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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Islamic decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pattern_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pattern_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pattern formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pattern_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girih_tilings_and_woodwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girih_tilings_and_woodwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Girih tilings and woodwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girih_tilings_and_woodwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kilim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Leather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Metalwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muqarnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muqarnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Muqarnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muqarnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zellij" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zellij"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span><i>Zellij</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zellij-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Illustrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Islamic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Islamic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outside Islamic art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Islamic_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Islamic art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Islamic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Western_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Western_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In Western culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Western_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Influence on the sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زخارف هندسية إسلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زخارف هندسية إسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_h%C9%99nd%C9%99si_nax%C4%B1%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="İslam həndəsi naxışları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam həndəsi naxışları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="ইসলামি জ্যামিতিক কারুকাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি জ্যামিতিক কারুকাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrische_Muster_in_der_islamischen_Kunst" title="Geometrische Muster in der islamischen Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geometrische Muster in der islamischen Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrones_geom%C3%A9tricos_isl%C3%A1micos" title="Patrones geométricos islámicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patrones geométricos islámicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figures_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9triques_islamiques" title="Figures géométriques islamiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Figures géométriques islamiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patr%C3%B3ns_xeom%C3%A9tricos_isl%C3%A1micos" title="Patróns xeométricos islámicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patróns xeométricos islámicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_geometri_Islam" title="Pola geometri Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pola geometri Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivi_geometrici_islamici" title="Motivi geometrici islamici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motivi geometrici islamici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamic geometric patterns" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_geometrijski_vzorci" title="Islamski geometrijski vzorci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islamski geometrijski vzorci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D9%88_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اسلامی نقش و نگار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسلامی نقش و نگار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6082723#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geometric pattern characteristic of Muslim art</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:273px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tiled mosque in Samarkand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG/151px-Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG/227px-Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG/302px-Samarkand_Bibi_Khanum_Mosque_Minaret_Detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="4045" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> socle of the <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Khanum_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibi Khanum Mosque">Bibi Khanum Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.The arched vertical panels are decorated with different <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> patterns, featuring 10-, 8- and 5-pointed stars.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:273px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Doorway decorated with strapwork, arabesques and tilework" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG/183px-Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG/275px-Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG/366px-Doorway_in_Ben_Youssef_Madrasa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A doorway in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_atlantica" title="Cedrus atlantica">Atlas cedar</a> doors have carved strapwork with a 16-point star. The arch is surrounded with <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesques</a>; to either side is a band of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>, above <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework.</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maq%C4%81ma_21_(fols._58v%E2%80%9359r,_double-page_spread_as_a_unit),_Maqamat_al-Harari,_1237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/260px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> <p><b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij <span style="font-size:85%;">(Arabian Peninsula)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq <span style="font-size:85%;">(Levant)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mesopotamia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size:85%;">(Egypt)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sudan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb <span style="font-size:85%;">(North Africa)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Headwear</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Clothing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Theory</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li></ul> <p><b>Art music</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Folk</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Scripts</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic"> Old </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic"> Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern</a></li></ul> <p><b>Prose</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymed_prose" title="Rhymed prose">Saj <span style="font-size:85%;">(ryhmed prose)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Forms</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Concepts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> <p><b>Texts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> <p><b>Fictional Arab people</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>North Arabian deities</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> <p><b>South Arabian deities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(myth)" title="Salman (myth)"> Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Islamic geometric patterns</b> are one of the major forms of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>, which tends to avoid using <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> images, as it is forbidden to create a representation of an important Islamic figure according to many <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">holy scriptures</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> designs in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_interlace_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic interlace patterns">interlaced</a>, as can <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> (with which they are often combined), to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a>. These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphic</a> embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in the sixteenth century. </p><p>Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architecture</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a> carpets, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">girih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework, <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> decorative vaulting, <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">jali</a> pierced stone screens, <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, woodwork, and metalwork. </p><p>Interest in Islamic geometric patterns is increasing in the West, both among <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a> like <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> in the twentieth century, and among <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Lu">Peter J. Lu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt" title="Paul Steinhardt">Paul Steinhardt</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_decoration">Islamic decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islamic decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic geometric patterns are derived from simpler designs used in earlier cultures: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a>. They are one of three forms of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic decoration</a>, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> based on curving and branching plant forms, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>; all three are frequently used together.