CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="yue" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>先驗同後驗 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zh_yuewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "yue","wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"57d09a80-e1df-416d-9427-26b3436eab3c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"先驗同後驗","wgTitle":"先驗同後驗","wgCurRevisionId":1942246,"wgRevisionId":1942246,"wgArticleId":257683,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["有拉丁文嘅文章","知識論"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"先驗同後驗","wgRelevantArticleId":257683,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"yue","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"yue"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":6000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178161","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.HanTS-conv","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="先驗同後驗 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="編輯" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="維基百科 (yue)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh-yue"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="維基百科嘅Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-先驗同後驗 rootpage-先驗同後驗 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳去內容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主目錄" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主目錄</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主目錄</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 導覽 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" title="睇頭版[z]" accesskey="z"><span>頭版</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84"><span>目錄</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A3%E5%98%A2"><span>正嘢</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%99%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BA%8B" title="提供而家發生嘅事嘅背景資料"><span>時人時事</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="是但載入一版[x]" accesskey="x"><span>是但一版</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC"><span>關於維基百科</span></a></li><li id="n-聯絡處" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B"><span>聯絡處</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 交流 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-說明書" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents"><span>說明書</span></a></li><li id="n-城市論壇" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87"><span>城市論壇</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82" title="關於呢個計劃，你可以做乜，應該要點做"><span>社區大堂</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9" title="列出呢個 wiki 中嘅最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近修改</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="維基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh_yue.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh_yue.svg" width="120" height="16" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>查嘢</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搵維基百科" aria-label="搵維基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搵嘢</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="個人架生"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="閱讀設定" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">閱讀設定</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue" class=""><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。" class=""><span>開戶口</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>簽到</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="多啲選項" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人架生" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人架生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用戶選單" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue"><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>開戶口</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>簽到</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>例子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-康德對呢樣嘅貢獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#康德對呢樣嘅貢獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>康德對呢樣嘅貢獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-康德對呢樣嘅貢獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">先驗同後驗</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有30種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="قبلي وبعدي – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قبلي وبعدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_y_a_posteriori" title="A priori y a posteriori – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="A priori y a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7" title="অভিজ্ঞতা-নিরপেক্ষ ও অভিজ্ঞতা-সাপেক্ষ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিজ্ঞতা-নিরপেক্ষ ও অভিজ্ঞতা-সাপেক্ষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_a_posteriori" title="A priori a posteriori – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="A priori a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پێشینی و پاشینی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێشینی و پاشینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_a_posteriori_%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B7" title="A priori και a posteriori γνώση – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="A priori και a posteriori γνώση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="A priori and a posteriori" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_kaj_a_posteriori" title="A priori kaj a posteriori – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="A priori kaj a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_y_a_posteriori" title="A priori y a posteriori – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="A priori y a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_eta_a_posteriori" title="A priori eta a posteriori – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="A priori eta a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پسینی و پیشینی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پسینی و پیشینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_ja_a_posteriori" title="A priori ja a posteriori – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="A priori ja a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_et_a_posteriori" title="A priori et a posteriori – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="A priori et a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="אפריורי