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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ecumenical Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premises_of_the_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premises_of_the_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Premises of the schism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premises_of_the_schism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premises of the schism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premises_of_the_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Question_of_the_subordination_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'_and_the_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_of_the_subordination_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'_and_the_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_of_the_subordination_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'_and_the_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_Metropolitan_Jonah_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Metropolitan_Jonah_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Metropolitan_Jonah_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gregory_the_Bulgarian,_division_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev,_and_beginning_of_the_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregory_the_Bulgarian,_division_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev,_and_beginning_of_the_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregory_the_Bulgarian,_division_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev,_and_beginning_of_the_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_rupture_with_the_Ecumenical_Patriarch_by_Ivan_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_rupture_with_the_Ecumenical_Patriarch_by_Ivan_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Complete rupture with the Ecumenical Patriarch by Ivan III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_rupture_with_the_Ecumenical_Patriarch_by_Ivan_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_the_fall_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_the_fall_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Consequences of the fall of Constantinople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_fall_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Byzantine_emperor_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Byzantine_emperor_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Byzantine_emperor_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moscow,_third_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow,_third_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Moscow, third Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow,_third_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_restore_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_restore_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Attempts to restore relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_restore_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_schism_and_recognition_of_Moscow's_autocephaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_schism_and_recognition_of_Moscow's_autocephaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_schism_and_recognition_of_Moscow's_autocephaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Split between the Churches of Moscow and Constantinople</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">approx. 1467–1560</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">"Schism of the Church of Moscow of 1467–1560" (by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Mironovich_Lurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Mironovich Lurie (page does not exist)">V. M. Lurie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лурье, Вадим Миронович">ru</a>]</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Schism#Christianity" title="Schism">Christian schism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1. Decision of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> (July 1439) to enter in union with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;">1. <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</a> of the Ecumenical Patriarchate<br />3. Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Calixtus III">Calixtus III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_Ivan_III_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince Ivan III of Russia">Grand Prince Ivan III of Russia</a> refused to recognize Gregory the Bulgarian as head of Moscow's Church, which led to a rupture of communion between the Churches of Moscow and Constantinople in 1460. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>schism between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and part of</b> <b>its</b> <b>Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus</b> (which later became the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Patriarchate">Moscow Patriarchate</a>) occurred between approximately 1467 and 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This schism <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ended supposedly around 1560. </p><p>On 15 December 1448, <a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">Jonah</a> became <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_All_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'">Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'</a> without the agreement of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, which made the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' <i>de facto</i> independent. In response, in 1458 a rival Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Bulgarian" title="Gregory the Bulgarian">Gregory the Bulgarian</a> was appointed and consecrated by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> of Rome as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Byzantine Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kriza_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kriza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metropolitan Gregory was then recognised by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius I of Constantinople">Dionysius I of Constantinople</a> in 1466; since Constantinople maintained the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> until 1484, Kiev returned under Constantinople's jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-kriza_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kriza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionysius therefore demanded in 1467 that all the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(church_officer)#Orthodox_Christianity" title="Ordinary (church officer)">hierarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a> submit to Gregory, but Moscow peremptorily refused. On the same year, Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan III of Moscow">Ivan III of Moscow</a> declared a complete rupture of relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. </p><p>Relations were gradually restored and in 1560 the Patriarch of Constantinople considered the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus">Metropolitan of Moscow</a> to be his <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">exarch</a>. In 1589–1591, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Moscow">Church of Moscow</a> was recognized as <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow</a> later became the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization#Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">eighth Patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'"><span id="Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus.27"></span>Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> that was erected on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. It existed between 988 AD and 1596 AD. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canonically</a>, it was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. The episcopal seat (<i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i>) was located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_Council">Ecumenical Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecumenical Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasil2b.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vasil2b.gif/220px-Vasil2b.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vasil2b.gif/330px-Vasil2b.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vasil2b.gif/440px-Vasil2b.gif 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Grand Prince Vasily II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg/220px-Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg/330px-Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Isidore of Kiev</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a> of the Church—the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>—took place from 1431 to 1449.<sup id="cite_ref-Valois_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valois-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he resisted at first, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a>—<a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II of Moscow</a>—eventually permitted the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'</a>—<a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a>—to attend the council on condition that Isidore should return with "the rights of Divine law and the constitution of the holy Church" uninjured.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council healed the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Church_union#The_Uniates_and_the_Edinoverie" title="Church union">uniting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> and Eastern Orthodox churches. The union was proclaimed on 6 July 1439 in the document <i><a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Greeks" title="Bull of Union with the Greeks">Laetentur Caeli</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-Eugenius_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenius-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was composed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> and signed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> and all but one of the bishops present.<sup id="cite_ref-Valois_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valois-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Greek bishops, perhaps feeling political pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Emperor</a>, reluctantly accepted the decrees of the council. Other Eastern bishops, such as Isidore, did so with sincere conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Syropoulos" title="Sylvester Syropoulos">Sylvester Syropoulos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lootens_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lootens-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Greek writers charge Isidore with perjury because he accepted the union, despite his promise to Vasili II.<sup id="cite_ref-florida_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florida-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a>, Isidore returned to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin's</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a>, Isidore read the decree of unification aloud. He also passed a message to Vasili II from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, containing a request to assist the metropolitan in spreading the Union in Rus'. Three days later, Isidore was arrested by the Grand Prince and imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Chudov_Monastery" title="Chudov Monastery">Chudov Monastery</a>. He arranged for certain Rus' clergy to denounce the metropolitan for refusing to renounce the union with Rome. As a result, the Great Prince of Moscow voided the union in his lands and imprisoned Isidore for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-florida_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florida-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having adjudged Isidore to have apostatized to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, he was deposed by a local synod.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premises_of_the_schism">Premises of the schism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Premises of the schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council of Bishops of Moscow condemned Isidor and imprisoned him. They later sent a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople in which they listed Isidore's faults and requested that his case be considered. They also asked to be allowed to ordain a Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' by themselves; apparently, they had no doubt that Isidore would be deprived of his dignity. This letter has been interpreted in two ways. According to the historian Golubinsky, Moscow offered Constantinople a kind of compromise: Moscow gets the opportunity to ordain a Metropolitan and in return it does not raise the issue of the Union, while remaining in formal dependence on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">uniate</a> Patriarch of Constantinople. According to the historian Florya, the Eastern Orthodox of Moscow were sure of the imminent failure of the Union supporters, and were hoping for this failure.<sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the situation was different, and the new Patriarch of Constantinople was the uniate <a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_II_of_Constantinople" title="Metrophanes II of Constantinople">Metrophanes II</a>, who continued to follow the decisions of the Council of Florence. The Eastern Orthodox of Moscow did not dare to judge Isidore themselves, so he was expelled from Moscow (it was officially announced that he had escaped); then, he was also expelled from <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Tver</a>. He was also poorly met in Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Navahrudak" class="mw-redirect" title="Navahrudak">Navahrudak</a>, because Lithuanian Prince <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir</a> recognized the <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VIII,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy">anti-pope Felix V</a> who had been previously elected by the <a href="/wiki/Council_Of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council Of Basel">Council of Basel</a>. In March 1443, Isidore had moved in <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, possession of the new <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland#King_of_Hungary_and_Croatia" title="Władysław III of Poland">king of Poland and Hungary Vladislav III</a>, and contributed to the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(law)" title="Privilege (law)">privilege</a>, which formally equated the rights of Catholic and Eastern Orthodox clergy in kings' lands. Then he went to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Isidore_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isidore-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that at least one of the Eastern Orthodox bishops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the ordination from Isidor, and repented of it, but other information on the situation in Lithuania is extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_of_the_subordination_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'_and_the_union"><span id="Question_of_the_subordination_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus.27_and_the_union"></span>Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Question of the subordination of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' and the union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the exile of Isidore from Moscow in 1441, the question of the subordination of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Church of Constantinople</a> remained unclear for a long time. In Constantinople itself, there was a fierce struggle between pro- and anti-unionists. In fact, the Union was supported by a narrow group of elite from the capital of the dying Empire. Russian <a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Grand Prince Vasiliy II</a> supported the anti-unionists (those information are preserved his correspondence with the monks of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of the pro-unionist <a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_II_of_Constantinople" title="Metrophanes II of Constantinople">Metrophanes II</a> in 1443, in Constantinople for a long time they did not manage to elect a new Patriarch. In 1444–1445 there were 15 public disputes between supporters and opponents of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, the ranks of the pro-unionists were reduced and ten years after the Council of Florence, only four of the members of the Greek delegation remained faithful to the Union. Despite this, the firm supporter of the Union <a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory III of Constantinople">Gregory Mammas</a> became the new Patriarch (in 1444 or 1445). His position remained fragile and he fled Constantinople in 1451 after the death of Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a> (one of the initiators of the Union).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about relations between Moscow and Constantinople during this period is extremely scarce and unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakov_lurie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_Metropolitan_Jonah_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'"><span id="Election_of_Metropolitan_Jonah_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus.27"></span>Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election of Metropolitan Jonah of Kiev and all Rus'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muscovite_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscovite Civil War">Muscovite Civil War</a></div> <p>After Vasily II regained his throne in 1447, Jonah was still officially only the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a> and his name was only in third place.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only in 1448 that the Council of bishops of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">North-Eastern Rus'</a> proclaimed Jonas Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. This decision was not unanimous—the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Tver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> (both cities were semi-independent from Moscow) did not sign the Charter of his election.<sup id="cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakov_lurie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In support of Jonah's claims, Moscow claimed that the previous Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', <a href="/wiki/Photius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Photios</a>, had proclaimed Jonah as his successor, and that a Patriarch of Constantinople which they did not name had once promised Jonah that he would become Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' after Isidore. Some modern researchers doubt the validity of these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakov_lurie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of Jonah was not accompanied by a clear break with Constantinople. For example, Vasily II composed a letter to the new Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> (whom he wrongly considered an opponent of the Union). Vasily justified the unauthorized election of Jonah by extreme circumstances and asked for communion and blessings, but only if there would be an Eastern Orthodox Patriarch in Constantinople:<sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have done this from necessity, not from pride or insolence. Till the end of time we shall abide in the Orthodoxy that was given to us; our Church will always seek the blessing of the Church of Tsarigrad<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will be obedient in all things to the ancient piety.</p></blockquote> <p>However Constantine XI, in a desperate search for allies against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>, agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Union</a>. Soon, in 1453, Constantinople fell and the question of recognizing Jonah remained uncertain until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> wrote in an official letter in 2018: "the Holy Metropolitanate of Kiev has always belonged to the jurisdiction of the Mother Church of Constantinople, founded by it as a separate Metropolitanate, occupying the 60th position in the list of the eparchies of the Ecumenical Throne. Later on, the local Synod in the state of Great Russia—upon an unfounded pretext—unilaterally cut itself off from its canonical authority, i.e. the Holy Great Church of Christ (1448), but in the city of Kiev other Metropolitans, authentic and canonical, were continually and unceasingly ordained by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, since the Kievan clergy and laity did not accept their subjection to the center of Moscovy."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schism">Schism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregory_the_Bulgarian,_division_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev,_and_beginning_of_the_schism"><span id="Gregory_the_Bulgarian.2C_division_of_the_Metropolis_of_Kiev.2C_and_beginning_of_the_schism"></span>Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gregory the Bulgarian, division of the Metropolis of Kiev, and beginning of the schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his election, <a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">Metropolitan Jonah</a> tried to assert his jurisdiction over the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania. He succeeded because the <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon#Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir</a>, who was recently (in 1447) elected <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon#King_of_Poland" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">king of Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II</a> (his brother-in-law) were able to agree on this. In 1451, Casimir IV sent a charter to the Eastern Orthodox of Lithuania in which he called them to obey Jonah as Metropolitan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashev-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1454, after they <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Constantinople">conquered Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> removed <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius II</a> and imposed a new Ecumenical Patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadios</a>, "who promptly renounced the Filioque."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamermann_92_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamermann_92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1458 the Patriarch-<a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">Uniate</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory III of Constantinople">Gregory Mammas</a>, who had fled from Constantinople to Rome, ordained <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Bulgarian" title="Gregory the Bulgarian">Gregory the Bulgarian</a> as new Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. Previously, also in 1458, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus III">Pope Calixtus III</a> had divided the Metropolis of Kiev into two parts: "Superior Russia" centered about Moscow and "Inner Russia" centered about Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilippidesHanak2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilippidesHanak2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casimir IV was forced to cede to the demands of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus III">Pope Calixtus III</a> and to recognize Gregory as Metropolitan, restoring the Union in Lithuania. Jonah resisted this decision, and in 1459 he assembled the Council and demanded that its members swear allegiance to him or to his successor, as well as to sever relations with the Uniate Metropolitan Gregory. In case of any persecution by the authorities, Jonah promised the bishops refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow Principality</a>, but only one Bishop, Evfimy of Bryansk and Chernigov, took advantage of this offer (he became Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a>). In 1461, Jonah died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashev-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the victory of Gregory the Bulgarian over the Eastern Orthodox bishops, he faced resistance to the Union at the grassroots level (at this time the first <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Orthodox "brotherhoods"</a> were formed).<sup id="cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashev-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, in Constantinople, which was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">the Turks</a>, the Union was finally rejected. As a result, Gregory decided to leave the Catholic Church, and returned to the jurisdiction of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius I of Constantinople">Dionysius I of Constantinople</a>. In February 1467 Dionysius sent a letter to Moscow, in which he called all the Russian lands, and especially <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Great Novgorod</a>, to accept Gregory as the only legitimate Metropolitan recognized by Constantinople. In addition, in the same letter Dionysius claimed that his Holy <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic</a> Church "did not accept, does not hold, and does not name as metropolitans" Jonah and other metropolitans, ordained in Moscow after him.