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ermentruda_kralovna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ementrude of Orleans, wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of France">Charles II of France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_(93),_basilique,_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Charles V of France"><img alt="Bust of Charles V of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg/225px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg/337px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg/450px-Saint-Denis_%2893%29%2C_basilique%2C_gisant_de_Charles_V_sculpt%C3%A9_lorsqu%27il_avait_27_ans_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle scene on the tomb of François I (16th c.)"><img alt="Battle scene on the tomb of François I (16th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_%282%29.JPG/400px-Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_%282%29.JPG/600px-Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_%282%29.JPG/800px-Sc%C3%A8ne_de_bataille_sur_le_tombeau_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_dans_la_basilique_Saint-Denis_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle scene on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">François I</a> (16th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The new west front sculpture of St. Denis had an important influence on Gothic style. The influential features of the new façade include the tall, thin statues of Old Testament prophets and kings attached to columns (<i>jamb figures</i>) flanking the portals (destroyed in 1771 but recorded in <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Montfaucon</a>'s drawings). These were also adopted at the cathedrals of Paris and Chartres, constructed a few years later, and became a feature of almost every Gothic portal thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statues on the portal of the Valois, on the transept of the Saint Denis, made in 1175, have very elongated and expressive figures, and also had an important effect on Gothic sculpture. They were the opposite of the more restrained and dignified figures of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, made about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above the doorways, the central <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> was carved with <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a> displaying his wounds with the dead emerging from their tombs below. Scenes from the martyrdom of St Denis were carved above the south (right hand) portal, while above the north portal was a mosaic (lost), even though this was, as Suger put it 'contrary to the modern custom'. Of the original sculpture, very little remains, most of what is now visible being the result of rather clumsy restoration work in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fragments of the original sculptures survive in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choir_stalls">Choir stalls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Choir stalls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The choir stalls (16th c.)"><img alt="The choir stalls (16th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg/423px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg/634px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg/845px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Chorgest%C3%BChl_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="3247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The choir stalls (16th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Denis_PM_086175_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of carving and marquetry of the choir stalls"><img alt="Detail of carving and marquetry of the choir stalls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saint_Denis_PM_086175_F.jpg/171px-Saint_Denis_PM_086175_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saint_Denis_PM_086175_F.jpg/257px-Saint_Denis_PM_086175_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Saint_Denis_PM_086175_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of carving and <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> of the choir stalls</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Denis_(93)_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Misericord on a choir stall"><img alt="Misericord on a choir stall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saint_Denis_%2893%29_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg/225px-Saint_Denis_%2893%29_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saint_Denis_%2893%29_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg/337px-Saint_Denis_%2893%29_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saint_Denis_%2893%29_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg/450px-Saint_Denis_%2893%29_cath%C3%A9drale_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">Misericord</a> on a choir stall</div> </li> </ul> <p>The choir stalls, the seats reserved for the clergy, have particularly fine carvings, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">misericord</a>, the small seat on each stall on which the clergy could rest when standing for long periods of time. The stalls were made in the 16th century, and were originally located in the high chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_de_Gaillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau de Gaillon">Chateau de Gaillon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a> Department. In 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte decided to create three new chapels at Saint-Denis, as well as a chapter of bishops under the authority of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Fesch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Fesch">Cardinal Fesch</a>. The stalls were moved to Saint-Denis and installed for their use. Besides the carved wood, the stalls are decorated with elaborate multi-coloured religious scenes in <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organ">Organ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ,_Paris,_France_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The organ of the cathedral (19th c.)"><img alt="The organ of the cathedral (19th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/295px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/443px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/591px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The organ of the cathedral (19th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the organ decoration"><img alt="Detail of the organ decoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg/266px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg/399px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg/532px-Saint-Denis_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Innen_Orgel_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="3295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the organ decoration</div> </li> </ul> <p>The organ is located on the tribune, at the west of the nave. An organ is recorded as existing at the basilica in 1520. A later organ, made by Crespin Carlier, is recorded in 1520, but this instrument was destroyed during the French Revolution. The church re-opened in 1806 without an organ. A competition was held in 1833 to find a new builder. It was won by <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" title="Aristide Cavaillé-Coll">Aristide Cavaillé-Coll</a>, age twenty-three, and was his first organ. It was completed in 1843, and launched his career as an organ-maker.<sup id="cite_ref-base_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-base-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It contains numerous innovations introduced in the romantic area, in particular the very first <a href="/wiki/Barker_lever" title="Barker lever">Barker lever</a>. With three <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedals</a>, it is protected by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">Monument historique</a></i></span> label. It was restored in 1901 by Charles Mutin, and between 1983 and 1987 by Jean-Loup Boisseau and Bertrand Cattiaux. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pincemaille" title="Pierre Pincemaille">Pierre Pincemaille</a>, sole titular organist for 30 years (between 1987 and 2018), held many recitals (between 1989 and 1995, then between 2014 and 2017), and recorded eight CDs using this instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-base_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-base-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasury">Treasury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Saint-Denis" title="Treasury of Saint-Denis">Treasury of Saint-Denis</a></div> <p>The cathedral contained an extensive treasury, mainly constituted by the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a>. It contained crowns (those of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Saint Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>), a cross, and liturgical objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burials">Burials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis">Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG/220px-Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG/330px-Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG/440px-Charles_I_of_Anjou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Naples</a> (or Anjou)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg/220px-Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg/330px-Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg/440px-Charles_Martel_Saint_Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Robert_II.jpg/220px-Robert_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Robert_II.jpg/330px-Robert_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Robert_II.jpg/440px-Robert_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a> in background, <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a> d. 1316 and <a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Jeanne</a> d. 1349</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG/220px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG/330px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG/440px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_enrico_II_e_caterina_de%27_Medici_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>At top are Effigies on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, carved by <a href="/wiki/Germain_Pilon" title="Germain Pilon">Germain Pilon</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg/220px-Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg/330px-Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg/440px-Rotonde_des_Valois_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of tomb of Henry II and his wife, showing the Effigies at top and the double tomb below</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG/220px-Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG/330px-Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG/440px-Henri_II_et_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Tombs of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg/220px-Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg/330px-Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg/440px-Leon_V_of_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Levon_V_Lusignan_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Levon V Lusignan of Armenia">Leon V of Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG/220px-Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG/330px-Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG/440px-Tomb_of_Philippe_le_Bel_in_SaintDenis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin,_Charles_VI,_Isabeau_de_Baviere,_Louis_de_Sancerre,_Charles_V_le_Sage,_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin%2C_Charles_VI%2C_Isabeau_de_Baviere%2C_Louis_de_Sancerre%2C_Charles_V_le_Sage%2C_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg/220px-Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin%2C_Charles_VI%2C_Isabeau_de_Baviere%2C_Louis_de_Sancerre%2C_Charles_V_le_Sage%2C_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin%2C_Charles_VI%2C_Isabeau_de_Baviere%2C_Louis_de_Sancerre%2C_Charles_V_le_Sage%2C_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg/330px-Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin%2C_Charles_VI%2C_Isabeau_de_Baviere%2C_Louis_de_Sancerre%2C_Charles_V_le_Sage%2C_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin%2C_Charles_VI%2C_Isabeau_de_Baviere%2C_Louis_de_Sancerre%2C_Charles_V_le_Sage%2C_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg/440px-Basilique_St._Denis_-_Gisantds_de_Bertrand_Du_Guesclin%2C_Charles_VI%2C_Isabeau_de_Baviere%2C_Louis_de_Sancerre%2C_Charles_V_le_Sage%2C_Jeanne_de_Bourbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>(From left clockwise) Gisants <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Sancerre" title="Louis de Sancerre">Louis de Sancerre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Bourbon,_Queen_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne de Bourbon, Queen of France">Jeanne de Bourbon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kings">Kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All but five of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France">kings of France</a> were buried in the basilica (with <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> buried elsewhere), as well as a few other monarchs. The remains of the early monarchs were removed from the destroyed <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Genevieve" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St Genevieve">Abbey of St Genevieve</a>. Some of the more prominent monarchs buried in the basilica are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> (466–511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a> (496–558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aregund" title="Aregund">Aregund</a> (515/520–580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a> (third wife of <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>), (died 597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> (603–639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a> (634–657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> (686–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> (714–768) and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon" title="Bertrada of Laon">Bertrada of Laon</a> (born 710–727, died 783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> (823–877) (his brass monument was melted down during the Revolution) and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude of Orléans</a> (823–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a> (866–884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II of France</a> (972–1031) and his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Constance of Arles</a> (986–1032)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I of France</a> (1008–1060)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI of France</a> (1081–1137)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> (1120–1180) and his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a> (1140–1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> (1165–1223)</li> <li>St. <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> (1214–1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Naples</a> (1227–1285), an effigy covers his heart burial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a> (1245–1285) and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France</a> (1248–1271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> (1268–1314)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo V, King of Armenia">Leo V, King of Armenia</a> (1342–1393) (cenotaph)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VII, King of France">Charles VII, King of France</a> (1403–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII,_King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII, King of France">Charles VIII, King of France</a> (1470–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a> (1462–1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> (1494–1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> (1519–1559) and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> (1519–1589)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a> (1544–1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> (1550–1574) (no monument)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> (1551–1589), also King of Poland (heart burial monument)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> (1553–1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> (1601–1643)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> (1638–1715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a> (1710–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> (1754–1793) and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> (1755–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Louis XVII</a> (1785–1795) (only his heart; his body was dumped into a mass grave)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> (1755–1824)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_royalty_and_nobility">Other royalty and nobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other royalty and nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(daughter_of_Philip_IV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche of France (daughter of Philip IV)">Blanche of France (daughter of Philip IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a> (1607–1611), son of Henry IV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a> (1608–1660), son of Henry IV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier">Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier</a> (1605–1627), wife of Gaston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_of_Lorraine" title="Marguerite of Lorraine">Marguerite of Lorraine</a> (1615–1672), Duchess of Orléans and second wife of Gaston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans</a> (1627–1693), <i>la Grande Mademoiselle</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Gaston d'Orléans">Jean Gaston d'Orléans</a> (1650–1652), Duke of Valois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Anne d'Orléans">Marie Anne d'Orléans</a> (1652–1656), Mademoiselle de Chartres</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a> (1609–1669), wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of Scotland and England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a> (1640–1701), brother of Louis XIV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Henrietta of England">Princess Henrietta of England</a> (1644–1670), first wife of Philippe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Charlotte_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate">Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate</a> (1652–1722), second wife of Philippe</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a> (1638–1683), consort of Louis XIV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis of France</a> (1661–1711), <i>le Grand Dauphin</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria">Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria</a> (1660–1690), Dauphine of France, wife of Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth of France</a> (1662), daughter of Louis XIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne of France</a> (1664), daughter of Louis XIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Marie Thérèse of France</a> (1667–1672), daughter of Louis XIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a> (1668–1671), Duke of Anjou, son of Louis XIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis François of France">Louis François of France</a> (1672), Duke of Anjou, son of Louis XIV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a> (1674–1723), Regent of France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy">Louis of France</a> (1682–1712), Duke of Burgundy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a> (1685–1712), Duchess of Burgundy</li> <li>Louis of France (1704–1705), Duke of Brittany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis of France</a> (1707–1712), Duke of Brittany</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles of France</a> (1686–1714), Duke of Berry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans</a> (1695–1719), Duchess of Berry</li> <li>Na (not baptized) d'Alençon (1711)</li> <li>Charles d'Alençon(1713) Duke of Alençon</li> <li>Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon (1714)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a> (1703–1768), consort of Louis XV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a> (1727–1759), Duchess of Parma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Henriette_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Henriette of France">Henriette of France</a> (1727–1752), daughter of Louis XV and twin of the above</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of France">Louise of France</a> (1728–1733), daughter of Louis XV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis of France</a> (1729–1765), Dauphin of France (only his heart; his body was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens">Cathedral of Saint-Étienne</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain</a> (1726–1746), first wife of above</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Philippe of France</a> (1730–1733), Duke of Anjou</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Adélaïde of France">Princess Marie Adélaïde of France</a> (1732–1800), daughter of Louis XV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoire_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Victoire of France">Princess Victoire of France</a> (1733–1799), daughter of Louis XV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sophie of France">Princess Sophie of France</a> (1734–1782), daughter of Louis XV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_France_(1737%E2%80%931787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of France (1737–1787)">Princess Louise of France</a> (1737–1787), daughter of Louis XV,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a> (1781–1789), first son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_B%C3%A9atrice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France">Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France</a> (1786–1787), second daughter of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Vicomte_de_Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne">Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne</a> (1611–1675), Maréchal General de France.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>c. 250 AD</b> – Martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a></li> <li><b>After 313</b> – Construction of first basilica</li> <li><b>451–459</b> – Basilica enlarged by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Genevieve" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Genevieve">Saint Genevieve</a></li> <li><b>626–639</b> – Further enlargement by <a href="/wiki/Dagobert" title="Dagobert">Dagobert</a>, first King to have sepulchre in the church</li> <li><b>775</b> – New church dedicated in presence of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><b>1122–1151</b> – <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a> is Abbot of Saint-Denis</li> <li><b>1140–1144</b> – Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a> with Gothic features</li> <li><b>1231</b> – Reconstruction of the upper chevet and the nave</li> <li><b>1267</b> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> inaugurates the royal <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a></li> <li><b>c. 1320–1324</b> – Construction of six chapels along the north side of nave</li> <li><b>1364</b> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a> commissions his tomb in the church</li> <li><b>1572</b> – Beginning of the construction of the mausoleum of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> dynasty</li> <li><b>1771</b> – Removal of the statue-columns installed by Suger on the west front</li> <li><b>1792</b> – Final office celebrated by the monks, following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><b>1805</b> – Beginning of restoration ordered by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><b>1813</b> – New restoration begun by architect <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Debret" title="François Debret">François Debret</a></li> <li><b>1845</b> – Collapse of Debret's rebuilt north spire. <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> becomes chief architect of restoration.