ואפוסטריורי – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפריורי ואפוסטריורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="प्रागनुभविक और अनुभवाश्रित – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रागनुभविक और अनुभवाश्रित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_e_a_posteriori" title="A priori e a posteriori – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="A priori e a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%99%80_%EC%95%84_%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="아 프리오리와 아 포스테리오리 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아 프리오리와 아 포스테리오리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_un_a_posteriori" title="A priori un a posteriori – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="A priori un a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82,_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="അനുഭവ നിരപേക്ഷം, അനുഭവ സാപേക്ഷം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുഭവ നിരപേക്ഷം, അനുഭവ സാപേക്ഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_og_a_posteriori" title="A priori og a posteriori – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="A priori og a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_y_a_posteriori" title="A priori y a posteriori – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="A priori y a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_e_a_posteriori" title="A priori e a posteriori – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A priori e a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_%C8%99i_a_posteriori" title="A priori și a posteriori – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A priori și a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priuri_e_a_pustiriuri" title="A priuri e a pustiriuri – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="A priuri e a pustiriuri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="A priori and a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_ve_a_posteriori" title="A priori ve a posteriori – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="A priori ve a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_%D1%96_a_posteriori" title="A priori і a posteriori – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="A priori і a posteriori" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنفسیہ و بمثلیہ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنفسیہ و بمثلیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposteriori_va_apriori" title="Aposteriori va apriori – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aposteriori va apriori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗與後驗 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="先驗與後驗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&oldid=1942246" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&id=1942246&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%2588%25E9%25A9%2597%25E5%2590%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E9%25A9%2597"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%2588%25E9%25A9%2597%25E5%2590%258C%25E5%25BE%258C%25E9%25A9%2597"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178161" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p><b>先驗</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：<span lang="la"><i><b>a priori</b></i></span> ；又譯<b>先天</b>）喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>入面指「嚟自先前嘅嘢」，或者引申去「有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="經驗">經驗</a>之前」。喺近代西方傳統入面，認為先驗指無需經驗或者先於經驗獲得嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>。佢通常同埋<b>後驗</b>知識去比較，後驗指嘅就係「有經驗之後」，亦即「需要經驗」。呢種區分嚟自於中世紀邏輯所區分嘅兩種論證，從原因到結果嘅論證叫做「先驗」，而從結果到原因嘅論證就叫做「後驗」（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：<span lang="la"><i><b>a posteriori</b></i></span>）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">認識論</a>嘅基本問題係究竟有冇存在先驗知識。通常嚟講，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a>者係相信存在先驗知識，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>者就認為所有知識根本上源於某種經驗（通常係外部經驗），即係話先驗知識喺某種意義上根本唔重要。重有啲經驗主義者會認為先驗知識只係一啲語詞意義嘅分析，同認識世界完全冇關。 </p><p>理性主義思想家對先驗呢個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="行話">術語</a>畀咗一個合適嘅立足點，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="笛卡兒">笛卡兒</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="萊布尼茲">萊布尼茲</a>，佢哋認為知識可以通過推理獲得，而唔係經驗，數學同埋邏輯真理嘅必然性就係佐證。笛卡爾認為關於自我嘅知識，或者話<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E6%80%9D%E6%95%85%E6%88%91%E5%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="我思故我在">我思故我在</a>，呢樣就係先驗，因為佢認為一個人無需訴諸過去嘅經驗就可以確認自我嘅存在。萊布尼茨區分咗先驗<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F" title="真">真理</a>，即理性真理，同埋後驗真理，即係由經驗確立嘅真理。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>提到，無論係空間，定係空間入面任何一個幾何學嘅先天規定，都唔係一種先驗嘅表象，而只有關於呢啲表像根本唔具有經驗嘅來源、以及佢哋重係能夠先天噉同經驗對象發生關係嘅呢種可能性知識，先可以稱之為先驗。 </p><p>洛克認為反思只係經驗中嘅一部分，提出應該完全放棄先驗呢個觀念。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E4%BC%91%E8%AC%A8" title="大衛休謨">休謨</a>認為所有先驗知識不過係觀念之間嘅關係，呢樣喺佢嘅著作《人類理智研究》中多次提出。由於經驗主義認為一切知識基於經驗，對數學真理同邏輯真理提供一個經驗主義嘅說明就成為佢重要嘅任務。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="例子"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 例子"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>先驗知識同後驗知識嘅分別，可以由下面嘅例去體驗： </p> <dl><dt><i>先驗</i></dt> <dd>諗下呢個命題：「如果佐治五世在位至少四日，噉佢嘅在位時間就超過咗三日」。呢個係先驗知識，因為佢所表達嘅內容只需要憑理性就可以得出。</dd> <dt><i>後驗</i></dt> <dd>諗下呢個命題：「佐治五世由1910年去到1936年在位」。呢個係後驗知識，因為佢所表達嘅內容唔能夠憑理性得出。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="康德對呢樣嘅貢獻"><span id=".E5.BA.B7.E5.BE.B7.E5.B0.8D.E5.91.A2.E6.A8.A3.E5.98.85.E8.B2.A2.E7.8D.BB"></span>康德對呢樣嘅貢獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 康德對呢樣嘅貢獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>十八世紀德國哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>提出咗一種混合<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>嘅理論。康德講，「就算我哋全部知識由經驗開始，但知識係唔會遵循經驗去產生出途徑<sup id="cite_ref-kant_1781_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kant_1781-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。」按照康德嘅理論，後驗知識係屬於經驗，由經驗嘅內容去決定。康德認為：「好有可能，我們嘅經驗知識只係我哋通過印象同認知器官本身提供嘅內容（感官印象只提供咗一種『偶然性』）所得到嘅一個集合。」於是，佢所得出嘅結論同經驗主義者唔同，康德認為先驗知識係獨立於經驗而存在。更進一步講，佢同理性主義者唔同，康德認為先驗知識只係以純粹形式存在，唔會混雜有任何經驗嘅內容。「先驗」知識係對經驗可能性條件嘅推理。呢種「先驗」，或者叫做超驗嘅條件，呢樣係人類認知器官中先天具有，唔可能由任何經驗得到。康德提出呢套理論並且對純粹形式推導出來嘅「先驗」而引起嘅超驗邏輯可能性進行咗討論。純粹「先驗」知識包括類似<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>同因果嘅概念。康德認為，純粹先驗知識可以由佢嘅超驗美學同超驗邏輯所確立。康德提出，如果冇呢啲「先驗」知識作為人類個體認知嘅建構，人類個體就唔會具備經驗嘅能力。