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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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title="Lakvietai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lakvietai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%89%E8%B6%8A" title="貉越 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貉越" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Лаквьеты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаквьеты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Vietnam" title="Category:History of Vietnam">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of <span class="fn org label">Vietnam</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichsuvietnammoi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/150px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/225px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/300px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Vi_culture" title="Sơn Vi culture">Sơn Vi culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20,000 BC–12,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12,000 BC–10,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_S%C6%A1n_culture" title="Bắc Sơn culture">Bắc Sơn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10,000 BC–8,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_culture" title="Quỳnh Văn culture">Quỳnh Văn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8,000 BC–6,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90a_B%C3%BAt_culture" title="Đa Bút culture">Đa Bút culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4,000 BC–3,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9ng_Nguy%C3%AAn_culture" title="Phùng Nguyên culture">Phùng Nguyên culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2,000 BC–1,500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_culture" title="Đồng Đậu culture">Đồng Đậu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,500 BC–1,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B2_Mun_culture" title="Gò Mun culture">Gò Mun culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,000–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–100 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–200 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Óc Eo culture">Óc Eo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1–630 AD)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2879 BC</abbr>–258 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Thục dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 257 BC–179 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204 BC–111 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Dominated</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">1st Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 111 BC–40 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 40–43</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">2nd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 43–544</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">544–602</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">3rd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">602–938</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Dynastic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 939–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 965–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 968–980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Later Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1009–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1225–1400</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–1407</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">4th Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1407–1428</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1428–1527</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Later Lê Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1533–1789</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1778–1802</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1802–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#French_colonial_era_(1858–1945)" title="History of Vietnam">Colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1862–1945 / 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French Annam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1945 / 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French Tonkin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1945 / 1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1887–1946/1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a><br /><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975–1976 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a><br /><small></small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1949–1955 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976-now</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam#History" title="Vietnam">Non-Vietnamese history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 68–627</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 192–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_archaeological_site" title="Cát Tiên archaeological site">Cát Tiên archaeological site</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 300–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–781</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 738–902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 802–1431</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 937–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nung-Zhuang kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1042–1052</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C6%B0u_H%E1%BB%91ng" title="Ngưu Hống">Ngưu Hống</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1061–1432</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Jarai kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1600–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1707–1832</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Vietnam">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Vietnam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Lạc Việt</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi" style="font-style: normal;">Lạc Việt</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A7%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:駱">駱</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a><br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:雒">雒</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a></span></span></td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lạc Việt</b> or <b>Luoyue</b> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A7%B1%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:駱越">駱越</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%92%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:雒越">雒越</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Luòyuè</span></i> ← <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: *<i>lɑk̚-ɦʉɐt̚</i> ← <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> *<i>râk-wat</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were an ancient conglomeration of likely multilinguistic tribal peoples, specifically <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> tribal peoples that inhabited ancient northern Vietnam, and, particularly the ancient <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196714_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196714-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from