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hankin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 9th century onward, a range of sophisticated geometric patterns based on polygonal tessellation began to appear in Islamic art, eventually becoming dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> mostly avoids <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> images to avoid becoming objects of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouaissa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouaissa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonner_2017_p1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonner_2017_p1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">aniconism in Islamic</a> culture caused artists to explore non-figural art, and created a general aesthetic shift toward <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">mathematically based decoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Keith Critchlow</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that Islamic patterns are created to lead the viewer to an understanding of the underlying reality, rather than being mere decoration, as writers interested only in pattern sometimes imply.<sup id="cite_ref-Critchlow_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchlow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Field_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic culture, the patterns are believed to be the bridge to the spiritual realm, the instrument to purify the mind and the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Wade<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that "Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation."<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wade argues that the aim is to transfigure, turning mosques "into lightness and pattern", while "the decorated pages of a Qur’an can become windows onto the infinite."<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this, Doris Behrens-Abouseif<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states in her book <i>Beauty in Arabic Culture</i> that a "major difference" between the philosophical thinking of Medieval Europe and the Islamic world is exactly that the concepts of the good and the beautiful are separated in Arabic culture. She argues that beauty, whether in poetry or in the visual arts, was enjoyed "for its own sake, without commitment to religious or moral criteria".<sup id="cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Styles of Islamic geometric decoration</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiles inside the Jame Mosque of Yazd, Persia, with geometric and vegetal patterns"><img alt="Tiles inside the Jame Mosque of Yazd, Persia, with geometric and vegetal patterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG/175px-Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG/263px-Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG/350px-Tiles_inside_the_Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tiles inside the <a href="/wiki/Jame_Mosque_of_Yazd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jame Mosque of Yazd">Jame Mosque of Yazd</a>, Persia, with geometric and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">vegetal patterns</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bou Inania Madrasa, Fes, Morocco, originally c. 1350, with geometric patterns in zellij tilework"><img alt="Bou Inania Madrasa, Fes, Morocco, originally c. 1350, with geometric patterns in zellij tilework" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg/175px-Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg/263px-Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg/350px-Bou_inania_DSCF2978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3951" data-file-height="2607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>, Morocco, originally c. 1350, with geometric patterns in <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A variety of vernacular decorative Islamic styles in Morocco: wooden panels, zellij tilework, stucco calligraphy, and floral door panels"><img alt="A variety of vernacular decorative Islamic styles in Morocco: wooden panels, zellij tilework, stucco calligraphy, and floral door panels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg/175px-162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg/263px-162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg/350px-162-MoroccoOpenDoors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A variety of vernacular decorative Islamic styles in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: wooden panels, zellij tilework, stucco calligraphy, and floral door panels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arch in the Alhambra with Mocárabe stalactite work"><img alt="Arch in the Alhambra with Mocárabe stalactite work" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG/175px-Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG/263px-Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG/350px-Alhambra_Detail_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arch in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> with <a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a> stalactite work</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayyubid Raqqa ware stoneware glazed jar with overlapping circles grid pattern. Syria, 12th/13th century"><img alt="Ayyubid Raqqa ware stoneware glazed jar with overlapping circles grid pattern. Syria, 12th/13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg/131px-Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg/197px-Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg/262px-Jar_Met_56.185.15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="3477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_ware" title="Raqqa ware">Raqqa ware</a> stoneware glazed jar with <a href="/wiki/Overlapping_circles_grid" title="Overlapping circles grid">overlapping circles grid</a> pattern. Syria, 12th/13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_mosque_archway.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An archway in the Ottoman Green Mosque, Bursa, Turkey (1424), with girih 10-point stars and pentagons"><img alt="An archway in the Ottoman Green Mosque, Bursa, Turkey (1424), with girih 10-point stars and pentagons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_mosque_archway.JPG/157px-Green_mosque_archway.JPG" decoding="async" width="157" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_mosque_archway.JPG/236px-Green_mosque_archway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_mosque_archway.JPG/314px-Green_mosque_archway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An archway in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeşil Mosque">Green Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, Turkey (1424), with girih 10-point stars and pentagons</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pattern_formation">Pattern formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pattern formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dome of shrine decorated with many different shapes of star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg/220px-Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg/330px-Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg/440px-Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shah_Nematollah_Vali_Shrine" title="Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine">Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahan,_Iran" title="Mahan, Iran">Mahan, Iran</a>, 1431. The blue <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">girih</a>-tiled dome contains stars with, from the top, 5, 7, 9, 12, 11, 9 and 10 points in turn. 11-point stars are rare in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Broug2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broug2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></div> <p>Many Islamic designs are built on squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form intricate and complex patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recurring motif is the 8-pointed star, often seen in Islamic tilework; it is made of two squares, one rotated 45 degrees with respect to the other. The fourth basic shape is the <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygon</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">pentagons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagons</a>. All of these can be combined and reworked to form complicated patterns with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetries</a> including reflections and rotations. Such patterns can be seen as mathematical <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a>, which can extend indefinitely and thus suggest <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hussain_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are constructed on grids that require only <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compass_(drawing_tool)" title="Compass (drawing tool)">compass</a> to draw.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellos_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist and educator <a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a> argues that such constructions are in effect <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>, making Islamic geometric patterns forerunners of modern <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">algorithmic art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verostko_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verostko-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circle symbolizes unity and diversity in nature, and many Islamic patterns are drawn starting with a circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the decoration of the 15th-century mosque in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, Persia is based on a circle, divided into six by six circles drawn around it, all touching at its centre and each touching its two neighbours' centres to form a regular hexagon. On this basis is constructed a six-pointed star surrounded by six smaller irregular hexagons to form a tessellating star pattern. This forms the basic design which is outlined in white on the wall of the mosque. That design, however, is overlaid with an intersecting tracery in blue around tiles of other colours, forming an elaborate pattern that partially conceals the original and underlying design.