</li> <li><b>1862</b> – The basilica is classified a French historical monument</li> <li><b>1966</b> – The basilica becomes the cathedral of the new department of <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a>.</li> <li><b>2004</b> – The heart of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a> is transferred to the chapel of the Bourbons.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 852px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintDenisInterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The choir at sunset"><img alt="The choir at sunset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SaintDenisInterior.jpg/123px-SaintDenisInterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SaintDenisInterior.jpg/184px-SaintDenisInterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SaintDenisInterior.jpg/246px-SaintDenisInterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The choir at sunset</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The clerestory windows"><img alt="The clerestory windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg/170px-St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg/255px-St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg/340px-St_Denis_Choir_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The clerestory windows</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of the Trinity over the main entrance"><img alt="Depiction of the Trinity over the main entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg/170px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg/255px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg/340px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Trinity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> over the main entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintFulrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fulrad, Abbot of Saint-Denis"><img alt="Fulrad, Abbot of Saint-Denis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SaintFulrade.jpg/127px-SaintFulrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SaintFulrade.jpg/191px-SaintFulrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SaintFulrade.jpg/255px-SaintFulrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fulrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Fulrad">Fulrad, Abbot of Saint-Denis</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbots">Abbots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Abbots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abbots_of_Saint-Denis" title="List of abbots of Saint-Denis">List of abbots of Saint-Denis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral diagram">Cathedral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrium_of_Saint_Denis,_Montmartre" title="Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre">Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_cathedrals_in_Europe" title="List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-birth-of-the-gothic-abbot-suger-and-the-ambulatory-at-st.-denis.html">Smarthistory – Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the Ambulatory at St. Denis</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Site of the Basilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis, retrieved 23 November 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enclopaedia Britannica on-line, "Gothic Architecture", retrieved 23 November 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–128-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–128_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, pp. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018346-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018346_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018346_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLours2018">Lours 2018</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-denis.culture.fr/en/1_2a3_ville.htm">A grave from the exterior necropolis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13343b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Abbey of Saint-Denis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher_(junior)" title="Banister Fletcher (junior)">Banister Fletcher</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Architecture" title="A History of Architecture">A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/data/basFR.htm">Basilicas of France</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParisDigest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParisDigest_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParisDigest_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parisdigest.com/paris-news/saint-denis-spire-reconstruction.htm">"Saint Denis Cathedral spire"</a>. Paris Digest. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Denis+Cathedral+spire&rft.pub=Paris+Digest&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisdigest.com%2Fparis-news%2Fsaint-denis-spire-reconstruction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoublet1625" class="citation book cs1">Doublet, Dom (1625). <i>Histoire de l'abbaye de Saint-Denys en France</i>. pp. 164–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27abbaye+de+Saint-Denys+en+France&rft.pages=164-165&rft.date=1625&rft.aulast=Doublet&rft.aufirst=Dom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982–3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19982–3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vita S. Eligius</i>, edited by Levison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/basis/eligius.html">on-line at Medieval Sourcebook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19983-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19983_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSmet1981" class="citation book cs1">DeSmet, W.M.A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKaUpfo2XCUC&q=An+early+17th+century+record+of+the+California+gray+whale+in+Icelandic+waters"><i>Mammals in the Seas: General papers and large cetaceans. Whaling During the Middle Ages</i></a>. Food & Agriculture Org. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9251005132" title="Special:BookSources/978-9251005132"><bdi>978-9251005132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+in+the+Seas%3A+General+papers+and+large+cetaceans.+Whaling+During+the+Middle+Ages.&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-9251005132&rft.aulast=DeSmet&rft.aufirst=W.M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKaUpfo2XCUC%26q%3DAn%2Bearly%2B17th%2Bcentury%2Brecord%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCalifornia%2Bgray%2Bwhale%2Bin%2BIcelandic%2Bwaters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindy Grant, <i>Abbot Suger of St.Denis: Church and State in Early Twelfth century France</i>, Longman, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumner McKnight Crosby, <i>The Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis from Its Beginnings to the Death of Suger, 475–1151</i>, Yale University Press, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19984_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon1873241-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon1873241_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon1873">O'Hanlon 1873</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–127-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126–127_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Watson, Light: A Radiant History from Creation to the Quantum Age. Bloomsbury, 2016, p 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindy Grant, <i>Abbot Suger of St. Denis: Church and State in Early Twelfth Century France</i>, Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Gardner, "Two Campaigns in Suger's Western Block at Saint-Denis", <i>Art Bulletin</i>, Vol.44, part 4, 1984, pp. 574–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810–11_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199810_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Honour and J. Fleming, <i>The Visual Arts: A History</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131935070" title="Special:BookSources/0131935070">0131935070</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gothicplantagenet-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gothicplantagenet_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"L'art Gothique", section: "L'architecture Gothique en Angleterre" by Ute Engel: L'Angleterre fut l'une des premieres régions à adopter, dans la deuxième moitié du XIIeme siècle, la nouvelle architecture gothique née en France. Les relations historiques entre les deux pays jouèrent un rôle prépondérant: en 1154, Henri II (1154–1189), de la dynastie Française des Plantagenêt, accéda au thrône d'Angleterre." (<i>England was one of the first regions to adopt, during the first half of the 12th century, the new Gothic architecture born in France. Historic relationships between the two countries played a determining role: in 1154, Henry II (1154–1189), of the French Plantagenet dynasty, ascended to the throne of England</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JH1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JH1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Harvey, <i>The Gothic World</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgia Sommers Wright, "A Royal Tomb Program in the Reign of St Louis", in <i>The Art Bulletin</i>, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Jun 1974) pp. 224–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Wilson, <i>The Gothic Cathedral: The Architecture of the Great Church 1130–1530</i>, Thames & Hudson, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Bruzelius, <i>The Thirteenth century Church at St-Denis</i>, New Haven, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202050215/http://vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu/medart/image/France/St-denis/plans/sdenmap.html">Images of Medieval Art and Architecture – Félibien</a>, archived on 2 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816–17-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816–17_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux1998-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux1998_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199818_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199832_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'affaire-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L'affaire_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourisme93.com/basilique/l-affaire-de-la-tour-nord.html">"L'affaire de la tour nord : La querelle des anciens et des modernes"</a>. <i>Basilique Cathédrale de Saint-Denis</i> (in French). Seine-Saint-Denis Tourisme<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basilique+Cath%C3%A9drale+de+Saint-Denis&rft.atitle=L%27affaire+de+la+tour+nord+%3A+La+querelle+des+anciens+et+des+modernes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme93.com%2Fbasilique%2Fl-affaire-de-la-tour-nord.