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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periodisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Buddhism_in_China_(c._200–500)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Buddhism_in_China_(c._200–500)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Introduction of Buddhism in China (c. 200–500)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Buddhism_in_China_(c._200–500)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinification_of_Buddhism_and_Taoist_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinification_of_Buddhism_and_Taoist_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Sinification of Buddhism and Taoist influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinification_of_Buddhism_and_Taoist_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Divisions of training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legendary_or_Proto-Chan_(c._500–600)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_or_Proto-Chan_(c._500–600)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legendary or Proto-Chan (c. 500–600)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_or_Proto-Chan_(c._500–600)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahākāśyapa_and_the_Flower_Sermon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahākāśyapa_and_the_Flower_Sermon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Mahākāśyapa and the Flower Sermon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahākāśyapa_and_the_Flower_Sermon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_six_patriarchs_(c._500_–_early_8th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_six_patriarchs_(c._500_–_early_8th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>First six patriarchs (c. 500 – early 8th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_six_patriarchs_(c._500_–_early_8th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lankavatara_Sutra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lankavatara_Sutra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Lankavatara Sutra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lankavatara_Sutra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhidharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhidharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Bodhidharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhidharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Huike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Chan_in_Tang_China_(c._600–900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Chan_in_Tang_China_(c._600–900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early Chan in Tang China (c. 600–900)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Chan_in_Tang_China_(c._600–900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Mountain_Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Mountain_Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>East Mountain Teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Mountain_Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_School_–_Huineng_and_Shenhui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_School_–_Huineng_and_Shenhui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Southern School – Huineng and Shenhui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_School_–_Huineng_and_Shenhui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_Chan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_Chan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tibetan Chan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_Chan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_or_Middle_Chan_–_Tang_dynasty_(c._750–1000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_or_Middle_Chan_–_Tang_dynasty_(c._750–1000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Classical or Middle Chan – Tang dynasty (c. 750–1000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_or_Middle_Chan_–_Tang_dynasty_(c._750–1000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-An_Lu-shan_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Lu-shan_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>An Lu-shan rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Lu-shan_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hung-chou_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hung-chou_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Hung-chou School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hung-chou_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shitou_Xiqian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shitou_Xiqian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Shitou Xiqian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shitou_Xiqian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>The Great Persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period_(907–960/979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period_(907–960/979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.5</span> <span>Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period_(907–960/979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_Chan_–_Song_dynasty_(c._960–1300)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_Chan_–_Song_dynasty_(c._960–1300)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Literary Chan – Song dynasty (c. 960–1300)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_Chan_–_Song_dynasty_(c._960–1300)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five_Houses_of_Chan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Houses_of_Chan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Five Houses of Chan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Houses_of_Chan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_Linji-school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Linji-school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Rise of the Linji-school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Linji-school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dahui_Zonggao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dahui_Zonggao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Dahui Zonggao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dahui_Zonggao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koan-system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koan-system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Koan-system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koan-system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silent_illumination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_illumination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>Silent illumination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_illumination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_Chan_(c._1300–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_Chan_(c._1300–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Post-classical Chan (c. 1300–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_Chan_(c._1300–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yuan_dynasty_(1279–1368)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuan_dynasty_(1279–1368)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuan_dynasty_(1279–1368)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Ming dynasty (1368–1644)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty_(1644–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty_(1644–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.3</span> <span>Qing dynasty (1644–1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty_(1644–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modernisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century_(late_Qing_dynasty)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_(late_Qing_dynasty)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>19th century (late Qing dynasty)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_(late_Qing_dynasty)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)_–_First_Buddhist_Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)_–_First_Buddhist_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Republic of China (1912–1949) – First Buddhist Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)_–_First_Buddhist_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–present)_–_Second_Buddhist_Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–present)_–_Second_Buddhist_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>People's Republic of China (1949–present) – Second Buddhist Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–present)_–_Second_Buddhist_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.4</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spread_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thiền_in_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thiền_in_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Thiền in Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thiền_in_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seon_in_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seon_in_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seon in Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seon_in_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zen_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zen_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Zen in Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zen_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chan_in_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chan_in_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chan in Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chan_in_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chan_in_the_Western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chan_in_the_Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chan in the Western world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chan_in_the_Western_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chan in the Western world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chan_in_the_Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Chan_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Chan_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Western Chan lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Chan_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Doctrinal background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrinal_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrinal background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polarities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Polarities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute-relative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute-relative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Absolute-relative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute-relative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha-nature_and_śūnyatā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha-nature_and_śūnyatā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Buddha-nature and śūnyatā</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha-nature_and_śūnyatā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudden_and_gradual_enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudden_and_gradual_enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Sudden and gradual enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudden_and_gradual_enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_and_exoteric_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_and_exoteric_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Esoteric and exoteric transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_and_exoteric_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chan_scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chan_scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chan scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chan_scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teaching and practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teaching_and_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teaching and practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teaching_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bodhisattva_ideal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhisattva_ideal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bodhisattva ideal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhisattva_ideal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chan_meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chan_meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chan meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chan_meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sitting_meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sitting_meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Sitting meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sitting_meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koan_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koan_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Koan practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koan_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chan_monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chan_monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chan monasticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chan_monasticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chan monasticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chan_monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emphasizing_daily_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasizing_daily_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Emphasizing daily life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasizing_daily_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinification_of_Buddhism_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinification_of_Buddhism_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sinification of Buddhism in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinification_of_Buddhism_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reciprocal_Relationship_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocal_Relationship_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Reciprocal Relationship of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocal_Relationship_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوذية تشان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوذية تشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="চ্যান বৌদ্ধধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চ্যান বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchan" title="Čchan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čchan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen-Buddhismus_in_China" title="Zen-Buddhismus in China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zen-Buddhismus in China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan" title="Chan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88an-budhismo" title="Ĉan-budhismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉan-budhismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بودیسم چان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودیسم چان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n_(bouddhisme)" title="Chán (bouddhisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chán (bouddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="선 (불교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_Chan" title="Buddhisme Chan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme Chan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Buddismo Chán – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Chán" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csan" title="Csan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Чан-будизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чан-будизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="चान बौद्ध धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चान बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_(boeddhisme)" title="Chan (boeddhisme) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chan (boeddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan-buddhisme" title="Chan-buddhisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chan-buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan-buddhisme" title="Chan-buddhisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chan-buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_(buddyzm)" title="Chan (buddyzm) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chan (buddyzm)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_Chan" title="Budismo Chan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Budismo Chan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Чань-буддизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чань-буддизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchan" title="Čchan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čchan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ฉาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฉาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan" title="Chan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%B2" title="中國禪宗史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國禪宗史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q940709#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Chan/Zen Buddhism in China. For an overview of the school, see <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chan school" redirects here. For the Harvard University public health school, see <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chan Buddhism</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">禅</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">禪</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ch'an<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sim4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">Dzyen</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Thiền</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">禪</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">선</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">禪</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Seon</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">禅</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぜん</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Zen</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks zen-buddhism plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="禪 Zen"><img alt="禪 Zen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/40px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/60px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/80px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Part of</span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><i>a series</i></span></a> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Zen Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><img alt="Ensō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/100px-Enso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/150px-Enso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/200px-Enso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese <i>Chan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese <i>Zen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean <i>Seon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese <i>Thiền</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>The "essence"</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">Original enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">Turning the light around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden awakening</a></li></ul> <p><b>The way</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five ranks of Tozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li></ul> <p><b>The "goal"</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul> <p><b>Background</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Representation-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">Walking meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a> Chan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">Samu (Zen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">Ōryōki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_combat" title="Dharma combat">Dharma combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgai" title="Kyōgai">Kyōgai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Zen poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsuzend%C5%8D" title="Hitsuzendō">Zen calligraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Indian Mahayana texts</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Texts" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Chinese texts</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">The Awakening of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heze school">Heze school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tibetan_Chan">Tibetan Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Chán in China</b><br /> <p><i><b>Classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng (Enō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi (Baso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Post-classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Yun">Xu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Zen in Japan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassui_Tokush%C5%8D" title="Bassui Tokushō">Bassui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankei">Bankei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Seon in Korea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Thiền in Vietnam</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a></li></ul> <p><b>Western Zen</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Category: Zen Buddhists</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_China" title="Category:Buddhism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese: "Buddha""><img alt="Chinese: "Buddha"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/150px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/225px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/300px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Chinese: "Buddha"</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Buddhism" title="History of Chinese Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Buddhist_Persecutions_in_China" title="Four Buddhist Persecutions in China">Four Buddhist Persecutions in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmak%E1%B9%A3ema" title="Dharmakṣema">Dharmakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woncheuk" title="Woncheuk">Woncheuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-luan" title="Tan-luan">Tanluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanran" title="Zhanran">Zhanran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengguan_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengguan (monk)">Chengguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Hong">Zhu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyun_Yuanwu" title="Miyun Yuanwu">Miyun Yuanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanxu" title="Tanxu">Tanxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wenhui" title="Yang Wenhui">Yang Wenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenghai" title="Nenghai">Nenghai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Weishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sanlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Architecture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">Buddhist architecture in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred Sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Putuo" title="Mount Putuo">Mount Putuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Lu">Mount Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_Mountain" title="Tiantai Mountain">Tiantai Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">White Horse Temple</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China" title="Buddhist Association of China">Buddhist Association of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhism" title="Template:Chinese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Chinese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:禪">禪</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:禅">禅</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chán</span></i>; <abbr title="abbreviation">abbr.