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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise of Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later Middle Ages and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_and_Early_Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_and_Early_Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reformation and Early Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_and_Early_Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>End of Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classical culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writings_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Writings and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplemental_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplemental_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Supplemental arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplemental_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illumination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illumination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Illumination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illumination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christian civilization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_civilization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian civilization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medieval conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Renaissance innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Geographic spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Number of adherents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Christian_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Christian_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Notable Christian organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Christian_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_law_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_law_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Christianity law and ethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity_law_and_ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity law and ethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity_law_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_and_state_framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_and_state_framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Church and state framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_and_state_framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Democratic ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Women's roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christendom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="العالم المسيحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العالم المسيحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristian_d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1" title="Xristian dünyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristian dünyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="খ্রিস্টীয় বিশ্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টীয় বিশ্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiandat" title="Cristiandat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristiandat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5anstvo" title="Křesťanstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χριστιανικός κόσμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανικός κόσμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiandad" title="Cristiandad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristiandad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_mondo" title="Kristana mondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana mondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristau_herri" title="Kristau herri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristau herri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جهان مسیحیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهان مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tient%C3%A9" title="Chrétienté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chrétienté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EA%B6%8C" title="기독교권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anluk" title="Kršćanluk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanluk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Kristiani" title="Dunia Kristiani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dunia Kristiani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianitate" title="Christianitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Christianitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianit%C3%A0" title="Cristianità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99" title="העולם הנוצרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העולם הנוצרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontolo_Kristiana" title="Tontolo Kristiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tontolo Kristiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രൈസ്തവലോകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രൈസ്തവലോകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%89" title="العالم المسيحى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العالم المسيحى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Kristian" title="Dunia Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dunia Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christenheid" title="Christenheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christenheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond_crestian" title="Mond crestian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mond crestian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_/_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیان / مسیحیت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسیحیان / مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristandade" title="Cristandade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristandade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumea_cre%C8%99tin%C4%83" title="Lumea creștină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lumea creștină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li 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Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیھانی مەسیحییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_svijet" title="Kršćanski svijet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kršćanski svijet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakristiyanuhan" title="Kakristiyanuhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kakristiyanuhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கிறிஸ்துலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிஸ்துலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoman" title="Kristoman – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kristoman" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="基督教世界 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基督教世界" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Countries where Christianity prevails</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/330px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/495px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/660px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Christianity – Percentage of population by country (2010 data)<sup id="cite_ref-assets_pewresearch_org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assets_pewresearch_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_culture" title="Category:Christian culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collage-Christian-culture.jpg/250px-Collage-Christian-culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collage-Christian-culture.jpg/375px-Collage-Christian-culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collage-Christian-culture.jpg/500px-Collage-Christian-culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="1193" usemap="#ImageMap_742b352ad57c8de2" resource="/wiki/File:Collage-Christian-culture.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_742b352ad57c8de2"><area href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center_Christmas_Tree" shape="rect" coords="0,0,51,53" alt="Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree" title="Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree" /><area href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" shape="rect" coords="51,0,102,53" alt="Cyril and Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_George" shape="rect" coords="102,0,154,53" alt="Saint George" title="Saint George" /><area href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" shape="rect" coords="154,0,205,53" alt="The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)" title="The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)" /><area href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" shape="rect" coords="201,0,256,53" alt="Pietà (Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)" /><area href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" shape="rect" coords="0,53,49,107" alt="Reformation Wall" title="Reformation Wall" /><area href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" shape="rect" coords="51,53,102,107" alt="Mystery of Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning" /><area href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" shape="rect" coords="102,53,154,107" alt="John Paul II with Bill Clinton" title="John Paul II with Bill Clinton" /><area href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" shape="rect" coords="154,53,205,107" alt="Martin Luther" title="Martin Luther" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" shape="rect" coords="201,53,256,107" alt="Thomas Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas" /><area href="/wiki/Trinity_(Andrei_Rublev)" shape="rect" coords="0,107,51,160" alt="Trinity (Andrei Rublev)" title="Trinity (Andrei Rublev)" /><area href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" shape="rect" coords="51,107,102,160" alt="Nativity scene at Cologne Cathedral" title="Nativity scene at Cologne Cathedral" /><area href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" shape="rect" coords="102,107,154,160" alt="Trevi Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain" /><area href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" shape="rect" coords="154,107,205,160" alt="Gutenberg Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible" /><area href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" shape="rect" coords="201,107,256,160" alt="Christ the Redeemer" title="Christ the Redeemer" /><area href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" shape="rect" coords="0,160,51,214" alt="Eastern Catholic priest from Romania with his family" title="Eastern Catholic priest from Romania with his family" /><area href="/wiki/Boston_College" shape="rect" coords="51,160,102,214" alt="Boston College" title="Boston College" /><area href="/wiki/Rosary" shape="rect" coords="102,160,154,214" alt="Rosary" title="Rosary" /><area href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" shape="rect" coords="154,160,205,214" alt="Saint Basil's Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral" /><area href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" shape="rect" coords="201,160,256,214" alt="Georges Lemaître" title="Georges Lemaître" /><area href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" shape="rect" coords="0,214,51,265" alt="Notre-Dame de Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris" /><area href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" shape="rect" coords="51,214,102,265" alt="Danish Christmas dinner" title="Danish Christmas dinner" /><area href="/wiki/Freiburg_Cathedral_Boys%27_Choir" shape="rect" coords="102,214,154,265" alt="Freiburg Cathedral Boys' Choir" title="Freiburg Cathedral Boys' Choir" /><area href="/wiki/Armenian_illuminated_manuscripts" shape="rect" coords="154,214,205,265" alt="Armenian illuminated manuscript" title="Armenian illuminated manuscript" /><area href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" shape="rect" coords="201,214,256,265" alt="Entertainers at the Carnival of Venice" title="Entertainers at the Carnival of Venice" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine culture">Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormon culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Christian">Cultural Christian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Church architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Media</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Radio formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_literature" title="American Catholic literature">American Catholic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_fiction" title="Bible fiction">Bible fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_drama" title="Christian drama">Christian drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_poetry" title="Christian poetry">Christian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_novel" title="Christian novel">Christian novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_autobiography" title="Spiritual autobiography">Spiritual autobiography</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">CCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_music" title="Liturgical music">Liturgical music</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_in_science_and_technology" title="List of Christians in science and technology">List of Christian scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">List of Christian Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and science">Catholic Church and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Quakers in science</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian influences in Islam">Christian influences in Islam</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_culture" title="Template:Christian culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_culture" title="Template talk:Christian culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christendom</b><sup id="cite_ref-MWChristendom_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWChristendom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian-majority countries</a> or countries in which <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is dominant<sup id="cite_ref-ixHall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ixHall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or prevails.<sup id="cite_ref-MWChristendom_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWChristendom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the spread of Christianity from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Christendom has been divided in the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a>. Consequently, internal sects within the Christian religion arose with their own beliefs and practices, centred around the cities of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, whose community was called Western or Latin Christendom<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, whose community was called Eastern Christendom<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). From the 11th to the 13th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christendom">Latin Christendom</a> rose to the central role of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of the Christian world spans about 2,000 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advancements in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">politics</a> and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisis_in_Western_Education_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisis_in_Western_Education-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E._McGrath_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E._McGrath-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Review_Book_Service_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Review_Book_Service-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> term <i>crīstendōm</i> appears to have been coined in the 9th century by a scribe somewhere in southern England, possibly at the court of king <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. The scribe was translating <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>' book <i>History Against the Pagans</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 416</span>) and in need for a term to express the concept of the universal culture focused on <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had the sense now taken by <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></i> (as is still the case with the cognate Dutch <i>christendom</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it denotes mostly the religion itself, just like the German <i>Christentum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current sense of the word of "lands where Christianity is the dominant religion"<sup id="cite_ref-ixHall_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ixHall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emerged in <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> (by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian theology professor <a href="/wiki/Douglas_John_Hall" title="Douglas John Hall">Douglas John Hall</a> stated (1997) that "Christendom" [...] means literally the dominion or sovereignty of the Christian religion."