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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Most Christian King</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_Christian_King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_the_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_the_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of the French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_the_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_of_the_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_of_the_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Emperor of the French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_of_the_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinct_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinct_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distinct titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinct_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distinct titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distinct_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brittany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brittany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Brittany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brittany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Navarrese_inheritance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Navarrese_inheritance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Navarrese inheritance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Navarrese_inheritance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_changes_to_the_royal_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_changes_to_the_royal_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of changes to the royal style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_changes_to_the_royal_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Style of the French sovereign</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Majestad_Cristian%C3%ADsima" title="Su Majestad Cristianísima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Su Majestad Cristianísima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="سبک حاکمیت در فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک حاکمیت در فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Très chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Très chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maest%C3%A0_cristianissima" title="Maestà cristianissima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maestà cristianissima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christelijke_Majesteit" title="Christelijke Majesteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christelijke Majesteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3l_arcychrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ski" title="Król arcychrześcijański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Król arcychrześcijański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sua_Majestade_Cristian%C3%ADssima" title="Sua Majestade Cristianíssima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sua Majestade Cristianíssima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Архихристианский король – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архихристианский король" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allra_kristligaste_konung" title="Allra kristligaste konung – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allra kristligaste konung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ваша Християнська Величність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ваша Християнська Величність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Style+of+the+French+sovereign%22">"Style of the French sovereign"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Style+of+the+French+sovereign%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Style+of+the+French+sovereign%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Style+of+the+French+sovereign%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Style+of+the+French+sovereign%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Style+of+the+French+sovereign%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The precise <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">style</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French sovereigns</a> varied over the years. Currently, there is no French sovereign; three distinct traditions (the Legitimist, the Orleanist, and the Bonapartist) exist, each claiming different forms of title. </p><p>The three styles laid claim to by pretenders to the French throne are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a>: "Most high, most potent and most excellent Prince, <b>X</b>, <a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the Grace of God</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Most_Christian_King">Most Christian Majesty</a>." (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Très haut, très puissant et très excellent Prince, <b>X</b>, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre, Roi Très-chrétien</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanist">Orleanist</a>: "<b>X</b>, <a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the Grace of God</a> and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French." (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><b>X</b>, par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'État, Roi des Français</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a>: "<b>X</b>, By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French." (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><b>X</b>, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français.</i></span>)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Francorum_Rex"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Francorum Rex</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Francorum Rex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Francorum Rex</i></span> was the official Latin title of the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of the Franks</a>" after the accession of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (sometimes taking the form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Francorum</i></span>); this title was used in official documents until French replaced Latin as the formal language of legal documents, and remained used on coins until the 18th century. However, from as early as the 12th century, the form <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Franciae Rex</i></span> ("King of France") was also used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Most_Christian_King">Most Christian King</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Most Christian King"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Christianissimus</i></span>, or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Roi Très-chrétien</i></span> owed its origins to the long, and distinctive, relationship between the Catholic Church and the Franks. France was the first modern state recognised by the Church, and was known as the 'Eldest Daughter of the Church'; <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, the king of the Franks, had been recognised by the papacy as a protector of Rome's interests. Accordingly, this title was frequently accorded to the French kings (although on a number of occasions kings of other <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">realms</a> would be addressed as such by the Church), and came into frequent use during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>; under his son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>, it became recognised as a hereditary and exclusive title of the kings of France. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, allied between 1510 and 1513 with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> against <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a>, considered transferring the title from the French monarch to the English monarch, drafting a papal brief to this effect; however, it was never issued. French kings thus continued to use the title, in particular on diplomatic documents, less frequently in France itself or in everyday parlance. </p><p>The use of the title <i>rex christianissimus</i> to refer to the French king was affirmed by medieval French thinkers including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a>. Both of these men wrote about what they viewed as their king's unique position among the monarchs of Christendom. These philosophers believed that because he was <i>rex christianissimus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French king</a> played a special role as protector of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_the_French">King of the French</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: King of the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the French Revolution came the writing of a Constitution for France. As part of the reforms, the monarch ceased to be an absolute ruler of hereditary lands deriving power from God; instead, he became a constitutional ruler ruling by the will of the French people and for the good of the French people. By a decree on 12 October 1789, the king's title was thus changed from 'By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre' to 'By the Grace of God and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French' (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'État, Roi des Français</i>), becoming official with the institution of the new constitution on 1 October 1791. The monarchy was abolished a year later, and the Bourbon supporters supported Louis XVI, and then Louis XVII and Louis XVIII, as King of France and Navarre rather than King of the French, under which title the Bourbons were restored in 1815. However, the constitutional monarchy was revived in 1830, with the Bourbon deposition. Although the Orleanist constitutional monarchy, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>", was abolished in 1848, the heirs of Louis-Philippe continued to claim the title and legacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor_of_the_French">Emperor of the French</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emperor of the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bonapartist legacy, the title was instituted in 1804 by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, who crowned himself emperor. It is the title to which the Bonapartists and their supporters continue to lay claim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinct_titles">Distinct titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinct titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the titles above, the kings of France at one point or another held others attached to the Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brittany">Brittany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brittany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, the kings of France considered that the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a> was feudally a part of their Kingdom of France (i.e. it was within the traditional borders of the realm, and the king of France was deemed to be overlord of the Duchy). In fact, however, the Duchy of Brittany was a largely independent sovereign state. It was recognized as independently sovereign and lying outside the Kingdom of France by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a>, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Alan_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan II, Duke of Brittany">Alan II, Duke of Brittany</a>. Subsequent kings of France sought to control Brittany in part because of the attempts of kings of England and Spain to control the duchy. </p><p>The independent sovereign nature of the duchy began to come to an end upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II of Brittany</a>. The duchy was inherited by his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne</a>, but King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> was determined to bring the territory under royal control. Charles had her marriage annulled and then forced her to marry him in a series of actions that were acknowledged by the Pope. As a result, the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Brittany were placed in the personal union of their marriage, and the king of France would also hold the title of Duke of Brittany <a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a>. During their marriage, the Charles VIII prohibited Anne from using the title <i>Duchess of Brittany</i> and imposed a royal governor from the House of Penthievre on the duchy. </p><p>Legally, however, the duchy remained separate from France proper; the two titles were linked only by the marriage of the king and queen, and in 1498 when Charles VIII died childless, the title <i>Duke of Brittany</i> remained with Anne, rather than passing to the heir of France, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a>. Anne of Brittany returned to Brittany and began to re-establish an independent sovereign rule. </p><p>However, the new French king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a> married Anne himself, and so the king was once more Duke of Brittany <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i></span>. Legally, Brittany still remained distinct, and its future remained dependent on the ducal bloodline, now held by the House of <a href="/wiki/Montfort_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort of Brittany">Montfort</a>. When Anne died, Brittany passed to her daughter and heiress, <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude</a>, rather than remaining with the king of France, her father. </p><p>Claude married the future king <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>. By this marriage, and through the succession to the French crown, the king of France became Duke of Brittany <a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a> once more. </p><p>Claude's death in 1524 separated the duchy from the crown once more, and ultimately, for the final time. Because Claude, like her mother, was sovereign Duchess, the title of 'Duke' did not remain with her husband, but instead passed to her son, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1518-1536)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Dauphin of France (1518-1536)">Francis III of Brittany</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>. Legally, the Crown and duchy were again separate, but the Duke was a child, and the duchy had been governed as an integral part of France for years; the king had little trouble in maintaining royal control over the duchy. Breton independence was effectively ended when in 1532 the Estates of Brittany proclaimed the perpetual union of Brittany with the French crown. Legally, the duchy was now part of France. </p><p>Francis III remained Duke of Brittany but died without attaining the French crown in 1536. He was succeeded by his brother, the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>. Henry was the French king to become Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the ascension of Henry to the French throne in 1547. The kingdom and duchy were now united by inheritance, and the merging of Brittany into France was thus completed. Notably, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> (the last direct male from <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a>) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown to the next heir of France, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Henry II, Duke of Lorraine">Henry II, Duke of Lorraine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain">Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain</a>). </p><p>The title <i>Duke of