<sup id="cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vladimir_lurie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sedmitza_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashev-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow">Philip</a> I was the metropolitan in Moscow, since 1464; he replaced <a href="/wiki/Theodosius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Theodosius</a>, whom Jonah had appointed as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_rupture_with_the_Ecumenical_Patriarch_by_Ivan_III">Complete rupture with the Ecumenical Patriarch by Ivan III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Complete rupture with the Ecumenical Patriarch by Ivan III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> refused to recognize Gregory the Bulgarian, which led to a rupture of relations between Moscow and Constantinople. In 1470, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Novgorod">Archbishop of Novgorod</a> that he did not recognize Gregory as a Metropolitan; Ivan added concerning the Patriarch of Constantinople: "we do not demand him, nor his blessing, nor his disregard, we consider him, the very patriarch, alien and renounced". These words were a clear confirmation of the formal break with Constantinople, which arose because of the autocephaly of the church of Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartashev-2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartashev-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> tried to get out from the influence of Moscow, recognizing <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir of Poland and Lithuania</a> as their liege, and Gregory as their Metropolitan. But Ivan III suppressed this attempt by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shelon" title="Battle of Shelon">military force</a>, executing leaders of the opposition (1471).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004136_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004136-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_of_the_fall_of_Constantinople">Consequences of the fall of Constantinople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consequences of the fall of Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_the_Byzantine_emperor_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church">Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism#Other_points_of_conflict" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism § Other points of conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire#State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire#End_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire § State church of the Roman Empire#End of the Western Roman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Church reform of Peter the Great">Church reform of Peter the Great</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, the Emperor was the supreme authority in both church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The king is not God among men but the Viceroy of God. He is not the logos incarnate but is in a special relation with the logos. He has been specially appointed and is continually inspired by God, the friend of God, the interpreter of the Word of God. His eyes look upward, to receive the messages of God. He must be surrounded with the reverence and glory that befits God's earthly copy; and he will 'frame his earthly government according to the pattern of the divine original, finding strength in its conformity with the monarchy of God'.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the East, endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>, subordination of the church to the religious claims of the dominant political order, was most fully evident in the Byzantine Empire at the end of the first millennium,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the West the decline of imperial authority left the Church relatively independent.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, the role of the <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Roman emperor</a> as the sole <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/secular" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:secular">secular</a> head of all Eastern Orthodox was very prominent. Thus, in 1393 <a href="/wiki/Antony_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Antony IV of Constantinople">Patriarch Anthony IV of Constantinople</a> wrote to Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I of Moscow</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1985Book_I,_chpt._3_"Church_and_State"_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1985Book_I,_chpt._3_"Church_and_State"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The holy emperor has a great place in the church, for he is not like other rulers or governors of other regions. This s [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] so because from the beginning the emperors established and confirmed the [true] faith in all the inhabited world. They convoked the ecumenical councils and confirmed and decreed the acceptance of the pronouncements of the divine and holy canons regarding the correct doctrines and the government of Christians. [...] The basileus [note: the Greek term for emperor] is anointed with the great myrrh and is appointed basileus and autokrator of the Romans, and indeed of all Christians. Everywhere the name of the emperor is commemorated by all patriarchs and metropolitans and bishops wherever men are called Christians, [a thing] which no other ruler or governor ever received. Indeed he enjoys such great authority over all that even the Latins themselves, who are not in communion with our church, render him the same honor and submission which they did in the old days when they were united with us. So much more do Orthodox Christians owe such recognition to him.... <br />Therefore, my son, you are wrong to affirm that we have the church without an Emperors for it is impossible for Christians to have a church and no empire. The Baslleia [empire] and the church have a great unity and community—indeed they cannot be separated. Christians can repudiate only emperors who are heretics who attack the church, or who introduce doctrines irreconcilable with the teachings of the Apostles and the Fathers. [...] Of whom, then, do the Fathers, councils, and canons speak? Always and everywhere they speak loudly of' the one rightful basileus, whose laws, decrees, and charters are in force throughout the world and who alone, only he, is mentioned in all places by Christians in the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Letter of Patriarch Anthony to Vasily I</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> gave the Patriarchate of Constantinople an enormous prestige, although this position of Eastern Orthodox emperor was challenged; indeed, the rivalry for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/primacy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:primacy">primacy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine empire</a> was especially strong among the Eastern Orthodox Slavs in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, who sought <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> for their churches and gave their rulers the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i> (emperor).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Tsardome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, was even called "<a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">New Rome</a>". The Patriarchs of Constantinople, however, did not recognize these rulers as equal to a <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a> also shared this feeling of rivalry with the Byzantine empire over the secular primacy in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vladimir_lurie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-speculum1953_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speculum1953-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moscow,_third_Rome"><span id="Moscow.2C_third_Rome"></span>Moscow, third Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moscow, third Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Cowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of the White Cowl">Legend of the White Cowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Princes_of_Vladimir" title="The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir">The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></div> <p>The expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Metropolitan Isidore</a> and the independent ordination of Jonah were the response of Moscow to the Union. However, even after the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Constantinople_(1484)" title="Synod of Constantinople (1484)">officially rejected the Union in 1484</a>, its jurisdiction over Moscow was not restored because there was no <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Eastern Roman emperor</a> anymore. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">1453, Constantinople was captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>, and the last fragment of the Byzantine Empire, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>, fell in 1461 to the Turks. Even before the fall of Constantinople, the Orthodox Slavic states in the Balkans had fallen under Turkish rule. The fall of Constantinople caused tremendous fears, many considered the fall of Constantinople as a sign the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End time</a> was near (in 1492 it was 7000 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a>); others believed that the emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (although he was a Roman Catholic) now took the place of the emperors of Constantinople. There were also hopes that Constantinople would be liberated soon. Moreover, the Orthodox Church was left without its Eastern Orthodox <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i>. Therefore, the question arose of who would become the new <i>basileus</i>. At the end of the various <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22Tales%22_about_the_fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""Tales" about the fall of Constantinople (page does not exist)">"Tales" about the fall of Constantinople</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1453_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Повесть о взятии Царьграда турками в 1453 году">ru</a>]</span>, which gained great popularity in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow Russia</a>, it was directly stated that the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> would defeat the <a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelites</a> (Muslims) and their king would become the <i>basileus</i> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Seven_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Seven Hills">City of Seven Hills</a> (Constantinople). The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">Grand Prince of Moscow</a> remained the strongest of the Eastern Orthodox rulers; <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> married <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Paleologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Paleologue">Sophia Paleologue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_stand_on_the_Ugra_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Great stand on the Ugra river">broke his formal subordination</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> (already divided into several <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> kingdoms) and became an independent ruler. All of this strengthened Moscow's claims to primacy in the Eastern Orthodox world. However, the liberation of Constantinople was still far away—the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow State</a> had no opportunity to fight the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. At the end of the 15th century, the emergence of the idea that <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_new_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow, new Rome">Moscow is a truly a new Rome</a> can be found. <a href="/wiki/Zosimus,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow">Metropolitan Zosima</a>, in 1492, quite clearly expressed it, calling Ivan III "the new Tsar <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/City_of_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Constantine">city of Constantine</a>—Moscow."