<sup id="cite_ref-ixHall_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ixHall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Curry" title="Thomas John Curry">Thomas John Curry</a>, Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Los_Angeles" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, defined (2001) Christendom as "the system dating from the fourth century by which governments upheld and promoted Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-Curry12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curry12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curry states that the end of Christendom came about because modern governments refused to "uphold the teachings, customs, ethos, and practice of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-Curry12_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curry12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British <a href="/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history">church historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> described (2010) Christendom as "the union between Christianity and secular power."<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch1024_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch1024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Christendom was originally a medieval concept which has steadily evolved since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual rise of the Papacy more in religio-temporal implications practically during and after the reign of Charlemagne; and the concept let itself be lulled in the minds of the staunch believers to the archetype of a holy religious space inhabited by Christians, blessed by God, the Heavenly Father, ruled by Christ through the Church and protected by the Spirit-body of Christ; no wonder, this concept, as included the whole of Europe and then the expanding Christian territories on earth, strengthened the roots of Romance of the greatness of Christianity in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There is a common and nonliteral sense of the word that is much like the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">known world</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a></i>. The notion of "Europe" and the "<a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a>" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom"; many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified <a href="/wiki/European_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity">European identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_1961_108_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson_1961_108-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Christendom">Rise of Christendom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise of Christendom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/330px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/440px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/T-and-O_map" class="mw-redirect" title="T-and-O map">T-and-O map</a>, which abstracts the then known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. More detailed versions place <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> at the center of the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Christianity spread in the Greek/Roman world and beyond as a 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> sect,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which historians refer to as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a>. It may be divided into two distinct phases: the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic period</a>, when the first apostles were alive and organizing the Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Post-apostolic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apostolic period">post-apostolic period</a>, when an early <a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">episcopal structure</a> developed, whereby bishoprics were governed by <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> (overseers). </p><p>The post-apostolic period concerns the time roughly after the death of the apostles when bishops emerged as overseers of urban Christian populations. The earliest recorded use of the terms <i>Christianity</i> (Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χριστιανισμός</span></span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church#Catholic" title="Four Marks of the Church">catholic</a></i> (Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καθολικός</span></span>), dates to this period, the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd century</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> <i>c.</i> 107.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Christendom would close at the end of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_early_Christians_by_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of early Christians by the Romans">imperial persecution of Christians</a> after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in AD 313 and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> (1980), Christ founded Christianity, but Constantine founded Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian theology professor <a href="/wiki/Douglas_John_Hall" title="Douglas John Hall">Douglas John Hall</a> dates the 'inauguration of Christendom' to the 4th century, with Constantine playing the primary role (so much so that he equates Christendom with "Constantinianism") and Theodosius I (<a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>, 380) and <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> secondary roles.<sup id="cite_ref-1–9Hall_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1–9Hall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages">Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Christianity">Germanic Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/170px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/255px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/340px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Icon depicting <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">the Emperor Constantine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (AD 325) holding the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed#Niceno-Constantinopolitan_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/220px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/330px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/440px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>Spread of Christianity by AD 600 (shown in dark blue is the spread of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> up to AD 325)</figcaption></figure> <p>"Christendom" has referred to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> notion of the <i>Christian world</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>. In essence, the earliest vision of Christendom was a vision of a Christian <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a> founded upon and upholding <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a>, whose institutions are spread through and over with <a href="/wiki/Christian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian doctrine">Christian doctrine</a>. In this period, members of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> wield <a href="/wiki/Political_authority" title="Political authority">political authority</a>. The specific relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Political_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Political leader">political leaders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> varied but, in theory, the national and political divisions were at times subsumed under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church as an institution</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">model of church-state relations</a> was accepted by various Church leaders and political leaders in <a href="/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church gradually became a defining institution of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313 proclaiming toleration for the Christian religion, and <a href="/wiki/Convoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Convoke">convoked</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 whose <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> included belief in "one holy catholic and apostolic Church". Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> made <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicene</a> Christianity the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> of 380.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was one of the peaks in <a href="/wiki/Christian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian history">Christian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian civilization">Christian civilization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_2006_42_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron_2006_42-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> remained the leading city of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a> in size, wealth, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy</a>, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-1992-190-218_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-1992-190-218-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">disintegrated</a> into <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities">principalities</a>, the concept of Christendom changed as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity#History_of_Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">western church became one</a> of five patriarchates of the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a> and the Christians of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was the last bastion of Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christendom would take a turn with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, a Germanic tribe who converted to the Christian faith and entered into <a href="/wiki/Communion_with_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion with Rome">communion with Rome</a>. </p><p>On Christmas Day 800 AD, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> crowned <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, resulting in the creation of another Christian king beside the Christian emperor in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> created a definition of <i>Christendom</i> in juxtaposition with the Byzantine Empire, that of a distributed versus centralized <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. In the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s ideal state there are three major classes, which was representative of the idea of the "tripartite soul", which is expressive of three functions or capacities of the human soul: "reason", "the spirited element", and "appetites" (or "passions"). <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> made a convincing case that certain prominent features of Plato's <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">ideal community</a> where discernible in the organization, dogma and effectiveness of "the" Medieval Church in Europe:<sup id="cite_ref-Durant_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durant-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>... For a thousand years Europe was ruled by an order of guardians considerably like that which was visioned by our philosopher. During the Middle Ages it was customary to classify the population of Christendom into <i>laboratores</i> (workers), <i>bellatores</i> (soldiers), and <i>oratores</i> (clergy). The last group, though small in number, monopolized the instruments and opportunities of culture, and ruled with almost unlimited sway half of the most powerful continent on the globe. The clergy, like Plato's guardians, were placed in authority... by their talent as shown in ecclesiastical studies and administration, by their disposition to a life of meditation and simplicity, and ... by the influence of their relatives with the powers of state and church. In the latter half of the period in which they ruled [800 AD onwards], the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire [for such guardians]... [Clerical] Celibacy was part of the psychological structure of the power of the clergy; for on the one hand they were unimpeded by the narrowing egoism of the family, and on the other their apparent superiority to the call of the flesh added to the awe in which lay sinners held them....<i><sup id="cite_ref-Durant_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durant-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Later Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Charlemagne%27s_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of Charlemagne's empire">collapse of Charlemagne's empire</a>, the southern remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> became a collection of <a href="/wiki/Papal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal states">states loosely connected</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See of Rome</a>. Tensions between <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> and secular rulers ran high, as the <a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">pontiff</a> exerted control over their temporal counterparts in the west and vice versa. The <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> of Innocent III is considered the height of temporal power of the papacy. The <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christianum">Corpus Christianum</a></i> described the then-current notion of the <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> united under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. The community was to be guided by Christian values in its politics, economics and social life.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its legal basis was the <i><a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">corpus iuris canonica</a></i> (body of canon law).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the East, Christendom became more defined as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>'s gradual loss of territory to an <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">expanding Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>. This caused Christianity to become important to the Byzantine identity. Before the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> which divided the Church religiously, there had been the notion of a <i>universal Christendom</i> that included the East and the West. After the East–West Schism, hopes of regaining religious unity with the West were ended by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">conquered the Byzantine capital of Constantinople</a> and hastened the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline of the Byzantine Empire</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">path to its destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the breakup of the Byzantine Empire into individual nations with nationalist Orthodox Churches, the term Christendom described Western Europe, Catholicism, Orthodox Byzantines, and other Eastern rites of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s peak of authority over all European Christians and their common endeavours of the Christian community—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>—helped to develop a sense of communal identity against the obstacle of Europe's deep political divisions. The popes, formally just the bishops of Rome, claimed to be the focus of all Christendom, which was largely recognised in Western Christendom from the 11th century until the Reformation, but not in Eastern Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, this authority was also sometimes abused, and fostered the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a>, to root out divergent elements and create a religiously uniform community.