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aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有15種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9" title="دراسة بالملاحظة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسة بالملاحظة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiu_observacional" title="Estudiu observacional – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estudiu observacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beobachtungsstudie" title="Beobachtungsstudie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beobachtungsstudie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Observational study" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudio_observacional" title="Estudio observacional – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudio observacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مطالعه مشاهده‌ای – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطالعه مشاهده‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रेक्षण विधि – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रेक्षण विधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajian_observasional" title="Kajian observasional – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kajian observasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steb%C4%97jimo_tyrimai" title="Stebėjimo tyrimai – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stebėjimo tyrimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studie" title="Studie – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Studie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badania_obserwacyjne" title="Badania obserwacyjne – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Badania obserwacyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_observacional" title="Ciência observacional – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência observacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Обсервационное исследование – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обсервационное исследование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95" title="งานศึกษาแบบสังเกต – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งานศึกษาแบบสังเกต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="观察性研究 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="观察性研究" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q818574#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" 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accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q818574" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p><b>觀察研究</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>observational study</b></span>）係指由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>嗰度攞啲描述<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自變數">自變數</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="應變數">應變數</a>嘅數據，並且<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">作出推論</a>，而途中唔會特登嘗試作出任何嘅操作嚟影響啲變數嘅數值。呢類研究喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>上成日用，因為社會科學研究嘅係人－好少可有得好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>噉，能夠吓吓都攞自己啲研究對象入去<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>裏面任意噉搞<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenbaum, P.R. (2002). <i>Observational Studies</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="研究" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Template:研究"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:研究 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="研究" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="「用創意同有系統嘅方法嚟增進知識」嘅過程">「用<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同有系統嘅方法嚟增進<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>」嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業">專業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="跨學科研究">跨學科</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BookReader-favicon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/150px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/225px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/300px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究過程</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="研究設計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Research design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="研究設計 (無呢版)">研究設計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design" class="extiw" title="en:Research design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Research design</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E6%9B%B8" title="研究計劃書">計劃書</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="研究問題">問題</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" title="學術寫作">學術寫作</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="參考文獻">參考文獻</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%87%E6%80%A7" title="互文性">互文性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="論證">論證</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="方法學">方法研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="敘事分析">敘事分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AE%E6%A0%B9%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="紮根理論">紮根理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="史學方法">史學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藝術方法學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Art methodology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藝術方法學 (無呢版)">藝術方法學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_methodology" class="extiw" title="en:Art methodology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art methodology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7" title="科學對照">對照</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="實驗設計">設計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%B5%84%E5%90%8C%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" title="實驗組同對照組">實驗組同對照組</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="隨機化實驗">隨機化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="析因實驗">析因</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實地實驗">實地</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="自然實驗">自然</a>實驗</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="盲實驗">盲實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="準實驗">準實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="二次研究">二次研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="文獻計量學">文獻計量學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="科學模型">科學模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="模擬">模擬</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="考察">考察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面談</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="對話分析">對話分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主題分析">主題分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">機構制度</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="研究院">研究院</a></li> 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