例如，當一個人嘅認知器官中時間同因果律都失效時，佢就無法將呢個世界認知為一個由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" title="規律">自然規律</a>所形成嘅世界。呢種睇法就係康德嘅主要著作《純粹理性批判》嘅中心論點——超驗推理。 </p><p>超驗推理唔會迴避時間同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="因果律">因果律</a>嘅客觀性，但考慮到主觀性嘅存在，康德嘗試去討論主觀點樣產生以及佢喺客觀實體同經驗之間嘅關係，以實現「先驗」邏輯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻"><span id=".E5.85.8B.E9.87.8C.E6.99.AE.E5.85.8B.E5.B0.8D.E5.91.A2.E6.A8.A3.E5.98.85.E8.B2.A2.E7.8D.BB"></span>克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 克里普克對呢樣嘅貢獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>克里普克喺《命名與必然性》中批評康德，先驗性係同認識論相關嘅性質，而必然性係同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>相關，兩者唔應該混為一談。首先，佢論證某啲後驗命題視之為必然。 </p><p>例如，啟明星係長庚星。（雖然各自叫法唔同，但佢哋都係<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星">金星</a>嘅名稱）。佢哋必然係同一樣嘢，但呢一種同一性係由後驗得知。 </p><p>同樣地，存在偶然係一個先驗命題。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>嘅米原器曾經以一米作為標準。於是就有下述嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" title="命題">命題</a>，「米原器長一米」，呢個命題只係偶然，因為我咃仍然可以用其他長度定義一米。不過，佢係屬於先驗，因為一米係由米原器嘅長度嚟定義，所以米原器肯定係長一米（喺佢重以一米為標準嗰陣時）。但呢個都係一種循環定義。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻"><span id=".E7.BE.85.E7.B4.A0.E5.B0.8D.E5.91.A2.E6.A8.A3.E5.98.85.E8.B2.A2.E7.8D.BB"></span>羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 羅素對呢樣嘅貢獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="羅素">羅素</a>喺《哲學問題》入面認為先驗知識係共相之間嘅關係。例如，「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2+2=4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2+2=4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb6a3bbd9401d92584246527beee883714954a41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.426ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2+2=4}"></span>」，呢樣代表咗「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}"></span>」、「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe6ef363cd19902d1a7a71fb1c8b21e8ede52406" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +}"></span>」、「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/505a4ceef454c69dffd23792c84b90f488543743" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.307ex; margin-bottom: -0.478ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =}"></span>」、「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/295b4bf1de7cd3500e740e0f4f0635db22d87b42" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4}"></span>」呢樣羅素稱之為共相之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8F%E8%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="拏褦">關係</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 參考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kant_1781-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kant_1781_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant (1781), introduction, §I.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="知識論" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Template:知識論"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Template talk:知識論"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="知識論" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="研究知識本質嘅哲學領域">研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>本質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>領域</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>概念</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%98%85%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="知識嘅定義">定義</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="確定">確定</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F" title="真">真確</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A" title="理據">理據</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTB_%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="JTB 理論">JTB 理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%8F%90%E9%9B%85%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="葛提雅問題">葛提雅問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="證明">證明</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="歸納問題">歸納問題</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%80%80%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="後退論證">後退論證</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%AD%89%E8%87%AA%E6%98%8E" title="不證自明">不證自明</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基礎主義">基礎主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="意見">意見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" title="規律">規律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="建構">建構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="不確定">不確定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92%E9%82%AA%E9%9D%88" title="笛卡兒邪靈">笛卡兒邪靈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">哲學分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE" title="簡單">簡單</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>知識分類</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="陳述知識">陳述知識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="過程知識">過程知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="親身知識">親身知識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%AC%9B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="聽講知識">聽講知識</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">先驗同後驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="先天知識">先天知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98" title="常識">常識</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>主要學派</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E8%AB%96" title="知識懷疑論">懷疑論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論">還原論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="相對主義">相對主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AB%96" title="唯心論">唯心論</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AA%AA" title="固有知識說">固有知識說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="感覺主義">感覺主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實證主義">實證主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology">自然化知識論</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" class="extiw" title="en:Contextualism">文脈主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%9F%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E8%AB%96" title="天真現實論">天真現實論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現象主義">現象主義</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>重要學者</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%9B%A7%E7%AF%87" title="美盧篇">美盧篇</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里士多德">阿里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%85%A7%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="勒內·笛卡兒">笛卡兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E4%BC%91%E8%AC%A8" title="大衛休謨">大衛休謨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努爾·康德">伊曼努爾·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%8F%90%E9%9B%85" title="艾德蒙德·葛提雅">艾德蒙德·葛提雅</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>拉雜相關</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">Intellect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%B6%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="桶中腦">桶中腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="啟蒙時期">啟蒙時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" title="概率論">概率論</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科學哲學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:科學哲學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:科學哲學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科學哲學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="探討「科學呢家嘢應該點樣搞？」