<sup id="cite_ref-lazare61_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lazare61-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Inquisition was done away with by order of Pope Innocent III.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christendom ultimately was led into specific crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">kings</a> of France managed to establish a French national church during the 14th century and the papacy became ever more aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, western Christendom was a split between three men, who were driven by politics rather than any real theological disagreement for simultaneously claiming to be the true pope. The <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom. The Avignon schism was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the modern period, Christendom was in a general crisis at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Popes</a> because of the moral laxity of these pontiffs and their willingness to seek and rely on temporal power as secular rulers did.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many in the Catholic Church's hierarchy in the Renaissance became increasingly entangled with insatiable greed for material wealth and temporal power, which led to many reform movements, some merely wanting a moral reformation of the Church's clergy, while others repudiated the Church and separated from it in order to form new sects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> produced ideas or institutions by which men living in society could be held together in harmony. In the early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i>) laid out his vision of the ideal gentleman and lady, while <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> cast a jaundiced eye on "la verità effetuale delle cose"—the actual truth of things—in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>, composed, humanist style, chiefly of parallel ancient and modern examples of <a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a>. Some Protestant movements grew up along lines of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">renaissance humanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>). The Catholic Church fell partly into general neglect under the Renaissance Popes, whose inability to govern the Church by showing personal example of high moral standards set the climate for what would ultimately become the Protestant Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Renaissance, the papacy was mainly run by the wealthy families and also had strong secular interests. To safeguard Rome and the connected Papal States the popes became necessarily involved in temporal matters, even leading armies, as the great patron of arts <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> did. During these intermediate times, popes strove to make Rome the capital of Christendom while projecting it through art, architecture, and literature as the center of a Golden Age of unity, order, and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Professor Frederick J. McGinness described Rome as essential in understanding the legacy the Church and its representatives encapsulated best by <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">The Eternal City</a>: </p><blockquote><p>No other city in Europe matches Rome in its traditions, history, legacies, and influence in the Western world. Rome in the Renaissance under the papacy not only acted as guardian and transmitter of these elements stemming from the Roman Empire but also assumed the role as artificer and interpreter of its myths and meanings for the peoples of Europe from the Middle Ages to modern times... Under the patronage of the popes, whose wealth and income were exceeded only by their ambitions, the city became a cultural center for master architects, sculptors, musicians, painters, and artisans of every kind...In its myth and message, Rome had become the sacred city of the popes, the prime symbol of a triumphant Catholicism, the center of orthodox Christianity, a new Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is clearly noticeable that the popes of the Italian Renaissance have been subjected by many writers with an overly harsh tone. Pope Julius II, for example, was not only an effective secular leader in military affairs, a deviously effective politician but foremost one of the <a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">greatest patron of the Renaissance period</a> and person who also encouraged open criticism from noted humanists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blossoming of renaissance humanism was made very much possible due to the universality of the institutions of Catholic Church and represented by personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a>, sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a> in his work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Reason" title="The Life of Reason">The Life of Reason</a></i> postulated the tenets of the all encompassing order the Church had brought and as the repository of the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Santayana_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santayana-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The enterprise of individuals or of small aristocratic bodies has meantime sown the world which we call civilised with some seeds and nuclei of order. There are scattered about a variety of churches, industries, academies, and governments. But the universal order once dreamt of and nominally almost established, the empire of universal peace, all-permeating rational art, and philosophical worship, is mentioned no more. An unformulated conception, the prerational ethics of private privilege and national unity, fills the background of men's minds. It represents feudal traditions rather than the tendency really involved in contemporary industry, science, or philanthropy. Those dark ages, from which our political practice is derived, had a political theory which we should do well to study; for their theory about a universal empire and a Catholic church was in turn the echo of a former age of reason, when a few men conscious of ruling the world had for a moment sought to survey it as a whole and to rule it justly.<sup id="cite_ref-Santayana_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santayana-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_and_Early_Modern_era">Reformation and Early Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation and Early Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">History of the Russo-Turkish wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Serbian–Turkish wars">History of the Serbian–Turkish wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit China missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></div> <p>Developments in <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">western philosophy</a> and European events brought change to the notion of the <i>Corpus Christianum</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">strong, centralized monarchies</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denoted the European transition from <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. By the end of the Hundred Years' War, both France and England were able to raise enough money through taxation to create independent standing armies. In the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> took the crown of England. His heir, the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolute</a> king <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">English church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation">the Reformation</a> and rise of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> in the early 16th century entailed a change in the <i>Corpus Christianum</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> of 1555 officially ended the idea among secular leaders that all Christians must be united under one church.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i> ("whose the region is, his religion") established the religious, political and geographic divisions of Christianity, and this was established with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> in 1648, which legally ended the concept of a single Christian hegemony in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire, despite the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s doctrine that it alone is the one true Church founded by Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Excerpts_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Excerpts-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, each government determined the religion of their own state. Christians living in states where their denomination was <i>not</i> the established one were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.<sup id="cite_ref-Excerpts_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Excerpts-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times there were mass expulsions of dissenting faiths as happened with the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a>. Some people passed as adhering to the official church, but instead lived as <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">crypto-protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> are usually taken to have ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648),<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or arguably, including the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in this period, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the focus shifts away from religious conflicts, either between Christian factions or against the external threat of Islamic factions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Christendom">End of Christendom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End of Christendom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/330px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/495px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg/660px-Christian_World%E2%80%94Pew_Research_Center_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Christian majority countries in 2010; Countries with 50% or more Christians are colored purple while countries with 10% to 50% Christians are colored pink.<sup id="cite_ref-assets_pewresearch_org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assets_pewresearch_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="European Miracle">European Miracle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the formation of the great <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>, together with the beginning <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">decline of the Ottoman Empire</a>, mark the end of the geopolitical "history of Christendom".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the focus of Western history shifts to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>, accompanied by increasing <a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> at the turn of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In his 1964 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiam_Suam" title="Ecclesiam Suam">Ecclesiam Suam</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> observed that<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One part of [the] world ... has in recent years detached itself and broken away from the Christian foundations of its culture, although formerly it had been so imbued with Christianity and had drawn from it such strength and vigor that the people of these nations in many cases owe to Christianity all that is best in their own tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Writing in 1997, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Douglas_John_Hall" title="Douglas John Hall">Douglas John Hall</a> argued that Christendom had either fallen already or was in its death throes; although its end was gradual and not as clear to pin down as its 4th-century establishment, the "transition to the post-Constantinian, or post-Christendom, situation (...) has already been in process for a century or two", beginning with the 18th-century rationalist Enlightenment and the French Revolution (the first attempt to topple the Christian establishment).<sup id="cite_ref-1–9Hall_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1–9Hall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Curry" title="Thomas John Curry">Thomas John Curry</a> stated in 2001 that the end of Christendom came about because modern governments refused to "uphold the teachings, customs, ethos, and practice of Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-Curry12_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curry12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> (1791) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Declaration on Religious Freedom</a> (1965) are two of the most important documents setting the stage for its end.<sup id="cite_ref-Curry12_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curry12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British historian Diarmaid MacCulloch (2010), Christendom was 'killed' by the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–18), which led to the fall of the three main Christian empires (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian</a>) of Europe, as well as the Ottoman Empire, rupturing the Eastern Christian communities that had existed on its territory. The Christian empires were replaced by secular, even anti-clerical republics seeking to definitively keep the churches out of politics. The only surviving monarchy with an established church, Britain, was severely damaged by the war, lost <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">most of Ireland</a> due to Catholic–Protestant infighting, and was starting to lose grip on its colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch1024_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch1024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in worldwide Christianity over the last century have been significant, since 1900, Christianity has spread rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> and Third World countries.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 20th century has shown the shift of Christian adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> and the Southern Hemisphere in general,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 2010 about 157 countries and territories in the world had <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian majorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-assets_pewresearch_org_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assets_pewresearch_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_culture">Classical culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classical culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theological aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the Catholic Church in Western civilization">Role of the Catholic Church in Western civilization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Stephansdom_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wien_-_Stephansdom_%281%29.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Stephansdom_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wien_-_Stephansdom_%281%29.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Stephansdom_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wien_-_Stephansdom_%281%29.