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%82%A3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:禪那">禪那</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">chánnà</span></i>), from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyāna</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>" or "meditative state"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is a Chinese school of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. It developed in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> from the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> onwards, becoming especially popular during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/220px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/330px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/440px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Buddha Character Fo</figcaption></figure> <p>Chan is the originating tradition of <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a> (the Japanese pronunciation of the same <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">character</a>, which is the most commonly used English name for the school). Chan Buddhism spread from China south to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Thiền</a> and north to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> as <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon</a>, and, in the 13th century, east to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></div> <p>The historical records required for a complete, accurate account of early Chan history no longer exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleary_2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleary_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodisation">Periodisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periodisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of Chan in China can be divided into several periods. Zen, as we know it today, is the result of a long history, with many changes and contingent factors. Each period had different types of Zen, some of which remained influential, while others vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andy Ferguson distinguishes three periods from the 5th century into the 13th century: </p> <ol><li>The <b>Legendary period</b>, from <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> in the late 5th century to the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> around 765 CE, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Little written information is left from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the time of the Six Patriarchs, including Bodhidharma and <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a>, and the legendary "split" between the Northern and the Southern School of Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Classical period</b>, from the end of the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> around 765 CE to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> around 950 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the time of the great masters of Chan, such as <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a>, and the creation of the <i>yü-lü</i> genre, the recordings of the sayings and teachings of these great masters.</li> <li>The <b>Literary period</b>, from around 950 to 1250,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which spans the era of the Song dynasty (960–1279). In this time the <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">gong'an-collections</a> were compiled, collections of sayings and deeds by the famous masters, appended with poetry and commentary. This genre reflects the influence of <i>literati</i> on the development of Chan. This period idealized the previous period as the "golden age" of Chan, producing the literature in which the spontaneity of the celebrated masters was portrayed.</li></ol> <p>Although John R. McRae has reservations about the division of Chan history in phases or periods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-15_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-15-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he nevertheless distinguishes four phases in the history of Chan:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Proto-Chan</b> (c. 500–600) (<a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> (420 to 589) and <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (589–618 CE)). In this phase, Chan developed in multiple locations in northern China. It was based on the practice of <i>dhyana</i> and is connected to the figures of Bodhidharma and Huike. Its principal text is the <a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a>, attributed to Bodhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Early Chan</b> (c. 600–900) (<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 CE)). In this phase, Chan took its first clear contours. Prime figures are the fifth patriarch <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a> (601–674), his dharma-heir <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Yuquan Shenxiu</a> (606?–706), the sixth patriarch <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> (638–713), protagonist of the quintessential <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a> (670–762), whose propaganda elevated Huineng to the status of sixth patriarch. Prime factions are the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">Northern School, Southern School and Oxhead School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Middle Chan</b> (c. 750–1000) (from <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (755–763) until <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> (907–960/979)). In this phase developed the well-known Chan of the iconoclastic zen-masters. Prime figures are <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788), <a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</a> (710–790), <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a> (died 867), and <a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a> (822–908). Prime factions are the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a> and the Hubei faction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important text is the <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a> (952), which contains many "encounter-stories" and the canon genealogy of the Chan-school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></b> Chan (c. 950–1300). In this phase, Chan took its definitive shape including the picture of the "golden age" of the Chan of the Tang-dynasty, and the use of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">koans</a> for individual study and meditation. Prime figures are <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a> (1089–1163) who introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a> practice and <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a> (1091–1157) who emphasized <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Silent Illumination</a>. Prime factions are the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Linji school</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a>. The classic koan-collections, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a> were assembled in this period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reflect the influence of the "literati" on the development of Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this phase Chan is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a>.</li></ol> <p>Neither Ferguson nor McRae gives a periodisation for Chinese Chan following the Song-dynasty, though McRae mentions </p> <dl><dd>[5.] "at least a <b>postclassical phase</b> or perhaps multiple phases".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Buddhism_in_China_(c._200–500)"><span id="Introduction_of_Buddhism_in_China_.28c._200.E2.80.93500.29"></span>Introduction of Buddhism in China (c. 200–500)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Introduction of Buddhism in China (c. 200–500)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinification_of_Buddhism_and_Taoist_influences">Sinification of Buddhism and Taoist influences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sinification of Buddhism and Taoist influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Buddhism came to China, it was adapted to the Chinese culture and understanding. Theories about the influence of other schools in the evolution of Chan vary widely and are heavily reliant upon speculative <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> rather than on written records or histories. Numerous scholars have argued that Chan developed from the interaction between <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero198146_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero198146-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a> was practiced in China centuries before the rise of Chan, by people such as <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a> (c. 148–180 CE) and his school, who translated various <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras" title="Dhyāna sutras">Dhyāna sutras</a> (Chán-jing, 禪経, "meditation treatises"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the Yogacara meditation teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> circa 1st-4th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Deleanu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deleanu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five <a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">main types of meditation</a> in the Dhyana sutras are <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">anapanasati</a> (mindfulness of breathing); <a href="/wiki/Patikulamanasikara" title="Patikulamanasikara">paṭikūlamanasikāra</a> meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving-kindness <a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">maitrī</a> meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">pratītyasamutpāda</a>; and the contemplation on the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha#The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Buddha's thirty-two Characteristics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yuanci_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuanci-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important translators of meditation texts were <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> (334–413 CE), who translated <i>The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation</i>, amongst many other texts; and <a href="/wiki/Buddhabhadra_(translator)" title="Buddhabhadra (translator)">Buddhabhadra</a>. These Chinese translations of mostly Indian Sarvāstivāda Yogacara meditation manuals were the basis for the meditation techniques of Chinese Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism was exposed to <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religious</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influences when it came to China. Goddard quotes <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling Chan a "natural evolution of Buddhism under Taoist conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism was first identified to be "a barbarian variant of Taoism", and Taoist terminology was used to express Buddhist doctrines in the oldest translations of Buddhist texts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice termed <i>ko-i</i>, "matching the concepts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Judging from the reception by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> of the Hinayana works and from the early commentaries, it appears that Buddhism was being perceived and digested through the medium of religious Daoism (Taoism). Buddha was seen as a foreign immortal who had achieved some form of Daoist nondeath. The Buddhists' mindfulness of the breath was regarded as an extension of Daoist breathing exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a> in China were Taoists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They developed high esteem for the newly introduced Buddhist meditational techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and blended them with <a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Taoist meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of early Chinese Buddhism like <a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tao_Sheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Tao Sheng">Tao Sheng</a> were deeply influenced by the Taoist keystone works of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70&74_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70&74-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this background, especially the Taoist concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Taoism#Ziran" title="Taoism">naturalness</a></i> was inherited by the early Chan disciples:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they equated – to some extent – the ineffable <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus, rather than feeling bound to the abstract "wisdom of the sūtras", emphasized Buddha-nature to be found in "everyday" human life, just as the Tao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Buddhism absorbed <a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neo-Daoist</a> concepts as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concepts such as <i>T'i-yung</i> (體用 Essence and Function) and <i>Li-shih</i> (理事 Noumenon and Phenomenon, or Principle and Practice) first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Hua-yen</a> Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consequently influenced Chan deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Taoists at first misunderstood <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a> to be akin to the Taoist <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">non-being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emerging Chinese Buddhism nevertheless had to compete with Taoism and Confucianism:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because Buddhism was a foreign influence, however, and everything "barbarian" was suspect, certain Chinese critics were jolted out of complacency by the spread of the dharma [...] In the first four centuries of the Christian Era, this barbarian influence was infiltrating China just when it was least politically stable and more vulnerable to sedition. As the philosophy and practice infiltrated society, many traditionalists banded together to stop the foreign influence, not so much out of intolerance (an attitude flatly rejected by both Taoism and Confucianism), but because they felt that the Chinese worldview was being turned upside down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>One point of confusion for this new emerging Chinese Buddhism was the <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">two truths doctrine</a>. Chinese thinking took this to refer to two <i>ontological truths</i>: reality exists on two levels, a relative level and an absolute level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taoists at first misunderstood <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a> to be akin to the Taoist non-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b8_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indian <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> philosophy the two truths are two <i>epistemological truths</i>: two different ways to look at reality. Based on their understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra"><i>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</i></a> the Chinese supposed that the teaching of Buddha-nature was, as stated by that sutra, the final Buddhist teaching, and that there is an essential truth above sunyata and the two truths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divisions_of_training">Divisions of training</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Divisions of training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Buddhism came to China, there were three divisions of training: </p> <ol><li>The training in virtue and discipline in the precepts (Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">śīla</a></i>),</li> <li>The training in mind through meditation (Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyāna</a></i>) to attain a <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminous</a> and non-reactive state of mind, and</li> <li>The training in the recorded teachings (Skt. <i>Dharma</i>).</li></ol> <p>It was in this context that Buddhism entered into Chinese culture. Three types of teachers with expertise in each training practice developed: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> masters specialized in all the rules of discipline for monks and nuns,</li> <li>Dhyāna masters specialized in the practice of meditation, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> masters specialized in the mastery of the Buddhist texts.</li></ol> <p>Monasteries and practice centers were created that tended to focus on either the Vinaya and training of monks or the teachings focused on one scripture or a small group of texts. Dhyāna (<i>Chan</i>) masters tended to practice in solitary hermitages, or to be associated with Vinaya training monasteries or the dharma teaching centers. The later naming of the Zen school has its origins in this view of the threefold division of training. </p><p>McRae goes so far as to say: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... one important feature must not be overlooked: Chan was not nearly as separate from these other types of Buddhist activities as one might think [...] [T]he monasteries of which Chan monks became abbots were comprehensive institutions, "public monasteries" that supported various types of Buddhist activities other than Chan-style meditation. The reader should bear this point in mind: In contrast to the independent denominations of Soto and Rinzai that emerged (largely by government fiat) in seventeenth-century Japan, <i>there was never any such thing as an institutionally separate Chan "school" at any time in Chinese Buddhist history</i> (emphasis McRae).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_or_Proto-Chan_(c._500–600)"><span id="Legendary_or_Proto-Chan_.28c._500.E2.80.93600.29"></span>Legendary or Proto-Chan (c. 500–600)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legendary or Proto-Chan (c. 500–600)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahākāśyapa_and_the_Flower_Sermon"><span id="Mah.C4.81k.C4.81.C5.9Byapa_and_the_Flower_Sermon"></span>Mahākāśyapa and the Flower Sermon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mahākāśyapa and the Flower Sermon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chan tradition ascribes the origins of Chan in India to the <a href="/wiki/Flower_Sermon" title="Flower Sermon">Flower Sermon</a>, the earliest source for which comes from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> gathered his disciples one day for a <a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a>. When they gathered together, the Buddha was completely silent and some speculated that perhaps the Buddha was tired or ill. The Buddha silently held up and twirled a flower and his eyes twinkled; several of his disciples tried to interpret what this meant, though none of them were correct. One of the Buddha's disciples, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</a>, gazed at the flower and smiled. The Buddha then acknowledged Mahākāśyapa's insight by saying the following:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I possess the true Dharma eye, the marvelous mind of Nirvāṇa, the true form of the formless, the subtle Dharma gate that does not rest on words or letters but is a special transmission outside of the scriptures. This I entrust to Mahākāśyapa.