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<li id="toc-Precursors_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors and early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Karlovci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Karlovci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In Karlovci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Karlovci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War II and post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cold War period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-Soviet period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reconciliation with the Moscow Patriarchate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconciliation_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reconciliation with the Moscow Patriarchate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ROCOR(V)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCOR(V)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ROCOR(V)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCOR(V)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reconciliation talks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Signing of the Act of Canonical Communion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ROCA-PSCA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROCA-PSCA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>ROCA-PSCA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROCA-PSCA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Rite_in_the_ROCOR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Rite_in_the_ROCOR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Western Rite in the ROCOR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Rite_in_the_ROCOR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية خارج روسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية خارج روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_ortodoxe_russa_f%C3%B4ra_la_Russie" title="Égllése ortodoxe russa fôra la Russie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése ortodoxe russa fôra la Russie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Руская Праваслаўная Царква за мяжой – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руская Праваслаўная Царква за мяжой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Руска православна църква зад граница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска православна църква зад граница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Ortodoxa_Russa_a_l%27Exili" title="Església Ortodoxa Russa a l'Exili – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Ortodoxa Russa a l'Exili" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_pravoslavn%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev_v_zahrani%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="Ruská pravoslavná církev v zahraničí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská pravoslavná církev v zahraničí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Orthodoxe_Kirche_im_Ausland" title="Russische Orthodoxe Kirche im Ausland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Orthodoxe Kirche im Ausland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene_%C3%95igeusu_Kirik_V%C3%A4lismaal" title="Vene Õigeusu Kirik Välismaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene Õigeusu Kirik Välismaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ρωσική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία εκτός Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία εκτός Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ortodoxa_rusa_fuera_de_Rusia" title="Iglesia ortodoxa rusa fuera de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia ortodoxa rusa fuera de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_russe_hors_fronti%C3%A8res" title="Église orthodoxe russe hors frontières – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église orthodoxe russe hors frontières" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_ortodoxa_rusa_f%C3%B3ra_de_Rusia" title="Igrexa ortodoxa rusa fóra de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa ortodoxa rusa fóra de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%99%B8_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="해외 러시아 정교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해외 러시아 정교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Rusia_di_Luar_Rusia" title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia di Luar Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia di Luar Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_ortodossa_russa_fuori_dalla_Russia" title="Chiesa ortodossa russa fuori dalla Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa ortodossa russa fuori dalla Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="הכנסייה האורתודוקסית הרוסית הגולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה האורתודוקסית הרוסית הגולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ja_Ortodoks_Ruslan_ing_Jaba_Ruslan" title="Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan ing Jaba Ruslan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan ing Jaba Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الكنيسةالارثوذكسيه الروسيه خارج روسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسةالارثوذكسيه الروسيه خارج روسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Orthodoxe_Kerk_in_het_Buitenland" title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk in het Buitenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk in het Buitenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="在外ロシア正教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="在外ロシア正教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-ortodokse_utenlandskirke" title="Den russisk-ortodokse utenlandskirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den russisk-ortodokse utenlandskirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyjski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Prawos%C5%82awny_poza_granicami_Rosji" title="Rosyjski Kościół Prawosławny poza granicami Rosji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosyjski Kościół Prawosławny poza granicami Rosji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Ortodoxa_Russa_no_Exterior" title="Igreja Ortodoxa Russa no Exterior – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Ortodoxa Russa no Exterior" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83_Rus%C4%83_din_afara_Rusiei" title="Biserica Ortodoxă Rusă din afara Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Ortodoxă Rusă din afara Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Русская православная церковь заграницей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русская православная церковь заграницей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia<br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg/250px-George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg/375px-George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg/500px-George_F._Baker_Jr._house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="1902" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ROCOR headquarters, <br /> 75 E 93rd St, New York.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">ROCOR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Primate</th><td class="infobox-data">Patriarch of Moscow & All Rus' <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad">First Hierarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_(Olhovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas (Olhovsky)">Nicholas (Olhovsky)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> (worship),<br />Russian (preaching),<br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (USA, Canada, UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand),<br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (Spain and Latin America),<br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (Germany),<br /><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (France, Switzerland, Canada),<br /><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (Indonesia),<br /><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> (Haiti), <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (Portugal and Brazil) and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Patriarchal: <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow, Russia">Moscow, Russia</a> <br /> Jurisdictional: <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, NY">New York City, NY</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_(Khrapovitsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony (Khrapovitsky)">Anthony (Khrapovitsky)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_Gribanovsky" title="Anastasius Gribanovsky">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_Georgiyevsky" title="Eulogius Georgiyevsky">Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Independence</th><td class="infobox-data">1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Reunion</th><td class="infobox-data">2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Recognition</th><td class="infobox-data">Self-government church within <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Autonomous_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church">Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church</a> (1994–1995, then called the Russian Orthodox Free Church)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">27,700 in the U.S. (9,000 regular church attendees<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>β<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synod.com/synod/indexeng.htm">www.synod.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-numbers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-numbers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These numbers reflect only the supposed US adherents. They do not take into account ROCOR's numbers in Australia, Germany, and Indonesia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of adherents given in the <i>Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches</i> is defined as "individual full members" with the addition of their children. It also includes an estimate of how many are not members but regularly participate in parish life. Regular attendees includes only those who regularly attend church and regularly participate in church life.