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Stephansdom_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="3937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>, and many of the population of the Western hemisphere could broadly be described as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Christian">cultural Christians</a>. The notion of "<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a>" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom"; many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified <a href="/wiki/European_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity">European identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_1961_108_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson_1961_108-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historian</a> Paul Legutko of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> said the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is "at the center of the development of the values, ideas, science, laws, and institutions which constitute what we call Western civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-National_Review_Book_Service_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Review_Book_Service-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empires</a>, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1994_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1994-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian culture guided the course of philosophy, literature, art, music and science.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1994_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1994-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crisis_in_Western_Education_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisis_in_Western_Education-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian disciplines of the respective arts have subsequently developed into <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a> etc. Art and literature, law, education, and politics were preserved in the teachings of the Church, in an environment that, otherwise, would have probably seen their loss. The Church founded many <a href="/wiki/Cathedrals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedrals">cathedrals</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a>, some of which continue to exist today. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity during the Middle Ages">Medieval Christianity</a> created the first <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">modern universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church established a hospital system in Medieval Europe that vastly improved upon the Roman <i>valetudinaria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hospitals were established to cater to "particular social groups marginalized by poverty, sickness, and age," according to historian of hospitals, Guenter Risse.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity had a significant impact on education and science and medicine as the church created the bases of the Western system of education,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the sponsor of founding <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">universities</a> in the Western world as the university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Medieval Christian</a> setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verger1999_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verger1999-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_cleric-scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists">clerics</a> throughout history have made significant contributions to science and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jesuit scientists">Jesuits</a> in particular have made numerous significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">development of science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural influence of Christianity includes <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founding <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> economics (as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> (which would later influence the creation of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> politics,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-BF_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literature,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">personal hygiene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and family life.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity played a role in ending practices common among <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies">societies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writings_and_poetry">Writings and poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writings and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_poetry" title="Christian poetry">Christian poetry</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a> is writing that deals with Christian themes and incorporates the Christian world view. This constitutes a huge body of extremely varied writing. <a href="/wiki/Christian_poetry" title="Christian poetry">Christian poetry</a> is any <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> that contains <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> teachings, <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">themes</a>, or references. The influence of Christianity on <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> has been great in any area that Christianity has taken hold. Christian poems often directly reference the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, while others provide <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplemental_arts">Supplemental arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supplemental arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> is art produced in an attempt to illustrate, supplement and portray in tangible form the principles of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Virtually all Christian groupings use or have used art to some extent. The prominence of art and the media, style, and representations change; however, the unifying theme is ultimately the representation of the life and times of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and in some cases the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. Depictions of saints are also common, especially in <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illumination">Illumination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Illumination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg/220px-Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg/330px-Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg/440px-Codex_Bruchsal_1_01v_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Picture of <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a> contained in an illuminated manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">text</a> is supplemented by the addition of decoration. The earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> 400 to 600, primarily produced in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and Italy. The majority of surviving manuscripts are from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, although many illuminated manuscripts survive from the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, along with a very limited number from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most illuminated manuscripts were created as <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a>, which had superseded scrolls; some isolated single sheets survive. A very few illuminated manuscript fragments survive on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> (most commonly of <a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">calf</a>, sheep, or goat skin), but most manuscripts important enough to illuminate were written on the best quality of parchment, called <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, traditionally made of unsplit <a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">calfskin</a>, though high quality parchment from other skins was also called <i>parchment</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iconography">Iconography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">Religious image</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian icons">Christian icons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbology" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint symbology">Saint symbology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Theodor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/220px-St._Theodor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/330px-St._Theodor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>There are few old ceramic icons, such as this <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Theodor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Theodor (page does not exist)">St. Theodor</a> icon which dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span> (from <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian art began, about two centuries after Christ, by borrowing motifs from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a> <a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">imagery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">classical Greek</a> and Roman religion and popular art. <a href="/wiki/Religious_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious images">Religious images</a> are used to some extent by the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic</a> Christian faith, and often contain highly complex iconography, which reflects centuries of accumulated tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> period iconography began to be standardised, and to relate more closely to <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> texts, although many gaps in the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Gospel">canonical Gospel</a> narratives were plugged with matter from the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal gospels</a>. Eventually the Church would succeed in weeding most of these out, but some remain, like the ox and ass in the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Christ</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. Christianity has used symbolism from its very beginnings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both East and West, numerous iconic types of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> and saints and other subjects were developed; the number of named types of icons of Mary, with or without the infant Christ, was especially large in the East, whereas <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> was much the commonest image of Christ. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a> invests objects or actions with an inner meaning expressing Christian ideas. Christianity has borrowed from the common stock of significant symbols known to most periods and to all regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">Religious symbolism</a> is effective when it appeals to both the intellect and the emotions. Especially important depictions of Mary include the <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a> types. Traditional models evolved for narrative paintings, including large cycles covering the events of the Life of Christ, the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a>, parts of the Old Testament, and, increasingly, the lives of popular <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>. Especially in the West, a system of <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">attributes</a> developed for <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbology" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint symbology">identifying individual</a> figures of saints by a standard appearance and symbolic objects held by them; in the East they were more likely to identified by text labels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life. <a href="/wiki/Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols">Symbols</a> have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church. A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">iconic motif</a> associated with their life, termed an attribute or <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblem</a>, in order to identify them. The study of these forms part of <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> in <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Church architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotic3d2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gotic3d2.jpg/220px-Gotic3d2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gotic3d2.jpg/330px-Gotic3d2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gotic3d2.jpg/440px-Gotic3d2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The structure of a typical Gothic cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian architecture">Christian architecture</a> encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Christianity to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BF2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buildings were at first adapted from those originally intended for other purposes but, with the rise of distinctively ecclesiastical architecture, church buildings came to influence secular ones which have often imitated religious architecture. In the 20th century, the use of new materials, such as concrete, as well as simpler styles has had its effect upon the design of churches and arguably the flow of influence has been reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the birth of Christianity to the present, the most significant period of transformation for <a href="/wiki/Christian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian architecture">Christian architecture</a> in the west was the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic cathedral</a>. In the east, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> was a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a> is a term to describe the fusion of various fields of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> doctrines of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, which means "that [which] belongs to the school", and was a method of learning taught by the <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a> (or <i>school people</i>) of medieval <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> c. 1100–1500.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> originally started to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. Scholasticism is not a philosophy or theology in itself but a tool and method for learning which places emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical reasoning">dialectical reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Middle Ages">History of science in the Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_civilization">Christian civilization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christian civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>  and should be moved to <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Christianity and science</a></i> instead.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Christendom" title="Talk:Christendom">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Christianity and science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_the_Geometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/220px-God_the_Geometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/330px-God_the_Geometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/440px-God_the_Geometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, was linked directly to the divine for most medieval scholars. Since these Christians believed God imbued the universe with regular geometric and harmonic principles, to seek these principles was therefore to seek and worship God.