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822–23-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199822–23_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parisien_tour_nord-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parisien_tour_nord_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdon2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bourdon, Gwenaël (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leparisien.fr/saint-denis-93200/basilique-saint-denis-le-chantier-de-la-fleche-freine-dans-son-elan-30-01-2017-6640494.php">"Basilique Saint-Denis : le chantier de la flèche freiné dans son élan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Basilique+Saint-Denis+%3A+le+chantier+de+la+fl%C3%A8che+frein%C3%A9+dans+son+%C3%A9lan&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Bourdon&rft.aufirst=Gwena%C3%ABl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fsaint-denis-93200%2Fbasilique-saint-denis-le-chantier-de-la-fleche-freine-dans-son-elan-30-01-2017-6640494.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accorde-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Accorde_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourisme93.com/basilique/accord-definitif-la-fleche-de-la-basilique-sera-remontee.html">"Accord définitif de l'Etat : la flèche de la Basilique sera remontée"</a>. <i>Basilique Cathédrale de Saint-Denis</i> (in French). Seine-Saint-Denis Tourisme<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basilique+Cath%C3%A9drale+de+Saint-Denis&rft.atitle=Accord+d%C3%A9finitif+de+l%27Etat+%3A+la+fl%C3%A8che+de+la+Basilique+sera+remont%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme93.com%2Fbasilique%2Faccord-definitif-la-fleche-de-la-basilique-sera-remontee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSage2021" class="citation web cs1">Sage, Adam (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetimes.co.uk/article/french-academics-at-odds-over-25m-plans-to-rebuild-spire-of-basilica-of-saint-denis-5c5dcw7vs">"French academics at odds over €25m plans to rebuild spire of Basilica of Saint-Denis"</a>. <i>The Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=French+academics+at+odds+over+%E2%82%AC25m+plans+to+rebuild+spire+of+Basilica+of+Saint-Denis&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ffrench-academics-at-odds-over-25m-plans-to-rebuild-spire-of-basilica-of-saint-denis-5c5dcw7vs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin2023" class="citation web cs1">Morin, Hervé (9 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/science/article/2023/04/09/basilica-of-saint-denis-newly-discovered-graves-bring-back-the-past_6022294_10.html">"Basilica of Saint-Denis: Newly discovered graves bring back the past"</a>. Le Monde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basilica+of+Saint-Denis%3A+Newly+discovered+graves+bring+back+the+past&rft.pub=Le+Monde&rft.date=2023-04-09&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F2023%2F04%2F09%2Fbasilica-of-saint-denis-newly-discovered-graves-bring-back-the-past_6022294_10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230203-light-returns-to-the-stained-glass-of-the-saint-denis-basilica">"Light returns to the stained glass of the Saint-Denis Basilica"</a>. France 24. 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+returns+to+the+stained+glass+of+the+Saint-Denis+Basilica&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230203-light-returns-to-the-stained-glass-of-the-saint-denis-basilica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199816_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Chester Jordan, <i>A Tale of Two Monasteries: Westminster and Saint-Denis in the thirteenth century</i> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009) Chapters 2–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, David J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068292">"The Original Buttressing of Abbot Suger's Chevet at the Abbey of Saint-Denis"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 334–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25068292">10.2307/25068292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808">0037-9808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068292">25068292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Original+Buttressing+of+Abbot+Suger%27s+Chevet+at+the+Abbey+of+Saint-Denis&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=334-355&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0037-9808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25068292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25068292&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25068292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199815-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199815_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19988_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811–15-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199811–15_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199812-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199812_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199824-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199824_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199846_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindsay-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lindsay_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lindsay_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2014" class="citation web cs1">Lindsay, Suzanne Glover (18 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/essays/revolutionary-exhumations-st-denis-1793">"The Revolutionary Exhumations at St-Denis, 1793"</a>. <i>Center for the Study of Material & Visual Cultures of Religion</i>. Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+the+Study+of+Material+%26+Visual+Cultures+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Revolutionary+Exhumations+at+St-Denis%2C+1793&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Glover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmavcor.yale.edu%2Fconversations%2Fessays%2Frevolutionary-exhumations-st-denis-1793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199842–43_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199847-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199847_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2004" class="citation news cs1">Broughton, Philip Delves (7 June 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463951/Tragic-French-boy-kings-heart-finds-a-final-resting-place-after-209-years.html">"Tragic French boy king's heart finds a final resting place after 209 years"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463951/Tragic-French-boy-kings-heart-finds-a-final-resting-place-after-209-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tragic+French+boy+king%27s+heart+finds+a+final+resting+place+after+209+years&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Philip+Delves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1463951%2FTragic-French-boy-kings-heart-finds-a-final-resting-place-after-209-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux19989_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199819–21-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagnieux199819–21_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlagnieux1998">Plagnieux 1998</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale196742_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindale1967">Martindale 1967</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamela Blum, <i>Early Gothic Saint-Denis: Restorations and Survivals</i>, Berkeley, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-base-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-base_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-base_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_Palissy" title="Base Palissy">Base Palissy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM93000477">PM93000477</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 227. Henry's gesture is now unclear, since a <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missal</a>, resting on a <a href="/wiki/Prie-dieu" title="Prie-dieu">prie-dieu</a> (prayer desk), was removed from the sculpture during the French revolution and melted down.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timeline events from Plagnieux, Philippe, "La basilique cathédrale de Saint-Denis",(1998), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smarth-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smarth_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103163012/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-birth-of-the-gothic-abbot-suger-and-the-ambulatory-at-st.-denis.html">"Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the Ambulatory at St. Denis"</a>. Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-birth-of-the-gothic-abbot-suger-and-the-ambulatory-at-st.-denis.html">the original</a> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Gothic%3A+Abbot+Suger+and+the+Ambulatory+at+St.+Denis&rft.pub=Smarthistory+at+Khan+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.khanacademy.org%2Fthe-birth-of-the-gothic-abbot-suger-and-the-ambulatory-at-st.-denis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Félibien, Michel. 1973. <i>Histoire de l'abbaye royale de Saint-Denys en France: Lettre-préf. de M. le Duc de Bauffremont</i>. Introd. de Hervé Pinoteau. 1. [Nachdr. d. Ausg. Paris, 1706]. – 1973. – 524 S. Paris: Éd. du Palais Royal.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon1873" class="citation cs2">O'Hanlon, John (1873), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuwCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Lives of the Irish saints</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Irish+saints&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuwCAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Saint-Denis Cathedral</i>, Alain Erlande-Brandenburg, Editions Ouest-France, Rennes</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gerson, Paula Lieber. (1986). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/37328">Abbot Suger and Saint-Denis: a symposium</a></i>, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870994081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870994081">978-0870994081</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1967" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, Andrew (1967). <i>Gothic Art</i>. Thames and Hudson (in English and French). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2878110587" title="Special:BookSources/2878110587"><bdi>2878110587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Art&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+%28in+English+and+French%29&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=2878110587&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Conrad Rudolph, <i>Artistic Change at St-Denis: Abbot Suger's Program and the Early Twelfth Century Controversy over Art</i> (1990)</li> <li>Conrad Rudolph, "Inventing the Gothic Portal: Suger, Hugh of Saint Victor, and the Construction of a New Public Art at Saint-Denis," <i>Art History</i> 33 (2010) 568–595</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLours2018" class="citation book cs1">Lours, Mathieu (2018). <i>Dictionnaire des Cathédrales</i>. Éditions Jean-Paul Gesserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2755807653" title="Special:BookSources/978-2755807653"><bdi>978-2755807653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Cath%C3%A9drales&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-Paul+Gesserot&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2755807653&rft.aulast=Lours&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlagnieux1998" class="citation book cs1">Plagnieux, Philippe (1998). <i>La basilique cathédrale de Saint-Denis</i>. Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2757702246" title="Special:BookSources/978-2757702246"><bdi>978-2757702246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+basilique+cath%C3%A9drale+de+Saint-Denis&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Patrimoine%2C+Centre+des+Monuments+Nationaux&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2757702246&rft.aulast=Plagnieux&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Conrad Rudolph, "Inventing the Exegetical Stained-Glass Window: Suger, Hugh, and a New Elite Art," <i>Art Bulletin</i> 93 (2011) 399–422</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin1986" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (1986). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Barrie and Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712612793" title="Special:BookSources/0712612793"><bdi>0712612793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0712612793&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasilica+of+Saint-Denis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watson, Bruce, <i>Light: A Radiant History from Creation to the Quantum Age</i>, (London and NY: Bloomsbury, 2016).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basilique_Saint-Denis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Basilique Saint-Denis">Basilique Saint-Denis</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tombs_in_Saint-Denis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tombs in Saint-Denis">Tombs in Saint-Denis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-denis-basilique.fr/en/">Website for Basilica of Saint-Denis, Centre des monuments nationaux</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/map-of-the-tombs-saint-denis-basilica.html">Map of the tombs in Saint-Denis Basilica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu/medart/texts/Saint-Denis/Conway2.html">The Treasures of Saint-Denis – scholarly article from 1915 on the important and mostly destroyed treasures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linternaute.com/sortir/patrimoine/ile-de-france/seine-saint-denis/edifices-religieux/basilique-saint-denis/1.shtml"><i>L'Internaute</i> Magazine: Diaporama</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=saint-denis,+france&ll=48.935455,2.359765&spn=0.003000,0.010274&t=h&hl=en">Satellite image from Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-denis.culture.fr/en/index.html">Saint-Denis, a town in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baudelet.net/paris/basilique-saint-denis.htm">Photos of tombs and the Basilica</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/sdenmain.html">Photos of the windows at the Basilica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922122835/http://www.montjoye.net/basilique-saint-denis">history and pictures of the Basilica</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll6/id/50">The Sumner McKnight Crosby Papers</a> from The Cloisters Library, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Crypts_of_Europe" title="Template:Royal Crypts of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Royal_Crypts_of_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Royal Crypts of Europe (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Crypts_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Crypts of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_crypts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal crypts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatinal_Crypt" title="Palatinal Crypt">Palatinal Crypt</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crypt" title="Imperial Crypt">Imperial Crypt</a> (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Crypt_(Belgium)" title="Royal Crypt (Belgium)">Royal Crypt</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplenac" title="Oplenac">Oplenac mausoleum</a> (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Superga" title="Basilica of Superga">Basilica of Superga</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Vault">Royal Vault</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saint-Denis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint-Denis" title="Template:Saint-Denis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint-Denis" title="Template talk:Saint-Denis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint-Denis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint-Denis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint-Denis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary and secondary schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Bartholdi_(Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis)" title="Lycée Bartholdi (Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis)">Lycée Bartholdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Paul_%C3%89luard_(Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis)" title="Lycée Paul Éluard (Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis)">Lycée Paul Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Suger" title="Lycée Suger">Lycée Suger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_d%E2%80%99application_de_l%E2%80%99E.N.N.A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycée d’application de l’E.N.N.A (page does not exist)">Lycée d’application de l’E.N.N.A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Scolaire_Jean-Baptiste_De_La_Salle_-_Notre-Dame_De_La_Compassion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Scolaire Jean-Baptiste De La Salle - Notre-Dame De La Compassion">Ensemble Scolaire Jean-Baptiste De La Salle - Notre-Dame De La Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_et_lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Vincent_de_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège et lycée Saint-Vincent de Paul (page does not exist)">Collège et lycée Saint-Vincent de Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Louis-Lumi%C3%A8re" title="École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière">École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bouilhet-Christofle" title="Musée Bouilhet-Christofle">Musée Bouilhet-Christofle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Pleyel" title="Tour Pleyel">Tour Pleyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_du_Cin%C3%A9ma" title="Cité du Cinéma">Cité du Cinéma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_de_Saint-Denis_station" title="Basilique de Saint-Denis station">Basilique de Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_Pleyel_station" title="Carrefour Pleyel station">Carrefour Pleyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis%E2%80%93Pleyel_station" title="Saint-Denis–Pleyel station">Saint-Denis–Pleyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis%E2%80%93Porte_de_Paris_station" title="Saint-Denis–Porte de Paris station">Saint-Denis–Porte de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis-Universit%C3%A9_station" title="Saint-Denis-Université station">Saint-Denis-Université</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paris_RER" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris RER">Paris RER</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien">Transilien</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Plaine_Stade_de_France_station" title="La Plaine Stade de France station">La Plaine Stade de France</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional"><img alt="RER" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/RER_B" title="RER B"><img alt="RER B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France%E2%80%93Saint-Denis_station" title="Stade de France–Saint-Denis station">Stade de France–Saint-Denis</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional"><img alt="RER" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/RER_D" title="RER D"><img alt="RER D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis_station" title="Saint-Denis station">Saint-Denis</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional"><img alt="RER" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/RER_D" title="RER D"><img alt="RER D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_RER_D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Transilien" title="Transilien"><img alt="Transilien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Transilien_Paris-Nord#Line_H" title="Transilien Line H (Paris-Nord)"><img alt="Transilien Line H (Paris-Nord)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg/16px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg/24px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg/32px-Paris_transit_icons_-_Train_H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1567)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)">Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Franc-Moisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Franc-Moisin (page does not exist)">Le Franc-Moisin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template talk:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paris" title="Tourism in Paris">Tourism in Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_in_Paris" title="Landmarks in Paris">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A8nes_de_Lut%C3%A8ce" title="Arènes de Lutèce">Arènes de Lutèce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Brongniart" title="Palais Brongniart">Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Gare d'Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Montparnasse" title="Gare Montparnasse">Gare Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare" title="Gare Saint-Lazare">Gare Saint-Lazare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(Fr%C3%A9miet)" title="Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet)">Jeanne d'Arc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisks" title="Luxor Obelisks">Luxor Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty" title="Flame of Liberty">Flame of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Denis" title="Porte Saint-Denis">Porte Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Porte Saint-Martin">Porte Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Paris" title="Museums in Paris">Museums</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Carnavalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_des_Sciences_et_de_l%27Industrie" title="Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie">Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume">Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation" title="Louis Vuitton Foundation">Louis Vuitton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts décoratifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_Paris" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac" title="Maison de Balzac">Maison de Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bourdelle" title="Musée Bourdelle">Musée Bourdelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que" title="Musée de la Cinémathèque">Musée de la Cinémathèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cognacq-Jay" title="Musée Cognacq-Jay">Musée Cognacq-Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin" title="Musée Grévin">Musée Grévin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Musée Guimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9" title="Musée Jacquemart-André">Musée Jacquemart-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Marmottan_Monet" title="Musée Marmottan Monet">Musée Marmottan Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Montmartre" title="Musée de Montmartre">Musée de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Gustave_Moreau" title="Musée national Gustave Moreau">Musée national Gustave Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Monuments_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Musée national des Monuments Français">Musée national des Monuments Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur" title="Musée Pasteur">Musée Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" title="Musée de la Légion d'honneur">Musée de la Légion d'honneur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Vie_romantique" title="Musée de la Vie romantique">Musée de la Vie romantique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_buildings_in_Paris" title="List of religious buildings in Paris">Religious buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Paris" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cathedral_in_Paris" title="American Cathedral in