嘅哲學">探討「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>呢家嘢應該點樣搞？」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重要概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">界定<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E7%95%8C%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="科學分界問題">科學分界問題</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%BA%A6" title="可測試度">可測試度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="假科學">假科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE" title="發現">發現</a>定係<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="發明">發明</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%8C%96" title="量化">量化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="建構">建構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B" title="解釋">解釋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋力</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論">還原論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="科學定律">定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="因果關係">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F" title="範式">範式</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="範式轉移">轉移</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%9A%E7%B4%84" title="可通約">可通約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F" title="理論滲透">理論滲透</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="理論選擇">理論選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%8C%96" title="理想化">理想化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理論間歸約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Intertheoretic reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%96%93%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理論間歸約 (無呢版)">理論間歸約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Intertheoretic reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intertheoretic reduction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="歸納問題">歸納問題</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="黑天鵝效應">黑天鵝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="再現">再現</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="不充分決定論">不充分決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4" title="證據一致">證據一致</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="意見">意見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">哲學分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA" title="本質">本質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="齊一論">齊一論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B%E8%80%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%94%94%E7%9F%A5%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E9%83%BD%E5%94%94%E6%9C%83%E7%9F%A5" title="我哋而家唔知，將來都唔會知">我哋而家唔知，將來都唔會知</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關思想</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗</a>主義</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實證主義">實證主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自然主義">自然主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基礎主義">基礎主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism">整體確定主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" class="extiw" title="en:Constructive empiricism">建構經驗主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">領域哲學</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學哲學">物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="化學哲學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學哲學">社會科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學哲學">電腦科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科學革命">科學革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%90%8C%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="硬同軟科學">硬同軟科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96" title="科學論">科學論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="科學史">科學史</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2" title="進化論史">進化論史</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="複雜系統">複雜系統</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:科學哲學">科學哲學類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="研究" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Template:研究"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:研究 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="研究" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="「用創意同有系統嘅方法嚟增進知識」嘅過程">「用<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同有系統嘅方法嚟增進<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>」嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業">專業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="跨學科研究">跨學科</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BookReader-favicon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/150px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/225px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/300px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究過程</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="研究設計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Research design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="研究設計 (無呢版)">研究設計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design" class="extiw" title="en:Research design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Research