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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Birth and background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verrocchio's_workshop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verrocchio's_workshop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Verrocchio's workshop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verrocchio's_workshop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Florentine_period_(1472–c._1482)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Florentine_period_(1472–c._1482)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Florentine_period_(1472–c._1482)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Milanese_period_(c._1482–1499)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Milanese_period_(c._1482–1499)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Milanese_period_(c._1482–1499)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Florentine_period_(1500–1508)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Florentine_period_(1500–1508)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Second Florentine period (1500–1508) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Florentine_period_(1500–1508)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Milanese_period_(1508–1513)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Milanese_period_(1508–1513)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Second Milanese period (1508–1513) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Milanese_period_(1508–1513)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome_and_France_(1513–1519)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome_and_France_(1513–1519)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Rome and France (1513–1519) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome_and_France_(1513–1519)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Paintings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Paintings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings_of_the_1480s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings_of_the_1480s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Paintings of the 1480s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings_of_the_1480s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings_of_the_1490s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings_of_the_1490s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Paintings of the 1490s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings_of_the_1490s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings_of_the_1500s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings_of_the_1500s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Paintings of the 1500s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings_of_the_1500s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Drawings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Journals and notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Science and inventions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_inventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Science and inventions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Anatomy and physiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Engineering and inventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_of_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_of_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Location of remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_of_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Early </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leonardo da Vinci</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%93%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B6_%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%89%BA" title="ሊዮናርዶ ዳቬንቺ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊዮናርዶ ዳቬንቺ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लिओनार्डो दा विन्ची – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लिओनार्डो दा विन्ची" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="ليوناردو دا فينشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليوناردو دا فينشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%98_%DC%95%DC%97_%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%9D" title="ܠܝܘܢܪܕܘ ܕܗ ܒܢܬܫܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܝܘܢܪܕܘ ܕܗ ܒܢܬܫܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D6%85_%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Լէոնարտօ տա Վինչի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լէոնարտօ տա Վինչի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%27_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vin%C3%A7i" title="Leonardo da Vinçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leonardo da Vinçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لئوناردو داوینچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئوناردو داوینچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="লিওনার্দো দা ভিঞ্চি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওনার্দো দা ভিঞ্চি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Леанарда да Вінчы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леанарда да Вінчы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Леанарда да Вінчы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леанарда да Вінчы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्डो डा विंची – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लियोनार्डो डा विंची" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Da_Vinci" title="Leonardo Da Vinci – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Leonardo Da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ལེ་ཨོ་ན་ཏོ་ཏ་ཧྥིན་ཆི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལེ་ཨོ་ན་ཏོ་ཏ་ཧྥིན་ཆི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leunardu_da_Vinci" title="Leunardu da Vinci – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Leunardu da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="ليوناردو دا ڤينشي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليوناردو دا ڤينشي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Λεονάρντο ντα Βίντσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεονάρντο ντα Βίντσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لئوناردو داوینچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئوناردو داوینچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci" title="Léonard de Vinci – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léonard de Vinci" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" title="達芬奇 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="達芬奇" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%A6_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80" title="લિઓનાર્ડો દ વિન્ચી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લિઓનાર્ડો દ વિન્ચી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉 𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉 𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84_%EB%8B%A4_%EB%B9%88%EC%B9%98" title="레오나르도 다 빈치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오나르도 다 빈치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8_%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Լեոնարդո դա Վինչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոնարդո դա Վինչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लिओनार्दो दा विंची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिओनार्दो दा विंची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULeonardo_da_Vinci" title="ULeonardo da Vinci – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ULeonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="לאונרדו דה וינצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאונרדו דה וינצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci" title="Léonard de Vinci – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Léonard de Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಯನಾರ್ಡೊ ಡ ವಿಂಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಯನಾರ್ಡೊ ಡ ವಿಂಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ლეონარდო და ვინჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეონარდო და ვინჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%88_%DA%88%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لِیونارڈو ڈا وِنٛچی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لِیونارڈو ڈا وِنٛچی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci" title="Léonard de Vinci – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léonard de Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94_%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2_%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ເລໂອນາໂດ ດາ ວິນຊີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເລໂອນາໂດ ດາ ວິນຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardus_Vincius" title="Leonardus Vincius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leonardus Vincius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vin%C4%8Di" title="Leonardo da Vinči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leonardo da Vinči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_Ya_Vinci" title="Léonard Ya Vinci – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Léonard Ya Vinci" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/leonardos.davintcis" title="leonardos.davintcis – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="leonardos.davintcis" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_da_Vinci" title="Leonard da Vinci – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leonard da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിയനാർഡോ ഡാ വിഞ്ചി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിയനാർഡോ ഡാ വിഞ്ചി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लिओनार्दो दा विंची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिओनार्दो दा विंची" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ლეონარდო და ვინჩი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეონარდო და ვინჩი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%89" title="ليوناردو دافينشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليوناردو دافينشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لئوناردو داوینچی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لئوناردو داوینچی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="လီယိုနာဒိုဒါဗင်ချီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လီယိုနာဒိုဒါဗင်ချီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्ची" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्सी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लियोनार्दो दा भिन्सी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81" title="レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF" title="ଲିଓନାର୍ଡୋ ଦା ଭିନ୍‌ସି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିଓନାର୍ଡୋ ଦା ଭିନ୍‌ସି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਓਨਾਰਦੋ ਦਾ ਵਿੰਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਓਨਾਰਦੋ ਦਾ ਵਿੰਚੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%88_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لیونارڈو