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Rússkaya Pravoslávnaya Tsérkov Zagranítsey</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Russian Orthodox Church Abroad'), also called <b>Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</b> or <b>ROCOR</b>, or <b>Russian Orthodox Church Abroad</b> (<b>ROCA</b>), is a semi-autonomous part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>. Currently, the position of <a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">First-Hierarch of the ROCOR</a> is occupied by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_(Olhovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas (Olhovsky)">Nicholas (Olhovsky)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ROCOR was established in the early 1920s as a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> independent <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, initially due to lack of regular liaison between the central church authority in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> due to their voluntary exile after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. These bishops migrated with other Russians to Western European cities and nations, including <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and other parts of France, and to the United States and other western countries. Later these bishops rejected the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Moscow Patriarchate</a>′s unconditional political loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> regime in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. This loyalty was formally <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> by the <i>Declaration of 20 July 1927</i> of Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergius I of Moscow">Sergius (Stragorodsky)</a>, deputy <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarchal</a> <a href="/wiki/Locum_tenens" class="mw-redirect" title="Locum tenens">locum tenens</a>. Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anthony_(Khrapovitsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony (Khrapovitsky)">Anthony (Khrapovitsky)</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Kiev_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Kiev (Moscow Patriarchate)">Kiev and Galicia</a>, was the founding First-Hierarch of the ROCOR.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 80 years of separation followed by the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, on 17 May 2007, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia officially signed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Canonical_Communion_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate">Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate</a>, restoring the canonical link between the churches. </p><p>The ROCOR jurisdiction has around 400 <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> worldwide and an estimated membership of more than 400,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 232 parishes and 10 monasteries are in the United States; they have 92,000 declared adherents and over 9,000 regular church attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROCOR has 13 hierarchs, with male and female <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors_and_early_history">Precursors and early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Russia–Serbia relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>In May 1919, during the Russian Revolution, the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> military forces under General <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> were achieving the apex of their military success. In the Russian city of <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, then controlled by the White Army, a group of Russian bishops organized an ecclesiastical administration body, the <i>Temporary Higher Church Administration in Southeastern Russia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Временное высшее церковное управление на Юго-Востоке России</span>). On 7 November (20 November) 1920, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Tikhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Moscow">Patriarch of Moscow</a>, his Synod, and the Supreme Church Council in Moscow issued a joint resolution, No. 362, instructing all Russian Orthodox Christian bishops, should they be unable to maintain liaison with the Supreme Church Administration in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, to seek protection and guidance by organizing among themselves. The resolution was interpreted as effectively legitimizing the Temporary Higher Church Administration, and served as the legal basis for the eventual establishment of a completely independent church body.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1920, after the final defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian army">Russian Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Russia_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="South Russia (1919–1920)">South Russia</a>, a number of Russian bishops evacuated from Crimea to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> forces. After learning that General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a> intended to keep his army, they likewise decided to keep the Russian ecclesiastical organization as a separate entity abroad. The Temporary Church Authority met on 19 November 1920 aboard the ship <i>Grand Duke Alexader Mikhailovich</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">«Великий князь Александр Михайлович»</span>), presided over by Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Antony_(Khrapovitsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony (Khrapovitsky)">Antony (Khrapovitsky)</a>. Metropolitan Antony and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_(Fedchenkov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin (Fedchenkov)">Benjamin (Fedchenkov)</a> were appointed to examine the canonicity of the organization. On 2 December 1920, they received permission from Metropolitan Dorotheos of <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Prousa</a>, Locum Tenens of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, to establish "for the purpose of the service of the population [...] and to oversee the ecclesiastic life of Russian colonies in Orthodox countries a temporary committee (epitropia) under the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarchate"; the committee was called the Temporary Higher Church Administration Abroad (THCAA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Karlovci">In Karlovci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Karlovci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 February 1921, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Antony_(Khrapovitsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony (Khrapovitsky)">Antony (Khrapovitsky)</a> settled in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci" title="Sremski Karlovci">Sremski Karlovci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (then within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), where he was given the palace of former Patriarchs of Karlovci (the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci" title="Patriarchate of Karlovci">Patriarchate of Karlovci</a> had been abolished in 1920).<sup id="cite_ref-politikazagran_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politikazagran-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next months, at the invitation of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Dimitrije, Serbian Patriarch">Dimitrije</a> of Serbia, the other eight bishops of the THCAA, including <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius (Gribanovsky)">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_(Fedchenkov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin (Fedchenkov)">Benjamin (Fedchenkov)</a>, as well as numerous priests and monks, relocated to Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-politikaprihv_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politikaprihv-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August 1921, the Council of Bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Church</a> passed a resolution, effective from 3 October, recognizing the THCAA as an administratively independent jurisdiction for exiled Russian clergy outside the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> (SHS), as well as for those Russian clergy in the Kingdom who were not in parish or state educational service. The THCAA jurisdiction was subsequently extended to hearing divorce cases of exiled Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-politikazagran_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politikazagran-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg/260px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg/390px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg/520px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Sergey Paleolog, General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anthony_(Khrapovitsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony (Khrapovitsky)">Anthony (Khrapovitsky)</a>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius (Gribanovsky)">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Wrangel (page does not exist)">Olga Wrangel</a> and Archpriest Peter Belovidov in <a href="/wiki/Top%C4%8Dider" title="Topčider">Topčider</a>, Belgrade. <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, April 1927</div></figcaption></figure> <p>With the agreement of Patriarch Dimitrije of Serbia, between 21 November and 2 December 1921, the "General assembly of representatives of the Russian Church abroad" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Всезаграничное Русское Церковное Собрание</span>) took place in Sremski Karlovci. It was later renamed as the "First All-Diaspora Council" and was presided over by Metropolitan Anthony. </p><p>The council established the "Supreme Ecclesiastic Administration Abroad" (SEAA), composed of a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> Locum Tenens, a Synod of Bishops, and a Church Council. The Council decided to appoint Metropolitan Anthony as the Locum Tenens, but he declined to accept the position without permission from Moscow, and instead identified as the President of the SEAA. The Council adopted a number of resolutions and appeals (missives), with the two most notable ones being addressed to the flock of the Russian Orthodox Church ″in diaspora and exile″ («Чадам Русской Православной Церкви, в рассеянии и изгнании сущим») and to the <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Conference_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa Conference (1922)">1922 International Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. The former, adopted with a majority of votes (but not unanimously, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_(Georgiyevsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)">Eulogius Georgiyevsky</a> being the most prominent critic of such specific political declarations), expressly proclaimed a political goal of restoring monarchy in Russia with a <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">tsar</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appeal to the Genoa Conference, which was published in 1922, called on the world powers to intervene and “help banish Bolshevism” from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Council members secretly decided to request that Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Nicholas Nikolaevich</a> head up the Russian monarchist movement in exile. (But, pursuant to the laws of the Russian Empire, the seniormost surviving male member of the Romanovs was <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Vladimirovich,_Grand_Duke_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia">Kirill Vladimirovich</a>, and in August 1924 he proclaimed himself as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">Russian Emperor</a> in exile.)