approximately 700 BC to 100 AD, during the last stage of Neolithic Southeast Asia and the beginning of the period of classical antiquity. From archaeological perspectives, they were known as the Dongsonian. The <i>Lạc Việt</i> was known for casting large Heger Type I bronze drums, cultivating paddy rice, and constructing dikes. The Lạc Việt who owned the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn culture">Đông Sơn culture</a>, which centered at the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> (now in northern Vietnam, in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are hypothesized to be the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Kinh_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh Vietnamese">Kinh Vietnamese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another population of Luoyue, who inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Zuo_River" title="Zuo River">Zuo river</a>'s valley (now in modern <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a>), are believed to be the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-chinadiscovery_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinadiscovery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unesco_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additionally, Luoyue in southern China are believed to be ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Hlai people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg/250px-Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg/375px-Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg/500px-Rock_painting_hua_mountain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of the ethnonym <i>Lạc</i> applied to this people is uncertain. </p><p>Based on Chinese observers' remarks that the <i>Lạc</i> people's <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddies</a> depended on water-control systems like tidal-irrigation & draining, so that the floody, swampy <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> might be suitable for agriculture, many scholars opted to find its etymology in the semantic field "water". Japanese scholar Gotō Kimpei links <i>Lạc</i> to Vietnamese noun(s) <i>lạch</i> ~ <i>rạch</i> "ditch, canal, waterway".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese scholar Nguyễn Kim Thản (apud Vũ Thế Ngọc, 1989) suggests that <i>Lạc</i> simply means "water" and is comparable to phonetically similar elements in two compounds <i>nước <b>rạc</b></i> (lit. "ebbing (tidal) water") & <i>cạn <b>rặc</b></i> (lit. "utterly dried up [of water]").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, French linguist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a> proposes that 駱/雒 (OC *<i>rak</i>) is monosyllabified from the areal ethnonym <i>*b.rak</i> ~ <i>*p.rak</i> by loss of the first element in the iambic cluster. The ethnonym <i>*b.rak</i> ~ <i>*p.rak</i> underlies *<i>prɔːk</i>, ethnonym of the <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa people</a>, *<i>rɔːk</i>, ethonym of a <a href="/wiki/Khmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmu">Khmu</a> subgroup, and possibly the ethnonym of <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai people</a> (白族 <i>Báizú</i>). Ferlus also suggests that <i>*b.rak</i> ~ <i>*p.rak</i> underlies 百越 <i><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Bǎiyuè</a></i> (< OC*<i>prâk</i>-<i>wat</i>)'s first syllable 百 <i>Bǎi</i> (< OC *<i>prâk</i>), initially just a phonogram to transcribe the ethnonym <i>*p.rak</i> ~ <i>*b.rak</i> yet later reconstrued as "hundred".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009a1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009a1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferlus etymologises 百 <i>bǎi</i> < *<i>p.rak</i> and 白 <i>bái</i> < *<i>b.rak</i>, used to name populations south of China, as from etymon *<i>p.ra:k</i> "<a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> > edible <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuber</a>", which underlays <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a> cognate words meaning "taro" (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> เผือก <i>pʰɨak<sup>D1</sup></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a> <i>ja:k</i>, <a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a> <i>pɣaːk</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); and Ferlus additionally proposes that *<i>p.ra:k</i> was used to by rice-growers to designate taro-growing horticulturists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20117-9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20117-9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg/200px-Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg/300px-Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg/400px-Trong_dong_Dong_Son_Guimet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Dong Son drum displayed in <a href="/wiki/Musee_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musee Guimet">Musee Guimet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a legend recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%A9nh_Nam_ch%C3%ADch_qu%C3%A1i" title="Lĩnh Nam chích quái">Lĩnh Nam chích quái</a></i>, the Lạc Việt founded a state called <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a> in 2879 BC. They formed a loose circle of power led by Lac lords and princes, the territory is subdivided into fiefs governed by hereditary chiefs. Their leaders were called <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B9ng_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hùng kings">Lạc kings</a> (Hùng kings) who were served by Lạc marquises and Lạc generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley201488_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley201488-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, Âu Lạc was referred as the "Western Ou" (v. Tây Âu) and "Luo" (v. Lạc) and they were lumped into the category of <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic">Sinitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> peoples to the north of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201531_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201531-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRolett201928_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRolett201928-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>'s encyclopedia <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a></i> mentioned the name <i>Yueluo</i> 越駱 (SV: <i>Việt Lạc</i>), which the Han historian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gao_You" title="Gao You">Gao You</a> asserted to be a country's name (國名).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither <i>Lüshi Chunqiu</i> nor Gao You indicated where Yueluo was located. Sinologists Knoblock and Riegel propose that <i>Yueluo</i> 越駱 was probably a mistake for <i>Luoyue</i> 駱越.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a fourth century chronicle, <a href="/wiki/An_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="An Dương Vương">Thục Phán</a> (King An Dương) led the Western Ou (Âu) tribe or the <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a> subdued the Luo tribes and formed the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a> in around 257 BC. The new Âu overlords established their headquarters in Xiwu (Tây Vu), where they built a large citadel, known to history as <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a> or <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a> Thành, "Ancient Conch Citadel."