ڈی ونچی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیونارڈو ڈی ونچی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89%D9%88_%DA%89%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%DA%86%D9%8A" title="ليونارډو ډاوېنچي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليونارډو ډاوېنچي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionaado_da_Vinchi" title="Lionaado da Vinchi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lionaado da Vinchi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6_%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="លេអូណាដូ ដា វីនស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លេអូណាដូ ដា វីនស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_da_Vinci" title="Leonard da Vinci – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Leonard da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vin%C3%A7i" title="Leonardo da Vinçi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Leonardo da Vinçi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%96" title="Леонардо да Вінчі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Леонардо да Вінчі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-aow-na-tow.Ta-wen-si" title="Li-aow-na-tow.Ta-wen-si – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Li-aow-na-tow.Ta-wen-si" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="लियोनार्दो दा विन्सी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लियोनार्दो दा विन्सी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vin%C3%A7i" title="Leonardo da Vinçi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leonardo da Vinçi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liunardu_da_Vinci" title="Liunardu da Vinci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liunardu da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="ලියනාඩෝ ඩා වින්සි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලියනාඩෝ ඩා වින්සි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%8A%D9%88_%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%D9%8A" title="ليونارڊو ڊي ونچي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليونارڊو ڊي ونچي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لیۆناردۆ دا ڤینچی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆناردۆ دا ڤینچی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="லியொனார்டோ டா வின்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியொனார்டோ டா வின்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyunardu_da_Vintci" title="Lyunardu da Vintci – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lyunardu da Vintci" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="లియొనార్డో డా విన్సీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లియొనార్డో డా విన్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="เลโอนาร์โด ดา วินชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลโอนาร์โด ดา วินชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Win%C3%A7i" title="Leonardo da Winçi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Leonardo da Winçi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Леонардо да Винчи – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Леонардо да Винчи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%96" title="Леонардо да Вінчі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леонардо да Вінчі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%88_%DA%88%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="لیونارڈو ڈا ونچی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیونارڈو ڈا ونچی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89" title="داۋېىنچى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="داۋېىنچى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vin%C4%8Di" title="Leonardo da Vinči – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Leonardo da Vinči" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Vinci_Leonardo" title="Da Vinci Leonardo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Da Vinci Leonardo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" title="達文西 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="達文西" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" title="列奥纳多·达·芬奇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="列奥纳多·达·芬奇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90_%D7%93%D7%90_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99" title="לעאנארדא דא ווינטשי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעאנארדא דא ווינטשי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%E5%BA%A6%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" title="李安納度·達文西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李安納度·達文西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuonards_da_Vin%C4%8Dis" title="Leuonards da Vinčis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Leuonards da Vinčis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" title="列奥纳多·达·芬奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列奥纳多·达·芬奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Leonardo da Vinci" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89" title="ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Da Vinci (disambiguation)">Da Vinci (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation)">Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Renaissance Florentine name</a>, the name da Vinci is an indicator of birthplace, not a <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a>; the person is properly referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, Leonardo.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leonardo da Vinci</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png/220px-Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png/330px-Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png/440px-Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1842" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">This portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi" title="Francesco Melzi">Francesco Melzi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1515–1518, is the only certain contemporary depiction of Leonardo.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZöllner201920-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci</div> (1452-04-15)15 April 1452 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">(possibly <a href="/wiki/Anchiano" title="Anchiano">Anchiano</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-3">[a]</a> Vinci, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 May 1519(1519-05-02) (aged 67) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Clos_Luc%C3%A9" title="Clos Lucé">Clos Lucé</a>, Amboise, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Studio of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1470–1519</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Painting</li><li>drawing</li><li>engineering</li><li>anatomical studies</li><li>hydrology</li><li>botany</li><li>optics</li><li>geology</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks" title="Virgin of the Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a> (c. 1489–1491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">The Vitruvian Man</a> (c. 1490)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a> (c. 1495–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> (c. 1503–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_family" title="Da Vinci family">Da Vinci family</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signature written in ink in a flowing script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg/200px-Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg/300px-Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg/400px-Firma_de_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="100" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci<a href="#cite_note-IPA-4">[b]</a> (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a> While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he has also become known for <a href="#Journals_and_notes">his notebooks</a>, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">palaeontology</a>. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomised the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanist</a> ideal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a> and his <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="List of works by Leonardo da Vinci">collective works</a> comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a> Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, <a href="/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany" title="Vinci, Tuscany">Vinci</a>, he was educated in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> by the Italian painter and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a> in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, all while attracting a <a href="/wiki/Leonardeschi" title="Leonardeschi">large following</a> of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci">personal life</a>, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a> making him a frequent <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="List of things named after Leonardo da Vinci">namesake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci">subject in culture</a>. Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Western art</a> and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a> Despite having many <a href="/wiki/Lost_artworks" title="Lost artworks">lost works</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci#Major_extant_works" title="List of works by Leonardo da Vinci">fewer than 25 attributed major works</a> – including numerous <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_creative_work" title="Unfinished creative work">unfinished works</a> – he created some of the most influential paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon#Visual_arts" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> is his best known work and is the world's most famous individual painting. <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a> is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his <a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a> drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a>, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZöllner2019250-7">[5]</a> was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">most expensive painting ever sold</a> at public auction. Revered for his <a href="/wiki/Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci">technological ingenuity</a>, he conceptualised flying machines, a type of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle" title="Leonardo's fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicle</a>, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine that could be used in an <a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">adding machine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AddingMachine-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Double_hull" title="Double hull">double hull</a>. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, civil engineering, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">hydrodynamics</a>, geology, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">tribology</a>, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapra20075–6-10">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_(1452–1472)">Early life (1452–1472)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_and_background">Birth and background</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg/220px-Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg/330px-Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg/440px-Baptism_record_of_Leonardo_Da_Vinci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption> Leonardo Da Vinci's baptism record</figcaption></figure> Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci<a href="#cite_note-IPA-4">[b]</a> ("Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19987-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp20061-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ser-13">[c]</a> was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> hill town of <a href="/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany" title="Vinci, Tuscany">Vinci</a>, 20 miles from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage17_17]-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> He was born <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">out of wedlock</a> to Piero da Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; 1426–1504),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201916,_24-20">[16]</a> a Florentine <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">legal notary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a> and Caterina di Meo Lippi (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1434–1494), from the lower class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani200313-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201916-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[e]</a> It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Repetti" title="Emanuele Repetti">Emanuele Repetti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201924-26">[21]</a> is that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Anchiano" title="Anchiano">Anchiano</a>, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage18_18]-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-3">[a]</a> Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina – who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only "Caterina" or "Catelina" – is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca, who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed L'Accattabriga, 'the quarrelsome one'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani200313-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201924-26">[21]</a> Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori – having been betrothed to her the previous year – and after her death in 1464, went on to have three subsequent marriages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach201924-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a> From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765–66-30">[24]</a> who were much younger than he (the last was born when Leonardo was 46 years old)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempPallanti201765–66-30">[24]</a> and with whom he had very little contact.<a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_(Toskana).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a building of rough stone with small windows, surrounded by olive trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_%28Toskana%29.jpg/220px-Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_%28Toskana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_%28Toskana%29.jpg/330px-Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_%28Toskana%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_%28Toskana%29.jpg/440px-Geburtshaus_von_Leonardo_da_Vinci_in_Vinci_%28Toskana%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>The possible birthplace and childhood home of Leonardo in <a href="/wiki/Anchiano" title="Anchiano">Anchiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinci,_Tuscany" title="Vinci, Tuscany">Vinci</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a> (1550) by 16th-century art historian <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981,_5-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani200312-35">[28]</a> Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a> but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998175-36">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage28_28]-37">[30]</a> He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a> but his father was probably in Florence most of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a> Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and had a successful career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a> Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading, and mathematics; possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19985-14">[11]</a> Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus" title="Codex Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage30_30],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage506_506]-38">[31]</a> While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">kite</a> came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage30_30]-39">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verrocchio's_workshop">Verrocchio's workshop</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_del_Verrocchio,_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing Jesus, naked except for a loin-cloth, standing in a shallow stream in a rocky landscape, while to the right, John the Baptist, identifiable by the cross that he carries, tips water over Jesus' head. Two angels kneel at the left. Above Jesus are the hands of God, and a dove descending" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Andrea_del_Verrocchio%2C_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg/193px-Andrea_del_Verrocchio%2C_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Andrea_del_Verrocchio%2C_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg/290px-Andrea_del_Verrocchio%2C_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Andrea_del_Verrocchio%2C_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg/386px-Andrea_del_Verrocchio%2C_Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Baptism_of_Christ_-_Uffizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Verrocchio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)">The Baptism of Christ</a> (1472–1475) by <a href="/wiki/Verrocchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrocchio">Verrocchio</a> and Leonardo, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> Gallery</figcaption></figure> In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanist</a> thought and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197713-40">[33]</a> Around the age of 14,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197211-31">[25]</a> he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197713-40">[33]</a> This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[h]</a> Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years.<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perugino" class="mw-redirect" title="Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi" title="Lorenzo di Credi">Lorenzo di Credi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197727-46">[38]</a> including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1972-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[i]</a> Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a> He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Platonic Academy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, whose figurative <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> were imbued with realism and emotion, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Ghiberti</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery#Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Florence Baptistery">Gates of Paradise</a>, gleaming with <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> had made a detailed study of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[41]</a> and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>'s treatise <a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a> were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133-41">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rach-51">[42]</a> Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his <a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Verrocchio_and_Leonardo)" title="The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio and Leonardo)">The Baptism of Christ</a> (c. 1472–1475), painting the young angel holding Jesus's robe with skill so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio purportedly put down his brush and never painted again<a href="#cite_note-52">[‡ 1]</a> (the latter claim probably being apocryphal).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a> The new technique of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil paint</a> was applied to areas of the mostly <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> work, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of Jesus's figure, indicating Leonardo's hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196788-53">[43]</a> Additionally, Leonardo may have been a model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/David_(Verrocchio)" title="David (Verrocchio)">David</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Raphael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Raphael">archangel Raphael</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tobias_and_the_Angel_(Verrocchio)" title="Tobias and the Angel (Verrocchio)">Tobias and the Angel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a> Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round <a href="/wiki/Buckler" title="Buckler">buckler</a> shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, responded with a <a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Leonardo)" title="Medusa (Leonardo)">painting of a monster</a> spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>, who in turn sold it to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Milan" title="List of dukes of Milan">Duke of Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[‡ 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Florentine_period_(1472–c._1482)">First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Adorazione_dei_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Adoration of the Magi <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1478–1482,<a href="#cite_note-55">[d 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a>, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,<a href="#cite_note-56">[j]</a> but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197213-57">[44]</a> Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> valley (see below).