<sup id="cite_ref-politikavrtlogu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politikavrtlogu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patriarch Tikhon addressed a decree of 5 May 1922 to Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_(Georgiyevsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)">Eulogius Georgiyevsky</a>, abolishing the SEAA and declaring the political decisions of the Karlovci Council to be against the position of the Russian Church. Tikhon appointed Metropolitan Eulogius as administrator for the “Russian orthodox churches abroad”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meeting in Sremski Karlovci on 2 September 1922, pursuant to Tikhon's decree, the Council of Bishops abolished the SEAA, in its place forming the Temporary Holy Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, with Metropolitan Anthony as its head by virtue of seniority. This Synod exercised direct authority over Russian parishes in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Far East. </p><p>In North America, however, a conflict developed among bishops who did not recognize the authority of the Synod, led by Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky); this group formed the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">American Metropolia</a>, the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">OCA</a>. In Western Europe, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_(Georgievsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogius (Georgievsky)">Eulogius (Georgievsky)</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> from late 1922, did likewise, stating that the Synod was merely "a moral authority." Metropolitan Eulogius later broke off from the ROC, and in February 1931 joined the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>. This seminal act formed the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_churches_in_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe">Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe</a>. </p><p>On 5 September 1927, the Council of Bishops in Sremski Karlovci, presided over by Metropolitan Anthony, decreed a formal break of liaison with the ″Moscow church authority.″ They rejected a demand by Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sergius_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Sergius of Moscow">Sergius (Stragorodsky)</a> of Nizhny Novgorod, who was acting on behalf of Locum Tenens (Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Krutitsy" title="Peter of Krutitsy">Peter of Krutitsy</a>, imprisoned then in the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>, where he later died), to declare political loyalty to the Soviet authorities. The Council of Bishops said that the church administration in Moscow, headed by Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), was ″enslaved by the godless Soviet power that has deprived it of freedom in its expression of will and canonical governance of the Church.″<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While rejecting both the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> and the de facto head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Sergius (who in 1943 would be elected as <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch</a>), the ROCOR continued to nominally recognize the authority of the imprisoned Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Krutitsy" title="Peter of Krutitsy">Peter of Krutitsy</a>. On September 9, the Council stated: "The part of the Russian Church that finds itself abroad considers itself an inseparable, spiritually united branch of the great Russian Church. It doesn't separate itself from its Mother Church and doesn't consider itself <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, inside the USSR, Metropolitan Sergius′ Declaration caused a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> among the flock of the Patriarch's Church. Many dissenting believers broke ties with Metropolitan Sergius.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 June 1934, Metropolitan Sergius and his Synod in Moscow passed judgment on Metropolitan Anthony and his Synod, declaring them to be suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metropolitan Anthony refused to recognize this decision, claiming that it was made under political pressure from Soviet authorities and that Metropolitan Sergius had illegally usurped the position of Locum Tenens. He was supported in this by the Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Varnava,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Varnava, Serbian Patriarch">Varnava</a> of Serbia, who continued to maintain communion with the ROCOR Synod. However, Patriarch Varnava also attempted to mediate between the Karlovci Synod and Metropolitan Sergius in Moscow, and to find a canonically legitimate way to settle the dispute. In early 1934, he had sent a letter to Sergius proposing that the Karlovci bishops be transferred to the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Church</a>; the proposal was rejected by Sergius. Sergius continued to demand that all Russian clergy outside the USSR pledge loyalty to the Soviet authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-politikadometi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politikadometi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patriarch Varnava's attempts in the mid-1930s to reconcile the rival exile Russian jurisdictions were likewise unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-politikanovipok_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politikanovipok-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg/258px-Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg/387px-Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg/516px-Ruska_crkva_Beograd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Belgrade" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Belgrade">Russian church of Holy Trinity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<br /> built in 1924 by Russian émigrés.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky) died in 1936. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius (Gribanovsky)">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a>. </p><p>After the deaths of Metropolitan Anthony in August 1936 and Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Krutitsy" title="Peter of Krutitsy">Peter of Krutitsy</a> in October 1937 (albeit falsely reported a year prior), the Russian bishops in exile held the Second All-Diaspora Council, first in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, then in Sremski Karlovci, in August 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-politinema_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politinema-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was presided over by Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius (Gribanovsky)">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a>, and was attended by 12 other exiled Russian bishops (at least double the number of Orthodox (Patriarchal) bishops who were allowed to serve within the USSR), 26 priests, and 58 laypersons.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council confirmed the leading role of the Church and its bishops in Russian émigré organizations, and adopted two missives: to Russians in the USSR (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">«К Русскому народу в Отечестве страждущему»</span>) and to the Russian flock in diaspora (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">«К Русской пастве в рассеянии сущей»</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From February 1938, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>′s authorities demanded that all the Russian clergy in the territories controlled by Germany be under the Karlovci jurisdiction (as opposed to that of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_churches_in_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe">Paris-based Eulogius</a>). They insisted that an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5)" class="extiw" title="ru:Серафим (Ляде)">Seraphim Lade</a>, be put in charge of the Orthodox diocese of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_post-war_period">World War II and post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II and post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_(1589_to_2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg/290px-Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg/435px-Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg/580px-Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of the separations of the ROCOR and some other churches from the ROC</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between members of the ROCOR and the Nazis in the run-up to and during World War II has been an issue addressed by both the Church and its critics. Metropolitan Anastassy wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1938, thanking him for his aid to the Russian Diaspora in allowing them to build a Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Berlin and praising his <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been defended as an act that occurred when the Metropolitan and others in the church knew "little …of the inner workings of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the ROCOR Second Church History Conference in 2002, a paper said that “the attempt of the Nazi leadership to divide the Church into separate and even inimical church formations was met with internal church opposition.”