<sup id="cite_ref-speculum1953_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speculum1953-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is best known in the presentation of the monk <a href="/wiki/Philotheus_of_Pskov" title="Philotheus of Pskov">Philotheus</a> of the early 16th century:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So know, pious king, that all the Christian kingdoms came to an end and came together in a single kingdom of yours, two Romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth [emphasis added]. No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom according to <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John the Theologian">the great Theologian</a> [<i>cf</i>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#17:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 17:10</a>] [...].</p></blockquote> <p>The Moscow scholars explained the fall of Constantinople as the <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine punishment</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> of the Union with the Catholic Church, but they did not want to obey the Patriarch of Constantinople, although there were no unionist patriarchs since the Turkish conquest in 1453 and the first Patriarch since then, <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius Scholarius</a>, was the leader of the anti-unionists. At the next synod, <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Constantinople_(1484)" title="Synod of Constantinople (1484)">held in Constantinople in 1484</a>, the Union was finally declared invalid. Having lost its Christian <i>basileus</i> after the Turkish conquest, Constantinople as a center of power lost a significant part of its authority. On the contrary, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs#Grand_Princes_of_Moscow" title="List of Russian monarchs">Moscow rulers</a> soon began to consider themselves real <i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsars</a></i> (this title was already used by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>), and therefore according to them the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church should have been located in Moscow, and thus the bishop of Moscow should become the head of the Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-speculum1953_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speculum1953-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text of the bishop's oath in Muscovy, edited in 1505–1511, condemned the ordination of metropolitans in Constantinople, calling it "the ordination in the area of godless <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>, by the pagan<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>tsar</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov200151_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov200151-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> privileges that the Byzantine emperor enjoyed carried over to the Muscovite tsar. In 1547, for instance, when <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV">Ivan IV</a> was crowned tsar, not only was he <a href="/wiki/Anointing#Royalty" title="Anointing">anointed</a> as the Byzantine emperor had been after the late twelfth century, but he was also allowed to communicate in the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary#Sanctuary_as_area_around_the_altar" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> with the clergy."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The Russian Orthodox Church declared itself autocephalous in 1448, on the basis of explicit rejection of the Filioque, and the doctrine of "Moscow as the Third and Final Rome" was born. This rejection of the Idea of Progress embodied in the Council of Florence is the cultural root of subsequent Russian imperial designs on the West."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamermann_92_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamermann_92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_restore_relations">Attempts to restore relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Attempts to restore relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When breaking off relations with Constantinople in 1467–1470, ambassadors of the Ecumenical Patriarch were forbidden to enter the possession of the Moscow Grand Prince Ivan III. As a result, direct contacts were completely interrupted for almost half a century. However, Moscow continued to intensively communicate with the monks of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> and in 1517 Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Theoleptus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theoleptus I of Constantinople">Theoleptus I of Constantinople</a> used this channel of communication. Together with the elders of Athos, among whom was the famous <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Greek" title="Maximus the Greek">Maximus the Greek</a>, he sent his ambassadors, Gregory (Metropolitan of <a href="/wiki/Zichnai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zichnai">Zichnai</a>) and the patriarchal <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, to the Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of who initiated this contact remains unresolved. It is known that Vasily III was childless for a long time in his first marriage, and many attempts were made to beg for an heir from the Higher powers. The monks of Athos who accompanied the ambassadors reported that they fulfilled the request to pray for the childbearing of Princess <a href="/wiki/Solomonia_Saburova" title="Solomonia Saburova">Solomonia</a> in the monasteries of the Holy Mountain. Modern researchers (Dm. Kryvtsov, V. Lurie) believe that the initiative came from the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the real goal (in addition to the request for financial assistance) was to restore the canonical jurisdiction of Constantinople over Moscow. The story of this embassy in the Moscow chronicles was seriously reworked, and some documents were withdrawn, but the original evidence is preserved in the materials of the trial of Maximus the Greek. It follows from them that the Patriarch's ambassadors were met extremely coldly; the Grand Prince and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Varlaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Varlaam">Metropolitan Varlaam</a> did not accept the blessing from the Patriarch's envoy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ensuing controversy about the right to autocephaly, Moscow had no serious canonical arguments. However, Muscovites believed that if God was dissatisfied with the ordination of Jonas in 1448, He would somehow have showed it. In particular, afterlife miracles of former Metropolitans of Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Alexius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev">saint Alexius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter of Moscow">saint Peter</a>—saint Alexius having been canonized by Jonah in 1448 -, were cited to prove that those saints were in favor of the ordination of Metropolitan Jonah. In addition, Muscovites recalled precedents—the proclamation of autocephaly of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian</a> churches and similar miracles performed by the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Bulgaria">Patriarch of Bulgaria</a>. According to the Moscow scholars, those miracles could not have been possible if God did not want the Bulgarians to have their own independent <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a>. The embassy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was in Moscow for a year and a half, and at this time (1518–1519) sources record a series of <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_healings" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous healings">miraculous healings</a> from the relics of <a href="/wiki/Alexius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev">Metropolitan Alexius</a> (his <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> was the first act of Metropolitan Jonah after his ordination in 1448). In honor of these healings, magnificent celebrations were arranged with the participation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Muscovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Muscovy">Grand Duke</a>, Metropolitans, bishops and other members of the clergy, who had to show the "<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Greeks</a>" the legitimacy of the Moscow autocephaly. The possession of ancient Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> as a symbol of continuity and preservation of "pure" Orthodox traditions was also demonstrated to the "Greeks". In 1518, <a href="/wiki/Varlaam,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow">Metropolitan of Moscow Varlaam</a> made a public prayer for the ending of prolonged rains. When the rains came to an end, it was also regarded as an approval of the legitimacy of Varlaam's ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greeks could not do anything against such arguments. Even if they were not directly expressed, the very atmosphere of the continuous triumph of "<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a>" made useless any attempt to officially raise the question of the subordination of the Moscow autocephalous church to the Patriarch of Constantinople. So the envoys of the Ecumenical Patriarch returned with nothing. The next envoy of the Patriarch of Constantinople appeared in Moscow only 37 years later, in 1556. <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Greek" title="Maximus the Greek">Maximus the Greek</a> stayed in Moscow and tried to debate, explaining the uncanonical character of the Moscow autocephaly and the fact that the Metropolitan of Moscow was ordinated "not according to divine scripture, nor according to the rules of the Saints Fathers". This ended for him with a trial and a very long imprisonment, despite the sympathetic attitude of a part of the clergy who, to the best of their strength, facilitated his fate and made it possible for him to continue his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1539, <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Grand Prince Vasily III</a> died. As a result of court intrigues, <a href="/wiki/Daniel,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow">Metropolitan Daniel</a> was dismissed, and <a href="/wiki/Joasaphus,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow">Joasaph (Skripitsyn)</a>, abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius</a>, was put in his place. Joasaph was a famous book lover and patron of scribes and calligraphers; he opposed to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Volotsky" title="Joseph Volotsky">Josephites</a> and was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Greek" title="Maximus the Greek">Maximus the Greek</a>. Ascending the post, Joasaph did not renounce the patriarch of Constantinople, as his predecessors Moscow metropolitans did and as his successors would; Joasaph did not declare Moscow's Orthodoxy as being the only true one. Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Mironovich_Lurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Mironovich Lurie (page does not exist)">Vladimir Lurie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лурье, Вадим Миронович">ru</a>]</span> believes that the actions of Joasaph can be considered as an attempt to bring Moscow out of the schism. However, Joasaph's rule was short-lived, in 1542 he was removed from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitans_and_Patriarchs_of_Moscow#Metropolitans_of_Moscow_and_all_Russia_(1461–1589)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow">See of Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vladimir_lurie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_schism_and_recognition_of_Moscow's_autocephaly"><span id="End_of_the_schism_and_recognition_of_Moscow.27s_autocephaly"></span>End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: End of the schism and recognition of Moscow's autocephaly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact time of the end of the schism is not known for sure. The Church historian <a href="/wiki/Anton_Kartashev" title="Anton Kartashev">Anton Kartashev</a> believed that the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> imposed by Constantinople for the rejection of Isidore "was never lifted from the Russian Church in formal and documented way. It gradually melted in the course of history, and at the time the Moscow Patriarchate was approved in 1589, it was not even remembered".