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro-58">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[k]</a> According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197215-60">[46]</a> In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of Saint Bernard in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[47]</a> an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as <a href="/wiki/Anonimo_Gaddiano" title="Anonimo Gaddiano">Anonimo Gaddiano</a>, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco,_Florence" title="Piazza San Marco, Florence">Piazza San Marco, Florence</a>, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organised by the Medici met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[l]</a> In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_San_Donato_in_Scopeto" class="extiw" title="it:Chiesa di San Donato in Scopeto">San Donato in Scopeto</a> for <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Leonardo)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)">The Adoration of the Magi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman197577–78-63">[48]</a> Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>. Leonardo wrote Sforza <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci#Résumé" title="Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci">a letter</a> which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197253–54-64">[49]</a> He brought with him a silver string instrument – either a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> – in the form of a horse's head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197253–54-64">[49]</a> With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom <a href="/wiki/Marsiglio_Ficino" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsiglio Ficino">Marsiglio Ficino</a>, proponent of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a>, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and <a href="/wiki/John_Argyropoulos" title="John Argyropoulos">John Argyropoulos</a>, teacher of Greek and translator of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rach-51">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974-65">[50]</a> In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_il_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico il Moro">Ludovico il Moro</a>, who ruled <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> between 1479 and 1499.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna of the Carnation, c. 1472–1478, Alte Pinakothek, Munich"><img alt="Madonna of the Carnation, c. 1472–1478, Alte Pinakothek, Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg/126px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg/190px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg/253px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_Madonna_of_the_Carnation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2125" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Carnation" title="Madonna of the Carnation">Madonna of the Carnation</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1472–1478, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a>, Munich</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape of the Arno Valley (1473)"><img alt="Landscape of the Arno Valley (1473)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg/165px-Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg/248px-Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg/330px-Paisagem_do_Arno_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landscape of the Arno Valley (1473)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474–1480, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C."><img alt="Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474–1480, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/156px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/234px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/311px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ginevra_de%27_Benci_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10483" data-file-height="11110" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ginevra_de%27_Benci" title="Ginevra de' Benci">Ginevra de' Benci</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1474–1480, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_benois_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benois Madonna, c. 1478–1481, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Benois Madonna, c. 1478–1481, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Madonna_benois_01.jpg/108px-Madonna_benois_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Madonna_benois_01.jpg/162px-Madonna_benois_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Madonna_benois_01.jpg/216px-Madonna_benois_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1255" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benois_Madonna" title="Benois Madonna">Benois Madonna</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1478–1481, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a>, Saint Petersburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sketch of the hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli, 1479"><img alt="Sketch of the hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli, 1479" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg/63px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg/95px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg/126px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Hanging_of_Bernardo_Baroncelli_1479.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sketch of the hanging of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bandini_Baroncelli" title="Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli">Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli</a>, 1479</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Milanese_period_(c._1482–1499)">First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_(Louvre).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_%28Louvre%29.jpg/170px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_%28Louvre%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_%28Louvre%29.jpg/255px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_%28Louvre%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_%28Louvre%29.jpg/340px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_%28Louvre%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="5487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks" title="Virgin of the Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1493,<a href="#cite_note-66">[d 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> version</figcaption></figure> Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks" title="Virgin of the Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a> for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)">The Last Supper</a> for the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2011-67">[51]</a> In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)">Hungary</a> (on behalf of Sforza) to meet king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, and was commissioned by him to paint a <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[52]</a> In 1490 he was called as a consultant, together with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Giorgio_Martini" title="Francesco di Giorgio Martini">Francesco di Giorgio Martini</a>, for the building site of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">cathedral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[54]</a> and was struck by the equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Regisole" title="Regisole">Regisole</a>, of which he left a sketch.<a href="#cite_note-71">[55]</a> Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, such as preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions; <a href="/wiki/File:Study_for_the_Cupola_of_Milan_Cathedral_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci.jpg" title="File:Study for the Cupola of Milan Cathedral by Leonardo da Vinci.jpg">a drawing of</a>, and wooden model for, a competition to design the <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> for <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197279-72">[56]</a> and a model for a huge <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian monument">equestrian monument</a> to Ludovico's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a>. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Gattamelata" title="Equestrian statue of Gattamelata">Gattamelata</a> in Padua and Verrocchio's <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Colleoni" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni">Bartolomeo Colleoni</a> in Venice, and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse" title="Leonardo's horse">Gran Cavallo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the metal to <a href="/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">his brother-in-law</a> to be used for a cannon to defend the city from <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the <a href="/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse" title="Sala delle Asse">Sala delle Asse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sforza_Castle" title="Sforza Castle">Sforza Castle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1498.