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198321_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198321-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>, conquered Âu Lạc and established his rule over the region in 179 BC, these Lac princes became his vassals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès201539,_40–42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès201539,_40–42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 111 BC, a militarily powerful <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">conquered</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">annexed</a> the lands of the Lac Viet into the Han empire, and established the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiuzhen" title="Jiuzhen">Jiuzhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinan" title="Rinan">Rinan</a> commanderies. </p><p>Reacting against a Chinese attempt to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">colonialize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilize</a>, the Trung sisters revolted against the Sinitic ruling class in 39 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201976-79_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201976-79-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After gaining a brief independence amid the <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a>, Lac chiefs along with its social elites were massacred, deported, and forced to <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">adopt</a> Han cultures in a reactionary military response led by Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201981_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Chinese historians writing of Ma Yuan's expedition referred to the Lac/Luo as the "Luoyue" or simply as the "Yue."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198333_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198333-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there is no information and record about the Lac after 44 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them were hypothesized to have fled to the southern hinterlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000113–114_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000113–114-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_genetics">Language and genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language and genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The linguistic origins of the Lạc Việt have continued to remain controversial as they were generally believed to be <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, they are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>-speaking by Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Edward Schafer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196714_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196714-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a> in 2009 draws his conclusion that they were northern <a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a> (Viet–Muong) speakers and believes that the Vietnamese are direct descendants of the Dongsonians (i.e. Lac Viet).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009b105_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009b105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keith Taylor (2014) speculates that, the Lac Viet were either <a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Proto-Viet-Muong</a> speakers or <a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a> speakers, another Austroasiatic group who inhabit northwest Vietnam and northern Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201634_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201634-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Chamberlain (2016), on the other hand, proposes that the Lac Viet were ancestors to <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a> speakers and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a>-speakers (including <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201664–67_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201664–67-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, based on layers of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in proto-<a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a> and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from the modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometimes between the 8th–10th centuries CE at the earliest,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long after 44BCE, when the Luoyue had been last mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence reveals that during the pre-Dongson period, the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> was prominently Austroasiatic: for instance, genetic samples from the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1n_B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Mán Bạc">Mán Bạc</a> burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then during the Dongson period, genetic examples yield to a significant proportion of <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> stocks (known as <a href="/wiki/Au_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Au Viet">Au</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lao_drum" title="Li Lao drum">Li-Lao</a>) possibly living along with <a href="/wiki/Vietic_peoples" title="Vietic peoples">Vietic</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlves20197_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves20197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG/200px-Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG/300px-Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG/400px-Water_buffalo-Dong_Son_culture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Water buffalo and farmer figure, 500 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_2000_284_58.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MET_2000_284_58.jpg/220px-MET_2000_284_58.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MET_2000_284_58.jpg/330px-MET_2000_284_58.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MET_2000_284_58.jpg/440px-MET_2000_284_58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Luoyue axe, Northern Vietnam, 500 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lạc lords were hereditary aristocrats in something like a feudal system. The status of Lạc lords passed through the family line of one's mother and tribute was obtained from communities of agriculturalists who practiced group responsibility. In Lạc society, access to land was based on communal usage rather than individual ownership and women possessed inheritance rights. While in Chinese society men inherited wealth through their fathers, in Lạc society both men and women inherited wealth through their mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201320_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201320-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Han Chinese had described the people of Âu Lạc as barbaric in need of civilizing, regarding them as lacking morals and modesty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201971_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201971-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese chronicles maintain the native people in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong River Delta">Hong River Delta</a> were deficient in knowledge of agriculture, metallurgy, politics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20157_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their civilization was a by-product of Chinese colonization. They denied <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> cultural evolution or social complexity, attributing any development to Sinicization,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015147,_157_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015147,_157-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimLaiTrinh20101012_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimLaiTrinh20101012-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979143-144_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979143-144-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they were aware of this "stable, structured, productive, populous, and relatively sophisticated" society they encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A record from the 220s BCE reported "unorthodox customs" of inhabitants in parts of the region:“To crop the hair, decorate the body, rub pigment into arms and fasten garments on the left side is the way of the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a>. In the country of Xiwu (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <span title="Chữ Quốc Ngữ"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Tây Vu</i></span></span>) the habit is to blacken teeth, scar cheeks and wear caps of sheat [catfish] skin stitched crudely with an awl.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201961_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201961-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a> described the region as thick with dense forests, and full of ponds and lakes, with countless wild animals like elephants, rhinoceros and tigers, while the locals earned their living by hunting and fishing, using bows propelling poisoned arrows, tattooing themselves, and wearing chignon and turbans. They also are said to know how to cast copper implements and pointed arrowheads, chewing betel nuts and blackening their teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201973_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201973-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such descriptions of the kingdom bear little resemblance to what we know: not a place of fertile cultivation or habitation on a large scale. Some of the descriptions may apply rather well to the region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, which remain inhospitable for many years to come, evident in census of the year 2 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979144_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979144-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women enjoyed high status in Lạc society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETessitore198936_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETessitore198936-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a society is a matrilocal society, a societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents. Thus, the female offspring of a mother remain living in (or near) the mother's house, forming large clan-families couples after marriage would often go to live with the wife's family. It has also been said that Proto-Vietnamese society was <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979159_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of Lạc lords transferred through the mother's lineage while women possessed inheritance rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201320_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201320-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, they also practiced <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_VosSlote199891_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_VosSlote199891-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning widows had a right to marry a male relative of her late husband, often his brother, to obtain heirs. This practice provided an heir for the mother, protecting widows' interests and reflecting female authority, although some patriarchal societies used it to keep wealth within the male family bloodline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201320_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201320-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy was characterized by agriculture with wet rice cultivation, <a href="/wiki/Draft_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animals">draft animals</a>, metal plowshares, axes and other tools, as well as irrigation complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultivation of irrigated rice may have started in the beginning of the second millennium BCE, evidenced by findings from palynological sequences,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201515_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201515-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while metal tools were regularly used before any significant Sino-Vietic interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapuis (1995) also suggested the existence of line fishing and some specialization and division of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapuis19957_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis19957-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was also a major node or hub of interregional access and exchange, connected to other area through an extensive extraregional trade network, since well before the first millennium BC, thanks to its strategic location, enjoying access to key interaction routes and resources, including proximity to major rivers or the coast<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a high distribution of copper, tin, and lead ores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201512,_115–116,_124,_126,_130,_147_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201512,_115–116,_124,_126,_130,_147-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalo200959_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalo200959-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim (2015) believed its economic and commercial value, including its location and access to key waterways and exotic tropical goods, would have been main reasons the Chinese conquered the region, giving them unrestricted access to other parts of Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015123,_147_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015123,_147-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contested_ancestors_and_nationalism">Contested ancestors and nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contested ancestors and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lạc Việt'sh vague identity and heritage are claimed today by from both those in China and Vietnam. Nationalist scholarships from both sides misinterpret the Lạc Việt/Luoyue as a distinct ancient ethnic group with direct unbreakable connections to modern <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> (Kinh people) in Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a>. Several Vietnamese scholars from the 1950s have argued that the Lạc Việt/Luoyue were exclusively ancestors of the Vietnamese Kinh people. On the Chinese side, the Lạc Việt/Luoyue are remembered as an ancient Zhuang kingdom and ancestors of the Zhuang. <i>Lạc Việt/Luoyue</i> however was a merely xenonym used by