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lockerbie_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockerbie-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar design forms the logo of the Mohammed Ali Research Center.<sup id="cite_ref-MOHA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOHA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early Western students of Islamic patterns, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a>, defined a "geometrical arabesque" as a pattern formed "with the help of construction lines consisting of polygons in contact."<sup id="cite_ref-Hankin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He observed that many different combinations of polygons can be used as long as the residual spaces between the polygons are reasonably symmetrical. For example, a grid of octagons in contact has squares (of the same side as the octagons) as the residual spaces. Every octagon is the basis for an 8-point star, as seen at <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's tomb, Sikandra</a> (1605–1613). Hankin considered the "skill of the Arabian artists in discovering suitable combinations of polygons .. almost astounding."<sup id="cite_ref-Hankin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further records that if a star occurs in a corner, exactly one quarter of it should be shown; if along an edge, exactly one half of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a>, made in <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> Iran in the late-15th century or beginning of the 16th century, contains 114 patterns including coloured designs for girih tilings and muqarnas quarter or semidomes.<sup id="cite_ref-necipoglu1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-necipoglu1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mathematical properties of the decorative tile and <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> patterns of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> palace in <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada, Spain">Granada, Spain</a> have been extensively studied. Some authors have claimed on dubious grounds to have found most or all of the 17 <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">wallpaper groups</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez-Gomez_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-Gomez-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grünbaum_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grünbaum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moroccan geometric woodwork from the <span class="nowrap">14th to 19th centuries</span> makes use of only 5 wallpaper groups, mainly p4mm and c2mm, with p6mm and p2mm occasionally and p4gm rarely; it is claimed that the "Hasba" (measure) method of construction, which starts with <i>n</i>-fold rosettes, can however generate all 17 groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Aboufadil_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboufadil-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Methods of construction</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Two-dimensional designs for two quarter-dome muqarnas – as a seashell (top), as a fan (bottom). Topkapı Scroll, 15th century"><img alt="Two-dimensional designs for two quarter-dome muqarnas – as a seashell (top), as a fan (bottom). Topkapı Scroll, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG/106px-Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG/159px-Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG/211px-Topkapi_Scroll_P290.JPG 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two-dimensional designs for two quarter-dome <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> – as a <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashell</a> (top), as a fan (bottom). <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Girih tiling in the decagonal pattern on a spandrel from the Darb-e Imam shrine"><img alt="Girih tiling in the decagonal pattern on a spandrel from the Darb-e Imam shrine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG/175px-Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG/263px-Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG/350px-Darb-i_Imam_shrine_spandrel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> tiling in the <a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">decagonal</a> pattern on a <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrel</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Darb-e_Imam" title="Darb-e Imam">Darb-e Imam</a> shrine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of girih pattern in Darb-e Imam spandrel (yellow line). Construction decagons blue, bowties red. The strapwork cuts across the construction tessellation."><img alt="Construction of girih pattern in Darb-e Imam spandrel (yellow line). Construction decagons blue, bowties red. The strapwork cuts across the construction tessellation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg/175px-Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg/263px-Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg/350px-Spandrel-large_scale_pattern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13000" data-file-height="11660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Construction of girih pattern in Darb-e Imam spandrel (yellow line). Construction decagons blue, bowties red. The strapwork cuts across the construction <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellation</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OctagonalTesselations2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Analysis of octagonal patterns in Mughal architecture by Ernest Hanbury Hankin, 1925. 8-pointed stars emerge (lower right) where heavy black lines cross."><img alt="Analysis of octagonal patterns in Mughal architecture by Ernest Hanbury Hankin, 1925. 8-pointed stars emerge (lower right) where heavy black lines cross." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OctagonalTesselations2.png/122px-OctagonalTesselations2.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OctagonalTesselations2.png/184px-OctagonalTesselations2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OctagonalTesselations2.png/245px-OctagonalTesselations2.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> patterns in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a>, 1925. 8-pointed stars emerge (lower right) where heavy black lines cross.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decoration in Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra, showing correct treatment of sides and corners. A quarter of each 6-point star is shown in each corner; half stars along the sides."><img alt="Decoration in Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra, showing correct treatment of sides and corners. A quarter of each 6-point star is shown in each corner; half stars along the sides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg/175px-Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg/263px-Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg/350px-Decoration_on_the_wall_of_the_masoleoum_of_Itmad-ud-Daulah%27s_tomb_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4564" data-file-height="3277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decoration in <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah" title="Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah">Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, showing correct treatment of sides and corners. A quarter of each 6-point star is shown in each corner; half stars along the sides.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting,_Iran,_1800-70.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Architectural drawing for brick vaulting, Iran, probably Tehran, 1800–70"><img alt="Architectural drawing for brick vaulting, Iran, probably Tehran, 1800–70" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting%2C_Iran%2C_1800-70.JPG/175px-Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting%2C_Iran%2C_1800-70.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting%2C_Iran%2C_1800-70.JPG/263px-Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting%2C_Iran%2C_1800-70.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting%2C_Iran%2C_1800-70.JPG/350px-Architectural_Drawing_for_brick_vaulting%2C_Iran%2C_1800-70.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="2840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architectural drawing for brick vaulting, Iran, probably Tehran, 1800–70</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan,_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque,_luster_tiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Simple early Islamic geometric tilework" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque%2C_luster_tiles.jpg/170px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque%2C_luster_tiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque%2C_luster_tiles.jpg/255px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque%2C_luster_tiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque%2C_luster_tiles.jpg/340px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_carreaux_lustr%C3%A9s_-_Kairouan%27s_Great_Mosque%2C_luster_tiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Early stage: simple geometric patterns on <a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">lustre</a> tiles in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. 