design</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E6%9B%B8" title="研究計劃書">計劃書</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="研究問題">問題</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" title="學術寫作">學術寫作</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="參考文獻">參考文獻</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%87%E6%80%A7" title="互文性">互文性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="論證">論證</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="方法學">方法研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="敘事分析">敘事分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AE%E6%A0%B9%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="紮根理論">紮根理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="史學方法">史學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藝術方法學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Art methodology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藝術方法學 (無呢版)">藝術方法學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_methodology" class="extiw" title="en:Art methodology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art methodology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7" title="科學對照">對照</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="實驗設計">設計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%B5%84%E5%90%8C%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" title="實驗組同對照組">實驗組同對照組</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="隨機化實驗">隨機化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="析因實驗">析因</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實地實驗">實地</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="自然實驗">自然</a>實驗</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="盲實驗">盲實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="準實驗">準實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="二次研究">二次研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="文獻計量學">文獻計量學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="科學模型">科學模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="模擬">模擬</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="考察">考察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面談</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="對話分析">對話分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主題分析">主題分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">機構制度</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="研究院">研究院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="碩士">碩士</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士">博士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85" title="學者">學者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="研究助理">研究助理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="論文">論文</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" title="博士論文">博士論文</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="學術出版">出版</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">期刊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%90%8C%E5%84%95%E4%BA%92%E8%A9%95" title="學術同儕互評">同儕互評</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83" title="學術研討會">研討會</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">先驗同後驗</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BB%BD%E5%AD%90" title="知識份子">知識份子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="事後分析">事後分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%8C%96" title="量化">量化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="圖書館學詞彙表">詞彙表</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="科學運算">科學運算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書">百科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AF%86" title="保密">保密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E5%A1%94" title="象牙塔">象牙塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗嘢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="創新">創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%9B%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教書哲學">教書哲學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Category:研究">研究類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=先驗同後驗&oldid=1942246">https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=先驗同後驗&oldid=1942246</a>」收</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:分類">屬於1類</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Category:知識論">知識論</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">屬於1隱類：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87%E5%98%85%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="Category:有拉丁文嘅文章">有拉丁文嘅文章</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 呢版上次改係2023年1月26號 (禮拜四) 13:43 嘅事。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">呢度嘅所有文字係根據<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 牌照 4.0</a>嘅條款發佈；可能會有附加嘅條款。利用呢個網站，你同意<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">利用條款</a>同埋<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a>。Wikipedia® 係<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> 嘅註冊商標，一個非牟利機構。</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC">關於維基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E8%81%B2%E6%98%8E">免責聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行為準則</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">開發人員</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh-yue.wikipedia.org">統計</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手提版</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-96d7s","wgBackendResponseTime":489,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.205","walltime":"0.313","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1573,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":89690,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7900,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1523,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 193.778 1 -total"," 53.06% 102.812 2 Template:Lang-la"," 32.52% 63.026 5 Template:Navbox"," 22.10% 42.826 1 Template:科學哲學"," 20.84% 40.374 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 12.52% 24.265 2 Template:Navbox_subgroup"," 8.25% 15.995 1 Template:研究"," 7.73% 14.983 1 Template:知識論"," 7.72% 14.966 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.71% 14.938 3 Template:Tsl"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.093","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16460700,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-96d7s","timestamp":"20241202214110","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u5148\u9a57\u540c\u5f8c\u9a57","url":"https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178161","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178161","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-01-17T13:12:20Z","dateModified":"2023-01-26T13:43:39Z"}</script> </body> </html>