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the modern historian of the Church, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Mironovich_Lurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Mironovich Lurie (page does not exist)">Vladimir Lurie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лурье, Вадим Миронович">ru</a>]</span>, believes that in 1560–1561 the Metropolis of Moscow returned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople, while losing its self-proclaimed autocephaly. This conclusion was made as a result of a detailed analysis of a set of documents relating to the Embassy of <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a> Theodorite of 1557 and the Embassy of Archimandrite Joasaph of 1560–1561. The main issue of negotiations was to confirm the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> as a real Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>). In one letter, the <a href="/wiki/Joasaph_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph II of Constantinople">patriarch of Constantinople Joasaph</a> calls the metropolitan of Moscow "the <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">exarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">catholic</a> patriarch" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ώς εξαρχος πατριαρχιός καθολικός</span>). Such a title meant administrative subordination, and beyond that it was specially noted in this letter that "he has power from us" (that is, from the Patriarch of Constantinople) and only in this way could he act as a <a href="/wiki/Hierarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarch">hierarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vladimir_lurie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian Orthodox Church considers that it became <i>de facto</i> autocephalous in 1448,<sup id="cite_ref-mospat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mospat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization#Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">other Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs</a> recognized its autocephaly only in 1589–1593. "This was done by means of two letters signed, not by the Ecumenical Patriarch alone, but also by other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization#Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">Patriarchs of the East</a>. In these letters the Patriarchal rank of the primate of the Russian Church was recognized and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow</a> was placed fifth in <a href="/wiki/Diptych#Ecclesiastical" title="Diptych">diptych</a> after the four <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization#Autocephalous_Orthodox_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">Patriarchs of the East</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-mospat_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mospat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Mironovich_Lurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Mironovich Lurie (page does not exist)">V. M. Lurie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лурье, Вадим Миронович">ru</a>]</span> in his work called this period the "schism of the Church of Moscow of 1467–1560"<sup id="cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vladimir_lurie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes also spelled as <i>Laetentur Coeli, Laetantur Caeli, Lætentur Cæli, Lætentur Cœli</i>, or <i>Lætantur Cæli</i>, and occasionally referred to as the <i>Act of Union</i> or "Decree of Union".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the accusing charter of the Russian clergy against Shemyaka, sent in December 6956 (1447) Jonah is still referred to as "the bishop of Ryazan" and is named on the third place – after Efrem of Rostov and Abraham of Suzdal"<sup id="cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakov_lurie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantinople, literally "The City of Tsars" which mean "The City of Emperors"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Bulgaria">tsar of Bulgaria</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Serbs" title="Emperor of the Serbs">emperor of the Serbs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "<a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>" has been used to refer to any adherent of a different faith and had a very negative connotation. In this case, it is used to designate pejoratively the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">muslims</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Eastern Orthodoxy</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian schism">Bulgarian schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly_of_the_Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li></ul> <p><b>Politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vladimir_lurie-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vladimir_lurie_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Mironovich_Lurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Mironovich Lurie (page does not exist)">V. M. Lurie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лурье, Вадим Миронович">ru</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esxatos.com/basil-lourie-prekrashchenie-moskovskogo-cerkovnogo-raskola">Прекращение московского церковного раскола 1467—1560 годов: финал истории в документах</a> (also on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9968613/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0">Academia.edu</a>) (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kriza-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kriza_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kriza_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÁgnes_Kriza2022" class="citation book cs1">Ágnes Kriza (2022). <i>Depicting Orthodoxy in the Russian Middle Ages The Novgorod Icon of Sophia, the Divine Wisdom</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198854302" title="Special:BookSources/9780198854302"><bdi>9780198854302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Depicting+Orthodoxy+in+the+Russian+Middle+Ages+The+Novgorod+Icon+of+Sophia%2C+the+Divine+Wisdom&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780198854302&rft.au=%C3%81gnes+Kriza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valois-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valois_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valois_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valois, 1911, p. 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Gill, Personalities of the Council of Florence, pg68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenius-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugenius_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/eugenius-iv/la/documents/bulla-laetentur-caeli-6-iulii-1439.html">"Bulla Laetentur caeli (6 Iul. 1439), de unione Graecorum"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Bulla+Laetentur+caeli+%286+Iul.+1439%29%2C+de+unione+Graecorum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Feugenius-iv%2Fla%2Fdocuments%2Fbulla-laetentur-caeli-6-iulii-1439.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDezhnyuk" class="citation web cs1">Dezhnyuk, Sergey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12517867">"COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COUNCIL+OF+FLORENCE%3A+THE+UNREALIZED+UNION&rft.aulast=Dezhnyuk&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12517867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lootens-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lootens_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew R. Lootens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2213-2139_emc_SIM_02316">"Silvestros Syropoulos"</a>, in Graeme Dunphy and Cristian Bratu (eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle</i> (published online 2016), accessed 21 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-florida-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-florida_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-florida_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1439.htm#kiev">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Consistory of December 18, 1439"</a>. <i>cardinals.fiu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cardinals.fiu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+%E2%80%93+Consistory+of+December+18%2C+1439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fbios1439.htm%23kiev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravenc.ru/text/578250.html">ИОНА</a> // <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Encyclopedia" title="Orthodox Encyclopedia">Orthodox Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sedmitza-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sedmitza_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sedmitza.ru/lib/text/443009/">"Флорентийская уния и Восточная Европа (конец 30-х — конец 60-х гг. XV в.)"</a>. <i>Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия"</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0+%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+30-%D1%85+%E2%80%94+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+60-%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+XV+%D0%B2.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sedmitza.ru%2Flib%2Ftext%2F443009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isidore-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isidore_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08188a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Isidore of Thessalonica"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Isidore+of+Thessalonica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08188a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDezhnyuk2015chpt._3_"The_Bitter_End"_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDezhnyuk2015">Dezhnyuk 2015</a>, chpt. 3 "The Bitter End".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jakov_lurie-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jakov_lurie_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛурье1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Лурье, Яков (1991). "Как установилась афтокефалия русской церкви в XV в.?" [How was the autocephaly of the Russian church established in the 15th century?]. <i>Вспомогательные исторические дисциплины</i> (in Russian). <b>XXIII</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B2+XV+%D0%B2.%3F&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10367883-patriarch-bartholomew-explains-metropolitan-onufriy-reasons-for-ukraine-church-s-autocephaly-letter.html">"Patriarch Bartholomew explains Metropolitan Onufriy reasons for Ukraine church's autocephaly (Letter)"</a>. <i>www.unian.info</i>. 7 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unian.info&rft.atitle=Patriarch+Bartholomew+explains+Metropolitan+Onufriy+reasons+for+Ukraine+church%27s+autocephaly+%28Letter%29&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F10367883-patriarch-bartholomew-explains-metropolitan-onufriy-reasons-for-ukraine-church-s-autocephaly-letter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita-xronika/25568-apokleistiko-bartholomaios-se-onoufrio-den-mporeite-na-exete-pleon-ton-titlo-kiebou">"ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ | Βαρθολομαίος σε Ονούφριο: <i>Δεν μπορείτε να έχετε πλέον τον τίτλο Κιέβου</i>"</a>. <i>ROMFEA</i> (in Greek). 7 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROMFEA&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F+%7C+%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%83%CE%B5+%CE%9F%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%3A+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BD+%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5+%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%BF+%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romfea.gr%2Fepikairotita-xronika%2F25568-apokleistiko-bartholomaios-se-onoufrio-den-mporeite-na-exete-pleon-ton-titlo-kiebou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShubin2004">Shubin 2004</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kartashev-1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartashev-1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКарташев1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Карташев, Антон (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520015949/http://lib.eparhia-saratov.ru/books/10k/kartashev/russianchurch1/105.html">"Митрополит Григорий Болгарин (1458–1473 гг.)"</a> [Metropolitan Gregory the Bulgarian (1458–1473)]. <i>Очерки по истории Русской Церкви</i> (in Russian). Vol. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.eparhia-saratov.ru/books/10k/kartashev/russianchurch1/105.