<a href="#cite_note-73">[57]</a> The project became a <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees,<a href="#cite_note-74">[58]</a> whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-75">[59]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a Woman, c. 1483–1485, Royal Library of Turin"><img alt="Head of a Woman, c. 1483–1485, Royal Library of Turin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg/145px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg/218px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg/290px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Head_of_a_girl_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="3778" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Woman_(Leonardo,_Turin)" title="Head of a Woman (Leonardo, Turin)">Head of a Woman</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1485, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Turin" title="Royal Library of Turin">Royal Library of Turin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Musician, c. 1483–1487, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan"><img alt="Portrait of a Musician, c. 1483–1487, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg/126px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg/189px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg/251px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Portrait_of_a_Musician_-_Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3851" data-file-height="5055" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Musician" title="Portrait of a Musician">Portrait of a Musician</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1487, <a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Ambrosiana">Pinacoteca Ambrosiana</a>, Milan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vitruvian Man (c. 1485) Accademia, Venice"><img alt="The Vitruvian Man (c. 1485) Accademia, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="2966" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1485) <a href="/wiki/Accademia,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia, Venice">Accademia</a>, Venice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_of_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo's horse in silverpoint, c. 1488[60]"><img alt="Leonardo's horse in silverpoint, c. 1488[60]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Study_of_horse.jpg/123px-Study_of_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Study_of_horse.jpg/185px-Study_of_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Study_of_horse.jpg/246px-Study_of_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1074" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse" title="Leonardo's horse">Leonardo's horse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silverpoint" title="Silverpoint">silverpoint</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1488<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197265-76">[60]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_(attrib)-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Belle Ferronnière, c. 1490–1498"><img alt="La Belle Ferronnière, c. 1490–1498" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28attrib%29-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg/116px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28attrib%29-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28attrib%29-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg/175px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28attrib%29-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28attrib%29-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg/233px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28attrib%29-_la_Belle_Ferroniere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2123" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="La Belle Ferronnière">La Belle Ferronnière</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490–1498</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of 1902 restoration, trompe-l'œil painting (1498)"><img alt="Detail of 1902 restoration, trompe-l'œil painting (1498)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg/165px-Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg/248px-Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg/330px-Sala-Asse-18-02-2014-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of 1902 restoration, <a href="/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse" title="Sala delle Asse">trompe-l'œil painting</a> (1498)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Florentine_period_(1500–1508)">Second Florentine period (1500–1508)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Virgin_and_Child_with_Ss_Anne_and_John_the_Baptist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4487" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1499–1508, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London</figcaption></figure> When Ludovico Sforza was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1500)" title="Battle of Novara (1500)">overthrown by France</a> in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, accompanied by his assistant <a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC" title="Salaì">Salaì</a> and friend, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196785-77">[61]</a> In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence" title="Santissima Annunziata, Florence">Santissima Annunziata</a> and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(cartoon)" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (cartoon)">cartoon</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist</a>, a work that won such admiration that "men [and] women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were going to a solemn festival."<a href="#cite_note-V265-78">[‡ 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[m]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a> in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196785-77">[61]</a> Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of <a href="/wiki/Imola" title="Imola">Imola</a> in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of <a href="/wiki/Chiana_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiana Valley">Chiana Valley</a>, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972124-81">[63]</a> where he rejoined the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke#Italy" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a> on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo" title="Lisa del Giocondo">Lisa del Giocondo</a>, the model for the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[65]</a> which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a> should be placed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[66]</a> He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Anghiari (painting)">The Battle of Anghiari</a> for the Signoria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196785-77">[61]</a> with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina_(Michelangelo)" title="Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)">The Battle of Cascina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[n]</a> In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_d%27Amboise" title="Charles II d'Amboise">Charles II d'Amboise</a>, the acting <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French governor</a> of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-88">[69]</a> There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi" title="Francesco Melzi">Francesco Melzi</a>, the son of a <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombard</a> aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-88">[69]</a> Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise;<a href="#cite_note-89">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_Rider_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and Rider (Leonardo da Vinci)">a wax model</a> survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-88">[69]</a> Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Luini" title="Bernardino Luini">Bernardino Luini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Boltraffio" title="Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio">Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marco_d%27Oggiono" title="Marco d'Oggiono">Marco d'Oggiono</a>. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, c. 1501–1519, Louvre, Paris"><img alt="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, c. 1501–1519, Louvre, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg/125px-Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg/187px-Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg/249px-Sainte_Anne_Leonard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5565" data-file-height="7359" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(Leonardo)" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1501–1519, Louvre, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo's map of Imola, created for Cesare Borgia, 1502"><img alt="Leonardo's map of Imola, created for Cesare Borgia, 1502" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/165px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/248px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Plan_of_Imola_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6164" data-file-height="4545" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo's map of <a href="/wiki/Imola" title="Imola">Imola</a>, created for <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>, 1502</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Study for The Battle of Anghiari (now lost), c. 1503, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest"><img alt="Study for The Battle of Anghiari (now lost), c. 1503, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/241px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Study_of_Two_Warriors%27_Heads_for_the_Battle_of_Anghiari_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="3671" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Study for <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(Leonardo)" title="The Battle of Anghiari (Leonardo)">The Battle of Anghiari</a> (now lost), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Budapest)" title="Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)">Museum of Fine Arts</a>, Budapest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Scapigliata, c. 1506–1508 (unfinished), Galleria Nazionale di Parma, Parma"><img alt="La Scapigliata, c. 1506–1508 (unfinished), Galleria Nazionale di Parma, Parma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg/110px-Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg/165px-Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_vinci_-_La_scapigliata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Scapigliata" title="La Scapigliata">La Scapigliata</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1506–1508 (unfinished), <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_di_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleria Nazionale di Parma">Galleria Nazionale di Parma</a>, Parma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Study for Leda and the Swan (now lost), c. 1506–1508, Chatsworth House, England"><img alt="Study for Leda and the Swan (now lost), c. 1506–1508, Chatsworth House, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg/144px-Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg/216px-Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg/288px-Study_for_the_Kneeling_Leda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Study for <a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Leonardo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)">Leda and the Swan</a> (now lost), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1506–1508, <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a>, England</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Milanese_period_(1508–1513)">Second Milanese period (1508–1513)</h3></div> By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196786-90">[71]</a> In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Trivulzio" title="Gian Giacomo Trivulzio">Gian Giacomo Trivulzio</a>, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's <a href="/wiki/Vaprio_d%27Adda" title="Vaprio d'Adda">Vaprio d'Adda</a> villa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972149–150-91">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome_and_France_(1513–1519)">Rome and France (1513–1519)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_A_deluge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4406" data-file-height="3482" /></a><figcaption>An apocalyptic deluge drawn in black chalk by Leonardo near the end of his life (part of a series of 10, paired with written description in his notebooks)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972151-92">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> In March 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Giovanni</a> assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972149–150-91">[72]</a> From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Courtyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvedere Courtyard">Belvedere Courtyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, where Michelangelo and <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> were both active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196786-90">[71]</a> Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month and, according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">quicksilver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-93">[74]</a> The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-93">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[o]</a> Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> leading to his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-93">[74]</a> He practised botany in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Gardens">Vatican Gardens</a>, and was commissioned to make plans for the Pope's proposed draining of the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[75]</a> He also dissected <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadavers</a>, making notes for a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>;<a href="#cite_note-96">[76]</a> these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the Pope's favour, but he was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-93">[74]</a> In October 1515, King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> recaptured Milan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman197577–78-63">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[p]</a> On 21 March 1516 Antonio Maria Pallavicini, the French ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, received a letter sent from <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> a week previously by the royal advisor <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Gouffier,_seigneur_de_Bonnivet" title="Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet">Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet</a>, containing the French king's instructions to assist Leonardo in his relocation to France and to inform the artist that the King was eagerly awaiting his arrival. Pallavicini was also asked to reassure Leonardo that he would be well received at court, both by the King and by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[78]</a> Leonardo entered Francis's service later that year, and was given the use of the manor house <a href="/wiki/Clos_Luc%C3%A9" title="Clos Lucé">Clos Lucé</a> near the King's residence at the royal <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a>. He was frequently visited by Francis, and drew plans for an immense <a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">castle town</a> the King intended to erect at <a href="/wiki/Romorantin-Lanthenay" title="Romorantin-Lanthenay">Romorantin</a>. He also made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked towards the King and – upon being struck by a wand – opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972163,_164-100">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-V265-78">[‡ 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[q]</a> Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and was supported by a pension totalling 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Scudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Scudi">scudi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196786-90">[71]</a> At some point, Melzi drew a <a href="/wiki/File:A_portrait_of_Leonardo,_by_Francesco_Melzi.jpg" title="File:A portrait of Leonardo, by Francesco Melzi.jpg">portrait of Leonardo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Leonardo da Vinci">only others known</a> from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies (c. 1517)<a href="#cite_note-103">[81]</a> and a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino" title="Giovanni Ambrogio Figino">Giovanni Ambrogio Figino</a> depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm wrapped in clothing.<a href="#cite_note-paralysis-104">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[r]</a> The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_d%27Aragona" title="Luigi d'Aragona">Louis d'Aragon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[s]</a> confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic when he was 65,<a href="#cite_note-seeker-109">[85]</a> which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2005-105">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-fainting-111">[87]</a> He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.<a href="#cite_note-seeker-109">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death">Death</h4></div> Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke.<a href="#cite_note-neurology-112">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-fainting-111">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[89]</a> Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that "he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done."<a href="#cite_note-114">[90]</a> Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Holy Sacrament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[‡ 4]</a> Vasari also records that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.<a href="#cite_note-116">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-edict-118">[u]</a> In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974-65">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[v]</a> Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp201126-120">[92]</a> His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, <a href="#Location_of_remains">Leonardo's remains</a> were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.<a href="#cite_note-Florentine-121">[93]</a> Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascaNicolòLucertini2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspringer_101007-978-3-0348-7951-4pagen28_13]-122">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg/220px-The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg/330px-The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg/440px-The_castle_of_Amboise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a> (c. 1518) attributed to <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi" title="Francesco Melzi">Francesco Melzi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC" title="Salaì">Salaì</a>, or Il Salaino ("The Little Unclean One", i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton," after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.<a href="#cite_note-123">[95]</a> Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196784-124">[96]</a> Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him many things about painting,"<a href="#cite_note-V265-78">[‡ 3]</a> his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_d%27Oggiono" title="Marco d'Oggiono">Marco d'Oggiono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Boltraffio" title="Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio">Boltraffio</a>. At the time of his death in 1524, Salaì owned a painting referred to as Joconda in a posthumous inventory of his belongings; it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.<a href="#cite_note-NR-125">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci">Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/170px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/255px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/340px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10446" data-file-height="13522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" title="Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)">Saint John the Baptist</a> c. 1507–1516,<a href="#cite_note-126">[d 3]</a> Louvre. Leonardo is thought to have used <a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC" title="Salaì">Salaì</a> as the model.<a href="#cite_note-Pedretti-2009-127">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZöllner201920-2">[2]</a> Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "great physical beauty" and "infinite grace," as described by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[‡ 5]</a> as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.<a href="#cite_note-129">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[‡ 6]</a> Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambach2003-131">[100]</a> with whom he collaborated on the book <a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">Divina proportione</a> in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani" title="Cecilia Gallerani">Cecilia Gallerani</a> and the two Este sisters, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este" title="Beatrice d'Este">Beatrice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este" title="Isabella d'Este">Isabella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[101]</a> While on a journey that took him through <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci,_A_Memory_of_His_Childhood" title="Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood">Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[102]</a> Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils <a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC" title="Salaì">Salaì</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi" title="Francesco Melzi">Melzi</a>. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Walter Isaacson in his biography of Leonardo makes explicit his opinion that the relations with Salaì were intimate and homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017129–138-134">[103]</a> Earlier in Leonardo's life, court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> in an incident involving a known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017-135">[104]</a> Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality<a href="#cite_note-136">[105]</a> and its role in his art, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">eroticism</a> manifested in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" title="Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)">Saint John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Leonardo)" title="Bacchus (Leonardo)">Bacchus</a> and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.