Paris">American Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Church_in_Paris" title="American Church in Paris">American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist">Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Chapelle expiatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Paris" title="Grand Synagogue of Paris">Grand Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_de_Nazareth" title="Synagogue de Nazareth">Synagogue de Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle" title="Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle">Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Lorette,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris">Notre-Dame-de-Lorette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Notre-Dame-des-Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ambroise,_Paris" title="Saint-Ambroise, Paris">Saint Ambroise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Augustin,_Paris" title="Saint-Augustin, Paris">Saint-Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Mont" title="Saint-Étienne-du-Mont">Saint-Étienne-du-Mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier,_Paris" title="Saint-François-Xavier, Paris">Saint-François-Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_(abbey)" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais" title="Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais">Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Jean de Montmartre">Saint-Jean de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis" title="Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis">Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Roch,_Paris" title="Saint-Roch, Paris">Saint-Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" title="Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Saint-Sulpice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul,_Paris" title="Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris">Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Sainte-Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9,_Paris" title="Sainte-Trinité, Paris">Sainte-Trinité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_du_Marais" title="Temple du Marais">Temple du Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grâce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hôtels particuliers<br />and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Beauvais" title="Hôtel de Beauvais">Hôtel de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Charost" title="Hôtel de Charost">Hôtel de Charost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon" title="Hôtel de Crillon">Hôtel de Crillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Hôtel d'Estrées">Hôtel d'Estrées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva" title="Hôtel de la Païva">Hôtel de la Païva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully" title="Hôtel de Sully">Hôtel de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg" title="Petit Luxembourg">Petit Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges, streets,<br />areas, squares<br />and waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Avenue de l'Opéra">Avenue de l'Opéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_George_V" title="Avenue George V">Avenue George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_la_Madeleine" title="Boulevard de la Madeleine">Boulevard de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_S%C3%A9bastopol" title="Boulevard de Sébastopol">Boulevard de Sébastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Ourcq" title="Canal de l'Ourcq">Canal de l'Ourcq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_passages_of_Paris" title="Covered passages of Paris">Covered passages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_V%C3%A9ro-Dodat" title="Galerie Véro-Dodat">Galerie Véro-Dodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Choiseul" title="Passage Choiseul">Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_des_Panoramas" title="Passage des Panoramas">Panoramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Vivienne" title="Galerie Vivienne">Galerie Vivienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_du_Havre" title="Passage du Havre">Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Jouffroy" title="Passage Jouffroy">Jouffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Brady" title="Passage Brady">Brady</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">Le Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Dauphine" title="Place Dauphine">Place Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Nation" title="Place de la Nation">Place de la Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place de la République</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89meutes-de-Stonewall" title="Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall">Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Place des États-Unis">Place des États-Unis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Pyramides" title="Place des Pyramides">Place des Pyramides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Place du Châtelet">Place du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Tertre" title="Place du Tertre">Place du Tertre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Saint-Michel" title="Place Saint-Michel">Place Saint-Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Pont d'Iéna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Bir-Hakeim" title="Pont de Bir-Hakeim">Pont de Bir-Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont des Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Neuf" title="Pont Neuf">Pont Neuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_du_Louvre" title="Port du Louvre">Port du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Basse" title="Rue Basse">Rue Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Bonaparte" title="Rue Bonaparte">Rue Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Charlemagne" title="Rue Charlemagne">Rue Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_d%27Argenteuil" title="Rue d'Argenteuil">Rue d'Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Ferronnerie" title="Rue de la Ferronnerie">Rue de la Ferronnerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris">Rue de la Paix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Sourdi%C3%A8re" title="Rue de la Sourdière">Rue de la Sourdière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Montmorency" title="Rue de Montmorency">Rue de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">Rue de Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">Rue de Vaugirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Francs-Bourgeois" title="Rue des Francs-Bourgeois">Rue des Francs-Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Lombards" title="Rue des Lombards">Rue des Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré">Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Elz%C3%A9vir" title="Rue Elzévir">Rue Elzévir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Foyatier" title="Rue Foyatier">Rue Foyatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Rue Molière">Rue Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Montorgueil" title="Rue Montorgueil">Rue Montorgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Radziwill" title="Rue Radziwill">Rue Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Rambuteau" title="Rue Rambuteau">Rue Rambuteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Mond%C3%A9tour" title="Rue Mondétour">Rue Mondétour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Pastourelle" title="Rue Pastourelle">Rue Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Rosiers" title="Rue des Rosiers">Rue des Rosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">Rue Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Denis_(Paris)" title="Rue Saint-Denis (Paris)">Rue Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Anne" title="Rue Sainte-Anne">Rue Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaduc_d%27Austerlitz" title="Viaduc d'Austerlitz">Viaduc d'Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_parks_and_gardens_of_Paris" title="History of parks and gardens of Paris">Parks and gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_d%27Acclimatation" title="Jardin d'Acclimatation">Jardin d'Acclimatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parc_floral_de_Paris" title="Parc floral de Paris">Parc floral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg" title="Jardin du Luxembourg">Jardin du Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" title="Parc André-Citroën">Parc André-Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Parc Clichy-Batignolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Belleville" title="Parc de Belleville">Parc de Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bercy" title="Parc de Bercy">Parc de Bercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge" title="Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge">Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes_Chaumont" title="Parc des Buttes Chaumont">Parc des Buttes Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Georges-Brassens" title="Parc Georges-Brassens">Parc Georges-Brassens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Monceau" title="Parc Monceau">Parc Monceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coul%C3%A9e_verte_Ren%C3%A9-Dumont" title="Coulée verte René-Dumont">Coulée verte René-Dumont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accor_Arena" title="Accor Arena">Accor Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteuil_Hippodrome" title="Auteuil Hippodrome">Auteuil Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Georges_Carpentier" title="Halle Georges Carpentier">Halle Georges Carpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse" title="Longchamp Racecourse">Longchamp Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Princes" title="Parc des Princes">Parc des Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscine_Molitor" title="Piscine Molitor">Piscine Molitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_de_La_Chapelle_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte de La Chapelle Arena">Porte de La Chapelle Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)" title="Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)">Stade Jean Bouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pershing" title="Stade Pershing">Stade Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pierre_de_Coubertin_(Paris)" title="Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)">Stade Pierre de Coubertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland Garros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_S%C3%A9bastien_Charl%C3%A9ty" title="Stade Sébastien Charléty">Stade Sébastien Charléty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Hippodrome de Vincennes">Vincennes Hippodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery" title="Montmartre Cemetery">Montmartre Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">Oscar Wilde's tomb</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Région parisienne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen" title="Château d'Écouen">Château d'Écouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly" title="Château de Chantilly">Château de Chantilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sceaux" title="Château de Sceaux">Château de Sceaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Château</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_pavilion" title="Fresh pavilion">Fresh pavilion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_La_D%C3%A9fense_Arena" title="Paris La Défense Arena">Paris La Défense Arena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Park_(Paris)" title="Disneyland Park (Paris)">Disneyland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park" title="Walt Disney Studios Park">Walt Disney