ancient Han Empire scribers to refer the tribal confederation in ancient <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a> whom they believed to be a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Yue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Yue and Luoyue likely refer to diverse groups of peoples speaking different languages who perhaps shared certain cultural practices, rather than to a clearly defined ethnic group speaking a single language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201521_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201521-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201552_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201552-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201565_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201565-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="An Dương Vương">An Dương Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn culture">Đông Sơn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Yue">Hundred Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Việt">Nam Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hồ Ngọc Đức's Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project glosses <i>rặc</i> as "means tidal water when falling"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norquest (2020) reconstructs <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Kra-Dai">Proto-Kra-Dai</a> *<i>pəˀrˠáːk</i> "taro"<sup id="cite_ref-Norquest_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norquest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One such last mention of the Luoyue was by Western Han official Jia Juanzhi during the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han#Era_names" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Chuyuan</a> years (48 - 44 BCE) of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Emperor Yuan of Han</a>'s reign and recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Han Shu</a></i> (finished in 111 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was located near present-day Hanoi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201512_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201512-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuessler, Axel. (2007) <i>An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196714-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196714_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196714_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer 1967</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoàng2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Anh_Tu%E1%BA%A5n" title="Hoàng Anh Tuấn">Hoàng, Anh Tuấn</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFFfRz8tBrMC&pg=PA12"><i>Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 - 1700</i></a>. BRILL. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15601-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+for+Silver%3A+Dutch-Vietnamese+Rerlations+%3B+1637+-+1700&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15601-2&rft.aulast=Ho%C3%A0ng&rft.aufirst=Anh+Tu%E1%BA%A5n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFFfRz8tBrMC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerlus2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ferlus, Michel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00932218v3/document">"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese"</a>. <i>Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society</i>. <b>1</b>: 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=A+Layer+of+Dongsonian+Vocabulary+in+Vietnamese&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=105&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ferlus&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00932218v3%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinadiscovery-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinadiscovery_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadiscovery.com/guangxi/zuojiang-huashan-rock-art-cultural-landscape.html">"Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape - UNESCO World Heritage"</a>. <i>www.chinadiscovery.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadiscovery.com&rft.atitle=Zuojiang+Huashan+Rock+Art+Cultural+Landscape+-+UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadiscovery.com%2Fguangxi%2Fzuojiang-huashan-rock-art-cultural-landscape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607162305/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5340/">"The Rock Painting of the Mountain Huashan - UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5340">original</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/test/2006-04/14/content_254180.htm">"黎族 (The Li People)"</a> (in Chinese). 国家民委网站 (State Ethnic Affairs Commission). 14 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>在我国古籍上很早就有关于黎族先民的记载。<b>西汉以前曾经以 "骆越"</b>，东汉以"里"、"蛮"，隋唐以"俚"、"僚"等名称，来泛称我国南方的一些少数民族，其中也包括海南岛黎族的远古祖先。"黎"这一族称最早正式出现在唐代后期的文献上...... 南朝梁大同中(540—541年)，由于儋耳地方俚僚（包括黎族先民）1000多峒 "归附"冼夫人，由"请命于朝"，而重置崖州。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%8E%E6%97%8F+%28The+Li+People%29&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99+%28State+Ethnic+Affairs+Commission%29&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Ftest%2F2006-04%2F14%2Fcontent_254180.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198310-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198310_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/TD/td/index.php?bpos=362193&db=vv">"rặc"</a>. <i>Hồ Ngọc Đức's Vietnamese dictionary</i> (in Vietnamese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%E1%BB%93+Ng%E1%BB%8Dc+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s+Vietnamese+dictionary&rft.atitle=r%E1%BA%B7c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatik.uni-leipzig.de%2F~duc%2FTD%2Ftd%2Findex.php%3Fbpos%3D362193%26db%3Dvv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vũ, Thế Ngọc. (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mevietnam.org/NguonGoc/vtn-quochieu.html">"The Meaning of the National Name Lạc Việt"</a>. <i>Đặc San Đền Hùng</i> (in Vietnamese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009a1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009a1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerlus2009a">Ferlus 2009a</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norquest-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norquest_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norquest, Peter. 2020. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2429/74055">A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra-Dai</a></i>. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus20117-9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus20117-9_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerlus2011">Ferlus 2011</a>, p. 7-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley201488-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley201488_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelley2014">Kelley 2014</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201531-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201531_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrindley2015">Brindley 2015</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRolett201928-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRolett201928_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWuRolett2019">Wu & Rolett 2019</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lüshi Chunqiu</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=23585">original text</a>: "和之美者：…… ，<b>越駱</b>之菌，……" Knoblock & Riegel (2000)'s translation: "The finest of the seasoning agents are [...] the bamboo shoots from <b>Yueluo</b>; [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lüshi Chunqiu</i>, commentated by Gao You. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibu_Congkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibu Congkan (page does not exist)">Sibu Congkan</a> version. original text: "越駱國名" <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Sibu_Congkan0422-%E9%AB%98%E8%AA%98-%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B-5-3.djvu/14">page 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knoblock, John & Riegel, Jeffrey (translators) (2000) <i>The Annals of Lü Buwei</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 810</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198321-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198321_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedès201539,_40–42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedès201539,_40–42_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedès2015">Coedès (2015)</a>, pp. 39, 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201976-79-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201976-79_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 76-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201981-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201981_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198333-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198333_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hanshu</i> Vol. 64b <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7064%E4%B8%8B#%E8%B3%88%E6%8D%90%E4%B9%8B">Account of Jia Juanzhi</a> text: "何況乃復其南方萬里之蠻乎！駱越之人父子同川而浴，相習以鼻飲，與禽獸無異，本不足郡縣置也。" translation: "Let alone, again, the <a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">barbarians</a> tens-of-thousands of li to the South! The Luoyue: their fathers and children bathe in the same river; they drink together with their noses; they're not different at all from the birds and beasts It's not worth it establishing commanderies and prefectures there!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201984_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000113–114-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000113–114_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2000">Chamberlain (2000)</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2013" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Lincoln (2013-10-29). <i>The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96225-6"><bdi>978-0-307-96225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Civilization%3A+A+Maritime+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-307-96225-6&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmigh1996" class="citation book cs1">Emigh, John (1996). <i>Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1336-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masked+Performance%3A+The+Play+of+Self+and+Other+in+Ritual+and+Theatre&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1336-2&rft.aulast=Emigh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&q=dong+son+austroasiatic&pg=PA496"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26q%3Ddong%2Bson%2Baustroasiatic%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2012" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Bruce W. (2012). <i>Ethnic Jewellery from Indonesia: Continuity and Evolution : the Manfred Giehmann Collection</i>. Editions Didier Millet. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4260-68-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4260-68-8"><bdi>978-981-4260-68-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Jewellery+from+Indonesia%3A+Continuity+and+Evolution+%3A+the+Manfred+Giehmann+Collection&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4260-68-8&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009b105-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerlus2009b105_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerlus2009b">Ferlus 2009b</a>, pp. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201634-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201634_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain 2016</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201664–67-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201664–67_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain 2016</a>, p. 64–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittayaporn2014">Pittayaporn 2014</a>, pp. 47–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018">Lipson et al. 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlves20197-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlves20197_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlves2019">Alves 2019</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201320-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201320_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201320_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201320_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201971-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201971_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20157-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20157_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015147,_157-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015147,_157_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>, p. 147, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimLaiTrinh20101012-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimLaiTrinh20101012_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimLaiTrinh2010">Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010</a>, p. 1012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979143-144-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979143-144_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’Harrow1979">O’Harrow 1979</a>, p. 143-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979142_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’Harrow1979">O’Harrow 1979</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201961-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201961_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201973-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201973_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979144-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979144_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’Harrow1979">O’Harrow 1979</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETessitore198936-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETessitore198936_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTessitore1989">Tessitore 1989</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979159-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Harrow1979159_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’Harrow1979">O’Harrow 1979</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan201951_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_VosSlote199891-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_VosSlote199891_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_VosSlote1998">De Vos & Slote 