836 onwards</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stage">Early stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest geometrical forms in Islamic art were occasional isolated geometric shapes such as 8-pointed stars and lozenges containing squares. These date from 836 in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>, Tunisia, and since then have spread all across the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_stage">Middle stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey,_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Middle stage Islamic patterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Turkey%2C_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg/170px-Turkey%2C_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Turkey%2C_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg/255px-Turkey%2C_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Turkey%2C_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg/340px-Turkey%2C_Konya_-_Alaeddin_Mosque_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Middle stage patterns on geometric borders around a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A2eddin_Mosque" title="Alâeddin Mosque">Alâeddin Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. 1220 onwards</figcaption></figure> <p>The next development, marking the middle stage of Islamic geometric pattern usage, was of 6- and 8-point stars, which appear in 879 at the Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo, and then became widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wider variety of patterns were used from the 11th century. Abstract 6- and 8-point shapes appear in the Tower of Kharaqan at <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, Persia in 1067, and the Al-Juyushi Mosque, Egypt in 1085, again becoming widespread from there, though 6-point patterns are rare in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1086, 7- and 10-point girih patterns (with heptagons, 5- and 6-pointed stars, triangles and irregular hexagons) appear in the <a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque of Isfahan</a>. 10-point girih became widespread in the Islamic world, except in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards, sweeping 9-, 11-, and 13-point girih patterns were used in the <a href="/wiki/Barsian_mosque_and_minaret" title="Barsian mosque and minaret">Barsian Mosque</a>, also in Persia, in 1098; these, like 7-point geometrical patterns, are rarely used outside Persia and central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, marking the end of the middle stage, 8- and 12-point girih rosette patterns appear in the <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A2eddin_Mosque" title="Alâeddin Mosque">Alâeddin Mosque</a> at <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, Turkey in 1220, and in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> palace in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1230, going on to become widespread across the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_stage">Late stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elaborate late stage Islamic woodwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg/170px-Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg/255px-Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg/340px-Mihrab_at_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption>Late stage: geometric, vegetal, and calligraphic patterns around the Mihrab at the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri">Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri</a>. 1571-5</figcaption></figure> <p>The beginning of the late stage is marked by the use of simple 16-point patterns at the Hasan Sadaqah mausoleum in Cairo in 1321, and in the Alhambra in Spain in 1338–1390. These patterns are rarely found outside these two regions. More elaborate combined 16-point geometrical patterns are found in the Sultan Hassan complex in Cairo in 1363, but rarely elsewhere. Finally, 14-point patterns appear in the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri">Jama Masjid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1571–1596, but in few other places.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artforms">Artforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several artforms in different parts of the Islamic world make use of geometric patterns. These include ceramics,<sup id="cite_ref-MWNFceramics_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNFceramics-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> girih strapwork,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jali pierced stone screens,<sup id="cite_ref-MetJali_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetJali-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kilim rugs,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leather,<sup id="cite_ref-MWNFleather_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNFleather-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metalwork,<sup id="cite_ref-Gibb1954_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb1954-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> muqarnas vaulting,<sup id="cite_ref-Tabbaa_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabbaa-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shakaba stained glass,<sup id="cite_ref-King_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> woodwork,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and zellij tiling.<sup id="cite_ref-Njoku_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Njoku-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Islamic pottery</a></div> <p>Ceramics lend themselves to circular motifs, whether radial or tangential. Bowls or plates can be decorated inside or out with radial stripes; these may be partly figurative, representing stylised leaves or flower petals, while circular bands can run around a bowl or jug. Patterns of these types were employed on Islamic ceramics from the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> period, 13th century. Radially symmetric flowers with, say, 6 petals lend themselves to increasingly stylised geometric designs which can combine geometric simplicity with recognisably naturalistic motifs, brightly coloured glazes, and a radial composition that ideally suits circular crockery. Potters often chose patterns suited to the shape of the vessel they were making.<sup id="cite_ref-MWNFceramics_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNFceramics-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus an unglazed earthenware water flask<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in the shape of a vertical circle (with handles and neck above) is decorated with a ring of moulded braiding around an Arabic inscription with a small 8-petalled flower at the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-VAMflask_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAMflask-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Girih_tilings_and_woodwork">Girih tilings and woodwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Girih tilings and woodwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></div> <p>Girih are elaborate interlacing patterns formed of five standardized shapes. The style is used in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian Islamic architecture</a> and also in decorative woodwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girih designs are traditionally made in different media including cut brickwork, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, and mosaic <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> tilework. In woodwork, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> period, it could be applied either as lattice frames, left plain or inset with panels such as of coloured glass; or as mosaic panels used to decorate walls and ceilings, whether sacred or secular. In architecture, girih forms decorative interlaced strapwork surfaces from the 15th century to the 20th century. Most designs are based on a partially hidden geometric grid which provides a regular array of points; this is made into a pattern using 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-fold rotational symmetries which can fill the plane. The visible pattern superimposed on the grid is also geometric, with 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-pointed stars and a variety of convex polygons, joined by straps which typically seem to weave over and under each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tebyan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebyan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visible pattern does not coincide with the underlying construction lines of the tiling.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visible patterns and the underlying tiling represent a bridge linking the invisible to the visible, analogous to the "epistemological quest" in Islamic culture, the search for the nature of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooman_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jali">Jali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg/170px-Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg/255px-Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg/340px-Kairo_Ibn_Tulun_Moschee_BW_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="3075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>: window with girih-style 10-point stars (at rear), with floral roundels in octagons forming a frieze at front</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></div> <p>Jali are pierced stone screens with regularly repeating patterns. They are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a> buildings at <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>. The geometric designs combine polygons such as octagons and pentagons with other shapes such as 5- and 8-pointed stars. The patterns emphasized symmetries and suggested infinity by repetition. Jali functioned as windows or room dividers, providing privacy but allowing in air and light.<sup id="cite_ref-MetJali_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetJali-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jali forms a prominent element of the architecture of India.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of perforated walls has declined with modern building standards and the need for security. Modern, simplified jali walls, for example made with pre-moulded clay or cement blocks, have been popularised by the architect Laurie Baker.