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_conditions">Medieval conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medieval conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval science">Medieval science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_thinkers_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian thinkers in science">List of Christian thinkers in science</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, which was the most sophisticated culture during antiquity, suffered under <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> limiting its scientific prowess during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval period</a>. Christian <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> had suffered a catastrophic loss of knowledge following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. But thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a> scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buridan">Buridan</a>, the West carried on at least the spirit of scientific inquiry which would later lead to Europe's taking the lead in science during the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> using <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">translations of medieval works</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> under Christian rule. After the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period saw major <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological</a> advances, including the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>, the invention of <a href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</a>, and greatly improved <a href="/wiki/Water_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> techniques, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> in general, <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>. The latter advances made possible the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>. The development of water mills was impressive, and extended from agriculture to <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a> both for timber and stone, probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman technology</a>. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, most large villages in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> had mills. They also were widely used in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, as described by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola</a> in <a href="/wiki/De_Re_Metallica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Metallica">De Re Metallica</a> for raising ore from shafts, crushing ore, and even powering <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>. </p><p>Significant in this respect were advances within the fields of <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> along with advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">World Oceans</a> and thus domination of the worlds economic trade. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> made possible a dissemination of knowledge to a wider population, that would not only lead to a gradually more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian society">egalitarian society</a>, but one more able to dominate other cultures, drawing from a vast reserve of knowledge and experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_innovations">Renaissance innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Renaissance innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">History of science in the Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, math, manufacturing, and engineering. The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople, and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> which would democratize learning and allow a faster propagation of new ideas. <i><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></i> is the set of artifacts and customs, spanning roughly the 14th through the 16th century. The era is marked by such profound technical advancements like the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">linear perspectivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patent_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent law">patent law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">double shell domes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastion fortress">Bastion fortresses</a>. Draw-books of the Renaissance artist-engineers such as <a href="/wiki/Taccola" title="Taccola">Taccola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> give a deep insight into the mechanical technology then known and applied. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Renaissance science</a> spawned the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>; science and technology began a cycle of mutual advancement. The <i>Scientific Renaissance</i> was the early phase of the Scientific Revolution. In the two-phase model of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> science: a <i>Scientific Renaissance</i> of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients; and a <i>Scientific Revolution</i> of the 17th century, when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation. Some scholars and historians attributes Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilley1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilley1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Noah_Efron" title="Noah Efron">Noah J Efron</a> says that "Generations of historians and sociologists have discovered many ways in which Christians, Christian beliefs, and Christian institutions played crucial roles in fashioning the tenets, methods, and institutions of what in time became modern science. They found that some forms of Christianity provided the motivation to study nature systematically..."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtually all modern scholars and historians agree that Christianity moved many early-modern intellectuals to study nature systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">List of Christian denominations by number of members</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_population_growth" title="Christian population growth">Christian population growth</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_spread">Geographic spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Geographic spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Islam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Christ_Islam.png/400px-Christ_Islam.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Christ_Islam.png/600px-Christ_Islam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Christ_Islam.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Relative geographic prevalence of Christianity versus <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> versus lack of either religion (2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, according to the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Christianity was the majority religion in Europe (including Russia) with 80%, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> with 92%, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> with 81%, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> with 79%.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also large Christian communities in other parts of the world, such as China, India and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where Christianity is the second-largest religion after <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The United States is home to the world's largest Christian population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Christians not only live under, but also have an official status in, a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the following nations: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Argentina_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Argentina-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Armenian_National_Committee_of_America-Armenia_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenian_National_Committee_of_America-Armenia-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Costa_Rica_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Costa_Rica-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Denmark_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Denmark-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-El_Salvador_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-El_Salvador-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Centre_for_Citizenship-England_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centre_for_Citizenship-England-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Iceland_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Iceland-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_State-Liechtenstein_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_State-Liechtenstein-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Malta_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Malta-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Monaco_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Monaco-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Norway_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Norway-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (Roman Catholic Church),<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Vatican_City_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Vatican_City-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Roman Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_adherents">Number of adherents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Number of adherents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The estimated number of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in the world ranges from 2.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-World_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2.4 billion people.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faith represents approximately one-third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">three largest groups of Christians</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Christian denomination is the Catholic Church, with an estimated 1.2 billion adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;margin: auto"> <caption>Demographics of major traditions within Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 2010 data)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tradition </th> <th scope="col">Followers </th> <th scope="col">% of the Christian population </th> <th scope="col">% of the world population </th> <th scope="col">Follower dynamics </th> <th scope="col">Dynamics in- and outside Christianity </th></tr> <tr style="background: yellow"> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1,094,610,000 </td> <td>50.1 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Declining </td></tr> <tr style="background: #B57EDC"> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </td> <td>800,640,000 </td> <td>36.7 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td></tr> <tr style="background: #9F8170"> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Christianity">Orthodoxy</a> </td> <td>260,380,000 </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Declining </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Declining </td></tr> <tr style="background: cyan"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Other Christianity</a> </td> <td>28,430,000 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christianity </th> <th>2,184,060,000 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>31.7 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Stable </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Christian_organizations">Notable Christian organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable Christian organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a> is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious practice. In contrast, the term <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> is used by many Christian churches to refer to ordination or to a group of individuals who are set apart for a special role or ministry. Historically, the word "order" designated an established civil body or corporation with a hierarchy, and ordination meant legal incorporation into an ordo. The word "holy" refers to the Church. In context, therefore, a holy order is set apart for ministry in the Church. Religious orders are composed of initiates (laity) and, in some traditions, ordained clergies. </p><p>Various organizations include: </p> <ul><li>In the Roman Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">secular institutes</a> are the major forms of <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">institutes of consecrated life</a>, similar to which are <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies of apostolic life</a>. They are organizations of laity or clergy who live a common life under the guidance of a fixed rule and the leadership of a superior. (ed., see <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_orders_and_societies" title="Category:Catholic orders and societies">Category: Catholic orders and societies</a> for a particular listing.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious orders</a> are communities of laity or clergy in the Anglican churches who live under a common rule of life. (ed., see <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_organizations" title="Category:Anglican organizations">Category: Anglican organizations</a> for a particular listing)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_organizations" title="Category:Christian organizations">Category: Christian organizations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity_law_and_ethics">Christianity law and ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christianity law and ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_and_state_framing">Church and state framing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Church and state framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div> <p>Within the framework of Christianity, there are at least three possible definitions for Church law. One is the Torah/Mosaic Law (from what Christians consider to be the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>) also called <a href="/wiki/Divine_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Law">Divine Law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">Biblical law</a>. Another is the instructions of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/The_Law_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="The Law of Christ">the Law of Christ</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">New Commandment</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>). A third is <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> which is the internal <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> law governing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Communion</a> of churches.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way that such church law is <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislated</a>, interpreted and at times <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">adjudicated</a> varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was initially a rule adopted by a <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">council</a> (From Greek <i>kanon</i> / κανών, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> kaneh / קנה, for rule, standard, or measure); these canons formed the foundation of canon law. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> in general has tended to stress the need for <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a> because of human weakness and developed while <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">Early Christians</a> were subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. From the time Nero blamed Christians for setting Rome ablaze (64 AD) until <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> (311 AD), persecutions against Christians erupted periodically. Consequently, Early Christian ethics included discussions of how believers should relate to Roman authority and to the empire. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Emperor Constantine I</a> (312–337), Christianity became a legal religion. While some scholars debate whether Constantine's conversion to Christianity was authentic or simply matter of political expediency, <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Constantine's decree</a> made the empire safe for Christian practice and belief. Consequently, issues of Christian doctrine, ethics and church practice were debated openly, see for example the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a>. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (379–395), Christianity had become the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the empire. With Christianity in power, ethical concerns broaden and included discussions of the proper role of the state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar..." class="mw-redirect" title="Render unto Caesar...">Render unto Caesar...