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD+%281458%E2%80%931473+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.eparhia-saratov.ru%2Fbooks%2F10k%2Fkartashev%2Frussianchurch1%2F105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamermann_92-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamermann_92_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamermann_92_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamermann1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hamermann, Nora (Spring 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.schillerinstitute.com/fidelio_archive/1992/fidv01n02-1992Sp/fidv01n02-1992Sp.pdf">"The Council of Florence: The Religious Event that Shaped the Era of Discovery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fidelio</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 23–36 – via Schiller Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fidelio&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Florence%3A+The+Religious+Event+that+Shaped+the+Era+of+Discovery&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-36&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hamermann&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.schillerinstitute.com%2Ffidelio_archive%2F1992%2Ffidv01n02-1992Sp%2Ffidv01n02-1992Sp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilippidesHanak2018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhilippidesHanak2018_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippidesHanak2018" class="citation book cs1">Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter (2018). <i>Cardinal Isidore (c.1390–1462): A Late Byzantine Scholar, Warlord, and Prelate</i>. Routledge. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21488-9"><bdi>978-1-351-21488-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Isidore+%28c.1390%E2%80%931462%29%3A+A+Late+Byzantine+Scholar%2C+Warlord%2C+and+Prelate&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-21488-9&rft.aulast=Philippides&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft.au=Hanak%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kartashev-2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kartashev-2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКарташев1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Карташев, Антон (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Anton_Kartashev/ocherki-po-istorii-russkoj-tserkvi-tom-1/11_6">"Филипп (I) (1464–1473 гг.)"</a>. <i>Очерки по истории Русской Церкви</i> (in Russian). Vol. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF+%28I%29+%281464%E2%80%931473+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbyka.ru%2Fotechnik%2FAnton_Kartashev%2Focherki-po-istorii-russkoj-tserkvi-tom-1%2F11_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004136-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004136_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShubin2004">Shubin 2004</a>, pp. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrin2013" class="citation book cs1">Herrin, Judith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKlR4xyOmKUC&pg=PA11"><i>Margins and Metropolis</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69115301-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69115301-8"><bdi>978-0-69115301-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margins+and+Metropolis&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-69115301-8&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKlR4xyOmKUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanVoorst2012" class="citation book cs1">VanVoorst, Jenny Fretland (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RyOoBQiCm88C&pg=PA14"><i>The Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Capstone. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75654565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75654565-9"><bdi>978-0-75654565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-75654565-9&rft.aulast=VanVoorst&rft.aufirst=Jenny+Fretland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyOoBQiCm88C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefoff2007" class="citation book cs1">Stefoff, Rebecca (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_HhJcQhhoYC&pg=PA62"><i>Monarchy</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76142630-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76142630-1"><bdi>978-0-76142630-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-76142630-1&rft.aulast=Stefoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_HhJcQhhoYC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2008" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wS78LsGaZpkC&pg=PA140"><i>The Formation of Christendom</i></a>. Ignatius Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617239-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617239-8"><bdi>978-1-58617239-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Christendom&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58617239-8&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwS78LsGaZpkC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Oration in Praise of Constantine (Eusebius)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Oration+in+Praise+of+Constantine+%28Eusebius%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2504.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman. The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge University Press, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029111023/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573998/Church_and_State.html"><i>Church and State in the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573998/Church_and_State.html#p3">the original</a> on 29 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761573998%2FChurch_and_State.html%23p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029111023/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573998/Church_and_State.html"><i>Church and State in Western Europe</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573998/Church_and_State.html#p4">the original</a> on 29 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Western+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761573998%2FChurch_and_State.html%23p4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Dwyer, <i>Church History</i> (Paulist Press 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3830-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3830-2">978-0-8091-3830-2</a>), p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Bunson, <i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i> (Facts on File 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4562-4">978-0-8160-4562-4</a>), pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deno John Geanakoplos, <i>Constantinople and the West</i> (University of Wisconsin Press 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6">978-0-299-11884-6</a>), p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1985Book_I,_chpt._3_"Church_and_State"-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1985Book_I,_chpt._3_"Church_and_State"_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1985">Runciman 1985</a>, Book I, chpt. 3 "Church and State".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/patanthony-emp.asp">"Medieval Sourcebook:<br />Patriarch Anthony: <br />Defending the Emperor, 1395"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>. Internet History Sourcebooks Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A%3Cbr%3EPatriarch+Anthony%3A+%3Cbr%3EDefending+the+Emperor%2C+1395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fpatanthony-emp.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speculum1953-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speculum1953_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speculum1953_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speculum1953_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrémooukhoff1953" class="citation journal cs1">Strémooukhoff, Dimitri (1953). "Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 84–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2847182">10.2307/2847182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847182">2847182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161446879">161446879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Moscow+the+Third+Rome%3A+Sources+of+the+Doctrine&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-101&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161446879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2847182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2847182&rft.aulast=Str%C3%A9mooukhoff&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrémooukhoff1953" class="citation journal cs1">Strémooukhoff, Dimitri (1953). "Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 84–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2847182">10.2307/2847182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847182">2847182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161446879">161446879</a>. <q>That is why we consider the theory definitively formulated by Philotheus to occupy a central place in Muscovite ideology: it forms the core of the opinions developed by the Muscovites about their fatherland and erects them into a doctrine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Moscow+the+Third+Rome%3A+Sources+of+the+Doctrine&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-101&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161446879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2847182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2847182&rft.aulast=Str%C3%A9mooukhoff&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПодосокорский2017" class="citation web cs1">Подосокорский, Николай (2017-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philologist.livejournal.com/9455708.html">"Послание старца Филофея великому князю Василию III о содомском блуде"</a>. <i>philologist.livejournal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philologist.livejournal.com&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8E+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8E+III+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilologist.livejournal.com%2F9455708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=5105">"ПОСЛАНИЯ СТАРЦА ФИЛОФЕЯ"</a>. <i>pushkinskijdom.ru</i>. 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pushkinskijdom.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A6%D0%90+%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%AF&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.pushkinskijdom.ru%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D5105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov200151-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov200151_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKryvtsov2001">Kryvtsov 2001</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Ostrowski, Donald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6st6ZUFvfdYC&q=They+convoked+the+Oecumenical+Councils%3B+they+confirmed+the+pronouncements+of+the+divine+and+sacred+canons+concerning+true+doctrine+and+the+government&pg=PA210"><i>Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2002). p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521894104" title="Special:BookSources/9780521894104"><bdi>9780521894104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscovy+and+the+Mongols%3A+Cross-Cultural+Influences+on+the+Steppe+Frontier%2C+1304%E2%80%931589&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521894104&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6st6ZUFvfdYC%26q%3DThey%2Bconvoked%2Bthe%2BOecumenical%2BCouncils%253B%2Bthey%2Bconfirmed%2Bthe%2Bpronouncements%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdivine%2Band%2Bsacred%2Bcanons%2Bconcerning%2Btrue%2Bdoctrine%2Band%2Bthe%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKryvtsov2001_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKryvtsov2001">Kryvtsov 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДмитриева1988" class="citation book cs1">Дмитриева, Руфина (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=3987">"Иоасаф (Скрипицын), митрополит Московский"</a>. In Лихачёв, Дмитрий (ed.). <i>Словарь книжников и книжности Древней Руси. Вып. 2 (вторая половина XIV-XVI в.), часть 1</i>. Ленинград: Наука.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84+%28%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%29%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8.+%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF.+2+%28%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+XIV-XVI+%D0%B2.%29%2C+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+1&rft.place=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.pushkinskijdom.ru%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D3987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartashev1992" class="citation book cs1">Kartashev, Anton (1992). <i>Очерки по истории русской церкви</i>. Moscow: Терра. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85255-103-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-85255-103-1"><bdi>5-85255-103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=377-378&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=5-85255-103-1&rft.aulast=Kartashev&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mospat-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mospat_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mospat_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mospat.ru/en/2014/11/09/news111091/">"Primacy and Synodality from an Orthodox Perspective"</a>. <i>mospat.ru</i>. The Russian Orthodox Church. 