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierced windows in girih style are sometimes found elsewhere in the Islamic world, such as in windows of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a> in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kilim">Kilim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kilim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg/170px-Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg/255px-Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg/340px-Wolf%27s_Mouth_Kilim_Motif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Somewhat <a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">geometric motifs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a>'s Mouth (Kurt Aǧzi), to protect the flocks against wolves, are often woven into tribal <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilims</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A kilim is an Islamic<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flatwoven carpet (without a pile), whether for household use or a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_mat" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer mat">prayer mat</a>. The pattern is made by winding the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a> threads back over the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> threads when a colour boundary is reached. This technique leaves a gap or vertical slit, so kilims are sometimes called slit-woven textiles. Kilims are often decorated with geometric patterns with 2- or 4-fold mirror or rotational symmetries. Because weaving uses vertical and horizontal threads, curves are difficult to generate, and patterns are accordingly formed mainly with straight edges.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockerbie_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockerbie-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kilim patterns are often characteristic of specific regions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Kilim motifs</a> are often symbolic as well as decorative. For example, the wolf's mouth or wolf's foot motif (Turkish: Kurt Aǧzi, Kurt İzi) expresses the tribal weavers' desires for protection of their families' flocks from <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erbek_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erbek-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leather">Leather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic leather is often embossed with patterns similar to those already described. Leather book covers, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> where figurative artwork was excluded, were decorated with a combination of kufic script, medallions and geometric patterns, typically bordered by geometric <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">braiding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MWNFleather_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNFleather-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalwork">Metalwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metalwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metal artefacts share the same geometric designs that are used in other forms of Islamic art. However, in the view of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Hamilton Gibb</a>, the emphasis differs: geometric patterns tend to be used for borders, and if they are in the main decorative area they are most often used in combination with other motifs such as floral designs, arabesques, animal motifs, or calligraphic script. Geometric designs in Islamic metalwork can form a grid decorated with these other motifs, or they can form the background pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibb1954_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb1954-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even where metal objects such as bowls and dishes do not seem to have geometric decoration, still the designs, such as arabesques, are often set in octagonal compartments or arranged in concentric bands around the object. Both closed designs (which do not repeat) and open or repetitive patterns are used. Patterns such as interlaced six-pointed stars were especially popular from the 12th century. Eva Baer<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that while this design was essentially simple, it was elaborated by metalworkers into intricate patterns interlaced with arabesques, sometimes organised around further basic Islamic patterns, such as the hexagonal pattern of six overlapping circles.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer1983_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer1983-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Muqarnas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></div> <p>Muqarnas are elaborately carved ceilings to <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-domes</a>, often used in mosques. They are typically made of stucco (and thus do not have a structural function), but can also be of wood, brick, and stone. They are characteristic of Islamic architecture of the Middle Ages from Spain and Morocco in the west to Persia in the east. Architecturally they form multiple tiers of <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a>, diminishing in size as they rise. They are often elaborately decorated.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabbaa_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabbaa-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka (window)</a></div> <p>Geometrically patterned <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> is used in a variety of settings in Islamic architecture. It is found in the surviving summer residence of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Palace of Shaki Khans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, constructed in 1797. Patterns in the <a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">"shabaka" windows</a> include 6-, 8-, and 12-point stars. These wood-framed decorative windows are distinctive features of the palace's architecture. Shabaka are still constructed the traditional way in <a href="/wiki/Sheki,_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheki, Azerbaijan">Sheki</a> in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-King_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditions of stained glass set in wooden frames (not lead as in Europe) survive in workshops in Iran as well as Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glazed windows set in stucco arranged in girih-like patterns are found both in Turkey and the Arab lands; a late example, without the traditional balance of design elements, was made in Tunisia for the International Colonial Exhibition in Amsterdam in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old city of <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a> in Yemen has stained glass windows in its tall buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zellij"><i>Zellij</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Zellij"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الزَّلِيْج</span>) is geometric tilework with glazed terracotta tiles set into plaster, forming colourful mosaic patterns including regular and semiregular <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a>. The tradition is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, but is also found in Moorish Spain. <i>Zellij</i> is used to decorate mosques, public buildings and wealthy private houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Njoku_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Njoku-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Media used for Islamic geometric patterns</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia_p1070299.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Safavid bowl with radial and circular motifs, Persia, 17th century"><img alt="Decoratively patterned ceramic bowl from Persia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Persia_p1070299.jpg/175px-Persia_p1070299.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Persia_p1070299.jpg/263px-Persia_p1070299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Persia_p1070299.jpg/350px-Persia_p1070299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> bowl with radial and circular motifs, Persia, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lustre tiles from Iran, probably Kashan, 1262, in the shapes of the Sufi symbols for the divine breath"><img alt="Lustre tiles from Iran, probably Kashan, 1262, in the shapes of the Sufi symbols for the divine breath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG/175px-Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG/263px-Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG/350px-Lustre_tiles_Iran_Sufi_divine_breath_shapes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">Lustre</a> tiles from Iran, probably <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, 1262, in the shapes of the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> symbols for the divine breath</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed tilework Girih at Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand, Uzbekistan"><img alt="Complicated strapwork tiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg/137px-Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg/206px-Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg/274px-Samarkand_Shah-i_Zinda_Tuman_Aqa_complex_cropped2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2946" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed tilework <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shah-i-Zinda" title="Shah-i-Zinda">Shah-i-Zinda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side of a wooden Minbar (pulpit) with 12-point stars. 14th century. Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum"><img alt="Finely carved Islamic wooden pulpit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg/175px-Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg/263px-Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg/350px-Side_of_a_Minbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side of a wooden <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a> (pulpit) with 12-point stars. 