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_six_patriarchs_(c._500_–_early_8th_century)"><span id="First_six_patriarchs_.28c._500_.E2.80.93_early_8th_century.29"></span>First six patriarchs (c. 500 – early 8th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First six patriarchs (c. 500 – early 8th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>Traditionally the origin of Chan in China is credited to <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian-language speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asian monk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an Indian monk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of his life, and of the Six Patriarchs, was constructed during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> to lend credibility to the growing Chan-school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only scarce historical information is available about him, but his hagiography developed when the Chan tradition grew stronger and gained prominence in the early 8th century. By this time a lineage of the six ancestral founders of Chan in China was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual origins of Chan may lie in ascetic practitioners of Buddhism, who found refuge in forests and mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huike" class="mw-redirect" title="Huike">Huike</a>, "a dhuta (extreme ascetic) who schooled others"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Srimala Sutra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b17_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a> ,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2004_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2004-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> figures in the stories about Bodhidharma. Huike is regarded as the second Chan patriarch, appointed by Bodhidharma to succeed him. One of Huike's students, <a href="/wiki/Sengcan" title="Sengcan">Sengcan</a>, to whom is ascribed the <a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Xinxin Ming</a>, is regarded as the third patriarch. </p><p>By the late 8th century, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng's</a> student <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a>, the traditional list of patriarchs of the Chan lineage had been established:<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">達摩</span></span>) c. 440 – c. 528</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慧可</span></span>) 487–593</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengcan" title="Sengcan">Sengcan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">僧燦</span></span>) ?–606</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Dayi Daoxin</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道信</span></span>) 580–651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弘忍</span></span>) 601–674</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">惠能</span></span>) 638–713</li></ol> <p>In later writings, this lineage was extended to include 28 Indian patriarchs. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Enlightenment" title="Song of Enlightenment">Song of Enlightenment</a></i> (證道歌 <i>Zhèngdào gē</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Yongjia_Xuanjue" title="Yongjia Xuanjue">Yongjia Xuanjue</a> (永嘉玄覺, 665–713), one of the chief disciples of <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huìnéng</a>, it is written that Bodhidharma was the 28th patriarch in a line of descent from Mahākāśyapa, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Śākyamuni Buddha</a>, and the first patriarch of Chan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Mahākāśyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;<br /> Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;<br /> The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;<br /> And Bodhidharma became the First Father here:<br /> His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,<br /> And by them many minds came to see the Light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1935_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1935-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lankavatara_Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lankavatara Sutra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its beginnings in China, Chan primarily referred to the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_s%C5%ABtras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna sūtras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a> and especially to the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, early masters of the Chan tradition were referred to as "Laṅkāvatāra masters". As the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i> teaches the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">Ekayāna</a> "One Vehicle", the early Chan school was sometimes referred to as the "One Vehicle School".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chan is sometimes even referred to as simply the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (Ch. 楞伽宗, <i>Léngqié Zōng</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a52_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a52-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts recording the history of this early period are to be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lengqie_shizi_ji" title="Lengqie shizi ji">Records of the Laṅkāvatāra Masters</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">楞伽師資記</span><i>).</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bodhidharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/170px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/255px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/340px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>Bodhidharma with Dazu Huike. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a>, 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bodhidharma is recorded as having come into China during the time of <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> to teach a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85-94_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85-94-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian. He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a>" (<span lang="zh">碧眼胡</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bìyǎn hú</span></i>) in Chinese Chan texts.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only scarce historical information is available about him but his hagiography developed when the Chan tradition grew stronger and gained prominence in the early 8th century. By this time a lineage of the six ancestral founders of Chan in China was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</i> by Yáng Xuànzhī's (楊衒之, 547), Tan Lin's preface to the <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></i> (6th century CE), and <a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Dayi Daoxin</a>'s <i>Further Biographies of Eminent Monks</i> (7th century CE). </p><p>These sources vary in their account of Bodhidharma being either "from Persia" (547 CE), "a Brahman monk from South India" (645 CE), "the third son of a Brahman king of South India" (c. 715 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava king</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125–126_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125–126-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</i> written by Tan Lin (曇林; 506–574), contains teachings that are attributed to Bodhidharma. The text is known from the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>. The two entrances to <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> are the entrance of principle and the entrance of practice: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The entrance of principle is to become enlightened to the Truth on the basis of the teaching. One must have a profound <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> in the fact that one and the same True Nature is possessed by all sentient beings, both ordinary and enlightened, and that this True Nature is only covered up and made imperceptible [in the case of ordinary people] by <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">false sense impressions</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_29_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003_29-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The entrance of practice includes the following four increments: </p><ol><li>Practice of the retribution of enmity: to accept all suffering as the fruition of past transgressions, without enmity or complaint</li> <li>Practice of the acceptance of circumstances: to remain unmoved even by good fortune, recognizing it as evanescent</li> <li>Practice of the absence of craving: to be without craving, which is the source of all suffering</li> <li>Practice of accordance with the Dharma: to eradicate wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections, without having any "practice".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></blockquote> <p>This text was used and studied by Huike and his students. The True Nature refers to the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_29_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003_29-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huike">Huike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Huike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bodhidharma settled in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> China. Shortly before his death, Bodhidharma appointed his disciple Dazu Huike to succeed him, making Huike the first Chinese-born ancestral founder and the second ancestral founder of Chan in China. Bodhidharma is said to have passed three items to Huike as a sign of transmission of the Dharma: a robe, a bowl, and a copy of the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i>. The transmission then passed to the second ancestral founder Dazu Huike, the third Sengcan, the fourth ancestral founder Dayi Daoxin, and the fifth ancestral founder <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Chan_in_Tang_China_(c._600–900)"><span id="Early_Chan_in_Tang_China_.28c._600.E2.80.93900.29"></span>Early Chan in Tang China (c. 600–900)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Chan in Tang China (c. 600–900)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Mountain_Teachings">East Mountain Teachings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: East Mountain Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the fourth patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Daoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoxin">Daoxin</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道信</span></span> 580–651),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a17_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a17-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chan began to take shape as a distinct school. The link between Huike and Sengcan, and the fourth patriarch Daoxin "is far from clear and remains tenuous".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Daoxin and his successor, the fifth patriarch <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弘忍</span></span> 601–674), there emerged a new style of teaching, which was inspired by the Chinese text <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a17_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a17-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McRae, the "first explicit statement of the sudden and direct approach that was to become the hallmark of Ch'an religious practice" is associated with the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a method named "Maintaining the one without wavering" (<i>shou-i pu i,</i> 守一不移),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>the one</i> being the <a href="/wiki/Svasa%E1%B9%83vedana" title="Svasaṃvedana">nature of mind</a>, which is equated with Buddha-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939,_951_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939,_951-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this practice, one turns the attention from the objects of experience, to the perceiving subject itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McRae, this type of meditation resembles the methods of "virtually all schools of Mahayana Buddhism," but differs in that "no preparatory requirements, no moral prerequisites or preliminary exercises are given," and is "without steps or gradations. One concentrates, understands, and is enlightened, all in one undifferentiated practice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharf notes that the notion of "Mind" came to be criticised by radical subitists, and was replaced by "No Mind," to avoid any reifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-No-Mind_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No-Mind-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large group of students gathered at a permanent residence, and extreme asceticism became outdated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of Daoxin and Hongren came to be called the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a>, due to the location of the residence of Hongren at Huangmei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was used by <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Yuquan Shenxiu</a> (神秀 606?–706), the most important successor to Hongren.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time the group had grown into a matured congregation that became significant enough to be reckoned with by the ruling forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a17_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a17-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East Mountain community was a specialized meditation training centre. Hongren was a plain meditation teacher, who taught students of "various religious interests", including "practitioners of the Lotus Sutra, students of Madhyamaka philosophy, or specialists in the monastic regulations of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_34_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003_34-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was typified by a "loose practice,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aiming to make meditation accessible to a larger audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenxiu used short formulas extracted from various sutras to package the teachings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a style which is also used in the Platform Sutra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b18-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of a community in one location was a change from the wandering lives of Bodhidharma and Huike and their followers.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_34_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003_34-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It fitted better into the Chinese society, which highly valued community-oriented behaviour, instead of solitary practice.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 701 <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a> was invited to the Imperial Court by Zhou Empress <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>, who paid him due to imperial reverence. The first lineage documents were produced in this period: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he genealogical presentation of the Chan transmission was first recorded on paper in the early years of metropolitan Chan activity. The earliest recorded instance of this was in the epitaph for a certain Faru, a student of Hongren's who died in 689, and by the second decade of the 8th century, the later followers of Hongren had produced two separate texts describing the transmission from Bodhidharma to Shenxiu.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The transition from the East Mountain to the two capitals changed the character of Chan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]t was only when Hongren's successors moved into the environment of the two capitals, with its literate society and incomparably larger urban scale, that well-written texts were required for disseminating the teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Members of the "East Mountain Teaching" shifted the alleged scriptural basis, realizing that the <i>Awakening of Faith</i> is not a sutra but a <i><a href="/wiki/Sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sastra">sastra</a></i>, commentary, and fabricated a lineage of <a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</a> masters, as being the sutra that preluded the <i>Awakening of Faith</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b17_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_School_–_Huineng_and_Shenhui"><span id="Southern_School_.E2.80.93_Huineng_and_Shenhui"></span>Southern School – Huineng and Shenhui</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southern School – Huineng and Shenhui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg/100px-Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg/150px-Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg/200px-Huineng-tearing-sutras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> tearing sutras</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Subitism</a></div> <p>According to tradition, the sixth and last ancestral founder, <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> (惠能; 638–713), was one of the giants of Chan history, and all surviving schools regard him as their ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dramatic story of Huineng's life tells that there was a controversy over his claim to the title of patriarch. After being chosen by Hongren, the fifth ancestral founder, Huineng had to flee by night to <a href="/wiki/Nanhua_Temple" title="Nanhua Temple">Nanhua Temple</a> in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples. </p><p>Modern scholarship, however, has questioned this narrative. Historic research reveals that this story was created around the middle of the 8th century, as part of a campaign to win influence at the Imperial Court in 731 by a successor to Huineng called Shenhui. He claimed Huineng to be the successor of Hongren instead of Shenxiu, the recognized successor.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dramatic story of Huineng's life was created, as narrated in the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a>, which tells that there was a contest for the transmission of the title of patriarch. After being chosen by <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a>, the fifth patriarch, Huineng had to flee by night to <a href="/wiki/Nanhua_Temple" title="Nanhua Temple">Nanhua Temple</a> in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenhui succeeded in his campaign, and Huineng eventually came to be regarded as the Sixth Patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 745 Shenhui was invited to take up residence in the Heze Temple in the capital, Dongdu (modern <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>) In 753, he fell out of grace and had to leave Dongdu to go into exile. </p><p>The most prominent of the successors of Shenhui's lineage was <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zongmi, Shenhui's approach was officially sanctioned in 796, when "an imperial commission determined that the Southern line of Ch'an represented the orthodox transmission and established Shen-hui as the seventh patriarch, placing an inscription to that effect in the Shen-lung temple".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1991279_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1991279-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctrinally, Shenhui's "Southern School" is associated with the teaching that <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">enlightenment is sudden</a> while the "Northern" or East Mountain school is associated with the teaching that enlightenment is gradual. This was a polemical exaggeration since both schools were derived from the same tradition, and the so-called Southern School incorporated many teachings of the more influential Northern School.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually both schools died out, but the influence of Shenhui was so immense that all later Chan schools traced their origin to Huineng, and "sudden enlightenment" became a standard doctrine of Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shenhui's influence is traceable in the <i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i>, which gives a popular account of the story of Huineng but also reconciles the antagonism created by Shenhui. Salient is that Shenhui himself does not figure in the <i>Platform Sutra</i>; he was effectively written out of Chan history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200363_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200363-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Platform Sutra</i> also reflects the growing popularity of the <i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sūtra</a></i> (<i>Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</i>) in 8th-century Chinese Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the essential texts of the Chan school were often considered to be both the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i> and the <i>Diamond Sūtra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199792_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199792-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i>, which endorses the Buddha-nature, emphasized purity of mind, which can be attained in gradations. The Diamond-sutra emphasizes sunyata, which "must be realized totally or not at all".