9 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mospat.ru&rft.atitle=Primacy+and+Synodality+from+an+Orthodox+Perspective&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fnews111091%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-Orthodox-Church">"Russian Orthodox Church | History & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+Church+%7C+History+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRussian-Orthodox-Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2004" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Daniel (2004). <i>A History of Russian Christianity. Volume I: From the Earliest Years through Tsar Ivan IV</i>. New York: Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-289-7"><bdi>978-0-87586-289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Christianity.+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Earliest+Years+through+Tsar+Ivan+IV&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-289-7&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDezhnyuk2015" class="citation book cs1">Dezhnyuk, Sergey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12517867"><i>Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union</i></a>. A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters of Theological Studies. Tulsa, OK: Phillips Theological Seminary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+of+Florence%3A+The+Unrealized+Union&rft.place=Tulsa%2C+OK&rft.series=A+Project+Report+Submitted+to+the+Faculty+In+Partial+Fulfillment+of+the+Requirements+For+the+Degree+of+Masters+of+Theological+Studies&rft.pub=Phillips+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Dezhnyuk&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12517867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1985" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC"><i>The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31310-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Church+in+Captivity%3A+A+Study+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+from+the+Eve+of+the+Turkish+Conquest+to+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31310-0&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5OGIBgoHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/church_in_captivity_s_runciman.htm">excerpts here</a>)</li> <li><i>Голубинский Е. Е.</i> История Русской Церкви. Т. II 1-я половина. С. 469—515</li> <li><i>Казакова Н. А.</i> Известия летописей и хронографов о начале автокефалии русской церкви. // Из истории русской культуры. Т.II. кн. 1. С. 415—424.</li> <li><i>Казакова Н. А.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vremennik.biz/sites/all/files/29_10_Казакова%20Н.А._Вопрос%20о%20причинах%20(окончание)_ВВ%2029%20(1968).pdf">Вопрос о причинах осуждения Максима Грека</a>. // Византийский временник, т. 29.</li> <li><i>Синицына Н. В.</i> Автокефалия Русской церкви и учреждение Московского патриархата.//Церковь, общество и государство в феодальной России. С. 156—151.</li> <li><i>Флоря Б. Н.</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sedmitza.ru/lib/text/443009/">Флорентийская уния и Восточная Европа (конец 30-х — конец 60-х гг. XV в.)</a></li> <li><i>В. М., Лурье</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esxatos.com/basil-lourie-prekrashchenie-moskovskogo-cerkovnogo-raskola">Прекращение московского церковного раскола 1467—1560 годов: финал истории в документах</a> (also on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9968613/Прекращение_московского_церковного_раскола_1467_1560_годов_финал_истории_в_документах_The_End_of_the_Moscow_Schism_of_1467-1560_the_Final_of_the_Story_in_Documents_in_Russian_">Academia.edu</a>) (in Russian)</li> <li><i>Я. С. Лурье</i> Как установилась афтокефалия русской церкви в XV в.? Вспомогательные исторические дисциплины. – Т. XXIII. – Л., 1991. (in Russian)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKryvtsov2001" class="citation book cs1">Кривцов, Дмитрий (2001). "Посольство константинопольского вселенского патриарха Феолипта I в Москву в 1518 — 1519 гг. (Эпизод из истории борьбы за признание автокефалии русской Церкви)". <i>Материалы докладов научных конференций, проводившихся в Нижегородском государственном университете им. Н.И. Лобачевского 22 мая 1998 г., 21 мая 1999 г. и 21 мая 2000 г</i>. Нижний Новгород: Издательство ННГУ. pp. 45–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85746-624-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-85746-624-5"><bdi>5-85746-624-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0+I+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%B2+1518+%E2%80%94+1519+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%28%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%29&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BC.+%D0%9D.%D0%98.+%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+22+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+1998+%D0%B3.%2C+21+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+1999+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+21+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+2000+%D0%B3.&rft.place=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.pages=45-67&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-85746-624-5&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Абеленцева О.А.</i> Митрополит Иона и установление автокефалии Русской Церкви. — СПб.: Альянс-Архео, 2009. — 472 с (no access yet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">Jonah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Encyclopedia" title="Orthodox Encyclopedia">Orthodox Encyclopedia</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pravenc.ru/text/578250.html">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Bulgarian" title="Gregory the Bulgarian">Gregory the Bulgarian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Encyclopedia" title="Orthodox Encyclopedia">Orthodox Encyclopedia</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pravenc.ru/text/166632.html">[2]</a></li> <li>Philippides, Marios and Hanak, Walter K., <i>Cardinal Isidore (c.1390–1462): A Late Byzantine Scholar, Warlord, and Prelate</i>, Routledge, 2018 (on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMhUDwAAQBAJ">Google books</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIftimiu2018" class="citation web cs1">Iftimiu, Aurelian (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basilica.ro/en/original-1590-synodal-tomos-of-foundation-of-moscow-patriarchate/">"Original 1590 Synodal Tomos of Foundation of Moscow Patriarchate"</a>. <i>Basilica.ro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basilica.ro&rft.atitle=Original+1590+Synodal+Tomos+of+Foundation+of+Moscow+Patriarchate&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Iftimiu&rft.aufirst=Aurelian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasilica.ro%2Fen%2Foriginal-1590-synodal-tomos-of-foundation-of-moscow-patriarchate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivmetropoly.htm">"Kyiv metropoly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Kyiv+metropoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CK%255CY%255CKyivmetropoly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchetCongourdeauMureșan2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blanchet, Marie-Hélène; Congourdeau, Marie-Hélène; Mureșan, Dan Ioan, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11985672"><i>Le patriarcat œcuménique de Constantinople et Byzance hors frontières (1204–1586) : Actes de la table ronde organisée dans le cadre du 22e Congrès International des Études Byzantines, Sofia, 22–27 août 2011</i></a> (in French). Centre d'études byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+patriarcat+%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique+de+Constantinople+et+Byzance+hors+fronti%C3%A8res+%281204%E2%80%931586%29+%3A+Actes+de+la+table+ronde+organis%C3%A9e+dans+le+cadre+du+22e+Congr%C3%A8s+International+des+%C3%89tudes+Byzantines%2C+Sofia%2C+22%E2%80%9327+ao%C3%BBt+2011&rft.pub=Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+byzantines%2C+n%C3%A9o-hell%C3%A9niques+et+sud-est+europ%C3%A9ennes&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11985672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimenkoYurtaev2018" class="citation journal cs1">Klimenko, Anna N.; Yurtaev, Vladimir I. (2018-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GEOP/article/view/58910/4564456548696">"The "Moscow as the Third Rome" Concept: Its Nature and Interpretations since the 19th to Early 21st Centuries"</a>. <i>Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 253–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2FGEOP.58910">10.5209/GEOP.58910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2172-7155">2172-7155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopol%C3%ADtica%28s%29.+Revista+de+estudios+sobre+espacio+y+poder&rft.atitle=The+%22Moscow+as+the+Third+Rome%22+Concept%3A+Its+Nature+and+Interpretations+since+the+19th+to+Early+21st+Centuries&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-289&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2FGEOP.58910&rft.issn=2172-7155&rft.aulast=Klimenko&rft.aufirst=Anna+N.&rft.au=Yurtaev%2C+Vladimir+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Findex.php%2FGEOP%2Farticle%2Fview%2F58910%2F4564456548696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A15th%E2%80%9316th+century+Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople+schism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</a><br />(988–1281)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Kiev_(metropolitan)" title="Michael I of Kiev (metropolitan)">Michael</a> and Leontius)</li> <li>Theophylact</li> <li>John</li> <li>Teopempt</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hilarion_of_Kiev" title="Hilarion of Kiev">Hilarion</a>)<sup>u</sup></li> <li>Ephraim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Kiev" title="George of Kiev">George</a> (1069–1073)</li> <li>John II</li> <li>John III</li> <li>Nicholas</li> <li>Nikephoros</li> <li>Nikita</li> <li>Michael II</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kliment_Smoliatich" title="Kliment Smoliatich">Clyment</a>)<sup>u</sup></li> <li>Costantine</li> <li>Teodor</li> <li>John IV</li> <li>Costantine II</li> <li>John V</li> <li>Nikephoros II</li> <li>Matthew</li> <li>Сyril</li> <li>Joseph</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Peter_Akerovich" title="Peter Akerovich">Peter</a>)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_II_of_Kiev" title="Kirill II of Kiev">Kirill II</a> (1250–1281)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> (1281–1283)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partition of the metropolis<br />(1283–1378)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">episcopal seat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximos,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_All_Rus%27" title="Maximos, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'">Maximus</a> (1283–1305)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Moscow" title="Peter of Moscow">Peter</a> (1305–1326) (as Metropolitan of the reunited Kiev and all Rus')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognostus_of_Kiev" title="Theognostus of Kiev">Theognostus</a> (1328–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev">Alexius</a> (1354–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev">Cyprian</a> (2 December 1375–12 February 1378) <small>(As "Metropolitan of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania")</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimen,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Pimen, Metropolitan of Kiev">Pimen</a><sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev">Dionysius</a><sup>u</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Halych" title="Metropolis of Halych">Metropolis of Halych</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Niphont (1303–1305)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> (1305–1326)</li> <li>Gabriel (1326–1329)</li> <li>Theodore (1337–1347)</li> <li>Antoniy (1370–1391) <small>(Metropolitan of those Halych eparchies within Poland)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Lithuania" title="Metropolis of Lithuania">Metropolis of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Theophilus (c. 1317–1330)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> (1330–1355)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Roman (1355–1362) (merged metropolises of Lithuania and Halych)</li> <li>Administered by <a href="/wiki/Alexius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev">Alexius</a> (1362–1378)</li> <li>Metropolis disestablished. Territory reunited to