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jali pierced stone screens at the tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri, India"><img alt="Indian pierced stone screens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/175px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/263px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/350px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a> pierced stone screens at the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Chishti" title="Salim Chishti">Salim Chishti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woven wool Kilim from Turkey"><img alt="Simple geometric patterns on a flatweave rug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg/131px-Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg/197px-Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg/262px-Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woven wool <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> from Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leather prayer book cover, Persia, 16th century"><img alt="Finely worked leather bookbinding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg/125px-%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg/188px-%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg/251px-%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_-_Prayer_Book_-_Walters_W579_-_Closed_Top_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leather prayer book cover, Persia, 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron gate with 10-point stars and kites at Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo (1869–1912)"><img alt="Iron gate from Egypt, forming a pattern of stars and kites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg/92px-Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg/138px-Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg/184px-Kairo_Rifai_Moschee_BW_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="3031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iron gate with 10-point stars and <a href="/wiki/Kite_(geometry)" title="Kite (geometry)">kites</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Rifa'i Mosque">Al-Rifa'i Mosque</a>, Cairo (1869–1912)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo,_madrasa_di_Hasan_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of bronze door, Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan, Cairo, decorated with strapwork"><img alt="Bronze doors from Egypt, decorated with strapwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_madrasa_di_Hasan_%2812%29.jpg/116px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_madrasa_di_Hasan_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_madrasa_di_Hasan_%2812%29.jpg/175px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_madrasa_di_Hasan_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_madrasa_di_Hasan_%2812%29.jpg/232px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Cairo%2C_madrasa_di_Hasan_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> door, <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan">Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, decorated with strapwork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Muqarnas in Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran"><img alt="Elaborate stepped vaulting in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG/175px-Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG/263px-Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG/350px-Isfahan_Royal_Mosque_entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mosque_(Isfahan)" title="Shah Mosque (Isfahan)">Shah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geometric shabaka stained glass in the 1797 Palace of Shaki Khans, Azerbaijan"><img alt="Colourful stained glass patterns from Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg/175px-Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg/263px-Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg/350px-Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geometric <a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">shabaka</a> stained glass in the 1797 <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Palace of Shaki Khans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Window,_Sana%27a_(11024852966).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Window, Sana'a, Yemen"><img alt="Traditional Window, Sana'a, Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Traditional_Window%2C_Sana%27a_%2811024852966%29.jpg/100px-Traditional_Window%2C_Sana%27a_%2811024852966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Traditional_Window%2C_Sana%27a_%2811024852966%29.jpg/151px-Traditional_Window%2C_Sana%27a_%2811024852966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Traditional_Window%2C_Sana%27a_%2811024852966%29.jpg/200px-Traditional_Window%2C_Sana%27a_%2811024852966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="5004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional Window, <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed tile Zellij at Place el-Hedim in Meknes, Morocco"><img alt="Decorative brightly coloured tiling in Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/175px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/263px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg/350px-Mekhnes_Place_El-Hedine_Mosaique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed tile <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a> at Place el-Hedim in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Islamic_art">Outside Islamic art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Outside Islamic art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Western_culture">In Western culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Western culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colourful geometric tiling in the Alhambra, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg/220px-Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg/330px-Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg/440px-Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellation</a> of glazed <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> tiles forming colourful geometric patterns in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, Spain, which inspired <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Islamic influences on Western art</a></div> <p>It is sometimes supposed in Western society that mistakes in repetitive Islamic patterns such as those on <a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">carpets</a> were intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believed only Allah can produce perfection, but this theory is denied.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabesques_alhambra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Combination of geometric patterns with arabesque swirls and elegant calligraphy in the Alhambra, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabesques_alhambra.jpg/170px-Arabesques_alhambra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabesques_alhambra.jpg/255px-Arabesques_alhambra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabesques_alhambra.jpg/340px-Arabesques_alhambra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> on a wall of the Myrtle court, <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Major Western collections hold many objects of widely varying materials with Islamic geometric patterns. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> in London holds at least 283 such objects, of materials including wallpaper, carved wood, inlaid wood, tin- or lead-glazed earthenware, brass, stucco, glass, woven silk, ivory, and pen or pencil drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-V&Acollections_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&Acollections-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York has among other relevant holdings 124 mediaeval (1000–1400 A.D.) objects bearing Islamic geometric patterns,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a pair of Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a> (pulpit) doors almost 2 m. high in rosewood and mulberry inlaid with ivory and ebony;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an entire <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (prayer niche) from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, decorated with polychrome mosaic, and weighing over 2,000 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/220px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/330px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg/440px-Wooden_box_inlaid_with_ivory_in_floral_and_zellige-like_geometrical_motifs_Italy_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="3140" /></a><figcaption>Wooden box inlaid with ivory with zellij-like geometrical motifs. Italy (Florence or Venice) 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic decoration and craftsmanship had a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">significant influence on Western art</a> when <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> merchants brought goods of many types back to Italy from the 14th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>'s intricate decorative designs to study the mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellation</a>, transforming his style and influencing the rest of his artistic career.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his own words it was "the richest source of inspiration I have ever tapped."<sup id="cite_ref-StAndrews_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StAndrews-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_sciences">Influence on the sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influence on the sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute">Mathematical Sciences Research Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> run events on geometric patterns and related aspects of Islamic art.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the Istanbul Center of Design and the Ensar Foundation ran what they claimed was the first ever symposium of Islamic Arts and Geometric Patterns, in Istanbul. The panel included the experts on Islamic geometric pattern Carol Bier,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay Bonner,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonner_2017_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonner_2017-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric Broug,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hacali Necefoğlu<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Reza Sarhangi.