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a> associates the later <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a> (Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a>, gradual) and <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a> (Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a>, sudden) schools with the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> philosophies respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same comparison has been made by McRae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Madhyamaka school elaborated on the theme of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a>, which was set forth in the <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">prajnaparamita</a> sutras, to which the <i>Diamond Sutra</i> also belongs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift from the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i> to the <i>Diamond Sutra</i> also signifies a tension between Buddha-nature teachings, which imply a transcendental reality, versus śūnyatā, which denies such a transcendental reality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Chan">Tibetan Chan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tibetan Chan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese Chan Buddhist teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Moheyan" title="Moheyan">Moheyan</a> first went to Tibet in the eighth century during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There seems to have been disputes between them and Indian Buddhists, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Samye#Debate_at_Samye_or_the_Council_of_Lhasa" title="Samye">Samye debate</a>. Many Tibetan Chan texts have been recovered from the caves at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, where Chan and Tantric Buddhists lived side by side and this led to <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a> in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chan Buddhism survived in Tibet for several centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had mostly been replaced by the 10th century developments in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. According to Sam Van Schaik: </p> <blockquote><p>After the 'dark period', all visible influences of Chan were eliminated from Tibetan Buddhism, and Mahayoga and Chan were carefully distinguished from each other. This trend can already be observed in the tenth-century Lamp for the Eyes in Contemplation by the great central Tibetan scholar Gnubs chen Sangs rgyas ye shes. This influential work represented a crucial step in the codification of Chan, Mahayoga and the Great Perfection as distinct vehicles to enlightenment. In comparison, our group of [Dunhuang] manuscripts exhibits remarkable freedom, blurring the lines between meditation systems that were elsewhere kept quite distinct. The system of practice set out in these manuscripts did not survive into the later Tibetan tradition. Indeed, this creative integration of meditation practices derived from both Indic and Chinese traditions could only have been possible during the earliest years of Tibetan Buddhism, when doctrinal categories were still forming, and in this sense, it represents an important stage in the Tibetan assimilation of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_or_Middle_Chan_–_Tang_dynasty_(c._750–1000)"><span id="Classical_or_Middle_Chan_.E2.80.93_Tang_dynasty_.28c._750.E2.80.931000.29"></span>Classical or Middle Chan – Tang dynasty (c. 750–1000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classical or Middle Chan – Tang dynasty (c. 750–1000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daoxin, Hongren, Shenxiu, Huineng and Shenhui all lived during the early Tang. The later period of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> is traditionally regarded as the "golden age" of Chan. This proliferation is described in a famous saying:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199795_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199795-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Look at the territory of the house of Tang —<i><br /></i>The whole of it is the realm of the Chan school.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_Lu-shan_rebellion">An Lu-shan rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: An Lu-shan rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (755–763) led to a loss of control by the Tang dynasty, and changed the Chan scene again. Metropolitan Chan began to lose its status, while "other schools were arising in outlying areas controlled by warlords. These are the forerunners of the Chan we know today. Their origins are obscure; the power of Shen-hui's preaching is shown by the fact that they all trace themselves to Hui-neng."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hung-chou_School">Hung-chou School</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hung-chou School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RinzaiGigen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RinzaiGigen.jpg/100px-RinzaiGigen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RinzaiGigen.jpg/150px-RinzaiGigen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RinzaiGigen.jpg/200px-RinzaiGigen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Linji</figcaption></figure> <p>The most important of these schools is the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a> (洪州宗) of <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu</a>, to which also belong <a href="/wiki/Dazhu_Huihai" title="Dazhu Huihai">Dazhu Huihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji</a> (Rinzai). Linji is also regarded as the founder of one of the Five Houses. </p><p>This school developed "shock techniques such as shouting, beating, and using irrational retorts to startle their students into realization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200328–29_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200328–29-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these are common today, while others are found mostly in anecdotes. It is common in many Chan traditions today for Chan teachers to have a stick with them during formal ceremonies which is a symbol of authority and which can be also used to strike on the table during a talk. </p><p>These shock techniques became part of the traditional and still popular image of Chan masters displaying irrational and strange behaviour to aid their students.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of this image was due to later misinterpretations and translation errors, such as the loud belly shout known as <i>katsu</i>. "Katsu" means "to shout", which has traditionally been translated as "yelled 'katsu'" – which should mean "yelled a yell".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known story depicts Mazu practicing dhyana, but being rebuked by his teacher <a href="/wiki/Nanyue_Huairang" title="Nanyue Huairang">Nanyue Huairang</a>, comparing seated meditation with polishing a tile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199773_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199773-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Faure, the criticism is not about dhyana as such, but "the idea of "becoming a Buddha" by means of any practice, lowered to the standing of a "means" to achieve an "end"".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199773_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199773-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criticism of seated dhyana reflects a change in the role and position of monks in Tang society, who "undertook only pious works, reciting sacred texts and remaining seated in <i>dhyana</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199774_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199774-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, seated dhyana remained an important part of the Chan tradition, also due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a>, who tried to balance dhyana and insight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199774_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199774-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hung-chou school has been criticised for its radical <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">subitism</a>. Guifeng Zongmi (圭峰宗密) (780–841), an influential teacher-scholar and patriarch of both the Chan and the <a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan school</a>, claimed that the Hongzhou school teaching led to a radical nondualism that denies the need for spiritual cultivation and moral discipline. While Zongmi acknowledged that the essence of Buddha-nature and its functioning in the day-to-day reality are but different aspects of the same reality, he insisted that there is a difference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shitou_Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shitou Xiqian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shítóu Xīqiān</a> (Ch. 石頭希遷, c. 700 – c.790) is seen as the other great figure of this period. In the Chan lineages he is regarded as the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Caodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Caodong">Caodong</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a>) school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a165–166_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a165–166-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also regarded as the author of the <a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Sandokai</a>, a poem which formed the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Precious_Mirror_Samadhi" title="Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi">Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (Jp. Tōzan Ryōkan) and the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2001_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2001-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton2000_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton2000-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Great_Persecution">The Great Persecution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Great Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 845–846 <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wuzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wuzong of Tang">Emperor Wuzong</a> persecuted the Buddhist schools in China: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was a desperate attempt on the part of the hard-pressed central government, which had been in disarray since the An Lu-shan rebellion of 756, to gain some measure of political, economic, and military relief by preying on the Buddhist temples with their immense wealth and extensive lands.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This persecution was devastating for metropolitan Chan, but the Chan school of Ma-tsu and his likes had survived, and took a leading role in the Chan of the later Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period_(907–960/979)"><span id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period_.28907.E2.80.93960.2F979.29"></span>Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period</a></div> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, China was without effective central control during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. China was divided into several autonomous regions. Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas. The <a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Hua-yen</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%27ient-tai" class="mw-redirect" title="T'ient-tai">T'ient-tai</a> schools suffered from the changing circumstances, since they had depended on imperial support. The collapse of T'ang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence, which meant a further drawback for Buddhism. Shenxiu's Northern School and Henshui's Southern School didn't survive the changing circumstances. Nevertheless, Chan emerged as the dominant stream within Chinese Buddhism, but with various schools developing various emphasises in their teachings, due to the regional orientation of the period. The <a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a>, named after Fa-yen Wen-i (885–958) became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nan-T'ang (<a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, Chiang-hsi) and <a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a> (Che-chiang).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter200086–87_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200086–87-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_Chan_–_Song_dynasty_(c._960–1300)"><span id="Literary_Chan_.E2.80.93_Song_dynasty_.28c._960.E2.80.931300.29"></span>Literary Chan – Song dynasty (c. 960–1300)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literary Chan – Song dynasty (c. 960–1300)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></div> <p>The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period was followed by the Song dynasty, which established a strong central government. During the Song dynasty, Chan (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country, and Chan grew to become the largest sect in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>. An ideal picture of the Chan of the Tang period was produced, which served the legacy of this newly acquired status: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Song dynasty (960–1279), Chinese Chan Buddhism reached something of a climax paradigm. By "climax paradigm", I mean a conceptual configuration by which Chan was described in written texts, practiced by its adherents, and by extension understood as a religious entity by the Chinese population as a whole ... Previous events in Chan were interpreted through the lens of the Song dynasty configuration, and subsequent developments in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were evaluated, even as they occurred, against what was known of the standards established during the Song. Thus the romanticized image of the great Tang dynasty masters – Mazu and his students, Caoshan, Dongshan, and their students, and of course Linji – was generated by Song dynasty authors and functioned within Song dynasty texts. Similarly, even where subsequent figures throughout East Asia – Hakuin Ekaku (1685–1769), the famous reviver of Japanese Rinzai, is the best example – evoke the examples of Bodhidharma, the Sixth Patriarch Huineng, Mazu, and the others, they do so through the conceptual filter of Song-dynasty Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_Houses_of_Chan">Five Houses of Chan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Five Houses of Chan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Houses of Chan">Five Houses of Chan</a></div> <p>During the Song the <i>Five Houses (Ch. 五家) of Chan</i>, or five "schools", were recognized. These were not originally regarded as "schools" or "sects", but based on the various Chan-genealogies. Historically they have come to be understood as "schools". </p><p>The Five Houses of Chan are:<sup id="cite_ref-Cleary_2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleary_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guiyang school</a> (潙仰宗), named after masters <a href="/wiki/Guishan_Lingyou" title="Guishan Lingyou">Guishan Lingyou</a> (771–854) and Yangshan Huiji (813–890), dharma-descendants of <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a> (臨濟宗), named after master <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a> (died 866), whose lineage came to be traced to Mazu, establishing him as the archetypal iconoclastic Chan-master;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Caodong">Caodong</a> school (曹洞宗), named after masters <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caoshan_Benji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caoshan Benji (page does not exist)">Caoshan Benji</a> (840–901);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunmen school">Yunmen school</a> (雲門宗), named after master <a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (died 949), a student of <a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a> (822–908), whose lineage was traced to <a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a> (法眼宗), named after master <a href="/wiki/Fayan_Wenyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayan Wenyi">Fayan Wenyi</a> (885–958), a "grand-student" of <a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_the_Linji-school">Rise of the Linji-school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rise of the Linji-school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></div> <p>The Linji-school became the dominant school within Chan, due to support from the literati and the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Song dynasty, the Linji-school is rather obscure, and very little is known about its early history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention of Linji is in the <i>Zutang ji</i>, compiled in 952, 86 years after Linji's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the <i>Zutang ji</i> pictures the <a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a> lineage as heir to the legacy of Mazu and the Hongzhou-school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Welter, the real founder of the Linji-school was Shoushan (or Baoying) Shengnian (首山省念) (926–993), a fourth generation dharma-heir of Linji. The <i>Tiansheng Guangdeng lu</i> (天聖廣燈錄), "Tiansheng Era Expanded Lamp Record", compiled by the official Li Zunxu (李遵勗) (988–1038) confirms the status of Shoushan Shengnian, but also pictures Linji as a major Chan patriarch and heir to the Mazu, displacing the prominence of the Fayan-lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also established the slogan of "a special transmission outside the teaching", supporting the Linji-school claim of "Chan as separate from and superior to all other Buddhist teachings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2009_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2009-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dahui_Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dahui Zonggao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of Song dynasty (960–1279), the Guiyang, Fayan, and Yunmen schools were gradually absorbed into the Linji. Song Chan was dominated by the Linji school of <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a>, which in turn became strongly affiliated to the Imperial Court: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the Ta-hui school of Sung Chan had become closely associated with the Sung court, high officials, and the literati [...] With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Mountain_System" title="Five Mountain System">Wu-shan (Gozan) system</a> during the Southern Sung the school of Ta-hui took precedence. The Chinese bureaucratic system entered into Chan temples throughout the country, and a highly organized system of temple rank and administration developed.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Wu-shan system was a system of state-controlled temples, which were established by the Song government in all provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Koan-system">Koan-system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Koan-system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The teaching styles and words of the classical masters were recorded in the so-called "encounter dialogues".<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snippets of these encounter dialogues were collected in texts as the <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a></i> (1125) of Yuanwu, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gateless Gate">The Gateless Gate</a></i> (1228) of <a href="/wiki/Wumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wumen">Wumen</a>, both of the Linji lineage, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Equanimity" title="Book of Equanimity">Book of Equanimity</a></i> (1223) by <a href="/wiki/Wansong_Xingxiu" title="Wansong Xingxiu">Wansong Xingxiu</a> of the Caodong lineage. </p><p>These texts became classic gōng'àn cases, together with verse and prose commentaries, which crystallized into the systematized <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">gōng'àn</a> (koan) practice. According to Miura and Sasaki, "[I]t was during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin" title="Yuanwu Keqin">Yüan-wu</a>'s successor, <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a> (大慧宗杲; 1089–1163) that Koan Chan entered its determinative stage."<sup id="cite_ref-miura_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miura-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gōng'àn practice was prevalent in the Linji school, to which <a href="/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin" title="Yuanwu Keqin">Yuanwu</a> and Dahui belonged, but it was also employed on a more limited basis by the Caodong school. </p><p>The recorded encounter dialogues, and the koan collections which derived from this genre, mark a shift from solitary practice to the interaction between master and student: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The essence of enlightenment came to be identified with the interaction between masters and students. Whatever insight dhyana might bring, its verification was always interpersonal. In effect, enlightenment came to be understood not so much as an insight, but as a way of acting in the world with other people<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This mutual enquiry of the meaning of the encounters of masters and students of the past gave students a role model: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One looked at the enlightened activities of one's lineal forebears in order to understand one's own identity [...] taking the role of the participants and engaging in their dialogues instead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003130_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003130-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koan practice was a literary practice, styling snippets of encounter-dialogue into well-edited stories. It arose in interaction with "educated literati".<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_131_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003_131-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> There were dangers involved in such a literary approach, such as fixing specific meanings to the cases.