<a href="#cite_note-137">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pedretti-2009-127">[98]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paintings">Paintings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="List of works by Leonardo da Vinci">List of works by Leonardo da Vinci</a></div> Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse199811–15-138">[107]</a> Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a> and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.<a href="#cite_note-139">[w]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg/290px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg/435px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg/580px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Annunciazione.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4062" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)">Annunciation</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1472–1476,<a href="#cite_note-140">[d 4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, is thought to be Leonardo's earliest extant and complete major work.</figcaption></figure> Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the <a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Verrocchio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)">Baptism of Christ</a>, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciations</a>. One is small, 59 centimetres (23 in) long and 14 cm (5.5 in) high. It is a "<a href="/wiki/Predella" title="Predella">predella</a>" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, 217 cm (85 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196788,_90-141">[108]</a> In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> of the same subject, of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarani2003338-142">[109]</a> In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133-41">[34]</a> This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings_of_the_1480s">Paintings of the 1480s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_(Q972196).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg/180px-Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg/270px-Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg/360px-Saint_Jerome_Leonardo_-_image_only_%28Q972196%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_(Leonardo)" title="Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)">Saint Jerome in the Wilderness</a> (unfinished) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480–1490,<a href="#cite_note-143">[d 5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings was <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_(Leonardo)" title="Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)">Saint Jerome in the Wilderness</a>, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.<a href="#cite_note-145">[x]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Penitent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitent">penitent</a>, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975104–106-144">[110]</a> Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted. The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Leonardo)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)">Adoration of the Magi</a>, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about 250 x 250 centimetres. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architecture</a> that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/170px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/255px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/340px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1489–1491,<a href="#cite_note-146">[d 6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum" title="Czartoryski Museum">Czartoryski Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> The third important work of this period is the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks" title="Virgin of the Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a>, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_de_Predis" title="Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis">de Predis brothers</a>, was to fill a large complex <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpiece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975108-147">[111]</a> Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.<a href="#cite_note-148">[112]</a> While the painting is quite large, about 200×120 centimetres, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of San Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196785-77">[61]</a> Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the <a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a>, presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Gallerani" title="Cecilia Gallerani">Cecilia Gallerani</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1490), lover of Ludovico Sforza.<a href="#cite_note-treasures-149">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[114]</a> The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Ermine_(France)" title="Order of the Ermine (France)">Order of the Ermine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-treasures-149">[113]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings_of_the_1490s">Paintings of the 1490s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg/330px-The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg/495px-The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg/660px-The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9600" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[d 7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie</a>, Milan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1492–1498)</figcaption></figure> Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a>, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">last meal</a> shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me", and the consternation that this statement caused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> The writer <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bandello" title="Matteo Bandello">Matteo Bandello</a> observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975124-152">[115]</a> This was beyond the comprehension of the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a>, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[‡ 7]</a> The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation,<a href="#cite_note-154">[‡ 8]</a> but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196797-155">[116]</a> Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a <a href="/wiki/Ground_(art)" title="Ground (art)">ground</a> that was mainly <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196798-156">[117]</a> Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums. Toward the end of this period, in 1498 Leonardo's trompe-l'œil decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse" title="Sala delle Asse">Sala delle Asse</a> was painted for the Duke of Milan in the <a href="/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Castello Sforzesco">Castello Sforzesco</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings_of_the_1500s">Paintings of the 1500s</h3></div> In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the <a href="/wiki/Salone_dei_Cinquecento" class="mw-redirect" title="Salone dei Cinquecento">Salone dei Cinquecento</a> (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari" title="Battle of Anghiari">Battle of Anghiari</a> in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina" title="Battle of Cascina">Battle of Cascina</a>. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/170px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/255px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/340px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7479" data-file-height="11146" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> or La Gioconda <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503–1516,<a href="#cite_note-158">[d 8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "<a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">sfumato</a>", or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was "so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original."<a href="#cite_note-159">[‡ 9]</a> Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oils</a> laid on much like <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a>, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975144-160">[119]</a> Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."<a href="#cite_note-161">[‡ 10]</a> The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1967103-162">[120]</a> In the painting <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(Leonardo)" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)">Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</a>, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975150-163">[121]</a> and harkens back to the Saint Jerome with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, Saint Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1967109-164">[122]</a> and through them <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Correggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Correggio">Correggio</a>. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawings">Drawings</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Head_of_a_Warrior_-_Da_Vinci_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Antique Warrior in Profile, c. 1472. British Museum, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg/170px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg/255px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg/340px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption>Presumed <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_Red_Chalk" title="Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk">self-portrait of Leonardo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1510) at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Turin" title="Royal Library of Turin">Royal Library</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.<a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[y]</a> Among his famous drawings are the <a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a>, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_of_the_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Virgin of the Rocks">The Virgin of the Rocks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist</a> in the National Gallery, London.<a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> This drawing employs the subtle <a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">sfumato</a> technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(Leonardo)" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</a> in the Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1967102-167">[124]</a> Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[‡ 7]</a> There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile".<a href="#cite_note-168">[z]</a> These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.