<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the USSR leadership's policies towards religion in general, as well as policy towards the Moscow Patriarchate's jurisdiction in the USSR, changed significantly. In early September 1943, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> met at the Kremlin with a group of three surviving ROC metropolitans headed by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sergius_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Sergius of Moscow">Sergius (Stragorodsky)</a>. He allowed the Moscow Patriarchate to convene a council and elect a Patriarch, open theological schools, and reopen a few previously closed major monasteries and some churches (said institutions had been reopened in territory <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied by Germany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet government decisively sided with the Moscow Patriarchate, while the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Church">Obnovlentsi</a></i> ("Renovationists," i.e. the modernist, pro-Soviet current in the ROC), previously favored by the authorities, were sidelined; their proponents were disappeared shortly after. These developments did not change the mutual rejection between the Moscow Patriarchate and the ROCOR leaderships. </p><p>Days after the election in September 1943 of Sergius (Stragorodsky) as Patriarch in Moscow, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius (Gribanovsky)">Anastasius (Gribanovsky)</a> made a statement against recognizing his election. Thus, the German authorities allowed the ROCOR Synod to hold a convention in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, which took place on 21—26 October 1943. The Synod adopted a resolution declaring the election of Patriarch in Moscow to be uncanonical and hence invalid, and called on all Russian Orthodox faithful to fight against Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 September 1944, days before <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade was taken</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, on the attack from the East, Metropolitan Anastasius (Gribanovsky), along with his office and the other bishops, left Serbia for Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>; finally, in November 1950, they immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, together with numerous other Russian Orthodox refugees in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">postwar period</a>. </p><p>After the end of World War II, the Moscow Patriarchate was the globally dominant branch of Russian Orthodox Christianity. Countries whose Orthodox bishops had been part of the ROCOR in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, such as Yugoslavia, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, were now within the USSR-led bloc, which rendered any activity by the ROCOR politically impossible. A number of ROCOR parishes and clergy, notably <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_(Georgiyevsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)">Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)</a> (in a <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_churches_in_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe">jurisdiction</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical See</a> since 1931), joined the Moscow Patriarchate, and some repatriated to the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-shkar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shkar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the ROCOR, by 1950 headquartered in New York, the United States, rejected both the Communist regime in the Soviet Union and the Moscow Patriarchate. Its leaders condemned the Moscow Patriarchate as a Soviet Church run by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">secret police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shkar_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shkar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Properties_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Properties in Palestine">Russian Orthodox Properties in Palestine</a></div> <p>Until well after World War II, most of the Orthodox Church properties in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> were controlled by leaders opposed to both the Soviet rule and the Moscow Patriarchate, i.e. mainly within the ROCOR.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> became a state in 1948, it transferred all of the property under the control of the ROCOR within its borders to the Soviet-dominated Russian Orthodox Church in appreciation for Moscow's support of the Jewish state (this support was short-lived). The ROCOR maintained control over churches and properties in the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian-ruled West Bank</a> until the late 1980s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 1951, the Soviets reopened the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Orthodox_Palestine_Society" title="Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society">Russian Palestine Society</a> under the direction of Communist Party agents from Moscow, and replaced Archimandrite Vladimir with Ignaty Polikarp, who had been trained by Communists. They attracted numerous Christian Arabs to the ROC who had Communist sympathies. The members of other branches of Orthodoxy refused to associate with the Soviet-led ROC in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_period">Cold War period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cold War period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third <a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">First-Hierarch of the ROCOR</a> was <a href="/wiki/Philaret_(Voznesensky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philaret (Voznesensky)">Philaret (Voznesensky)</a>, who served from 1964 until his death in 1985. </p><p>After the declaration of Metropolitan Sergius of 1927, there were a range of opinions regarding the Moscow Patriarchate within ROCOR. There was a general belief in ROCOR that the Soviet government was manipulating the Moscow Patriarchate to one extent or another, and that under such circumstances administrative ties were impossible. There were also official statements made that the elections of the patriarchs of Moscow which occurred after 1927 were invalid because they were not conducted freely (without the interference of the Soviets) or with the participation of the entire Russian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, ROCOR has always affirmed that it was an inseparable part of the Russian Church, and that its autonomous status was only temporary, based upon Ukaz 362, until such time as the domination of the Soviet government over the affairs of the Church should cease: </p> <dl><dd>"The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia is an indissoluble part of the Russian Orthodox Church, and for the time until the extermination in Russia of the atheist government, is self-governing on conciliar principles in accordance with the resolution of the Patriarch, the Most Holy Synod, and the Highest Church Council [Sobor] of the Russian Church dated 7/20 November 1920, No. 362."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Similarly, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Anastassy_(Gribanovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastassy (Gribanovsky)">Anastassy (Gribanovsky)</a> wrote in his last will and testament: </p> <dl><dd>"As regards the Moscow Patriarchate and its hierarchs, then, so long as they continue in close, active and benevolent cooperation with the Soviet Government, which openly professes its complete godlessness and strives to implant atheism in the entire Russian nation, then the Church Abroad, maintaining Her purity, must not have any canonical, liturgical or even simply external communion with them whatsoever, leaving each one of them at the same time to the final judgment of the Council (Sobor) of the future free Russian Church."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a> had been a significant part of the Russian Church prior to the relaxation of the suppression of the Church on the part of <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, in 1943. Most of those in the ROCOR were <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a> who had left Russia well before World War II. They were unaware of the changes that had occurred immediately after World War II—most significantly that with the election of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_I_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow">Alexei I</a> in 1945, after which most of the Catacomb Church was reconciled with the Moscow Patriarchate. By the 1970s, due to this reconciliation, as well as to continued persecution by the Soviets, there was very little left of the Catacomb Church. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Alexander Solzhenitsyn</a> made this point in a letter to the 1974 All-Diaspora Sobor of the ROCOR, in which he stated that ROCOR should not "show solidarity with a mysterious, sinless, but also bodiless catacomb."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_(Ustinov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaly (Ustinov)">Vitaly (Ustinov)</a> served as the fourth First-Hierarch from 1985 until his retirement in 2001. After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in December 1991, ROCOR continued to maintain its administrative independence from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (Moscow Patriarchate). In May 1990, months prior to the complete disintegration of the USSR, the ROCOR decided to establish new, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parishes_of_ROCOR_in_the_USSR_and_in_the_post-Soviet_states&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parishes of ROCOR in the USSR and in the post-Soviet states (page does not exist)">"Free Russian" parishes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A6%D0%97_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Приходы РПЦЗ в СССР и на постсоветском пространстве">ru</a>]</span> in the USSR, and to consecrate bishops to oversee such parishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_period">Post-Soviet period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997 <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Alexius II">Patriarch of Moscow Alexei II</a> attempted to visit a <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Oak_Holy_Trinity_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's Oak Holy Trinity Monastery">ROCOR-held monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> with <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>. "The Moscow-based church has enjoyed a close relationship with Arafat since his guerrilla fighter days."<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROCOR clergy refused to allow Arafat and the patriarch to enter the church, holding that Alexei had no legitimate authority. Two weeks later police officers of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> arrived; they evicted the ROCOR clergy and turned the property over to the ROC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexei made another visit in early January 2000 to meet with Arafat, asking "for help in recovering church properties"<sup id="cite_ref-CNN97_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN97-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a "worldwide campaign to recover properties lost to churches that split off during the Communist era".<sup id="cite_ref-CWN_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWN-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month the Palestinian Authority again acted to evict ROCOR clergy, this time from the 3-acre (12,000 m<sup>2</sup>) Monastery of Abraham's Oak in Hebron.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN97_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN97-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_(Ustinov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaly (Ustinov)">Vitaly (Ustinov)</a> in 2001 was succeeded by the fifth <a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">First-Hierarch of the ROCOR</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Laurus_(%C5%A0kurla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurus (Škurla)">Laurus (Škurla)</a>, who oversaw the reconciliation with the Russian Orthodox Church in 2007. After the death of Laurus in 2008, he was succeeded by the sixth First-Hierarch, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_(Kapral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarion (Kapral)">Hilarion (Kapral)</a>. Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_(Kapral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarion (Kapral)">Hilarion (Kapral)</a> reposed in May 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconciliation_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate">Reconciliation with the Moscow Patriarchate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconciliation with the Moscow Patriarchate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000 Metropolitan Laurus became the First Hierarch of the ROCOR; he expressed interest in the idea of reunification. At the time ROCOR insisted that the Moscow Patriarchate address the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">murders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a> and his family in 1918 by the Bolsheviks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ROCOR accused the leadership of the ROC as being submissive to the Russian government and were also alarmed by their ties with other denominations of Christianity, especially <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the jubilee Council of Bishops in 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church <a href="/wiki/Romanov_sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov sainthood">canonized Tsar Nicholas and his family</a>, along with more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confessor" title="Confessor">confessors</a>. This council also enacted a document on relations between the Church and the secular authorities, censoring servility and complaisance. They also rejected the idea of any connection between E. Orthodoxy and Catholicism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ROCOR(V)"><span id="ROCOR.28V.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="ROCOR(V)"></span>ROCOR(V)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ROCOR(V)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The possibility of rapprochement led to a minor <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> from the ROCOR in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth <a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">First-Hierarch of the ROCOR</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_(Ustinov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaly (Ustinov)">Vitaly (Ustinov)</a>, retired in 2001, citing health reasons. After the election of his successor, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Laurus_(%C5%A0kurla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurus (Škurla)">Laurus (Škurla)</a>, in October 2001, Vitaly released an epistle denouncing the appointment and asserting his continuing primacy. A number of ROCOR clergy and parishioners who opposed to reunification with the Moscow Patriarchate, including the suspended Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varnava_(Prokofieff)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varnava (Prokofieff) (page does not exist)">Varnava (Prokofieff)</a> of Cannes, formed a new church administration around Metropolitan Vitaly, renaming themselves as the Russian Orthodox Church in Exile (<b>ROCiE</b>) then to "Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia"; in common parlance this church is called <b>ROCOR-Vitaly</b> or <b>ROCOR(V)</b> (Russian: РПЦЗ(В)). </p><p>The episcopate of the ROCOR asserted that Metropolitan Vitaly was being held hostage by schismatics who took advantage of his failing health and used his name to produce a schism. They claimed that Metropolitan Vitaly's entourage forged his signature on epistles and documents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the churches which splintered from the ROCOR(V) is the <a href="/wiki/Russian_True_Orthodox_Church_(Lazar_Zhurbenko)" title="Russian True Orthodox Church (Lazar Zhurbenko)">Russian True Orthodox Church</a> which was formed in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciliation_talks">Reconciliation talks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reconciliation talks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003 President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> of Russia met with Metropolitan Laurus in New York.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In May 2004, Metropolitan Laurus, the Primate of the ROCOR, visited Russia participating in several joint services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In June 2004, a contingent of ROCOR clergy met with Patriarch Alexey II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After a series of six reconciliation meetings,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ROCOR and the Patriarchate of Moscow, on June 21, 2005, simultaneously announced that <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> talks were leading toward the resumption of full relations between the ROCOR and the Patriarchate of Moscow. They said that the ROCOR would be given <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autonomous status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Patriarch Alexy said that the ROCOR would keep its property and fiscal independence, and that its autonomy would not change "in the foreseeable future", he added that "Maybe this will change in decades and there will be some new wishes. But today we have enough concerns and will not make guesses.”<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 12, 2006, the general congress of the ROCOR confirmed its willingness to reunite with the Russian Orthodox Church. The latter hailed this resolution as: </p> <blockquote><p>"an important step toward restoring full unity between the Moscow Patriarchate and the part of the Russian emigration that was isolated from it as a result of the revolution, the civil war in Russia, and the ensuing impious persecution against the Orthodox Church."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In September 2006, the ROCOR Synod of Bishops approved the text of the document worked out by the commissions, an <i>Act of Canonical Communion.</i> In October 2006, the commissions met again to propose procedures and a time for signing the document.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act of Canonical Communion went into effect upon its confirmation by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>; the Act is based on a previous resolution of the Holy Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church, <i>On the Relationship with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</i>, held in Moscow on 3–8 October 2004, as well on the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR's resolution <i>Regarding the Act on Canonical Communion</i> take at the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia held in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> on 15–19 May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion">Signing of the Act of Canonical Communion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Signing of the Act of Canonical Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Canonical_Communion_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate">Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg/249px-Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg/374px-Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg/498px-Signing_of_the_Act_of_Canonical_Communion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Solemn signing of the Act of Canonical Communion in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Moscow. Left to right: Archpriest Alexander Lebedev, <a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">First-Hierarch of the ROCOR</a> Metropolitan Laurus, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia, Protopriest Nikolai Balashov. 17 May 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 28, 2006, the leaders officially announced that the Act of Canonical Communion would be signed. The signing took place on May 17, 2007, followed immediately by a full restoration of <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> with the Moscow Patriarchate. It was celebrated by a Divine Liturgy at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Savior" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Christ the Savior">Cathedral of Christ the Savior</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, at which the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Alexius II">Alexius II</a> and the First-Hierarch of ROCOR concelebrated for the first time in history. </p><p>On 17 May 2007, at 9:15 a.m., <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Laurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Laurus">Metropolitan Laurus</a> was greeted at Christ the Savior Cathedral in Moscow by a special peal of the bells. Shortly thereafter, Patriarch Alexey II entered the cathedral. After the Patriarch read the prayer for the unity of the Russian Church, the Act of Canonical Communion was read aloud, and two copies were each signed by both Metropolitan Laurus and Patriarch Alexey II. The two hierarchs exchanged the "kiss of peace," after which they and the entire Russian Church sang "God Grant You Many Years." Following this, the Divine Liturgy of the Feast of the Ascension of Our Lord began, culminating with the entirety of the bishops of both ROCOR and MP partaking of the Eucharist. </p><p>Present at all of this was Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, who was thanked by Patriarch Alexey for helping to facilitate the reconciliation. Putin addressed the audience of Orthodox Christians, visitors, clergy, and press, saying, </p> <blockquote><p>"The split in the church was caused by an extremely deep political split within Russian society itself. We have realized that national revival and development in Russia are impossible without reliance on the historical and spiritual experience of our people. We understand well, and value, the power of pastoral words which unite the people of Russia. That is why restoring the unity of the church serves our common goals."<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Hierarchs of the Russian Church Abroad served again with the Patriarch on 19 May, in the consecration of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_New_Martyrs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of the New Martyrs (page does not exist)">Church of the New Martyrs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Butovo_firing_range" title="Butovo firing range">Butovo firing range</a>. They had laid the cornerstone of the church in 2004 during their initial visit.