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_2003_131_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae_2003_131-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dahui Zonggao is even said to have burned the woodblocks of the <i>Blue Cliff Record</i>, for the hindrance it had become to study of Chan by his students<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silent_illumination">Silent illumination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Silent illumination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Caodong was the other school to survive into the Song period. Its main protagonist was Hung-chih Cheng-chueh, a contemporary of Dahui Zonggao. It put emphasis on "silent illumination", or "just sitting". This approach was attacked by Dahui as being mere passivity, and lacking emphasis on gaining insight into one's true nature. Cheng-chueh in his turn criticized the emphasis on koan study.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_Chan_(c._1300–present)"><span id="Post-classical_Chan_.28c._1300.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-classical Chan (c. 1300–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-classical Chan (c. 1300–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yuan_dynasty_(1279–1368)"><span id="Yuan_dynasty_.281279.E2.80.931368.29"></span>Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> was the empire established by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> clan, after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>. Chan began to be mixed with <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> as in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a> (1263–1323). During this period, other Chan lineages, not necessarily connected with the original lineage, began to emerge with the 108th Chan Patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81nabhadra" title="Dhyānabhadra">Dhyānabhadra</a> active in both China and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Buswell2014_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buswell2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)"><span id="Ming_dynasty_.281368.E2.80.931644.29"></span>Ming dynasty (1368–1644)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty (1368–1644)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chan Buddhism enjoyed something of a revival in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, with teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a> (憨山德清), who wrote and taught extensively on both Chan and Pure Land Buddhism; Miyun Yuanwu (密雲圓悟), who came to be seen posthumously as the first patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>; and as <a href="/wiki/Yunqi_Zhuhong" title="Yunqi Zhuhong">Yunqi Zhuhong</a> (雲棲祩宏) and <a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a> (蕅益智旭). </p><p>Chan was taught alongside other Buddhist traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> in many monasteries. In continuity with Buddhism in the previous dynasties, Buddhist masters taught integrated teachings from the various traditions as opposed to advocating for any sectarian delineation between the various schools of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2002_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2002-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the downfall of the Ming, several Chan masters fled to Japan, founding the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005b299_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005b299-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qing_dynasty_(1644–1912)"><span id="Qing_dynasty_.281644.E2.80.931912.29"></span>Qing dynasty (1644–1912)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty (1644–1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Chan was "reinvented", by the "revival of beating and shouting practices" by Miyun Yuanwu (1566–1642), and the publication of the <i>Wudeng yantong</i> ("The strict transmission of the five Chan schools") by Feiyin Tongrong's (1593–1662), a dharma heir of Miyun Yuanwu. The book placed self-proclaimed Chan monks without proper Dharma transmission in the category of "lineage unknown" (<i>sifa weixiang</i>), thereby excluding several prominent Caodong monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeng-Tat_Chia2011_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeng-Tat_Chia2011-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisation">Modernisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modernisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century_(late_Qing_dynasty)"><span id="19th_century_.28late_Qing_dynasty.29"></span>19th century (late Qing dynasty)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 19th century (late Qing dynasty)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> visited Shanghai in 1893,<sup id="cite_ref-HodusIX_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodusIX-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intending "to make a tour of China, to arouse the Chinese Buddhists to send missionaries to India to restore Buddhism there, and then to start a propaganda throughout the whole world", but eventually limiting his stay to Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-HodusIX_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodusIX-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese Buddhist missionaries were active in China in the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-HodusIX_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodusIX-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)_–_First_Buddhist_Revival"><span id="Republic_of_China_.281912.E2.80.931949.29_.E2.80.93_First_Buddhist_Revival"></span>Republic of China (1912–1949) – First Buddhist Revival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Republic of China (1912–1949) – First Buddhist Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China (1912–49)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_Wei-Chueh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Master_Wei-Chueh.png/170px-Master_Wei-Chueh.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Master_Wei-Chueh.png/255px-Master_Wei-Chueh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Master_Wei-Chueh.png/340px-Master_Wei-Chueh.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Chan Buddhist Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Wei_Chueh" title="Wei Chueh">Wei Chueh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, sitting in meditation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire, and the installation of the Republic of China, which lasted on the mainland until the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Communist Revolution</a> and the installation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. </p><p>After further centuries of decline during the Qing, Chan was revived again in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a> (虛雲), a well-known figure of 20th-century Chinese Buddhism. Many Chan teachers today trace their lineage to Hsu Yun, including <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng Yen">Sheng Yen</a> (聖嚴) and <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a> (宣化), who have propagated Chan in the West where it has grown steadily through the 20th and 21st century. </p><p>The Buddhist reformist <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a> propagated a Chan-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">humanistic Buddhism</a>, which is endorsed by Jing Hui, former abbot of <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Bailin Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1949, monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries, for example by monks of <a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Putian)" title="Guanghua Temple (Putian)">Guanghua Monastery</a>, to spread Chinese Buddhism. Presently, Guanghua Monastery has seven branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–present)_–_Second_Buddhist_Revival"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China_.281949.E2.80.93present.29_.E2.80.93_Second_Buddhist_Revival"></span>People's Republic of China (1949–present) – Second Buddhist Revival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China (1949–present) – Second Buddhist Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> <p>Chan was repressed in China during the recent modern era in the early periods of the People's Republic, but subsequently has been re-asserting itself on the mainland, and has a significant following in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> as well as among <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> of the 1970s, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaliberte2011_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaliberte2011-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Buddhist temples, such as <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Bailin Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Putian)" title="Guanghua Temple (Putian)">Guanghua Monastery</a> have been refurbished. </p><p>Bailin Monastery was ruined long before 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, Jing Hui was persuaded to take over the Hebei Buddhist Association, and start rebuilding the Monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jing Hui is a student<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dharma successor<sup id="cite_ref-dharmalineage_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dharmalineage-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a>, but has also adopted the <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189_131-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwang2010189-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Putian)" title="Guanghua Temple (Putian)">Guanghua Monastery</a> was restored beginning in 1979, when a six-year restoration program began under the supervision of then 70-year-old Venerable Master Yuanzhou (圆拙老法师). In 1983 the temple became one of the Chinese Buddhism Regional Temples (汉族地区全国重点寺院) whilst 36-year-old Master Yiran (毅然法師) became abbot. The same year, Venerable Master Yuanzhou funded the establishment of the new Fujian Buddhism Academy (福建佛学院) on the site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Buddhism in Taiwan</a></div> <p>Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left China during the Communist Revolution, and settled in Hong Kong and Taiwan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng Yen">Sheng Yen</a> (1930–2009) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a>, a Buddhist organization based in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a>. During his time in Taiwan, Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western-influenced world. As such, Sheng yen published over 30 Chan texts in English.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chueh" title="Wei Chueh">Wei Chueh</a> (1928–2016) was born in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, China, and ordained in Taiwan. In 1982, he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on <a href="/wiki/Ch%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'an">Ch'an</a> practices by offering many lectures and seven-day Ch'an retreats. His order is called <a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a>. </p><p>Two additional traditions emerged in the 1960s, based their teaching on <a href="/wiki/Ch%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'an">Ch'an</a> practices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yen" title="Cheng Yen">Cheng Yen</a> (born 1937), a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">nun</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi Foundation</a> as a charity organization with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> ethics on May 14, 1966 in <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien</a>, Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-tzuchimerit_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tzuchimerit-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was inspired by her master and mentor, the late Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a> (<span lang="zh">印順導師</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yìn Shùn dǎoshī</span></i>) a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a>, who exhorted her to "work for Buddhism and for all sentient beings". The organisation began with a motto of "instructing the rich and saving the poor" as a group of thirty <a href="/wiki/Housewives" class="mw-redirect" title="Housewives">housewives</a> who donated a small amount of money each day to care for needy families.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a> (1927-2023), founded the Fo Guang Shan an international <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1967. The order promotes <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a>. Fo Guang Shan also calls itself the International Buddhist Progress Society. The headquarters of Fo Guang Shan, located in <a href="/wiki/Dashu_District" title="Dashu District">Dashu District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. Hsing Yun's stated position within Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">八宗兼弘</span></span>), including Chan. Fo Guang Shan is the most comprehensive of the major Buddhist organizations of Taiwan, focusing extensively on both social works and religious engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Taiwan, these four masters are popularly referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Taiwan)" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)">Four Heavenly Kings</a>" of Taiwanese Buddhism, with their respective organizations <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a> being referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Mountains_(Taiwan)" title="Four Great Mountains (Taiwan)">Four Great Mountains</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_Asia">Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zen#Spread_of_Chan_Buddhism_in_Asia" title="Zen">Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thiền_in_Vietnam"><span id="Thi.E1.BB.81n_in_Vietnam"></span>Thiền in Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Thiền in Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism in Vietnam</a></div> <p>According to traditional accounts of Vietnam, in 580 an Indian monk named <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%ABtaruci" title="Vinītaruci">Vinītaruci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi</i>) traveled to Vietnam after completing his studies with <a href="/wiki/Sengcan" title="Sengcan">Sengcan</a>, the third patriarch of Chinese Chan. This, then, would be the first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Thiền Buddhism</a>. Other early Thiền schools included that of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">無言通</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Vô Ngôn Thông</i>), which was associated with the teachings of Mazu Daoyi, and the Thảo Đường (Caodong), which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a> chanting techniques; both were founded by Chinese monks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seon_in_Korea">Seon in Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Seon in Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a></div> <p>Seon was gradually transmitted into Korea during the late <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> period (7th through 9th centuries) as Korean monks of predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hwaeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaeom">Hwaeom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">화엄종</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">華嚴宗</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">유식종</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">唯識宗</span></span>) background began to travel to China to learn the newly developing tradition. Seon received its most significant impetus and consolidation from the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a> (知訥) (1158–1210), who established a reform movement and introduced <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a> practice to Korea. Jinul established the <a href="/wiki/Songgwangsa" title="Songgwangsa">Songgwangsa</a> (松廣寺) as a new center of pure practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zen_in_Japan">Zen in Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Zen in Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> was not introduced as a separate school in Japan until the 12th century when <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as the Rinzai. In 1215, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master <a href="/wiki/Rujing" title="Rujing">Rujing</a>. After his return, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong. </p><p>The schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the Sōtō, Rinzai and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a>. Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Ōbaku the smallest. Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation, including <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chan_in_Indonesia">Chan in Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Chan in Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashin_Jinarakkhita" title="Ashin Jinarakkhita">Ashin Jinarakkhita</a></div> <p>In the 20th century, during the First Buddhist revival, missionaries were sent to Indonesia and Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Ashin_Jinarakkhita" title="Ashin Jinarakkhita">Ashin Jinarakkhita</a>, who played a central role in the revival of Indonesian Buddhism, received ordination as a Chan <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87era" class="mw-redirect" title="Śrāmaṇera">śrāmaṇera</a> on July 29, 1953<sup id="cite_ref-Ditthi_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditthi-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received the name Ti Zheng (Te Cheng) from <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikṣu</a> Ben Qing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chan_in_the_Western_world">Chan in the Western world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chan in the Western world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen#Zen_in_the_Western_world" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen § Zen in the Western world</a></div> <p>Chan has become especially popular in its Japanese form. Although it is difficult to trace when the West first became aware of Chan as a distinct form of Buddhism, the visit of <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a>, a Japanese Zen monk, to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions#1893_Parliament" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">1893 Parliament of the World's Religions</a> is often pointed to as an event that enhanced its profile in the Western world. It was during the late 1950s and the early 1960s that the number of Westerners pursuing a serious interest in Zen, other than the descendants of Asian immigrants, reached a significant level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Chan_lineages">Western Chan lineages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Western Chan lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zen#Western_Zen_lineages" title="Zen">Western Zen lineages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTTBgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CTTBgate.jpg/220px-CTTBgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CTTBgate.jpg/330px-CTTBgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CTTBgate.jpg/440px-CTTBgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Covering over 480 acres of land and located in <a href="/wiki/Talmage,_California" title="Talmage, California">Talmage, California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a> was founded by Hsuan Hua.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>, who taught Chan and other traditions of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> during the early 1960s. He went on to found the <a href="/wiki/City_Of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a>, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237-acre (959,000 m<sup>2</sup>) property near <a href="/wiki/Ukiah,_California" title="Ukiah, California">Ukiah, California</a>, and thus founding the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a>. Another Chinese Chan teacher with a Western following was <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng Yen">Sheng Yen</a>, a master trained in both the Caodong and Linji schools. He first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Association of the United States">Buddhist Association of the United States</a>, and subsequently founded the CMC Chan Meditation Center in <a href="/wiki/Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens, New York">Queens, New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Retreat_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma Drum Retreat Center">Dharma Drum Retreat Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pine_Bush,_New_York" title="Pine Bush, New York">Pine Bush, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrinal_background">Doctrinal background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Doctrinal background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></div> <p>Though Zen-narrative states that it is a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zen does have a rich doctrinal background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polarities">Polarities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Polarities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical Chinese Chan is characterised by a set of polarities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> absolute-relative,<sup id="cite_ref-Liang-Chieh_1986_9_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-Chieh_1986_9-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddha-nature – sunyata,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sudden and gradual enlightenment,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> esoteric and exoteric transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20089-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolute-relative">Absolute-relative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Absolute-relative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a> sutras and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> emphasize the non-duality of form and emptiness: "form is emptiness, emptiness is form", as the <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart sutra">Heart sutra</a></i> says.