Brittany</i> largely ceased to be used as a title of the king of France after the death of <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a>. When it appeared, the title was bestowed by the king of France to one of his direct descendants and was in any event titular in status. </p><p>(See <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Navarrese_inheritance">The Navarrese inheritance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Navarrese inheritance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Navarre was twice united with France: from 1314 to 1328 (effectively from 1284, upon the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a>), and from 1589 to the present. </p><p>In the first case, the union was merely that of the two crowns: although the relevant kings held both titles, the two kingdoms were legally distinct, bound only by the descent of the kings from the marriage between Joan and Philip. Accordingly, when their direct male descent died out, the two domains separated, France passing to Philip's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip of Valois</a>, and Navarre being inherited by the granddaughter (and senior heiress) of Joan and Philip, <a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II of Navarre</a>. However, Joan's possessions within France, inherited from her forebears the Counts of Champagne, did not pass with Navarre to Joan's heirs; instead, by treaty, Joan exchanged them for other lands within France, Philip then merging the Champenois inheritance into the French crown. </p><p>By chance, France and Navarre were united again in 1589, in the person of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>: his mother, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne III of Navarre">Jeanne III of Navarre</a>, had been the queen of Navarre (and senior heiress of Joan II), his father, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine de Bourbon</a>, had been the senior-most heir after the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a>. He thus became 'King of France and Navarre'. He was also, by inheritance, a holder of other significant lands within France: Béarn, Donnezan and Andorra, which were, although a part of the feudal boundaries of France, were independent sovereignties; and, under crown jurisdiction, the duchies of Albret, Beaumont, Vendôme, and the counties of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle. </p><p>By established tradition, lands within the legal borders of France (thus, Henry's duchies and counties) would merge into the crown when the holder became king; independent lordships, whether they were or were not part of France's feudal borders, would remain distinct possessions. Henry, however, refused to follow this tradition: having no legitimate sons to pass his possessions onto, and forced to fight to secure his rule over France, he wanted to ensure that if he died without legitimate children, in the ensuing division of his inheritance, his sister Catherine would receive all of their parental inheritance (if he allowed his French lands to merge with the crown before dying without legitimate children, the merged lands would go as part of the crown to the next heir to the throne, his cousin <a href="/wiki/Henri_I_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé">Henri, Prince of Condé</a>). Accordingly, by letters patent of 13 April 1590, he declared that his personal estates would remain separate from the crown, and not subject to <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>; in Letters of 21 December 1596, he further stated that "our ancient domain, in our kingdom of Navarre and sovereign land of Béarn and Donazan, low countries of Flanders, as well as our duchies, counties, viscounties, lands, lordships in this our kingdom, be and remained disunited, disjoint and separate of our house of France not to be in any way included or merged unless it is by us otherwise ordered, or unless God bestows on us the grace of having children we desire to provide thereto." The Paris Parlement refused to register these Letters, stating that French public law did not allow the division of a monarch's public and private possessions; instead, Henry had them registered at the Parlements of Bordeaux and Toulouse. Thus, from 1589 to 1607, the King of France and Navarre was also the Lord of Béarn, Duke of Albret and Vendôme, Count of Foix, etc. </p><p>These acts were reversed in 1606–1607: Henry had a legitimate son, and the death of his sister without issue had nullified any need to share the Navarrese inheritance. By an Edict of 1607, the original ruling of the Paris Parlement that lands within France were automatically merged in the Crown was upheld, and the king ceased to be Duke of Albret and Vendôme, Count of Foix, etc. Because Navarre, Béarn, Andorre and Donazan were independent of France, however, the king remained separately the King of Navarre, and Lord of the other domains. </p><p>In October 1620, the merging of the Navarrese inheritance into France was furthered, when Louis XIII on 20 October had an Edict passed in Pau by the Sovereign Council of Navarre, to prevent "the misfortunes and inconveniences which would occur if, failing a male heir to our Royal House, said countries passed by inheritance to Foreign princes, thereby opening a door to enter into our Kingdom". By this "perpetual and irrevocable Edict", Navarre, Béarn, Andorra and Donezan were united and incorporated into the crown of France: although, as in the case of Scotland and England in 1707, whilst the Navarrese domains were politically and monarchically united with France, they retained their separate institutions—thus, they were bound irrevocably to France, but not merged into it. Unlike the British Act of Union, however, Navarre lost its independent judiciary, a fact the Navarrese resented for a long time afterwards. Nonetheless, in recognition of the separate nature of the Kingdom of Navarre (and the lordships of Béarn, Andorra and Donezan, which were considered attached to the Crown of Navarre), the Bourbon kings of France customarily used the title 'King of France and Navarre'. </p><p>In the troubles of 1789, Navarre—being a distinct kingdom—by order of the Navarrese estates refused to elect representatives to the Estates General of France, instead sending four representatives of the Estates to Versailles at the 'invitation' of the king; these representatives, arriving in July 1789, refused to sit with the National Assembly, and instead the Navarrese estates attempted to revoke the 1620 Union. This was denied, and by vote of the assembly the king's title was changed from 'King of France and Navarre' to 'King of the French' (thus denying the separation between the two kingdoms, and emphasising the—presumed—unity of the French people). By the constitution of 1791, this change was effected, and the merging of Navarre was completed—it lost all of its separate institutions, and was denied any recognition as a state separate from the French nation. Although the last Bourbons titled themselves 'King of France and Navarre' once more, it was a title only, 'Navarre' having ceased to exist as anything more than a name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The king of France was also at times ruler of lands outside France itself. If he would not or could not merge these lands into the French crown, and thus the French state, he would legally be sovereign of those lands separately to his role as French king. In such cases, the king's styles would be treated differently in the relevant territory. However, the title would be used only within the territory, or in documents relating to the territory; it would not be formally used as part of the king's title outside the relevant lands. </p> <ul><li>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></i></span>: the area had been ceded to the king of France by the last <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> de <a