Studios Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorad%C3%B4me" title="Exploradôme">Exploradôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_France_combattante" title="Mémorial de la France combattante">Mémorial de la France combattante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Miniature" title="France Miniature">France Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace" title="Musée de l'air et de l'espace">Musée de l'air et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fragonard_d%27Alfort" title="Musée Fragonard d'Alfort">Musée Fragonard d'Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Ast%C3%A9rix" title="Parc Astérix">Parc Astérix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Parc de Saint-Cloud">Parc de Saint-Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon" title="La Roche-Guyon">La Roche-Guyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paris" title="Culture of Paris">Culture and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AEner_en_Blanc" title="Dîner en Blanc">Dîner en Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuit_Blanche" title="Nuit Blanche">Nuit Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Plages" title="Paris-Plages">Paris-Plages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_historique" title="Axe historique">Axe historique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateau-Lavoir" title="Bateau-Lavoir">Bateau-Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateaux_Mouches" title="Bateaux Mouches">Bateaux Mouches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_des_2_Moulins" title="Café des 2 Moulins">Café des 2 Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_in_Paris" title="Fountains in Paris">Fountains in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots" title="Les Deux Magots">Les Deux Magots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s" title="Maxim's">Maxim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_de_la_Galette" title="Moulin de la Galette">Moulin de la Galette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_entrances_by_Hector_Guimard" title="Paris Métro entrances by Hector Guimard">entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Funicular" title="Montmartre Funicular">Montmartre Funicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Mus%C3%A9es" title="Paris Musées">Paris Musées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Zoological_Park" title="Paris Zoological Park">Paris Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">Pyramide inversée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Paris" title="Art in Paris">Art in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cemeteries_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cemeteries_in_France" title="Template:Cemeteries in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cemeteries_in_France" title="Template talk:Cemeteries in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cemeteries_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cemeteries in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cemeteries_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_France" title="List of cemeteries in France">Cemeteries in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parisian region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Bagneux" title="Cimetière parisien de Bagneux">Bagneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batignolles_Cemetery" title="Batignolles Cemetery">Batignolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errancis_Cemetery" title="Errancis Cemetery">Errancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Gonards" title="Cimetière des Gonards">Gonards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenelle_cemetery" title="Grenelle cemetery">Grenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents%27_Cemetery" title="Holy Innocents' Cemetery">Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois-Perret_Cemetery" title="Levallois-Perret Cemetery">Levallois-Perret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_cemetery" title="Madeleine cemetery">Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de Montmartre">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_du_Montparnasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière du Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrouge_Cemetery" title="Montrouge Cemetery">Montrouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine_community_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine community cemetery">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Pantin" title="Cimetière parisien de Pantin">Pantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_Cemetery" title="Saint-Germain Cemetery">Saint-Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen_Cemetery" title="Saint-Ouen Cemetery">Saint-Ouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent_Cemetery" title="Saint-Vincent Cemetery">Saint-Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-des-Bois_Russian_Cemetery" title="Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery">Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Sainte-Marguerite" title="Cimetière Sainte-Marguerite">Sainte-Marguerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints-P%C3%A8res_Cemetery" title="Saints-Pères Cemetery">Saints-Pères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Thiais" title="Cimetière parisien de Thiais">Thiais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg" title="Grand Jas Cemetery, Cannes"><img alt="Headstones in Grand Jas Cemetery with a view of the von Derwies' chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg/160px-Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg/240px-Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg/320px-Grand-Jas_Derviz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Jas_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Jas Cemetery">Cannes (Grand Jas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Roch_Cemetery" title="Saint Roch Cemetery">Grenoble (Saint Roch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_La_Guilloti%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de La Guillotière">Lyon (La Guillotière)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Loyasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de Loyasse">Lyon (Loyasse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Saint-Pierre_(Marseille)" title="Cimetière Saint-Pierre (Marseille)">Marseille (Saint-Pierre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Remi" title="Basilica of Saint-Remi">Reims (Saint-Remi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Bordeaux" title="Protestant Cemetery, Bordeaux">Protestant Cemetery, Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Montpellier" title="Protestant Cemetery, Montpellier">Protestant Cemetery, Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery,_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Jewish cemetery, Besançon">Jewish cemetery, Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Cemetery,_Nice" title="Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice">Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisne-Marne_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial">Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ny-sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery" title="Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery">Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretteville-sur-Laize_Canadian_War_Cemetery" title="Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery">Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Brittany American Cemetery and Memorial">Brittany American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinal_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial">Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Escadrille" title="Lafayette Escadrille">Lafayette Escadrille Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial">Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_American_Cemetery" title="Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery">Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oise-Aisne_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial">Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orglandes_German_war_cemetery" title="Orglandes German war cemetery">Orglandes German war cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orry-la-Ville" title="Orry-la-Ville">Orry-la-Ville Dutch War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhone_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Rhone American Cemetery and Memorial">Rhone American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somme_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Somme American Cemetery and Memorial">Somme American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mihiel_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="St. Mihiel American Cemetery and Memorial">St. Mihiel American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Template:Catholic Church in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Template talk:Catholic Church in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_France" title="Bishops' Conference of France">Bishops' Conference of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Besançon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon">Archdiocese of Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Belfort-Montbéliard">Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Diocese of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Claude" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Claude">Diocese of Saint-Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Dié">Diocese of Saint-Dié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Verdun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun">Diocese of Verdun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Bordeaux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bordeaux" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux">Archdiocese of Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Agen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Agen">Diocese of Agen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aire_and_Dax" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aire and Dax">Diocese of Aire and Dax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayonne,_Lescar_and_Oloron" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron">Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Périgueux">Diocese of Périgueux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Clermont</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Clermont" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Clermont">Archdiocese of Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay">Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Moulins" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Moulins">Diocese of Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Flour" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Flour">Diocese of Saint-Flour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Dijon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dijon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon">Archdiocese of Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sens" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens">Archdiocese of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun">Diocese of Autun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nevers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nevers">Diocese of Nevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Prelature_of_the_Mission_de_France_at_Pontigny" title="Territorial Prelature of the Mission de France at Pontigny">Mission de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Lille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lille">Archdiocese of Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Archdiocese of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras">Diocese of Arras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Lyon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon">Archdiocese