<sup id="cite_ref-Liang-Chieh_1986_9_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-Chieh_1986_9-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was understood to mean that ultimate reality is not a transcendental realm, but equal to the daily world of relative reality. This idea is consistent with Chinese culture, which emphasized the mundane world and society. But this does not fully explain how the absolute is present in the relative world. This question is answered in such schemata as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a> of Tozan,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Bulls</a> ("the Oxherding Pictures"), and <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku#Four_ways_of_knowing" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2006_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2006-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Madhyamaka <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">two truths doctrine</a> and the Yogacara <a href="/wiki/Yogacara#The_Three_Natures" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">three natures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a> doctrines also give depictions of the interplay between the absolute and the relative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddha-nature_and_śūnyatā"><span id="Buddha-nature_and_.C5.9B.C5.ABnyat.C4.81"></span>Buddha-nature and śūnyatā</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Buddha-nature and śūnyatā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Buddhism was introduced in China it was understood in native terms. Various sects struggled to attain an understanding of the Indian texts. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></i> and the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> were endorsed because of the perceived similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, which was understood as a transcendental reality underlying the world of appearances. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a> at first was understood as pointing to the Taoist <i><a href="/wiki/Mu_(negative)" title="Mu (negative)">wu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine of the Buddha-nature asserts that all <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a> have <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> (Skt. <i>Buddhadhātu</i>, "Buddha Element", "Buddha-Principle"), the element from which awakening springs. The <i>Tathāgatagarbha sutras</i> state that every living being has the potential to realize awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence Buddhism offers salvation to everyone, not only to monks or those who have freed themselves almost completely from karma in previous lives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Yogacara theory of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a> explains how sensory input and the mind create the world we experience, and obscure the alaya-jnana, which is equated to the Buddha-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When this potential is realized, and the defilements have been eliminated, the Buddha-nature manifests as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">Dharmakaya</a>, the absolute reality which pervades everything in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, it is also the primordial reality from which phenomenal reality springs. When this understanding is idealized, it becomes a transcendental reality beneath the world of appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunyata points to the "emptiness" or no-"thing"-ness of all "things". Though we perceive a world of concrete and discrete objects, designated by names, on close analysis the "thingness" dissolves, leaving them "empty" of inherent existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994160–169_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994160–169-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Heart sutra</i>, a text from the prajñaparamita sutras, articulates this in the following saying in which the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five skandhas</a> are said to be "empty": </p><p>Yogacara explains this "emptiness" in an analysis of the way we perceive "things". Everything we conceive of is the result of the working of the five skandhas—results of perception, feeling, volition, and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five skandhas together compose consciousness. The "things" we are conscious of are "mere concepts", not <a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">noumenon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took Chinese Buddhism several centuries to recognize that śūnyatā is not identical to "wu",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson1993_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson1993-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor does Buddhism postulate a permanent soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of those various doctrinal and textual backgrounds is still discernible in Zen. Zen teachers still refer to Buddha-nature, but the Zen tradition also emphasizes that Buddha-nature <i>is</i> śūnyatā, the absence of an independent and substantial self.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudden_and_gradual_enlightenment">Sudden and gradual enlightenment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sudden and gradual enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kano_White-robed_Kannon,_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kano_White-robed_Kannon%2C_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg/170px-Kano_White-robed_Kannon%2C_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kano_White-robed_Kannon%2C_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg/255px-Kano_White-robed_Kannon%2C_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kano_White-robed_Kannon%2C_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg/340px-Kano_White-robed_Kannon%2C_Bodhisattva_of_Compassion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> sitting in meditation</figcaption></figure> <p>In Zen Buddhism two main views on the way to enlightenment are discernible, namely <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">sudden</a> and gradual enlightenment. </p><p>Early Chan recognized the "transcendence of the body and mind", followed by "non-defilement [of] knowledge and perception", or sudden insight into the true nature (<a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō"><i>jiànxìng</i></a>) followed by gradual purification of intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200388–92_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200388–92-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 8th century, Chan history was effectively refashioned by <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a>, who created a dichotomy between the so-called <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a> or "Northern School", led by <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Yuquan Shenxiu</a>, and his own line of teaching, which he called the "Southern school".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenhui placed <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> into prominence as the sixth Chan-patriarch, and emphasized <i>sudden enlightenment</i>, as opposed to the concurrent Northern School's alleged <i>gradual enlightenment</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>sudden enlightenment</i> propagated by Shenhui, insight into true nature is sudden; thereafter there can be no misunderstanding anymore about this true nature. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i>, the dichotomy between sudden and gradual is reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-67_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-67-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a>, fifth-generation successor to Shenhui, also softened the edge between sudden and gradual. In his analysis, sudden awakening points to seeing into one's true nature, but is to be followed by a gradual cultivation to attain <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1991_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1991-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This gradual cultivation is also recognized by <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (Japanese <i>Tōzan</i>), who described the five ranks of enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Esoteric_and_exoteric_transmission">Esoteric and exoteric transmission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Esoteric and exoteric transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Borup the emphasis on 'mind to mind transmission' is a form of esoteric transmission, in which "the tradition and the enlightened mind is transmitted face to face".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20089-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaphorically this can be described as the transmission from a flame from one candle to another candle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20089-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the transmission from one vein to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure200058_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure200058-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exoteric transmission requires "direct access to the teaching through a personal discovery of one's self. This type of transmission and identification is symbolized by the discovery of a shining lantern, or a mirror."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20089-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chan_scripture">Chan scripture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Chan scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></div> <p>Chan is deeply rooted in the teachings and doctrines of Mahāyāna Buddhism. What the Chan tradition emphasizes is that the enlightenment of the Buddha came not through intellectual reasoning, but rather through self-realization in Dharma practice and meditation. Therefore, it is held that it is primarily through Dharma practice and meditation that others may attain enlightenment and become Buddhas as well. </p><p>A review of the early historical documents and literature of early Chan masters clearly reveals that they were all well-versed in numerous Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtras. For example, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> cites and explains the <i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Sūtra">Diamond Sūtra</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a></i> (<i>Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra</i>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurangama Sutra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>. </p><p>The Chan school had to develop a doctrinal tradition of its own to establish its position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Subsequently, the Chan tradition produced a rich corpus of written literature which has become a part of its practice and teaching. Among the earliest and most widely studied of the specifically Chan texts, dating to at least the 9th century CE, is the <i>Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch</i>, attributed to Huineng. The most important Chan texts belong to the "encounter dialogue" genre, which developed into various collections of <i><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">kōans</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_and_practice">Teaching and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Teaching and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zen#Practice" title="Zen">Zen practice</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhisattva_ideal">Bodhisattva ideal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Bodhisattva ideal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, Chan draws many of its basic driving concepts from that tradition, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> ideal. <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a> is the counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">prajna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> embodies the striving for <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuna</a>, compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathouwers2000_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELathouwers2000-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to Chan practice is dhyana or meditation. In the Lin-ji (Rinzai) school this is supplemented with koan study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chan_meditation">Chan meditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Chan meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In meditation practice, the Chan tradition holds that the very notions of doctrine and teachings create various other notions and appearances (Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83j%C3%B1%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃjñā">saṃjñā</a></i>; Ch. 相, <i>xiāng</i>) that obscure the transcendent wisdom of each being's Buddha-nature. Thus, Chan encourages its practitioners to distrust the very scripture or text being taught to them.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of rediscovery goes under various terms such as "introspection", "a backward step", "turning-about" or "turning the eye inward". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sitting_meditation">Sitting meditation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sitting meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></div> <p>Sitting meditation is called <i>zuòchán</i> (坐禅), <i><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a></i> in Japanese, both simply meaning "sitting <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyāna</a>". During this sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>, half-lotus, Burmese, or <a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">seiza</a> postures. To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath, or put in the energy center below the navel (see also <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">anapanasati</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-shengyen_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shengyen-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. </p><p>At the beginning of the Song dynasty, practice with the koan method became popular, whereas others practiced "silent illumination."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became the source of some differences in practice between the Linji and Caodong traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koan_practice">Koan practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Koan practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></div> <p>A koan (literally "public case") is a story or dialogue, generally related to Chan or other Buddhist histories; the most typical form is an anecdote involving early Chinese Chan masters. These anecdotes involving famous Chan teachers are a practical demonstration of their wisdom, and can be used to test a student's progress in Chan practice. Koans often appear to be <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxical</a> or linguistically meaningless dialogues or questions. But to Chan Buddhists, the koan is "the place and the time and the event where truth reveals itself"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimano1991152_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimano1991152-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unobstructed by the oppositions and differentiation of language. Answering a koan requires a student to let go of conceptual thinking and of the logical way we order the world, so that, like creativity in art, the appropriate insight and response arises naturally and spontaneously in the mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chan_monasticism">Chan monasticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Chan monasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chan developed a distinct monastic system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasizing_daily_life">Emphasizing daily life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Emphasizing daily life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Chan school grew in China, the monastic discipline also became distinct, focusing on practice through all aspects of life. Temples began emphasizing labor and humility, expanding the training of Chan to include the mundane tasks of daily life. The Chinese Chan master <a href="/wiki/Baizhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Baizhang">Baizhang</a> (720–814 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) left behind a famous saying which had been the guiding principle of his life, "A day without work is a day without food".<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinification_of_Buddhism_in_China">Sinification of Buddhism in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sinification of Buddhism in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was scholar <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>'s contention that a spiritual awakening was always the goal of Chan's training, but that part of what distinguished the tradition as it developed through the centuries in China was a way of life radically different from that of Indian Buddhists. In Indian Buddhism, the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> prevailed, but Suzuki explained that in China social circumstances led to the development of a temple and training-center system in which the abbot and the monks all performed mundane tasks. These included food gardening or farming, carpentry, architecture, housekeeping, administration (or community direction), and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a>. Consequently, the enlightenment sought in Chan had to stand up well to the demands and potential frustrations of everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1955155–156_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1955155–156-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1970_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1970-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciprocal_Relationship_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_and_Buddhism">Reciprocal Relationship of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Reciprocal Relationship of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">List of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiduan" title="Yiduan">Yiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putong_Temple" title="Putong Temple">Putong Temple</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McRae gives no further information on this "Hubei faction". It may be the continuation of Shenxiu's "Northern School". See Nadeau 2012 p.89.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201289_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201289-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hebei was also the place where the Linji branch of chan arose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644) and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912) Chan was part of a larger, syncretic Buddhist culture. A final phase can be distinguished from the 19th century onward, when western imperialism had a growing influence in South-East Asia, including China. A side effect of this imperial influence was the modernisation of Asian religions, adapting them to western ideas and rhetorical strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godard does not provide a source for this quote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It first appears in a Chinese text named the <i>Ju-tao an-hsin yao-fang-pien fa-men</i> (JTFM, Instructions on essential expedients for calming the mind and accessing the path), itself a part of the <i>Leng Ch'ieh Shih Tzu Chi</i> (Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara is associated with the early Chan tradition known as the "<a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain School</a>" and has been dated to around 713.<sup id="cite_ref-Buswell_2017_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buswell_2017-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No-Mind-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-No-Mind_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare Mazu's "Mind is Buddha" versus "No mind, no Buddha": "When Ch'an Master Fa-ch'ang of Ta-mei Mountain went to see the Patriarch for the first time, he asked, "What is Buddha?"<br /> The Patriarch replied, "Mind is Buddha." [On hearing this] Fa-ch'ang had great awakening.<br /> Later he went to live on Ta-mei mountain. When the Patriarch heard that he was residing on the mountain, he sent one of his monks to go there and ask Fa-ch'ang, "What did the Venerable obtain when he saw Ma-tsu, so that he has come to live on this mountain?"<br /> Fach'ang said, "Ma-tsu told me that mind is Buddha; so I came to live here."<br /> The monk said, "Ma-tsu's teaching has changed recently."<br /> Fa-ch'ang asked, "What is the difference?"<br /> The monk said, "Nowadays he also says, 'Neither mind nor Buddha."'<br /> Fa-ch'ang said, "That old man still hasn't stopped confusing people. You can have 'neither mind nor Buddha,' I only care for 'mind is Buddha."'<br /> The monk returned to the Patriarch and reported what has happened. "The plum is ripe." said the Patriarch."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This role-taking is described by the Swedish psychologist of religion <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Sund%C3%A9n" title="Hjalmar Sundén">Hjalmar Sundén</a>, though McRae does not seem to be aware of this</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for more information on Jinghui.