href="/wiki/County_of_Vienne" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Vienne">Viennois</a> in 1349, on the condition that the land and title always be used by the king's eldest son; because the territory was legally part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, rather than of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the emperors legally forbade the region to be united with France. Nonetheless, when there was no <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>, the king would be personally sovereign over the Dauphiné. His title there, when there was no Dauphin of France, was <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois</i></span> ("By the Grace of God King of France, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>: The territory was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, the heiress, on 19 October 1480, and united to the crown in the following year; however, the Union was legally reversed by the 1486 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edict of Union (page does not exist)">Edict of Union</a>, which stipulated that Provence and its accompanying territories would "in no way be subordinated to the crown or realm of France". Accordingly, the king of France was titled in relation to Provence, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, comte de Provence, Forcalquier et terres adjacentes</i></span> ("By the Grace of God King of France, Count of Provence, <a href="/wiki/Forcalquier" title="Forcalquier">Forcalquier</a> and the lands adjacent.")</li> <li>Charles VIII used the title "King of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>" in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>; his successor, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, titled himself <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ludovicus Dei Gratia Francorum Neapolis et Hierusalem Rex Dux Mediolani</i></span> ("Louis, By the Grace of God King of the Franks, of Naples and of Jerusalem, Duke of Milan"). He abandoned it by the treaty of <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> of 22 Oct 1505.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> used the title <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">roi de France, duc de <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, comte d'Asti, seigneur de Gênes</i></span> ("King of France, Duke of Milan, Count of <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a>, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>") in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>.</li> <li>In January 1641, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a> was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a> as 'Count of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerdagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a>'; accordingly, official documents relating to the area between 1641 and 1652 described the king as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dei gratia Galliarum et Navarrae Rex, comes Barcinonae, Rossilionis et Ceritaniae</i></span> ("By the Grace of God King of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarra">Navarra</a>, Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne"). Roussillon and Cerdagne were later ceded to France by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, but were merged directly into the crown.</li></ul> <p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> requested that the king take the title "Landgrave of Upper and Lower Alsace" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Landgraf von Oberelsaß und Unterelsaß</i>) in relation to the territory, but this did not happen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_changes_to_the_royal_style">List of changes to the royal style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of changes to the royal style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="cccccc"> <th width="10%">Period</th> <th>Style</th> <th width="20%">Used by </th></tr> <tr> <td>987–1031</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of the Franks</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Capet of France">Hugh Capet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1031–1032</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of the Franks, Duke of Burgundy</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1032–1137</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of the Franks</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1137–1152</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of the Franks and Duke of the Aquitanians, Count of the Poitevins</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1152–1180</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of the Franks</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1180–1190</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of the Franks, Count of Artois</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1190–1223</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1223–1237</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France, Count of Artois</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1237–1285</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1285–1305</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1305–1314</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1314–1316</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1316–1322</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne and Burgundy</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1322–1328</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1328–1350</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1350–1360</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1360–1361</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1361–1363</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France, Duke of Burgundy</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1363–1364</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1364–1422</td> <td>By the Grace of God, King of France; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i>*</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1422–1486</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1486–1491</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1491–1495</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February–July 1495</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Naples and Jerusalem, Duke of Brittany; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>**</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1495–1498</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1498—1499</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1499–1505</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>King of Naples and Jerusalem, Duke of Milan</i>; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1505–1512</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>Duke of Milan</i>; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1512–1514</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1514–1515</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1515–1521</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>Duke of Milan, Count of Asti, Lord of Genoa</i>; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1521–1524</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>**</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1524–1559</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>**</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1559–1560</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Scotland; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1560–1589</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1589–1607</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Duke of Albret, Bourbon, Beaumont and Vendôme, Count of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle, Lord of Béarn, and Donezan; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1607–1620</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Lord