1998</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201515-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201515_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis19957-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapuis19957_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapuis1995">Chapuis 1995</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201512-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201512_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201512,_115–116,_124,_126,_130,_147-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201512,_115–116,_124,_126,_130,_147_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>, pp. 12, 115–116, 124, 126, 130, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalo200959-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalo200959_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalo2009">Calo 2009</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015123,_147-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015123,_147_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>, pp. 123, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyHong2021" class="citation cs2">Kelley, Liam C.; Hong, Hai Dinh (2021), "Competing Imagined Ancestries: The Lạc Việt, the Vietnamese, and the Zhuang", in Gillen, Jamie; Kelley, Liam C.; Le, Ha Pahn (eds.), <i>Vietnam at the Vanguard: New Perspectives Across Time, Space, and Community</i>, Springer Singapore, pp. 88–107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81165-055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81165-055-0"><bdi>978-9-81165-055-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Competing+Imagined+Ancestries%3A+The+L%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t%2C+the+Vietnamese%2C+and+the+Zhuang&rft.btitle=Vietnam+at+the+Vanguard%3A+New+Perspectives+Across+Time%2C+Space%2C+and+Community&rft.pages=88-107&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9-81165-055-0&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Liam+C.&rft.au=Hong%2C+Hai+Dinh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201521-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201521_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrindley2015">Brindley 2015</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201552-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201552_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrindley2015">Brindley 2015</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201565-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley201565_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrindley2015">Brindley 2015</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2019" class="citation conference cs1">Alves, Mark (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333720204"><i>Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture</i></a>. Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Data+from+Multiple+Disciplines+Connecting+Vietic+with+the+Dong+Son+Culture&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F333720204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrindley2015" class="citation book cs1">Brindley, Erica (2015). <i>Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE</i>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3tuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vietnam, Past and Present</i></a>. Avalon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813343082" title="Special:BookSources/9780813343082"><bdi>9780813343082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780813343082&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3tuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2010" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, S. D. (2010). <i>Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-680-1"><bdi>978-1-57808-680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rice%3A+Origin%2C+Antiquity+and+History&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-680-1&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward Hetzel</a> (1967), <i>The Vermilion Bird</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01145-8"><bdi>978-0-520-01145-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vermilion+Bird&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01145-8&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hetzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). <i>The Birth of the Vietnam</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07417-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-vietnamese/provincial-era/D0C79C8ED6868DDE48C2D867CBC98FFD"><i>A History of the Vietnamese</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521875868" title="Special:BookSources/9780521875868"><bdi>9780521875868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780521875868&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-the-vietnamese%2Fprovincial-era%2FD0C79C8ED6868DDE48C2D867CBC98FFD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTessitore1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tessitore, John (1989). "View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship Between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium BC". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 31–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928187">42928187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=View+from+the+East+Mountain%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Relationship+Between+the+Dong+Son+and+Lake+Tien+Civilizations+in+the+First+Millennium+BC&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tessitore&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐào_Duy_Anh1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0o_Duy_Anh" title="Đào Duy Anh">Đào Duy Anh</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBBKjgEACAAJ"><i>Lịch sử Cổ đại Việt Nam</i></a> [<i>越南古代史</i>]. Translated by 刘统文; 子钺. <a href="/wiki/China_Science_Publishing_%26_Media" title="China Science Publishing & Media">China Science Publishing & Media</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+C%E1%BB%95+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.pub=China+Science+Publishing+%26+Media&rft.date=1959&rft.au=%C4%90%C3%A0o+Duy+Anh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBBKjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuRolett2019" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Chunming; Rolett, Barry Vladimir (2019). <i>Prehistoric Maritime Cultures and Seafaring in East Asia</i>. Springer Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9813292567" title="Special:BookSources/978-9813292567"><bdi>978-9813292567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Maritime+Cultures+and+Seafaring+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9813292567&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Chunming&rft.au=Rolett%2C+Barry+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYü1986" class="citation book cs1">Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han+Foreign+Relations&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC%E2%80%93AD+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Ying-shih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2HKxK5N2sAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%E1%BA%A1c+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lạc_Việt&oldid=1254090181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lạc_Việt&oldid=1254090181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_BC_Asian_people" title="Category:3rd-century BC Asian people">3rd-century BC Asian people</a></li><li><a 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