</a> is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospel">synoptic gospels</a> which reads in full, "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's". This phrase has become a widely quoted summary of the relationship between Christianity and secular authority. The gospels say that when Jesus gave his response, his interrogators "marvelled, and left him, and went their way." Time has not resolved an ambiguity in this phrase, and people continue to interpret this passage to support various positions that are poles apart. The traditional division, carefully determined, in Christian thought is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> have separate <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> thoroughly discussed that <i>human law</i> is <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">positive law</a> which means that it is <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> applied by governments to societies. All human laws were to be judged by their conformity to the natural law. An unjust law was in a sense no law at all. At this point, the natural law was not only used to pass judgment on the moral worth of various laws, but also to determine what the law said in the first place. This could result in some tension.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late ecclesiastical writers followed in his footsteps. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of the two kingdoms">Doctrine of the two kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unam_sanctam" title="Unam sanctam">Unam sanctam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_ideology">Democratic ideology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Democratic ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian principles to public policy. It emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>. In a number of countries, the democracy's Christian ethos has been diluted by <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a>. In practice, Christian democracy is often considered <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">conservative</a> on cultural, social and moral issues and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> on fiscal and economic issues. In places, where their opponents have traditionally been secularist <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a>, Christian democratic parties are moderately <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, whereas in other cultural and political environments they can lean to the left. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_roles"><span id="Women.27s_roles"></span>Women's roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Women's roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Women in Christianity</a></div> <p>Attitudes and beliefs about the roles and responsibilities of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">women in Christianity</a> vary considerably today as they have throughout the last two millennia—evolving along with or counter to the societies in which Christians have lived. The Bible and Christianity historically have been interpreted as excluding women from church leadership and placing them in submissive roles in marriage. Male leadership has been assumed in the church and within marriage, society and government.<sup id="cite_ref-Blevins_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blevins-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary writers describe the role of women in the life of the church as having been downplayed, overlooked, or denied throughout much of Christian history. <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shifts</a> in gender roles in society and also many churches has inspired reevaluation by many Christians of some long-held attitudes to the contrary. <a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarians</a> have increasingly argued for equal roles for men and women in <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of marriage">marriage</a>, as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. Contemporary conservatives meanwhile have reasserted what has been termed a "<a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">complementarian</a>" position, promoting the traditional belief that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> ordains different roles and responsibilities for women and men in the Church and family.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a> – System with state control of the Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a> – Government that is both Christian and republican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God"><i>The City of God</i></a> – Book by Augustine of Hippo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great and Christianity</a> – Emperor Constantine's relationship, views, and laws regarding Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a> – Political and theological changes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a> – Ideology seeking Christian rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> – Cooperation between Christian denominations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> – Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 800 to 1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a> – Principle that the Catholic faith should be the basis of public law and policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana"><i>Res publica Christiana</i></a> – Medieval term for international community of Christian peoples and states</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Christendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Christendom">Union of Christendom</a>, a traditional Catholic view of ecumenism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 529, Justinian closed the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy#Neoplatonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Neoplatonic Academy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, a last bulwark of pagan philosophy, made rigorous efforts to exterminate <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>, personally campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>, and made <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> the Byzantine state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current sources are in general agreement that Christians make up about 33% of the world's population—slightly over 2.4 billion adherents in mid-2015.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-assets_pewresearch_org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assets_pewresearch_org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assets_pewresearch_org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assets_pewresearch_org_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWChristendom-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWChristendom_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWChristendom_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Christendom">Merriam-Webster.com : dictionary, "Christendom"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarty2008" class="citation book cs1">Marty, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MoolUlqQdmAC"><i>The Christian World: A Global History</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-684-9"><bdi>978-1-58836-684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+World%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-684-9&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMoolUlqQdmAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ixHall-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ixHall_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ixHall_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ixHall_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_John_Hall" title="Douglas John Hall">Hall, Douglas John</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM1KAwAAQBAJ"><i>The End of Christendom and the Future of Christianity</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579109844" title="Special:BookSources/9781579109844"><bdi>9781579109844</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Christendom" [...] means literally the dominion or sovereignty of the Christian religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Christendom+and+the+Future+of+Christianity&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781579109844&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Douglas+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM1KAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2006" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJQ_98I3R0C"><i>The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000-1500</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521616645" title="Special:BookSources/9780521616645"><bdi>9780521616645</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Medieval+Western+Christendom%3A+1000-1500&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521616645&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxJQ_98I3R0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "christendom. §1.3 Scheidingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chazan, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crisis_in_Western_Education-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_in_Western_Education_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_in_Western_Education_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonOlsen1961" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). <i>Crisis in Western Education</i> (reprint ed.). CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6"><bdi>978-0-8132-1683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Western+Education&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E._McGrath-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E._McGrath_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._McGrath2006" class="citation book cs1">E. McGrath, Alister (2006). <i>Christianity: An Introduction</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405108991" title="Special:BookSources/1405108991"><bdi>1405108991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1405108991&rft.aulast=E.+McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Review_Book_Service-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Review_Book_Service_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Review_Book_Service_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">"Review of <i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i> by Thomas Woods, Jr"</a>. <i>National Review Book Service</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">the original</a> on 22 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Book+Service&rft.atitle=Review+of+How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization+by+Thomas+Woods%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrbookservice.com%2Fproducts%2Fbookpage.asp%3Fprod_cd%3Dc6664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2010" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaU-cpc8sWgC&pg=PT572"><i>A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</i></a>. London: Penguin Publishing Group. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101189993" title="Special:BookSources/9781101189993"><bdi>9781101189993</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781101189993&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaU-cpc8sWgC%26pg%3DPT572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interglot.com/dictionary/nl/en/translate/christendom">"Translate christendom from Dutch to English"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translate+christendom+from+Dutch+to+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interglot.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnl%2Fen%2Ftranslate%2Fchristendom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.bab.la/dictionary/german-english/christentum">"CHRISTENTUM - Translation in English - bab.la"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHRISTENTUM+-+Translation+in+English+-+bab.la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.bab.la%2Fdictionary%2Fgerman-english%2Fchristentum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/christendom">"Christendom | Origin and meaning of christendom by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christendom+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+christendom+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fchristendom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curry12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curry12_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curry12_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curry12_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curry12_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Curry" title="Thomas John Curry">Curry, Thomas John</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farewelltochrist00curr_0"><i>Farewell to Christendom: The Future of Church and State in America</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farewelltochrist00curr_0/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190287061" title="Special:BookSources/9780190287061"><bdi>9780190287061</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell+to+Christendom%3A+The+Future+of+Church+and+State+in+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780190287061&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarewelltochrist00curr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCulloch1024-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch1024_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch1024_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch (2010), p. 1024–1030.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebnath2010" class="citation book cs1">Debnath, Sailen (2010). <i>Secularism: Western And Indian</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1366-4"><bdi>978-81-269-1366-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism%3A+Western+And+Indian&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors+%28P%29+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-269-1366-4&rft.aulast=Debnath&rft.aufirst=Sailen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson_1961_108-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson_1961_108_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson_1961_108_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonGlenn_Olsen1961" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). <i>Crisis in Western Education</i> (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813216836" title="Special:BookSources/9780813216836"><bdi>9780813216836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Western+Education&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780813216836&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Glenn+Olsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:1&version=nrsv">Acts 3:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:27–42&version=nrsv">Acts 5:27–42</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:18–26&version=nrsv">Acts 21:18–26</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:5&version=nrsv">Acts 24:5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:14&version=nrsv">Acts 24:14</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:22&version=nrsv">Acts 28:22</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201:16&version=nrsv">Romans 1:16</a>; Tacitus, <i>Annales</i> xv 44; Josephus <i>Antiquities</i> xviii 3; Mortimer Chambers, <i>The Western Experience Volume II</i> chapter 5; <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i> page 158<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Bauer, <i>Greek-English Lexicon</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-magnesians-roberts.html">Letter to the Magnesians</a> 10, Letter to the Romans (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01–19.htm#P1838_311890">Roberts-Donaldson tr.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html">Lightfoot tr.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/l/lake/fathers/ignatius-romans.htm">Greek text</a>). However, an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-roberts.html">edition</a> presented on some websites, one that otherwise corresponds exactly with the Roberts-Donaldson translation, renders this passage to the interpolated inauthentic longer recension of Ignatius's letters, which does not contain the word "Christianity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (1998) [1858–1890]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6fBpjjN64sC"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. Vol. 2: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100–325. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61025-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61025-041-2"><bdi>978-1-61025-041-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>The ante-Nicene age ... is the natural transition from the Apostolic age to the Nicene age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-61025-041-2&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6fBpjjN64sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Peel1981" class="citation news cs1">Robert Peel (18 February 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0218/021801.html">"Impish defense of Christianity; The End of Christendom, by Malcolm Muggeridge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Impish+defense+of+Christianity%3B+The+End+of+Christendom%2C+by+Malcolm+Muggeridge&rft.date=1981-02-18&rft.au=Robert+Peel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1981%2F0218%2F021801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Justinianus I". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1–9Hall-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1–9Hall_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1–9Hall_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (2002), p. 1–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Episcopacy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Episcopacy">"Episcopacy" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 699–701, see page 700, para 2, half way down. <q>The whole issue had, in fact, become confused with the confusion of functions of the Church and State. In the view of the Church of England the ultimate governance of the Christian community, in things spiritual and temporal, was vested not in the clergy but in the "Christian prince" as the vicegerent of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Episcopacy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=699-701%2C+see+page+700%2C+para+2%2C+half+way+down&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The church in the Roman empire before A.D. 170, Part 170 By Sir William Mitchell Ramsay</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, William Kenneth (1905). The ecclesiastical edicts of the Theodosian code, Columbia University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron_2006_42-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_2006_42_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2006">Cameron 2006</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2006">Cameron 2006</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-1992-190-218-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning-1992-190-218_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1992">Browning 1992</a>, pp. 198–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalland1994" class="citation book cs1">Challand, Gérard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXuxw070d-wC&pg=PA25"><i>The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07964-9"><bdi>978-0-520-07964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+World+History%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07964-9&rft.aulast=Challand&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXuxw070d-wC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis_Mason_West1904" class="citation book cs1">Willis Mason West (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdEyAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA551"><i>The ancient world from the earliest times to 800 A.D. ...</i></a> Allyn and Bacon. p. 551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+world+from+the+earliest+times+to+800+A.D.+...&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Willis+Mason+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdEyAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_BrownPeter_Robert_Lamont_Brown2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Brown; Peter Robert Lamont Brown (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-S9N1h_RS-IC&pg=PA443"><i>The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity 200-1000 AD</i></a>. Wiley. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22138-8"><bdi>978-0-631-22138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Western+Christendom%3A+Triumph+and+Diversity+200-1000+AD&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22138-8&rft.au=Peter+Brown&rft.au=Peter+Robert+Lamont+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-S9N1h_RS-IC%26pg%3DPA443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durant-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durant_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durant_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant2005" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suLI7RoaBEEC&pg=PA34"><i>Story of Philosophy</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69500-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69500-2"><bdi>978-0-671-69500-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-671-69500-2&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuLI7RoaBEEC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaping a global theological mind By Darren C. Marks. Page 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerville, R. (1998). Prefaces to Canon Law books in Latin Christianity: Selected translations, 500-1245; commentary and translations. New Haven [u.a.: Yale Univ. Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VanDeWiel, C. (1991). History of canon law. Leuven: Peeters Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon law and the Christian community By Clarence Gallagher. Gregorian & Biblical BookShop, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Church., Canon Law Society of America., Catholic Church., & Libreria editrice vaticana. (1998). Code of canon law, Latin-English edition: New English translation. Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mango, C. (2002). The Oxford history of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angold, M. (1997). The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204: A political history. New York: Longman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchevill1922" class="citation book cs1">Schevill, Ferdinand (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybalkanpe00schegoog"><i>The History of the Balkan Peninsula: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybalkanpe00schegoog/page/n142">124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Balkan+Peninsula%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Schevill&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybalkanpe00schegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1878" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVsvAAAAYAAJ"><i>The history of creeds</i></a>. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+creeds&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVsvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Christendom"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Christendom">"Christendom" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67592/Forms-of-Christian-education">Britannica.com</a> Forms of Christian education</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: <i>A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. XIX–XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verger1999-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verger1999_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Verger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Verger">Verger, Jacques</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W"><i>Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles</i></a> (in French) (1st ed.). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2868473448" title="Special:BookSources/978-2868473448"><bdi>978-2868473448</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+enseignement+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+en+Occident+aux+XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes+in+Rennes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2868473448&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL822497W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Elizabeth Hough, <i>Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man</i>, Princeton University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691128073" title="Special:BookSources/0691128073">0691128073</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richtersscalemea00houg/page/68">p. 68.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2005109_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2005">Woods 2005</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302999/Jesuit">Britannica.com</a> Jesuit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67594/Church-and-social-welfare">Britannica.com</a> Church and social welfare</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67597/Care-for-the-sick">Britannica.com</a> Care for the sick</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67599/Property-poverty-and-the-poor">Britannica.com</a> Property, poverty, and the poor,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1905" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1905). <i>The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protestant+Ethic+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a> (2002), <i>God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89057-1">978-0-521-89057-1</a>, pp. 189, 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67577/Church-and-state">Britannica.com</a> Church and state</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BF_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir <a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Banister Fletcher</a>, <i>History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleigh,_Bogs2002" class="citation book cs1">Eveleigh, Bogs (2002). <i>Baths and Basins: The Story of Domestic Sanitation</i>. Stroud, England: Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baths+and+Basins%3A+The+Story+of+Domestic+Sanitation&rft.pub=Stroud%2C+England%3A+Sutton&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Eveleigh%2C+Bogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianityinac0000gari">Christianity in Action: The History of the International Salvation Army</a> p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67603/The-tendency-to-spiritualize-and-individualize-marriage">Britannica.com</a> The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Owen p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1952), <i>The Celestial Cycle: The Theme of Paradise Lost in World Literature with Translations of the Major Analogues</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 569-570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Symbolism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Symbolism">"Symbolism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRholetter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rholetter, Wylene (2018). "Written Word in Medieval Society". <i>Salem Press Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salem+Press+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Written+Word+in+Medieval+Society&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rholetter&rft.aufirst=Wylene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html">"Differences between Parchment, Vellum and Paper"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. 2016-08-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615030013/http://www.archives.gov/preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Differences+between+Parchment%2C+Vellum+and+Paper&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fformats%2Fpaper-vellum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/answering-eastern-orthodox-apologists-regarding-icons/">"Answering Eastern Orthodox Apologists regarding Icons"</a>. <i>The Gospel Coalition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.atitle=Answering+Eastern+Orthodox+Apologists+regarding+Icons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fthemelios%2Farticle%2Fanswering-eastern-orthodox-apologists-regarding-icons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Jenner, Henry</a> (2004) [1910]. <i>Christian Symbolism</i>. Kessinger Publishing. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Symbolism&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiland2023" class="citation book cs1">Eiland, Murray (2023-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.30861/9781407360713"><i>Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire</i></a>. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30861%2F9781407360713">10.30861/9781407360713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-6071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-6071-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-6071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturing+Roman+Belief+Systems%3A+The+iconography+of+coins+in+the+Republic+and+Empire&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports+%28Oxford%29+Ltd&rft.date=2023-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30861%2F9781407360713&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-6071-3&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.30861%2F9781407360713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF2-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BF2_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, Banister. <i>A History of Architecture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick2017" class="citation web cs1">Derrick, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-19th-20th-century-roman-catholic-churches/heag159-roman-catholic-churches-iha/">"19th- and 20th-Century Roman Catholic Churches"</a>. <i>Historic England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+England&rft.atitle=19th-+and+20th-Century+Roman+Catholic+Churches&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Fimages-books%2Fpublications%2Fiha-19th-20th-century-roman-catholic-churches%2Fheag159-roman-catholic-churches-iha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Byzantine_Architecture/">"Byzantine Architecture"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Christian+Theology&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Rea%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fchristiantheology-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13548a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Scholasticism"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Science and Theology"</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Biologos Foundation, p. 4, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biologos.org/uploads/projects/noll_scholarly_essay2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Religion%2C+and+A.D.+White%3A+Seeking+Peace+in+the+%22Warfare+Between+Science+and+Theology%22&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Biologos+Foundation&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiologos.org%2Fuploads%2Fprojects%2Fnoll_scholarly_essay2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbergNumbers1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Lindberg" title="David C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monaco&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F388747%2FMonaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Norway-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Norway_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/420178/Norway">"Norway"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F420178%2FNorway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Vatican_City-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica-Vatican_City_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623972/Vatican-City">"Vatican"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vatican&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F623972%2FVatican-City&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">33.39% of ~7.2 billion world population (under the section 'People') <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world">"World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=World&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf">"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity+2015%3A+Religious+Diversity+and+Personal+Contact&rft.pub=gordonconwell.edu&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2F1IBMR2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">"Major Religions Ranked by Size"</a>. Adherents.