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Vladimir Putin gave a reception at the Kremlin to celebrate the reunification. In attendance were Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia and members of the Holy Synod for the Russian Orthodox Church; Metropolitan Laurus for the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia; presidential chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sobyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Sobyanin">Sergei Sobyanin</a>, First Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, and Minister of Culture and Mass Communications <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Sokolov_(politician,_born_1949)" title="Aleksandr Sokolov (politician, born 1949)">Aleksandr Sokolov</a>. Before the reception the participants posed for photographs by the Assumption Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ROCA-PSCA">ROCA-PSCA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ROCA-PSCA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Canonical_Communion_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate">signature of the Act in 2007</a>, there was a minor <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schism</a> in the ROCOR. Critics of the reunification continue to argue that "the hierarchy in Moscow still has not properly addressed the issue of <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> infiltration of the church hierarchy during the Soviet period."<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agathangel_(Pashkovsky)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agathangel (Pashkovsky) (page does not exist)">Agathangel (Pashkovsky)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="ru:Агафангел (Пашковский)">ru</a>]</span> of Odessa and Tauria, and with him some of ROCOR's parishes in Ukraine, refused to enter the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Agathangel was suspended for disobedience by an extraordinary session of the ROCOR <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> in June 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite censure, Agathangel persisted with the support of some ROCOR parishes inside and outside Ukraine which had also refused to submit to the Act of Canonical Communion. Agafangel then finalized the schism from the ROCOR by ordaining two bishops on 7 December 2007, Andronik (Kotrliaroff) as Bishop of Richmond Hill and New York, and Sophronius (Musienko) as Bishop of Saint Petersburg and Northern Russia. The church headed by Agathangel is known as "Russian Orthodox Church Abroad - Provisional Supreme Church Authority" (<b>ROCA-PSCA</b>), or in common parlance <b>ROCOR-Agathangel</b> or <b>ROCOR(A)</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ROCOR is headed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Hierarch_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">First-Hierarch of the ROCOR</a> (Protohierarch), <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of the whole ROCOR, head of the ROCOR <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a>, and bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Eastern_America_and_New_York" title="Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Eastern America and New York">Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Eastern America and New York</a>. The Holy Synod also has a vice-president. The "supreme authority of the ecclesiastical legislative, administrative, judicial and executive organ" of the ROCOR is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Bishops_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (page does not exist)">Council of Bishops of the ROCOR</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Архиерейский синод Русской православной церкви заграницей">ru</a>]</span> which is convened about every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eparchies_and_Metropolitanates_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church#Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" title="Eparchies and Metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church">ROCOR is divided into dioceses</a>, themselves in some cases subdivided into smaller dioceses. </p><p>The division into dioceses is as follows: </p> <ul><li>United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Eastern_America_and_New_York" title="Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Eastern America and New York">Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Eastern America and New York</a></li> <li>Diocese of San Francisco and Western America</li> <li>Diocese of Chicago and Middle America</li></ul></li> <li>Diocese of Montreal and Canada:</li> <li>Diocese of Caracas and South America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Great_Britain_and_Western_Europe" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe</a></li> <li>Diocese of Berlin and Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sydney,_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sydney, Australia and New Zealand">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sydney, Australia and New Zealand</a></li></ul> <p>ROCOR oversees and owns properties of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ecclesiastical_Mission_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem">Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem</a>, which acts as caretaker to three holy sites in East Jerusalem and Israel/Palestine, all of which are monasteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finance">Finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main source of income for the ROCOR central authority is lease of a part of the building that houses the headquarters of the ROCOR's <a href="/wiki/Francis_F._Palmer_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis F. Palmer House">Synod of Bishops</a> situated at the intersection of East <a href="/wiki/93rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="93rd Street (Manhattan)">93rd Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a> to a private school, estimated in 2016 to generate about US$500,000; the ROCOR was said not to make any monetary contributions towards the ROC's budget.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_Rite_in_the_ROCOR">Western Rite in the ROCOR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western Rite in the ROCOR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a long history of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a> in the ROCOR, although attitudes toward it have varied, and the number of Western Rite parishes is relatively small. St. Petroc Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> is now under the oversight of Metropolitan Daniel of the Moscow Metropolitanate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict_(Orthodox)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict (Orthodox)">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Savior_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the Savior Monastery">Christ the Savior Monastery</a>, founded in 1993 in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, in 2008 (see main article for references) has incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Our_Lady_of_Glastonbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury">Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury</a> as its monastery <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a>. The oratory had previously been a mission of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Western_Rite_Vicariate" title="Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate">Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese_of_North_America" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America">Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America</a>, but since October 2007 has been a part of ROCOR. There are a few other parishes that either use the Western Rite exclusively or in part. An American parish, St Benedict of Nursia, in Oklahoma City, uses both the Western Rite and the Byzantine Rite. </p><p>In 2011, the ROCOR declared all of its Western Rite parishes to be a "<a href="/wiki/Vicariate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariate">vicariate</a>", parallel to the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate, and established a website.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 July 2013, an extraordinary session of the Synod of Bishops of ROCOR removed <a href="/wiki/Jerome_(Shaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome (Shaw)">Bishop Jerome</a> of Manhattan and Fr Anthony Bondi from their positions in the vicariate; ordered a halt to all ordinations and a review of those recently conferred by Bishop Jerome; and decreed preparations be made for the assimilation of existing Western Rite communities to mainstream ROCOR liturgical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_churches">Notable churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Wiesbaden" title="St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden">St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_church,_Baden-Baden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian church, Baden-Baden (page does not exist)">Russian church, Baden-Baden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Kirche_(Baden-Baden)" class="extiw" title="de:Russische Kirche (Baden-Baden)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_Alexandra,_Bad_Ems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint Alexandra, Bad Ems (page does not exist)">Church of Saint Alexandra, Bad Ems</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerk_van_de_Heilige_Alexandra" class="extiw" title="nl:Kerk van de Heilige Alexandra">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_Sergius_of_Radonezh,_Bad_Kissingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Bad Kissingen (page does not exist)">Church of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Bad Kissingen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirche_des_Sergius_von_Radonesch_(Bad_Kissingen)" class="extiw" title="de:Kirche des Sergius von Radonesch (Bad Kissingen)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Chapel,_Bad_Homburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Chapel, Bad Homburg (page does not exist)">Russian Chapel, Bad Homburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Kapelle_(Bad_Homburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Russische Kapelle (Bad Homburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_church,_Stuttgart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian church, Stuttgart (page does not exist)">Russian church, Stuttgart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Kirche_(Stuttgart)" class="extiw" title="de:Russische Kirche (Stuttgart)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saint_Procopius_of_Ustyug,_Hamburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Saint Procopius of Ustyug, Hamburg (page does not exist)">Church of Saint Procopius of Ustyug, Hamburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirche_des_heiligen_Prokop_(Hamburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Kirche des heiligen Prokop (Hamburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Most_Holy_Mother_of_God_and_the_Holy_Royal_Martyrs" title="Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God and the Holy Royal Martyrs">Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God