of Béarn, and Donezan; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620–1641</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1641–1652</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre; <i>Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne</i>; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1652–1791</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre; <i>Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent</i>; <i>Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois</i></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1791–1814</i></td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Louis XVII</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1791–1792</td> <td>By the Grace of God and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1804–1805</td> <td>By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français</i></span>)</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1805–1806</td> <td>By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie</i></span>)</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1806–1809</td> <td>By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin</i></span>)</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1809–1814</td> <td>By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin, Médiateur de la Confédération Helvétique</i></span>)</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1814–1815</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March–June 1815</td> <td>By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon II of France">Napoleon II</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1815–1830</td> <td>By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine,_Duke_of_Angouleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme">Louis XIX</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Henri,_Comte_de_Chambord" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, Comte de Chambord">Henry V</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830–1848</td> <td>By the Grace of God and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French</td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe of France">Louis-Philippe</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852–1870</td> <td>By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>(reign disputed)</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_titles">Similar titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similar titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope: </p> <ul><li>Hungary: <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a></i> (awarded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>)</li> <li>Venice: <i><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></i></li> <li>Spain: <i><a href="/wiki/Most_Catholic_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Catholic Majesty">Most Catholic Majesty</a></i> (awarded in 1493)</li> <li>England: <i><a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">Defender of the Faith</a></i> (awarded in 1521 and revoked again c. 1530 by the Pope. Granted again in 1543 by the Parliament of England.)</li> <li>Germany: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Defensor Ecclesiae</a></i></span> (Protector of the Church; awarded to <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</a>)</li> <li>Portugal: <i><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a></i> (awarded in 1748)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/napoleon.htm#naptitles">"Napoleonic Titles and Heraldry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Napoleonic+Titles+and+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Ffrance%2Fnapoleon.htm%23naptitles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyle+of+the+French+sovereign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_of_the_French_sovereign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frroyal.htm">The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Nəgusä Nägäst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi">Nkosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">Imperial and Royal Majesty</a> (HI&RM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty">Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">Imperial Majesty</a> (HIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a> (HAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus" title="Rex Catholicissimus">Catholic Majesty</a> (HCM)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Most_Christian_King">Most Christian Majesty</a> (HMCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a> (HFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Majesty" title="Orthodox Majesty">Orthodox Majesty</a> (HOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a> (HBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Majesty" title="Most Excellent Majesty">Most Excellent Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Gracious_Majesty" title="Most Gracious Majesty">Most Gracious Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Royal Majesty</a> (HRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> (HM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monseigneur" title="Monseigneur">Monseigneur</a> (Msgr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Most Eminent Highness</a> (HMEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">Exalted Highness</a> (HEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">Most Excellent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Illustrious" title="The Most Illustrious">Most Illustrious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochgeboren" title="Hochgeboren">Hochgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochwohlgeboren" title="Hochwohlgeboren">Hochwohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlgeboren" title="Wohlgeboren">Wohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Much_Honoured" title="The Much Honoured">Much Honoured</a> (The Much Hon.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milord" title="Milord">Milord</a> (Millourt)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">Mepe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (HI&RH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (HIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> (HGDH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">Ducal Serene Highness</a> (HDSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(style)" title="Serenity (style)">Serenity</a> (HS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senhor" title="Senhor">Senhor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_Yang_Maha_Mulia" title="Duli Yang Maha Mulia">Duli Yang Maha Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanic_Highness" title="Sultanic Highness">Sultanic Highness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Dutch_sovereign" title="Style of the Dutch sovereign">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Serbian_sovereign" title="Style of the Serbian sovereign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Swedish_sovereign" title="Style of the Swedish sovereign">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Scottish_sovereign" title="Style of the Scottish sovereign">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a> (<i>Fidei defensor</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Defender of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Roman_Emperor" title="Last Roman Emperor">Great Catholic Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">List of current sovereign monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent monarchs">List of current constituent monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">Victory title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Royalty_and_Nobility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility">Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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