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, <a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_School_of_Traditional_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince's School of Traditional Arts">The Prince's School of Traditional Arts</a> runs a range of courses in Islamic art including geometry, calligraphy, and arabesque (vegetal forms), tile-making, and plaster carving.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharaghan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/220px-Kharaghan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/330px-Kharaghan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/440px-Kharaghan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Tomb towers of two <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuk</a> princes at Kharaghan, <a href="/wiki/Qazvin_province" title="Qazvin province">Qazvin province</a>, Iran, covered with many different brick patterns like those that inspired Ahmad Rafsanjani to create <a href="/wiki/Auxetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxetic">auxetic</a> materials</figcaption></figure> <p>Computer graphics and computer-aided manufacturing make it possible to design and produce Islamic geometric patterns effectively and economically. Craig S. Kaplan explains and illustrates in his Ph.D. thesis how Islamic star patterns can be generated <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two physicists, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Lu">Peter J. Lu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt" title="Paul Steinhardt">Paul Steinhardt</a>, attracted controversy in 2007 by claiming<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that girih designs such as that used on the <a href="/wiki/Darb-e_Imam" title="Darb-e Imam">Darb-e Imam</a> shrine<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> were able to create <a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic">quasi-periodic</a> tilings resembling <a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">those discovered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> in 1973. They showed that rather than the traditional ruler and compass construction, it was possible to create girih designs using a set of five "girih tiles", all equilateral polygons, secondarily decorated with lines (for the strapwork).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Ahmad Rafsanjani described the use of Islamic geometric patterns from tomb towers in Iran to create <a href="/wiki/Auxetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxetic">auxetic</a> materials from perforated rubber sheets. These are stable in either a contracted or an expanded state, and can switch between the two, which might be useful for surgical <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stents</a> or for spacecraft components. When a conventional material is stretched along one axis, it contracts along other axes (at right angles to the stretch). But auxetic materials expand at right angles to the pull. The internal structure that enables this unusual behaviour is inspired by two of the 70 Islamic patterns that Rafsanjani noted on the tomb towers.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critchlow is a professor of architecture, and the author of a book on Islamic patterns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade is the author of a series of books on pattern in various artforms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behrens-Abouseif is a professor of the history of art and architecture at <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One such place is the Mustansiriyya Madrasa in Baghdad, as illustrated by Broug.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leaving the flask porous allowed evaporation, keeping the water cool.<sup id="cite_ref-VAMflask_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAMflask-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baer is Emeritus Professor of Islamic Studies at Tel Aviv University.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bier is a historian of Islamic art who studies pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonner is an architect specialising in Islamic ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broug writes books and runs courses on Islamic geometric design.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Necefoğlu is a professor of chemistry at Kafkas University interested in pattern and crystallography.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarhangi is the founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a>. He studies the mathematics of Persian architecture and mosaic design.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illustrated above.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_geometric_patterns&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Heilbrunn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/geom/hd_geom.htm">"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Geometric+Patterns+in+Islamic+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fgeom%2Fhd_geom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hankin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hankin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankin1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Hankin, Ernest Hanbury</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-art.org/ArticlesOnline/BAViewPDF.asp?ArticleID=108"><i>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No. 15</i></a>. Government of India Central Publication Branch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drawing+of+Geometric+Patterns+in+Saracenic+Art.+Memoirs+of+the+Archaeological+Survey+of+India+No.+15&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Central+Publication+Branch&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Hankin&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Hanbury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-art.org%2FArticlesOnline%2FBAViewPDF.asp%3FArticleID%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2017" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Jay (2017-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9IxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction</i></a>. Springer. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0217-7"><bdi>978-1-4419-0217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Geometric+Patterns%3A+Their+Historical+Development+and+Traditional+Methods+of+Construction&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0217-7&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9IxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouaissa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouaissa_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouaissa2013" class="citation web cs1">Bouaissa, Malikka (27 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135234/http://www.alartemag.be/en/en-art/the-crucial-role-of-geometry-in-islamic-art/">"The crucial role of geometry in Islamic art"</a>. Al Arte Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alartemag.be/en/en-art/the-crucial-role-of-geometry-in-islamic-art/">the original</a> on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+crucial+role+of+geometry+in+Islamic+art&rft.pub=Al+Arte+Magazine&rft.date=2013-07-27&rft.aulast=Bouaissa&rft.aufirst=Malikka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alartemag.be%2Fen%2Fen-art%2Fthe-crucial-role-of-geometry-in-islamic-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonner_2017_p1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_2017_p1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2017" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Jay (2017). <i>Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction</i>. New York: Springer. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0216-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-0216-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001744138">1001744138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+geometric+patterns+%3A+their+historical+development+and+traditional+methods+of+construction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001744138&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0216-0&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bier, Carol (Sep 2008). "Art and Mithãl: Reading Geometry as Visual Commentary". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 491–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860802246176">10.1080/00210860802246176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597484">25597484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171003353">171003353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Art+and+Mith%C3%A3l%3A+Reading+Geometry+as+Visual+Commentary&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-509&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171003353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597484%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210860802246176&rft.aulast=Bier&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Critchlow-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Critchlow_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow,_Keith1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Critchlow, Keith</a> (1976). <i>Islamic Patterns : an analytical and cosmological approach</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27071-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27071-6"><bdi>0-500-27071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Patterns+%3A+an+analytical+and+cosmological+approach&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-500-27071-6&rft.au=Critchlow%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Field_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField,_Robert1998" class="citation book cs1">Field, Robert (1998). <i>Geometric Patterns from Islamic Art & Architecture</i>. Tarquin Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899618-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899618-22-4"><bdi>978-1-899618-22-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geometric+Patterns+from+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=Tarquin+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-899618-22-4&rft.au=Field%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaLoeb1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja, Mangho; Loeb, A. L. (1995). "Tessellations