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Religions+Ranked+by+Size&rft.pub=Adherents.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FReligions_By_Adherents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Christianity-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANALYSIS2011" class="citation web cs1">ANALYSIS (2011-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx">"Global Christianity"</a>. Pewforum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx">the original</a> on 2013-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=ANALYSIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FGlobal-Christianity-exec.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinnells, <i>The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion</i>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-21443313">"How many Roman Catholics are there in the world?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. March 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+many+Roman+Catholics+are+there+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-21443313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a>. 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fglobal-christianity-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Canon law"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Canon_law">"Canon law" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+law&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, "Aquinas's Two Doctrines of Natural Law."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blevins-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blevins_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blevins, Carolyn DeArmond, <i>Women in Christian History: A Bibliography.</i> Macon, Georgia: Mercer Univ Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-493-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-493-X">0-86554-493-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1991" class="citation book cs1">Piper, John (1991). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recoveringbiblic00pipe_587"><i>Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</i></a></span>. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recoveringbiblic00pipe_587/page/n30">31</a>–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856840453" title="Special:BookSources/9781856840453"><bdi>9781856840453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Biblical+Manhood+and+Womanhood&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=31-59&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781856840453&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecoveringbiblic00pipe_587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>21st century Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Woods, Thomas Jr</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood"><i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i></a></span>. Regnery Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7"><bdi>0-89526-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89526-038-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowcatholicchurc0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron, Averil</a> (2006). <i>The Byzantines</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-9833-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantines&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazare1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lazare" title="Bernard Lazare">Lazare, Bernard</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028696783"><i>Antisemitism: Its History and Causes</i></a>. New York: International Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+Its+History+and+Causes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Library&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Lazare&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028696783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow"><i>The Byzantine Empire</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4"><bdi>978-0-8132-0754-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0754-4&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantineempire0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/returnchristend00chesgoog"><i>The Return of Christendom</i></a>. Macmillan. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Christendom&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freturnchristend00chesgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Dickson_White1897" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Dickson White (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorywarfare02whitgoog"><i>A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</i></a>. D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Warfare+of+Science+with+Theology+in+Christendom&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Andrew+Dickson+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorywarfare02whitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._G._Cole1908" class="citation book cs1">F. G. Cole (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/motherallchurch00colegoog"><i>Mother of All Churches: A Brief and Comprehensive Handbook of the Holy Eastern Orthodox Church</i></a>. Skeffington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+of+All+Churches%3A+A+Brief+and+Comprehensive+Handbook+of+the+Holy+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=Skeffington&rft.date=1908&rft.au=F.+G.+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmotherallchurch00colegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>19th century sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Hull, Moses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wgCOgAACAAJ">Encyclopedia of Biblical Spiritualism; Or, A Concordance to the Principal Passages of the Old and New Testament Scriptures Which Prove or Imply Spiritualism; Together with a Brief History of the Origin of Many of the Important Books of the Bible</a>. Chicago: M. Hull, 1895. (ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqAEibVjkA4C">reprint version</a> is available)</li> <li>Bosanquet, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationchr02bosagoog">The Civilization of Christendom, And Other Studies</a>. London: S. Sonnenschein, 1893.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyteaching00yorkgoog"><i>The History of Teachings of the Early Church, as a Basis for the Re-union of Christendom: Lectures</i></a>. E. & J. B. Young. 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Teachings+of+the+Early+Church%2C+as+a+Basis+for+the+Re-union+of+Christendom%3A+Lectures&rft.pub=E.+%26+J.+B.+Young&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryteaching00yorkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hodson_Egar1887" class="citation book cs1">John Hodson Egar (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christendomeccl00egargoog"><i>Christendom; ecclesiastical and political, from Constantine to the Reformation</i></a>. J. Pott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christendom%3B+ecclesiastical+and+political%2C+from+Constantine+to+the+Reformation&rft.pub=J.+Pott&rft.date=1887&rft.au=John+Hodson+Egar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristendomeccl00egargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churcheschriste00unkngoog"><i>The Churches of Christendom</i></a>. Macniven and Wallace. 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+Christendom&rft.pub=Macniven+and+Wallace&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurcheschriste00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles1880" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Elizabeth (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUBAAAAQAAJ"><i>Sketches of the women of Christendom, by the author of 'Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta family'<span></span></i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+the+women+of+Christendom%2C+by+the+author+of+%27Chronicles+of+the+Sch%C3%B6nberg-Cotta+family%27.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaville1880" class="citation book cs1">Naville, Ernest (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thechristsevenle00naviuoft"><i>The Christ: Seven lectures</i></a>. T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christ%3A+Seven+lectures&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Naville&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthechristsevenle00naviuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_William_Cox1870" class="citation book cs1">George William Cox (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinandteutoni01coxgoog"><i>Latin and Teutonic Christendom: An Historical Sketch</i></a>. Longmans, Green & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+and+Teutonic+Christendom%3A+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Company&rft.date=1870&rft.au=George+William+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinandteutoni01coxgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirdlestone1870" class="citation book cs1">Girdlestone, Charles (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christendomsket00girdgoog"><i>Christendom, sketched from history in the light of holy Scripture</i></a>. Published for the Author by Sampson Low, Son, & Marston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christendom%2C+sketched+from+history+in+the+light+of+holy+Scripture&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Author+by+Sampson+Low%2C+Son%2C+%26+Marston&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Girdlestone&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristendomsket00girdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Radford_Thomson1867" class="citation book cs1">John Radford Thomson (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOECAAAAQAAJ"><i>Symbols of Christendom: an elementary text-book</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Christendom%3A+an+elementary+text-book&rft.date=1867&rft.au=John+Radford+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhOECAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Allies1865" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Allies (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationchrist00alligoog"><i>The formation of Christendom</i></a>. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+formation+of+Christendom&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts%2C+and+Green&rft.date=1865&rft.au=Thomas+William+Allies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationchrist00alligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1857" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, George (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mistakechristen00steagoog"><i>The mistake of Christendom; or, Jesus and His Gospel before Paul and Christianity</i></a>. B. Marsh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mistake+of+Christendom%3B+or%2C+Jesus+and+His+Gospel+before+Paul+and+Christianity&rft.pub=B.+Marsh&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmistakechristen00steagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1824" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Richard (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renownedhistory01johngoog"><i>The Renowned History of the Seven Champions of Christendom: St. George of England, St. Denis of France, St. James of Spain, St. Anthony of Italy, St. Andrew of Scotland, St. Patrick of Ireland, and St. David of Wales, and Their Sons</i></a>. W. Baynes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renowned+History+of+the+Seven+Champions+of+Christendom%3A+St.+George+of+England%2C+St.+Denis+of+France%2C+St.+James+of+Spain%2C+St.+Anthony+of+Italy%2C+St.+Andrew+of+Scotland%2C+St.+Patrick+of+Ireland%2C+and+St.+David+of+Wales%2C+and+Their+Sons&rft.pub=W.+Baynes&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenownedhistory01johngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bainton, Roland H. (1966). <i>Christendom: a Short History of Christianity and Its Impact on Western Civilization</i>, in series, <i>Harper Colophon Books</i>. New York: Harper & Row. 2 vol., ill.</li> <li>Molland, Einar (1959) <i>Christendom: the Christian churches, their doctrines, constitutional forms and ways of worship</i>. London: A. & R. Mowbray & Co. (first published in Norwegian in 1953 as <i>Konfesjonskunnskap</i>).</li> <li>Whalen, Brett Edward (2009). <i>Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christendom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Christendom" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Christendom">Christendom</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Christendom</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christendom" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Christendom">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christendom" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Christendom">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christendom" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Christendom">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Christendom" class="extiw" title="q:Christendom">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christendom" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Christendom">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christendom" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Christendom">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christendom" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Christendom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Websites</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Union of Christendom"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Union_of_Christendom">"Union of Christendom" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Union+of+Christendom&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristendom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" 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Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> 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[\"CITEREFF._G._Cole1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_William_Cox1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirdlestone1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Hodson_Egar1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Radford_Thomson1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimKim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLazare1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindbergNumbers1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarty2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinness2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayRea2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaville1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumbers2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_BrownPeter_Robert_Lamont_Brown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRholetter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisse1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Peel1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantayana1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchevill1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_William_Allies1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis_Mason_West1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 11,\n [\"Aut\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref\"] = 7,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 5,\n [\"Christian culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Harnvb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Increase\"] = 6,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Nochange\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Off topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-llpcz","timestamp":"20241125104833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christendom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christendom","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q641707","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q641707","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-05T08:47:38Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T23:17:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg","headline":"Christian-majority countries and the countries in which Christianity dominates or prevails"}</script> </body> </html>