and the Holy Royal Martyrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiswick" title="Chiswick">Chiswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Church,_Copenhagen" title="Alexander Nevsky Church, Copenhagen">Alexander Nevsky Church, Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Church,_Geneva" title="Russian Church, Geneva">Russian Church, Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church,_Vevey" title="Russian Orthodox Church, Vevey">Russian Orthodox Church, Vevey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_of_Saint_Job,_Brussels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Job, Brussels (page does not exist)">Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Job, Brussels</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_Saint-Job_d%27Uccle" class="extiw" title="fr:Église orthodoxe Saint-Job d'Uccle">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Luxembourg" title="St. Peter and Paul Church, Luxembourg">St. Peter and Paul Church, Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Howell" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Howell">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Howell</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (Washington, D.C.)">Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (Washington, D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Brisbane" title="St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Brisbane">St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Orthodox_Church_(Mebane,_North_Carolina)" title="Holy Trinity Orthodox Church (Mebane, North Carolina)">Holy Trinity Orthodox Church (Mebane, North Carolina)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">List of bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Jurewicz" title="Theodore Jurewicz">Theodore Jurewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krindatch,_A._2011_p._80_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krindatch, A. (2011). <i>Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches.</i> (p. 80). Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synod.com/synod/eng2022/20220913_ensoborelection.html">"His Grace Bishop Nicholas is elected First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Grace+Bishop+Nicholas+is+elected+First+Hierarch+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synod.com%2Fsynod%2Feng2022%2F20220913_ensoborelection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlacioiu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Burlacioiu, Ciprian (April 2018). "Russian Orthodox Diaspora as a Global Religion after 1918". <i>Studies in World Christianity</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 4–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fswc.2018.0202">10.3366/swc.2018.0202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-9901">1354-9901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+World+Christianity&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+Diaspora+as+a+Global+Religion+after+1918&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-24&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fswc.2018.0202&rft.issn=1354-9901&rft.aulast=Burlacioiu&rft.aufirst=Ciprian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Holley2007" class="citation news cs1">David Holley (May 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520061933/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/world/4815010.html">"Russian Orthodox Church ends 80-year split"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/world/4815010.html">the original</a> on 2007-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+Church+ends+80-year+split&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.au=David+Holley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fdisp%2Fstory.mpl%2Fworld%2F4815010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assemblyofbishops.org/directories/parishes?searchType=jurisdiction&jur=roc">"Parishes"</a>. <i>Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembly+of+Canonical+Orthodox+Bishops+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Parishes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblyofbishops.org%2Fdirectories%2Fparishes%3FsearchType%3Djurisdiction%26jur%3Droc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/28517.html">Положение о Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей</a>: ″Пр. 1. Русская Православная Церковь заграницей есть неразрывная часть поместной Российской Православной Церкви, временно самоуправляющаяся на соборных началах до упразднения в России безбожной власти, в соответствии с Постановлением Св. Патриарха, Св. Синода и Высшего Церковного Совета Российской Церкви от 7/20 ноября 1920 г. за № 362. [...] Пр. 4. Русская Православная Церковь заграницей в своей внутренней жизни и управлении руководствуется: Священным Писанием и Священным Преданием, священными канонами и церковными законами, правилами и благочестивыми обычаями Поместной Российской Православной Церкви и, в частности, — Постановлением Святейшего Патриарха, Свящ. Синода и Высшего Церковного Совета Православной Российской Церкви от 7/20 ноября 1920 года № 362, [...]″</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politikazagran-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politikazagran_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politikazagran_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">″Загранична црква у Сремским Карловцима: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i>, 23 December 2017, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politikaprihv-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politikaprihv_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">″Прихваћен позив патријарха Димитрија: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i>, 21 December 2017, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“[...] И ныне пусть неусыпно пламенеет молитва наша – да укажет Господь пути спасения и строительства родной земли; да даст защиту Вере и Церкви и всей земле русской и да осенит он сердце народное; да вернет на всероссийский Престол Помазанника, сильного любовью народа, законного православного Царя из Дома Романовых. [...]” (Протоиерей Аркадий Маковецкий. <i>Белая Церковь: Вдали от атеистического террора</i>: Питер, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-49807-400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-49807-400-9">978-5-49807-400-9</a> , pp. 31–32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Протоиерей Аркадий Маковецкий. <i>Белая Церковь: Вдали от атеистического террора</i>: Питер, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-49807-400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-49807-400-9">978-5-49807-400-9</a> , p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politikavrtlogu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politikavrtlogu_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">″У вртлогу политичке борбе: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i>, 15 January 2018, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Протоиерей Аркадий Маковецкий. <i>Белая Церковь: Вдали от атеистического террора</i>: Питер, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-49807-400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-49807-400-9">978-5-49807-400-9</a> , p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Митрополит Антоний (Храповицкий). <i>Избранные труды. Письма. Материалы.</i> Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Tikhon%27s_Orthodox_University" title="Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University">ПСТГУ</a>, 2007, р. 786: ″«Заграничная часть Всероссийской Церкви должна прекратить сношения с Московской церковной властью ввиду невозможности нормальных сношений с нею и ввиду порабощения её безбожной советской властью, лишающей её свободы в своих волеизъявлениях и каноническом управлении Церковью»″.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavie.ru/5701.html">РПЦЗ: КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ СПРАВКА</a>: «Заграничная часть Русской Церкви почитает себя неразрывною, духовно-единою ветвью великой Русской Церкви. Она не отделяет себя от своей Матери-Церкви и не считает себя автокефальною».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Dawisha1994" class="citation book cs1">Karen Dawisha (1994). <i>Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval</i>. New York, NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+New+States+of+Eurasia%3A+The+Politics+of+Upheaval&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Karen+Dawisha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/?act=monitor&id=226">Постановления Заместителя Патриаршего Местоблюстителя и при нем Патриаршего Священного Синода: О Карловацкой группе (от 22 июня 1934 года, № 50) (ЖМП, 1934 г.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politikadometi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politikadometi_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">″Домети мисије патријарха Варнаве: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i>, 4 January 2018, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politikanovipok-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politikanovipok_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">″Нови покушај патријарха Варнаве: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i>, 5 January 2018, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politinema-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politinema_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">″Нема Русије без православне монархије: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // <i><a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a></i>, 6 January 2018, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinod.ruschurchabroad.org/Arh%20Sobor%201938%202%20vsezarub%20deyaniya.htm">II Всезарубежный Собор (1938)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">И. М. Андреев. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synod.com/synod/history/his_2vzs.html">Второй Всезарубежный Собор Русской православной церкви заграницей</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Деяния Второго Всезарубежного Собора Русской Православной Церкви заграницей. Белград, 1939, pp. 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">прот. <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Цыпин, Владислав Александрович">Владислав Цыпин</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Vladislav_Tsypin/istorija-russkoj-tserkvi-1917-1997/11">ГЛАВА XI. Церковная диаспора</a> // История Русской Церкви (1917–1997), 1997. Издательство. Издательство Спасо-Преображенского Валаамского монастыря.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitry Pospielovsky, <i>The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917–1982,</i> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir Seminary Press, 1984, p.223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchbishop_Chrysostomos" class="citation web cs1">Archbishop Chrysostomos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/review_priceproph.aspx">"Book Review: The Price of Prophecy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Price+of+Prophecy&rft.au=Archbishop+Chrysostomos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fecumenism%2Freview_priceproph.