the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Tsamblak" title="Gregory Tsamblak">Gregory Tsamblak</a> (1414–1420 in pretense)<sup>u</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reunited Metropolis<br />(1378–1441)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev">Cyprian</a> (restored 12 February 1378–1406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photius_(Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27)" title="Photius (Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')">Photius</a> (1408–1431)</li> <li>Gerasimus (1431–1437)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore</a> (1437–1441) Later, as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">uniate</a> Metropolitan (1441–1458)<sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel successions<br />(1441–1596)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Rus%27_(1441%E2%80%931596)" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596)">Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'</a><br />(1441 - 1596)<br /><small>(Recognised by Constantinople)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Bulgarian" title="Gregory the Bulgarian">Gregory</a><sup>b</sup> (1458–1473)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spyridon_Satana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spyridon Satana (page does not exist)">Spyridon</a> (1476–1482) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misail_Pstruch" title="Misail Pstruch">Misail</a><sup>u</sup> (1474–1480)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Kiev" title="Simeon of Kiev">Simeon</a> (1481–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Hlezna" title="Jonah Hlezna">Jonah</a> (1488–1494)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macarius_Chort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macarius Chort (page does not exist)">Macarius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_the_Bulgarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph the Bulgarian (page does not exist)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah_II_of_Kiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonah II of Kiev (page does not exist)">Jonah II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_II_Soltan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph II Soltan (page does not exist)">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_III_the_Ruthenian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph III the Ruthenian (page does not exist)">Joseph III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macarius_II_the_Muscovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macarius II the Muscovite (page does not exist)">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvester_Bilkevych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvester Bilkevych (page does not exist)">Sylvester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah_III_Protasevych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonah III Protasevych (page does not exist)">Jonah III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Kucha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Kucha (page does not exist)">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onesiphorus_Divochka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onesiphorus Divochka (page does not exist)">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rohoza" title="Michael Rohoza">Michael</a><sup>b</sup> (1588–1596)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Moscow_and_all_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Moscow and all Russia">Metropolis of Moscow and all Russia</a><br /><small>(Not recognised by Constantinople)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">Jonah</a> (1448–1461)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Theodosius</a> (1461–1464)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow">Philip I</a> (1464–1473)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Gerontius</a> (1473–1489)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow">Zosimus</a> (1490–1494)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Simon, Metropolitan of Moscow">Simon</a> (1495–1511)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varlaam,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow">Varlaam</a> (1511–1521)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow">Daniel</a> (1522–1539)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joasaphus,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow">Joasaphus</a> (1539–1542)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Macarius</a> (1542–1563)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Athanasius</a> (1564–1566)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Kazan_and_Svyazhsk" title="Herman of Kazan and Svyazhsk">Herman</a> (1566–1566)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow">Philip II</a> (1566–1568)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Cyril, Metropolitan of Moscow">Cyril</a> (1568–;1572)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Anthony, Metropolitan of Moscow">Anthony</a> (1572–1581)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Dionysius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Dionysius</a> (1581–1587)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Job_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Job of Moscow">Job</a> (1587–1589 Later raised to Patriarch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel successions<br />(1596–1805)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Ruthenia_(Ruthenian_Uniate_Church)" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia (Ruthenian Uniate Church)">Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Uniate_Church" title="Ruthenian Uniate Church">Ruthenian Uniate Church</a>)<br /><small>(In communion with the Holy See)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rohoza" title="Michael Rohoza">Michael</a> (1596–1599)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatius_Pociej" title="Hypatius Pociej">Hypatius Pociej</a> (1599–1613)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Velamin-Rutski" title="Joseph Velamin-Rutski">Joseph I</a> (1613–1637)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafajil_Korsak" title="Rafajil Korsak">Rafajil Korsak</a> (1637–1640)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antin_Sielava" title="Antin Sielava">Antin Sielava</a> (1641–1655)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></i> (1655–1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havryil_Kolenda" title="Havryil Kolenda">Havryil Kolenda</a> (1665–1674)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyprian_Zochovskyj" title="Kyprian Zochovskyj">Kyprian Zochovskyj</a> (1674–1693)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zalenskyj" title="Lev Zalenskyj">Leo I</a> (1695–1708)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurij_Vynnyckyj" title="Yurij Vynnyckyj">Yurij</a> (1710–1713)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kiszka" title="Lev Kiszka">Leo II</a> (1714–1728)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Szeptycki" title="Athanasius Szeptycki">Athanasius</a> (1729–1746)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Hrebnicki" title="Florian Hrebnicki">Florian</a> (1748–1762)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicjan_Filip_Wo%C5%82odkowicz" title="Felicjan Filip Wołodkowicz">Felicjan I</a> (1762–1778)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szeptycki" title="Leo Szeptycki">Leo III</a> (1778–1779)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Smogorzewski" title="Jason Smogorzewski">Jason</a> (1781–1788)<sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Rostocki" title="Theodosius Rostocki">Theodosius</a> (1788–1805)<sup>c</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Rus%27_(1620%E2%80%931686)" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1620–1686)">Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'</a><br />(1620–1686)<br /><small>(Recognised as an exarchate by Constantinople)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job_Boretsky" title="Job Boretsky">Job Boretsky</a> (1620–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Kopinsky" title="Isaiah Kopinsky">Isaiah Kopinsky</a> (1631–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Mohyla" title="Petro Mohyla">Petro Mohyla</a> (1632–1646)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Kosiv" title="Sylvester Kosiv">Sylvester Kosiv</a> (1647–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Balaban" title="Dionysius Balaban">Dionysius Balaban</a> (1657–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Neliubovich-Tukalsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Neliubovich-Tukalsky">Joseph Neliubovich-Tukalsky</a> (1663–75)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Vinnytsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Vinnytsky (page does not exist)">Antony Vinnytsky</a> (1663–1679 <small>in opposition</small>)<sup>u</sup></li> <li><i>Sede vacante</i> (1675–1685)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolis today</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the metropolis was absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Moscow">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_(Patriarchate_of_Moscow)" title="Metropolis of Kiev (Patriarchate of Moscow)">Metropolis of Kiev</a>.<br /></li> <li>In the Catholic Church, the metropolis of the uniate church remains as a <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_juris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sui juris">sui juris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular church</a> - the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>c</sup> Recognised by Rome alone; <sup>b</sup> Recognised by both Rome and Constantinople; <sup>u</sup> Not recognised by Constantinople</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Autocephalous and autonomous churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Four ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch" title="John X of Antioch">John X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem">Theophilos III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch">Porfirije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_of_Bulgaria" title="Daniil of Bulgaria">Daniil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Daniel of Romania">Daniel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia" title="Ilia II of Georgia">Ilia II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autocephalous<br /><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archdioceses</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Cyprus">George III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania" title="Anastasios of Albania">Anastasios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawa_(Hrycuniak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawa (Hrycuniak)">Sawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rastislav_(Gont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastislav (Gont)">Rastislav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Mollard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Mollard)">Tikhon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan,_Archbishop_of_Ohrid_and_Macedonia" title="Stefan, Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia">Stefan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineCross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/60px-ByzantineCross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/90px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/120px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (Romanian Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span style="background:#ddddff">Semi-autonomous churches</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_episcopal_assemblies" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox episcopal assemblies">Diaspora<br />Assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></dd> <dd>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">15th–16th c.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_John_Chrysostom" title="Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom">Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Mark</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Unrecognized_churches" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodoxy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ROC <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">severed full communion</a> with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_53-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n3_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Semi-autonomous part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> whose autonomy is not universally recognized.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> 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