in Islamic Calligraphy". <i>Leonardo</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 41–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1576154">10.2307/1576154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1576154">1576154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191368443">191368443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=Tessellations+in+Islamic+Calligraphy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191368443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1576154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1576154&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Mangho&rft.au=Loeb%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wade_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation web cs1">Wade, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519142349/https://patterninislamicart.com/background-notes/the-evolution-of-style">"The Evolution of Style"</a>. <i>Pattern in Islamic Art</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patterninislamicart.com/background-notes/the-evolution-of-style">the original</a> on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation. The aim, however, is never merely to ornament, but rather to transfigure. ... The vast edifices of mosques are transformed into lightness and pattern; the decorated pages of a Qur'an can become windows onto the infinite. Perhaps most importantly, the Word, expressed in endless calligraphic variations, always conveys the impression that it is more enduring than the objects on which it is inscribed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pattern+in+Islamic+Art&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Style&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatterninislamicart.com%2Fbackground-notes%2Fthe-evolution-of-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+geometric+patterns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif1999" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1999). <i>Beauty in Arabic Culture</i>. 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies" title="Template talk:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geometric pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_poverty" title="Islam and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception in early modern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">consultation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">use of analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">cosmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">elementary school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_and_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template talk:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematics_and_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">Catenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">Minimal surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_ratio" title="Plastic ratio">Plastic ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li>Proportion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">Wallpaper group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FWF_Samuel_Monnier_(vertical_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009"><img alt="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/75px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/113px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/150px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">4D art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic geometric patterns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding" title="Mathematics of paper folding">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sculpture" title="Mathematical sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" title="List of works designed with the golden ratio">List of works designed with the golden ratio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuum_(sculpture)" title="Continuum (sculpture)">Continuum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octacube_(sculpture)" title="Octacube (sculpture)">Octacube</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_(art_project)" title="Pi (art project)">Pi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_in_the_Sky" title="Pi in the Sky">Pi in the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_artists" title="List of mathematical artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_in_a_Convex_Mirror" title="Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror">Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th–20th<br />Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)">Newton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Danseuse au café</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiseau_bleu_(Metzinger)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)">L'Oiseau bleu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Circle_Limit_III" title="Circle Limit III">Circle Limit III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher)" title="Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)">Print Gallery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_(M._C._Escher)" title="Reptiles (M. C. Escher)">Reptiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(Magritte)" title="The Human Condition (Magritte)">La condition humaine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swallow%27s_Tail" title="The Swallow's Tail">The Swallow's Tail</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_Johnson" title="Crockett Johnson">Crockett Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Demaine" title="Martin Demaine">Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dibbets" title="Jan Dibbets">Jan Dibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest" title="John Ernest">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Ferguson" title="Helaman Ferguson">Helaman Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forakis" title="Peter Forakis">Peter Forakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldstine" title="Susan Goldstine">Susan Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Grossman" title="Bathsheba Grossman">Bathsheba Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Hart" title="George W. Hart">George W. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)" title="Anthony Hill (artist)">Anthony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Cosmic_Speculation" title="Garden of Cosmic Speculation">Garden of Cosmic Speculation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lomas" title="Andy Lomas">Andy Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longhurst" title="Robert Longhurst">Robert Longhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_McLeod" title="Jeanette McLeod">Jeanette McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinke_Osinga" title="Hinke Osinga">Hinke Osinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner" title="Antoine Pevsner">Antoine Pevsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbin" title="Tony Robbin">Tony Robbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rojo_Cama" title="Alba Rojo Cama">Alba Rojo Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Sarhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Sarhangi">Reza Sarhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sin" title="Oliver Sin">Oliver Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_Taimi%C5%86a" title="Daina Taimiņa">Daina Taimiņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> <ul><li><i>Canon</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_prospectiva_pingendi" title="De prospectiva pingendi">De prospectiva pingendi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <ul><li><i>Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> <ul><li><i>Regole generali d'architettura</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a> <ul><li><i>Nature's Harmonic Unity</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Macody_Lund" title="Frederik Macody Lund">Frederik Macody Lund</a> <ul><li><i>Ad Quadratum</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hambidge" title="Jay Hambidge">Jay Hambidge</a> <ul><li><i>The Greek Vase</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)#The_Grammar_of_Ornament" title="Owen Jones (architect)">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a> <ul><li><i>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> <ul><li><i>Aesthetic Measure</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> <ul><li><i>The 'Life' of a Carpet</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Mathematics and the Arts">Journal of Mathematics and the Arts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Naturae" title="Lumen Naturae">Lumen Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework" title="Making Mathematics with Needlework">Making Mathematics with Needlework</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_of_Structure" title="Rhythm of Structure">Rhythm of Structure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viewpoints:_Mathematical_Perspective_and_Fractal_Geometry_in_Art" title="Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art">Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Mathematica_(organization)" title="Ars Mathematica (organization)">Ars Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="European Society for Mathematics and the Arts">European Society for Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudreau_Museum_of_Mathematics_in_Art_and_Science" title="Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science">Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_For_Figuring" title="Institute For Figuring">Institute For Figuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droste_effect" title="Droste effect">Droste effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry">Sacred geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematics_and_art" title="Category:Mathematics and art">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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