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At least two westerners are, or claim, to be dharma successors to Jing Hui: Lily-Marie Johnson (Ming Qi)<sup id="cite_ref-dharmalineage_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dharmalineage-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Odier" title="Daniel Odier">Daniel Odier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translations do differ, which makes a difference. <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">Vijñāna</a> can be translated as "consciousness", but also as "discernment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLathouwers2000">Lathouwers 2000</a>:221 mentions: Blofeld, John (1988), <i>Bodhisattva of compassion - the mystical tradition of kuan Yin</i>. Boston: Shanbhala</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHershock2019" class="citation cs2">Hershock, Peter (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/buddhism-chan/">"Chan Buddhism"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chan+Buddhism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2019&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hershock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fbuddhism-chan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleary_2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleary_2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleary_2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleary2005">Cleary 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2000_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2000">Ferguson 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2000">Ferguson 2000</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-15-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-15_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 11-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 11-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201289-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201289_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2012">Nadeau 2012</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanagida2009">Yanagida 2009</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello1994_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGimello1994">Gimello 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelter2000">Welter 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahan2008">McMahan 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero198146-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero198146_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaspero1981">Maspero 1981</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg1999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg1999_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrigg1999">Grigg 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGu2020" class="citation book cs1">Gu, Guo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8L3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>The Essence of Chan</i></a>. Shambala Publications. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611808711" title="Special:BookSources/9781611808711"><bdi>9781611808711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Chan&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Shambala+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781611808711&rft.aulast=Gu&rft.aufirst=Guo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8L3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hinton" title="David Hinton">Hinton, David</a> (2020). 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Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuanci-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yuanci_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ven. Dr. Yuanci, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf">A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Buddhist Academy of China.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown_Holt1995">Brown Holt 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard2007">Goddard 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2005">Fowler 2005</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLuSheng2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Chunni; Lu, Yunfeng; Sheng, He (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2057150X211042687#:~:text=Ethnographic%20research%20has%20noted%20that,such%20as%20destiny%20and%20geomancy.">"Exploring Chinese folk religion: Popularity, diffuseness, and diversities"</a>. <i>Chinese Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 575–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2057150X211042687">10.1177/2057150X211042687</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Exploring+Chinese+folk+religion%3A+Popularity%2C+diffuseness%2C+and+diversities&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-592&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2057150X211042687&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Chunni&rft.au=Lu%2C+Yunfeng&rft.au=Sheng%2C+He&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2057150X211042687%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEthnographic%2520research%2520has%2520noted%2520that%2Csuch%2520as%2520destiny%2520and%2520geomancy.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard2007">Goddard 2007</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOh2000">Oh 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003a">Lai 2003a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70&74-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70&74_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 70&74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 45–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003a8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003a8_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003a">Lai 2003a</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b11-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b11_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003b">Lai 2003b</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b8-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b8_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003b">Lai 2003b</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003b">Lai 2003b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>:8–9, 68, 166–167, 169–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueen_IIProtheroShattuck_Jr.1996" class="citation book cs1">Queen II, Edward L.; <a 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(1996). <i>The Encyclopedia of American Religious History</i>. Vol. 2. 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href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_53-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai1985">Lai 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b17-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b17_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b17_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003b">Lai 2003b</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2004-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2004_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2004">McRae 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1967">Chang 1967</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1935-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1935_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1935">Suzuki 1935</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003b">Yampolski 2003b</a>:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski1967">Yampolski 1967</a>, p. 29, note 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a52-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a52_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85-94-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85-94_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 85-94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>:85–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125–126-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125–126_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1987">Zvelebil 1987</a>, p. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McRae_2003_29-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_29_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_29_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:32</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939,_951_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>, p. 939, 951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>, p. 939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buswell_2017-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buswell_2017_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Buswell Jr. (2017). <i>The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamadhi-Sutra, a Buddhist Apocryphon.</i> Princeton University Press, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>, p. 945-950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992">Cheng Chien Bhikshu 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:33–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McRae_2003_34-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_34_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_34_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003b18-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003b18_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003b">Lai 2003b</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>:25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wuys.com/news/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=1276">禅宗研究一百年</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916101251/http://www.wuys.com/news/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=1276">Archived</a> 2013-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1991279-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1991279_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory 1991</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200363-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200363_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–28_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, p. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199792-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199792_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuaijin1997">Huaijin 1997</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992228–236_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1992">Kalupahana 1992</a>, p. 228–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Schaik, Tibetan Zen, page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik, Where Chan and Tantra Meet: Buddhist Syncretism in Dunhuang</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zigmond, The Lost Tradition of Tibetan Zen Dan Zigmond reviews Sam van Schaik’s The Lost Tradition of Tibetan Zen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/lost-tradition-tibetan-zen/">https://tricycle.org/magazine/lost-tradition-tibetan-zen/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199795-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuaijin199795_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuaijin1997">Huaijin 1997</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200328–29-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200328–29_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeine2008">Heine 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199773-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199773_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199773_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1997">Faure 1997</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure199774-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199774_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure199774_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1997">Faure 1997</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2002">Gregory 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a165–166-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a165–166_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2001-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2001_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWegner2001">Wegner 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton2000-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton2000_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeighton2000">Leighton 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>:15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200086–87-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter200086–87_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelter2000">Welter 2000</a>, p. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:119–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_112-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelter2006">Welter 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2009-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2009_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2009">Young 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003b">Yampolski 2003b</a>:266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003b">Yampolski 2003b</a>:267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miura-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miura_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsshūSasaki1993">Isshū & Sasaki 1993</a>:13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>:30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003130-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003130_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McRae_2003_131-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_131_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McRae_2003_131_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>:131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>:20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>:256–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buswell2014-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buswell2014_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2014" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 1056. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691157863" title="Special:BookSources/9780691157863"><bdi>9780691157863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=1056&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780691157863&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGmYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf2002">Sharf 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Ma, Yung-fen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916/D81G0T8P"><i>The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554-1628)</i></a> (Thesis). 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1988" class="citation book cs1">Kraft, Kenneth (1988). <i>Zen: Tradition and Transition</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080213162X" title="Special:BookSources/080213162X"><bdi>080213162X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen%3A+Tradition+and+Transition&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=080213162X&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tzuchimerit-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tzuchimerit_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tzuchimerit.org.sg/en/about-us/the-origin-of-tzu-chi/">"The Origin of Tzu Chi: Work for Buddhism and for All Living Beings"</a>. Tzu Chi Merit<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Tzu+Chi%3A+Work+for+Buddhism+and+for+All+Living+Beings&rft.pub=Tzu+Chi+Merit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tzuchimerit.org.sg%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-origin-of-tzu-chi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823142309/http://tw.tzuchi.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159%3Aintroduction&catid=81%3Aabout&Itemid=198&lang=en">"Biography of Dharma Master Cheng Yen"</a>. <i>tw.tzuchi.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tw.tzuchi.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159%3Aintroduction&catid=81%3Aabout&Itemid=198&lang=en">the original</a> on 23 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tw.tzuchi.org&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Dharma+Master+Cheng+Yen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftw.tzuchi.org%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D159%253Aintroduction%26catid%3D81%253Aabout%26Itemid%3D198%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchakHsiao2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schak, David; Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael (2005-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.2803">"Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups"</a>. <i>China Perspectives</i> (in French). <b>2005</b> (59). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.2803">10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-4617">1996-4617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Socially+Engaged+Buddhist+Groups&rft.volume=2005&rft.issue=59&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.2803&rft.issn=1996-4617&rft.aulast=Schak&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+Hsin-Huang+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fchinaperspectives.2803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html">"Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories"</a>. Info.taiwan.net.tw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come+to+Taiwan%2CReturn+with+good+memories&rft.pub=Info.taiwan.net.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.taiwan.net.tw%2FtourbusE%2Fdecember_page1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuaiChenChang2010" class="citation book cs1">Shuai, J. J.; Chen, H. C.; Chang, C. H. (2010-12-01). "Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis". <i>2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010)</i>. pp. 187–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCOMPSYM.2010.5685523">10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-7639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-7639-8"><bdi>978-1-4244-7639-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18858823">18858823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visualization+of+the+Taiwaness+Buddhism+web+based+on+social+network+analysis&rft.btitle=2010+International+Computer+Symposium+%28ICS2010%29&rft.pages=187-191&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18858823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCOMPSYM.2010.5685523&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-7639-8&rft.aulast=Shuai&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Chen%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Chang%2C+C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 85–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, pp. 138–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liang-Chieh_1986_9-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liang-Chieh_1986_9_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liang-Chieh_1986_9_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiang-Chieh1986">Liang-Chieh 1986</a>:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, pp. 123–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20089-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20089_158-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorup2008">Borup 2008</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>:29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2006-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2006_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLow2006">Low 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanson1993">Swanson 1993</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaymanWayman1990_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaymanWayman1990">Wayman & Wayman 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1992">Kalupahana 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1994">Kalupahana 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994160–169-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994160–169_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1994">Kalupahana 1994</a>, p. 160–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson1993-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson1993_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanson1993">Swanson 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200388–92-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200388–92_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 88–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200354–56_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-67-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-67_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 60-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1991-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1991_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure200058-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure200058_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure2000">Faure 2000</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELathouwers2000-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELathouwers2000_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLathouwers2000">Lathouwers 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)</a>, pp. 68, 70–73, 167–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlyth1966">Blyth 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimano1991152-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimano1991152_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShimano1991">Shimano 1991</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1955155–156-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1955155–156_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1955">Suzuki 1955</a>, p. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1970-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1970_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1970">Suzuki 1970</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Printed sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth1966" class="citation cs2">Blyth, R. H. (1966), <i>Zen and Zen Classics, Volume 4</i>, Tokyo: Hokuseido Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+Zen+Classics%2C+Volume+4&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Hokuseido+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorup2008" class="citation cs2">Borup, Jørn (2008), <i>Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Rinzai+Zen+Buddhism%3A+My%C5%8Dshinji%2C+a+Living+Religion&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Borup&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1999" class="citation cs2">Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), <i>The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen</i>, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21972-4"><bdi>978-0-520-21972-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhidharma+Anthology%3A+The+Earliest+Records+of+Zen&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21972-4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown_Holt1995" class="citation cs2">Brown Holt, Linda (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/FromIndiatoChina.htm">"From India to China: Transformations in Buddhist Philosophy"</a>, <i>Qi: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qi%3A+The+Journal+of+Traditional+Eastern+Health+%26+Fitness&rft.atitle=From+India+to+China%3A+Transformations+in+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Brown+Holt&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FFromIndiatoChina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell1991" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E. (1991), "The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism", in Peter N. Gregory (ed.), <i>Sudden and Gradual. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thich+Hang+Dat%2C+A+REAPPRAISAL+OF+KUM%C4%80RAJ%C4%AAVA%27S+ROLE+IN+MEDIEVAL+CHINESE+BUDDHISM%3A+AN+EXAMINATION+OF+KUM%C4%80RAJ%C4%AAVA%27S+TRANSLATION+TEXT+ON+%22THE+ESSENTIAL+EXPLANATION+OF+THE+METHOD+OF+DHYANA%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thichhangdat.com%2Ffiles%2FMaster_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf">Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (1995), A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms</a>, London: RoutledgeCurzon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106054424/http://www.purple.dti.ne.jp/kambe/BodhiDharma-IDS.pdf">"Tstuomu Kambe: Bodhidharma (around 440? - 528?). A collection of stories from Chinese literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.purple.dti.ne.jp/kambe/BodhiDharma-IDS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tstuomu+Kambe%3A+Bodhidharma+%28around+440%3F+-+528%3F%29.+A+collection+of+stories+from+Chinese+literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.purple.dti.ne.jp%2Fkambe%2FBodhiDharma-IDS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Philosophical/Liberating_Language.html">James D. Sellmann & Hans Julius Schneider (2003), <i>Liberating Language in Linji and Wittgenstein</i>. Asian Philosophy, Vol. 13, Nos. 2/3, 2003. 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Present-Day Buddhism (by Lewis Hodus)"</a>. <i>www.authorama.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.authorama.com&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Buddhists+in+China+-+IX.+Present-Day+Buddhism+%28by+Lewis+Hodus%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Fbuddhism-and-buddhists-in-china-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218221925/http://www.longquanzs.org/eng/masters.php?tit=Monastery&id=4">"Voice of Longquan, <i>Guanghua Monastery</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longquanzs.org/eng/masters.php?tit=Monastery&id=4">the original</a> on December 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voice+of+Longquan%2C+Guanghua+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longquanzs.org%2Feng%2Fmasters.php%3Ftit%3DMonastery%26id%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/11/religion-china-buddhism-enjoys-a-revival/">"RELIGION-CHINA: Buddhism Enjoys A Revival"</a>. <i>Inter Press Service</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhaozhou-chan.com/ENGLISH/entree_e.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zhaozhou-chan%2C+Biography+of+Daniel+Odier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhaozhou-chan.com%2FENGLISH%2Fentree_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ditthi-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ditthi_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309233604/http://www.buddhismandaustralia.com/index.php/en/articles/articles-2012/102-buddhism-in-indonesia-past-and-present-ven-ditthisampanno.html">"Buddhism in Indonesia, Past and Present Ven. Ditthisampanno"</a>. <i>www.buddhismandaustralia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhismandaustralia.com/index.php/en/articles/articles-2012/102-buddhism-in-indonesia-past-and-present-ven-ditthisampanno.html">the original</a> on March 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddhismandaustralia.com&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+Indonesia%2C+Past+and+Present+Ven.+Ditthisampanno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhismandaustralia.com%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Farticles%2Farticles-2012%2F102-buddhism-in-indonesia-past-and-present-ven-ditthisampanno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dharma Drum Mountain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613041853/http://chan1.org/biography.html">Who Is Master Sheng-yen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSays" class="citation web cs1">Says, Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awakeningtoreality.com/2008/02/tozan-ryokais-verses-on-five-ranks.html">"Tozan Ryokai's Verses on the Five Ranks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tozan+Ryokai%27s+Verses+on+the+Five+Ranks&rft.aulast=Says&rft.aufirst=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awakeningtoreality.com%2F2008%2F02%2Ftozan-ryokais-verses-on-five-ranks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shengyen-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shengyen_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheng" class="citation web cs1">Sheng, Yen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613045554/http://chan1.org/ddp/talks/zuochan.html">"Fundamentals of Meditation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chan1.org/ddp/talks/zuochan.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Meditation&rft.aulast=Sheng&rft.aufirst=Yen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chan1.org%2Fddp%2Ftalks%2Fzuochan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism-dict.net/ddb/">"Digital Dictionary of Buddhism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism-dict.net%2Fddb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>, entry "Baizhang Huaihai".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Modern classics</b> </p> <ul><li>D.T. Suzuki, <i>Essays in Zen Buddhism, 3 vols</i></li> <li>Thomas Cleary, <i>Zen Mind, Buddha Mind</i></li> <li>J. C. Cleary, <i>Swampland Flowers: The Letters and Lectures of Zen Master Ta Hui</i></li></ul> <p><b>Classic history</b> </p> <ul><li>Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), <i>Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China</i>. World Wisdom Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1">978-0-941532-89-1</a></li> <li>Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), <i>Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan</i>. World Wisdom Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7">978-0-941532-90-7</a></li></ul> <p><b>Critical Zen-studies</b> </p> <ul><li>Jeffrey Broughton, <i>Zongmi on Chan</i>.</li> <li>Sung Bae Park, <i>Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zen_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Zen proverbs">Zen proverbs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ch%C3%A1n_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chán Buddhism">Chán Buddhism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zen">zen</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Oversight</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120084412/http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Zen.html">Zen Buddhism WWW Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/">The Zen Site</a></li></ul> <p><b>Overview of Chan centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iriz.hanazono.ac.jp/zen_centers/country_list_e.html">Zen centers of the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/MainPages/zen_centers.html">Zen centers</a></li></ul> <p><b>Specific Chan centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813034809/http://www.westernchanfellowship.org/">Western Ch'an Fellowship Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dharmadrumretreat.org/">Dharma Drum Retreat Center (New York) Official Website. Established by Chan Master Sheng Yen.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Texts</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/zen/index.htm">Sacred-text.com's collection of Zen texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/ftp11.htm">Buddhanet's collection of Zen texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=109">Shambhala Sun Zen Articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924021411/http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=109">Archived</a> 2008-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212192016/http://www.blia.org/english/publications/booklet/booklet.htm">Booklets</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li></ul> <p><b>History</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216192426/http://www.literati-tradition.com/research.html">Buddhism and Confucianism in Chan Sudden Approach: A Cunning Cultural Paradigm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karate.butsu.net/onzen/zen_history.html">History of Zen Buddhism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010121453/http://buddhistfaith.tripod.com/integrated/id1.html">Zen history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Library/Zen.html">Zen Quick Facts</a></li></ul> <p><b>Critical Chan Research</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Miscellaneous/Critical_Survey_Since_Yampolsky.html">Steven Heine (2007), <i>A Critical Survey of Works on Zen since Yampolsky</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210070503/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/2.html">Homepage of Robert H. Sharf</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhi2019" class="citation book cs1">Zhi, Chuan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4rbxwEACAAJ"><i>Exploring Chán: An Introduction to the Religious and Mystical Tradition of Chinese Buddhism</i></a>. Songlark Publishing. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-73331-430-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-73331-430-5"><bdi>978-1-73331-430-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ch%C3%A1n%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Religious+and+Mystical+Tradition+of+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Songlark+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-73331-430-5&rft.aulast=Zhi&rft.aufirst=Chuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4rbxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrinal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential Sutras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan#Three_Mysterious_Gates" title="Linji Yixuan">Three Mysterious Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku#Four_ways_of_knowing" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Four Ways of Knowing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_is_the_master_that_sees_and_hears%3F" title="Who is the master that sees and hears?">Who is the master that sees and hears?</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazenkai" title="Zazenkai">Zazenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ango" title="Ango">Ango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Chan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi_Sengcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi Sengcan">Jianzhi Sengcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Dayi Daoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue_Huairang" title="Nanyue Huairang">Nanyue Huairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo Xiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Huizhong" title="Nanyang Huizhong">Nanyang Huizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Shouchu" title="Dongshan Shouchu">Dongshan Shouchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin" title="Yuanwu Keqin">Yuanwu Keqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Xingsi" title="Qingyuan Xingsi">Qingyuan Xingsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunyan_Tansheng" title="Yunyan Tansheng">Yunyan Tansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunju_Daoying" title="Yunju Daoying">Yunju Daoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Daopi" title="Tongan Daopi">Tongan Daopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Guanzhi" title="Tongan Guanzhi">Tongan Guanzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yuanguan" title="Liangshan Yuanguan">Liangshan Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_Jingxuan" title="Dayang Jingxuan">Dayang Jingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touzi_Yiqing" title="Touzi Yiqing">Touzi Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furong_Daokai" title="Furong Daokai">Furong Daokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danxia_Zichun" title="Danxia Zichun">Danxia Zichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wansong_Xingxiu" title="Wansong Xingxiu">Wansong Xingxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxie_Qingliao" title="Zhenxie Qingliao">Zhenxie Qingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Zongjue" title="Tiantong Zongjue">Tiantong Zongjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuedou_Zhijian" title="Xuedou Zhijian">Xuedou Zhijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Rujing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong Rujing">Tiantong Rujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueting_Fuyu" title="Xueting Fuyu">Xueting Fuyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Lingji</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanying" title="Yuanying">Yuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benhuan" title="Benhuan">Benhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yen" title="Cheng Yen">Cheng Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chueh" title="Wei Chueh">Wei Chueh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yinshun" title="Shi Yinshun">Shi Yinshun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Caodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchu" title="Dongchu">Dongchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Guiyang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanyin" title="Chuanyin">Chuanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Rinzai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imakita_Kosen" title="Imakita Kosen">Imakita Kosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Sōtō</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White Plum Asanga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlfried_Graf_D%C3%BCrckheim" title="Karlfried Graf Dürckheim">Karlfried Graf Dürckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muh%C5%8D_Noelke" title="Muhō Noelke">Muhō Noelke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnamese Thiền</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Hi%E1%BB%81n" title="Pháp Hiền">Pháp Hiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Vạn Hạnh">Vạn Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Loa" title="Pháp Loa">Pháp Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Chán</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunmen school">Yunmen school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guiyang school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemperory Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Light_International_Association" title="Buddha's Light International Association">Buddha's Light International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Taiwan)" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)">Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzu Chi Foundation">Tzu Chi Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Dnin" title="Nōnin">Nōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Sh%C5%8Dsan" title="Suzuki Shōsan">Niō Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lay organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryomo_Kyokai" title="Ryomo Kyokai">Ningen Zen Kyodan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">Nine mountain schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh_Monastery" title="Vạn Hạnh Monastery">Vạn Hạnh Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m_Monastery_of_Da_Lat" title="Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat">Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shunryū Suzuki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentatsu_Richard_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentatsu Richard Baker">Zentatsu Richard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Weitsman" title="Mel Weitsman">Mel Weitsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center" title="Tassajara Zen Mountain Center">Tassajara Zen Mountain Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Uchiyama" title="Kōshō Uchiyama">Kōshō Uchiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shōhaku Okumura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yasutani lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Zen_Institute" title="Pacific Zen Institute">John Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Glassman" title="Bernie Glassman">Bernie Glassman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daido_Loori" title="John Daido Loori">John Daido Loori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Shugen_Arnold" title="Geoffrey Shugen Arnold">Geoffrey Shugen Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joko_Beck" title="Joko Beck">Joko Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzeon_Zen_Center" title="Kanzeon Zen Center">Kanzeon Zen Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philip Kapleau lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Packer" title="Toni Packer">Toni Packer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dy%C5%AB_Matsuoka" title="Sōyū Matsuoka">Sōyū Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa" title="Kōbun Chino Otogawa">Kōbun Chino Otogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuko_Carlson" title="Gyokuko Carlson">Gyokuko Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gud%C5%8D_Wafu_Nishijima" title="Gudō Wafu Nishijima">Gudō Wafu Nishijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soen Nakagawa lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Kyozan Joshu Sasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodo_Harada" title="Shodo Harada">Shodo Harada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throssel_Hole_Buddhist_Abbey" title="Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey">Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Zen_Buddhist_Priory" title="Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory">Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzan_Miyamae_Roshi" title="Shinzan Miyamae Roshi">Shinzan Miyamae Roshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaishin_Inshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaishin Inshu (page does not exist)">Kaishin Inshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarchy and titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsui" title="Unsui">Unsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_initiation_ritual" title="Buddhist initiation ritual">Buddhist initiation ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jikijitsu" title="Jikijitsu">Jikijitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisha" title="Jisha">Jisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osh%C5%8D" title="Oshō">Oshō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">Sensei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Sōtō Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dji-ji" title="Sōji-ji">Sōji-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Rinzai Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zen literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Xinxin Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Sandokai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denkoroku" title="Denkoroku">Denkoroku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Barrier" title="The Gateless Barrier">The Gateless Barrier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D" title="Shōbōgenzō">Shōbōgenzō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_Mind,_Beginner%27s_Mind" title="Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind">Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_Zen" title="The Way of Zen">The Way of Zen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau#Writings" title="Philip Kapleau">Three Pillars of Zen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_at_War" title="Zen at War">Zen at War</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" title="Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Heinrich Dumoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Steven Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">William Bodiford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen">Zen Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Zen Buddhists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_texts" title="Category:Zen texts">Zen texts</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a 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