of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chamb%C3%A9ry%E2%80%93Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne%E2%80%93Tarentaise" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise">Archdiocese of Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Annecy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Annecy">Diocese of Annecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belley%E2%80%93Ars" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Belley–Ars">Diocese of Belley–Ars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Grenoble-Vienne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Grenoble-Vienne">Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Étienne">Diocese of Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Valence" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Valence">Diocese of Valence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viviers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viviers">Diocese of Viviers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Marseille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Marseille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Marseille">Archdiocese of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Aix" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix">Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Avignon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Avignon">Archdiocese of Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ajaccio" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio">Diocese of Ajaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Digne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Digne">Diocese of Digne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fr%C3%A9jus-Toulon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fréjus-Toulon">Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gap-Embrun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap-Embrun">Diocese of Gap-Embrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nice" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nice">Diocese of Nice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Montpellier</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Montpellier" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montpellier">Archdiocese of Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Carcassonne-Narbonne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne">Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mende" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mende">Diocese of Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nîmes">Diocese of Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Perpignan-Elne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Perpignan-Elne">Diocese of Perpignan–Elne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Paris</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Archdiocese of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Créteil">Diocese of Créteil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vry-Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes">Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Meaux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux">Diocese of Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nanterre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nanterre">Diocese of Nanterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pontoise" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pontoise">Diocese of Pontoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis">Diocese of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Versailles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Versailles">Diocese of Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Poitiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Poitiers" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poitiers">Archdiocese of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Angoulême">Diocese of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Rochelle_and_Saintes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes">Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Limoges" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Limoges">Diocese of Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tulle" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle">Diocese of Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Reims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims">Archdiocese of Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Amiens" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens">Diocese of Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais">Diocese of Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ch%C3%A2lons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons">Diocese of Châlons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Langres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres">Diocese of Langres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Soissons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Soissons">Diocese of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes">Diocese of Troyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Rennes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rennes,_Dol_and_Saint-Malo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol and Saint-Malo">Archdiocese of Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Angers">Diocese of Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Laval" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval">Diocese of Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Mans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans">Diocese of Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lu%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon">Diocese of Luçon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nantes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes">Diocese of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quimper" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quimper">Diocese of Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Brieuc" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Brieuc">Diocese of Saint-Brieuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vannes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes">Diocese of Vannes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Rouen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen">Archdiocese of Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux">Diocese of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coutances" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances">Diocese of Coutances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux">Diocese of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Havre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Havre">Diocese of Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_S%C3%A9ez" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Séez">Diocese of Séez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Toulouse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toulouse" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse">Archdiocese of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Albi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Albi">Archdiocese of Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Auch" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Auch">Archdiocese of Auch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cahors" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cahors">Diocese of Cahors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Montauban" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Montauban">Diocese of Montauban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pamiers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pamiers">Diocese of Pamiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rodez" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rodez">Diocese of Rodez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tarbes-et-Lourdes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes">Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tours" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tours">Archdiocese of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bourges" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges">Archdiocese of Bourges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Blois" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Blois">Diocese of Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chartres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chartres">Diocese of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans">Diocese of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Martinique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Fort-de-France%E2%80%93Saint-Pierre" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre">Archdiocese of Fort-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basse-Terre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Basse-Terre">Diocese of Basse-Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cayenne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cayenne">Diocese of Cayenne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Papeete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Papeete" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Papeete">Archdiocese of Papeete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Taiohae" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Taiohae">Diocese of Taiohae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Noumea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Noum%C3%A9a" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa">Archdiocese of Nouméa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wallis_et_Futuna" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wallis et Futuna">Diocese of Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Port-Vila" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Port-Vila">Diocese of Port-Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Directly under Holy See</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">Archdiocese of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis_de_La_R%C3%A9union" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion">Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_French_Armed_Forces" title="Diocese of the French Armed Forces">Military Ordinariate of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_France" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France">Ordinariate<br /> for Eastern Catholics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sainte-Croix-de-Paris" title="Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris">Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Vladimir_the_Great_of_Paris" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_cathedrals_in_France" title="Category:Catholic cathedrals in France">Cathedrals in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="France–Holy See relations">France–Holy See relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_France" title="List of Catholic dioceses in France">Former dioceses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184407#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125013999">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4206278-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eglise abbatiale de Saint-Denis (Saint-Denis, Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003200161&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00079952">Mérimée</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20002179">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/af5db22c-ebaf-407b-9d1b-7068a6c49640">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&oldid=1259142658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint-Denis&oldid=1259142658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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