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625014337/http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/engdocuments/enart_2chhisconf.html">"The Second Ecclesio-Historical Conference "The History of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 20th c. (1930-1948)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/engdocuments/enart_2chhisconf.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Ecclesio-Historical+Conference+%22The+History+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+of+the+20th+c.+%281930-1948%29%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianorthodoxchurch.ws%2Fsynod%2Fengdocuments%2Fenart_2chhisconf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPospielovsky,_Dimitry1998" class="citation book cs1">Pospielovsky, Dimitry (1998). <i>The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia</i>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+History+of+Russia&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%E2%80%99s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Pospielovsky%2C+Dimitry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шкаровский, Михаил Витальевич">Михаил Шкаровский</a>. Политика Третьего рейха по отношению к Русской Православной Церкви в свете архивных материалов 1935—1945 годов / Сборник документов. 2003, стр. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof Mikhail Skarovsky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spbda.ru/publications/professor-m-v-shkarovskiy-russkaya-cerkovnaya-emigraciya-v-yugoslavii-v-gody-vtoroy-mirovoy-voyny/">РУССКАЯ ЦЕРКОВНАЯ ЭМИГРАЦИЯ В ЮГОСЛАВИИ В ГОДЫ ВТОРОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shkar-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shkar_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shkar_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шкаровский, Михаил Витальевич">Михаил Шкаровский</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Istorija_Tserkvi/stalinskaja-religioznaja-politika-i-russkaja-pravoslavnaja-tserkov-v-1943-1953-godah/">Сталинская религиозная политика и Русская Православная Церковь в 1943–1953 годах</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112203904/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816982,00.html">"Plot in Progress"</a>. Time Magazine. September 15, 1952. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816982,00.html">the original</a> on January 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plot+in+Progress&rft.date=1952-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C816982%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stvladimirs.ca/library/concerning-patriarch-pimen.html">Resolution of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia Concerning the Election of Pimen (Isvekov) as Patriarch of Moscow, September 1/14) 1971</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329204753/http://www.stvladimirs.ca/library/concerning-patriarch-pimen.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 27th, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/english/pages/regulations/rocorregulations.html">Regulations Of The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, Confirmed by the Council of Bishops in 1956 and by a decision of the Council dated 5/18 June, 1964</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330054108/http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/english/pages/regulations/rocorregulations.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, first paragraph, December 28, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodox.net/articles/anastasy-will.html">The last will and testament of Metropolitan Anastassy, 1957</a>, December 28, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/cat_1974.aspx">The Catacomb Tikhonite Church 1974</a>, The Orthodox Word, Nov.-Dec., 1974 (59), 235-246, December 28, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salon-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salon_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbigail_BeshkinRob_Mank2000" class="citation news cs1">Abigail Beshkin; Rob Mank (March 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218205540/http://archive.salon.com/news/feature/2000/03/24/stephanopoulos/index.html">"Hunger strike in Jericho"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.salon.com/news/feature/2000/03/24/stephanopoulos/index.html">the original</a> on February 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+Russia+-+Official+Website&rft.pub=Russianorthodoxchurch.ws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianorthodoxchurch.ws%2Fsynod%2Feng2007%2F7ensfcommunique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synod.com/synod/engrocor/enbishops.html">"BISHOPS"</a>. <i>The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia - Official Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia+-+Official+Website&rft.atitle=BISHOPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synod.com%2Fsynod%2Fengrocor%2Fenbishops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/investigation/society/24/02/2016/56c84fd49a7947ecbff1473d">Расследование РБК: на что живет церковь</a> <a href="/wiki/RBK_Group" title="RBK Group">RBK</a>, 24 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxwesternrite.wordpress.com/st-petroc-monastery/">"Saint Petroc Monastery"</a>. Orthodoxwesternrite.wordpress.com. 27 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petroc+Monastery&rft.pub=Orthodoxwesternrite.wordpress.com&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxwesternrite.wordpress.com%2Fst-petroc-monastery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocor-wr.org/">"ROCOR Western-Rite - Home"</a>. Rwrv-wr.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROCOR+Western-Rite+-+Home&rft.pub=Rwrv-wr.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocor-wr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/eng2013/20130712_ensynodmeeting.html">"The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia - Official Website"</a>. <i>www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia+-+Official+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianorthodoxchurch.ws%2Fsynod%2Feng2013%2F20130712_ensynodmeeting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocorstudies.org">ROCOR Studies</a> Website dedicated to the history of the ROCOR</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eadiocese.org">eadiocese.org</a> Official website of the Eastern American diocese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcdiocese.com/en/">mcdiocese.com</a> Official website of the diocese of Montreal and Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocor.org.au">rocor.org.au</a> Official website of the diocese of Australia and new Zealand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodox-europe.org">orthodox-europe.org</a> Official website of Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagodiocese.org">chicagodiocese.org</a> Official site of Chicago and Mid-American eprahim</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wadiocese.org">wadiocese.org</a> Official website of the Western American diocese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocor.de">rocor.de</a> Official website of The German diocese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hts.edu">hts.edu</a> Official website of Holy Trinity Seminary in Jordanville</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocor-wr.org/">rocor-wr.org</a> Western Rite of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia official page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iglesiarusa.info/">iglesiarusa.info</a> Official website of The South American diocese</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Autocephalous and autonomous churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Four ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch" title="John X of Antioch">John X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem">Theophilos III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch">Porfirije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_of_Bulgaria" title="Daniil of Bulgaria">Daniil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Daniel of Romania">Daniel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia" title="Ilia II of Georgia">Ilia II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autocephalous<br /><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archdioceses</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Cyprus">George III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania" title="Anastasios of Albania">Anastasios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawa_(Hrycuniak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawa (Hrycuniak)">Sawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rastislav_(Gont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastislav (Gont)">Rastislav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Mollard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Mollard)">Tikhon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan,_Archbishop_of_Ohrid_and_Macedonia" title="Stefan, Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia">Stefan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineCross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/60px-ByzantineCross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/90px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/120px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (Romanian Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="background:#ddddff">Semi-autonomous churches</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_episcopal_assemblies" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox episcopal assemblies">Diaspora<br />Assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></dd> <dd>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_John_Chrysostom" title="Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom">Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Mark</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Unrecognized_churches" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodoxy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ROC <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">severed full communion</a> with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_62-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n3-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n3_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Semi-autonomous part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> whose autonomy is not universally recognized.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912932#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912932#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912932#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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