<a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Baroncelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo Baroncelli">Bernardo Baroncelli</a>, hanged in connection with the murder of <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici" title="Giuliano de' Medici">Giuliano</a>, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the <a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy" title="Pazzi conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Like the two contemporary architects <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> (who designed the <a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Belvedere Courtyard</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Elder" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Elder">Antonio da Sangallo the Elder</a>, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19779–20-49">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970391–392-169">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals_and_notes">Journals and notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci#Manuscripts" title="List of works by Leonardo da Vinci">List of works by Leonardo da Vinci § Manuscripts</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg/170px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg/255px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg/340px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Studies_of_the_foetus_in_the_womb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption>A page showing <a href="/wiki/Studies_of_the_Fetus_in_the_Womb" title="Studies of the Fetus in the Womb">Leonardo's study of a foetus in the womb</a> (c. 1510), Royal Library, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></figcaption></figure> These notebooks – originally loose papers of different types and sizes – were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972169-170">[126]</a> These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.<a href="#cite_note-KDK-171">[127]</a> Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for <a href="/wiki/Codex_Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Huygens">a planned treatise on art</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1570.<a href="#cite_note-172">[128]</a> After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972169-170">[126]</a> In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Magenta" title="Giovanni Magenta">Giovanni Magenta</a> reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Leoni" title="Pompeo Leoni">Pompeo Leoni</a> for publication in two volumes; one of these was the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus" title="Codex Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a>. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.<a href="#cite_note-173">[129]</a> After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-174">[130]</a> Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, the Louvre, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a> in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in London, which has put a selection from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Arundel" title="Codex Arundel">Codex Arundel</a> (BL Arundel MS 263) online.<a href="#cite_note-175">[131]</a> Works have also been at <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Hall" title="Holkham Hall">Holkham Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, and in the private hands of <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholas_Brown_I" title="John Nicholas Brown I">John Nicholas Brown I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehman" title="Robert Lehman">Robert Lehman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972169-170">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Leicester" title="Codex Leicester">Codex Leicester</a> is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> and displayed once a year in different cities around the world. Most of Leonardo's writings are in <a href="/wiki/Mirror_writing" title="Mirror writing">mirror-image</a> cursive.<a href="#cite_note-Polidoro-58">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-176">[132]</a> Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.<a href="#cite_note-177">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[aa]</a> Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-176">[132]</a> In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.<a href="#cite_note-181">[136]</a> Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_inventions">Science and inventions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci">Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg/170px-De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg/255px-De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg/340px-De_divina_proportione_-_Vigintisex_Basium_Planum_Vacuum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhombicuboctahedron" title="Rhombicuboctahedron">Rhombicuboctahedron</a> as published in <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Pacioli's</a> <a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">Divina proportione</a> (1509)</figcaption></figure> Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote "Il sole non si move." ("The Sun does not move.")<a href="#cite_note-182">[137]</a> In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book <a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">Divina proportione</a>, published in 1509.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-88">[69]</a> Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">early palaeontology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[138]</a> The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.<a href="#cite_note-184">[139]</a> Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as <a href="/wiki/Codex_Urbinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Urbinas">A Treatise on Painting</a> in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1967117-185">[140]</a> with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeydenreich2020-6">[4]</a> According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> and other scientists who followed him in that, as a "<a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">Renaissance Man</a>", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapra2007xvii–xx-186">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000,_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000%2C_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg/200px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000%2C_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000%2C_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg/300px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000%2C_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000%2C_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg/400px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919000%2C_Verso_The_bones_and_muscles_of_the_arm_c.1510-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1676" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Anatomical study of the arm (c. 1510)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg/200px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg/300px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg/400px-Leonardo_Da_Vinci%27s_Brain_Physiology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1417" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Leonardo's physiological sketch of the human brain and skull (c. 1510)</div></div></div></div></div> Leonardo started his study in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a> and other visible anatomical features.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissect</a> human corpses at the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_of_Santa_Maria_Nuova" title="Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova">Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova</a> in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_della_Torre" title="Marcantonio della Torre">Marcantonio della Torre</a>, professor of Anatomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[142]</a> Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-Sooke-188">[143]</a> Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting.<a href="#cite_note-KDK-171">[127]</a> During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Cellini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, who made a number of drawings from them.<a href="#cite_note-KDK-171">[127]</a> Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">human skeleton</a> and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-189">[144]</a> He drew the heart and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">vascular system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex organs">sex organs</a> and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> in utero.<a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.<a href="#cite_note-Sooke-188">[143]</a> Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.<a href="#cite_note-Popham-165">[123]</a> Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">bodily humours</a>, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricles</a>. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> and liver <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2012-190">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_inventions">Engineering and inventions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg/240px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg/360px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg/480px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawing_of_a_flying_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="604" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A design for a flying machine (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1488), first presented in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds" title="Codex on the Flight of Birds">Codex on the Flight of Birds</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg/160px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg/240px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg/320px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_helicopter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="548" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An aerial screw (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1489), suggestive of a helicopter, from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus" title="Codex Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a></div></div></div></div></div> During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their "anatomy" with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected "exploded view" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.<a href="#cite_note-guarnieri1-191">[146]</a> In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_il_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico il Moro">Ludovico il Moro</a>, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> also worked.<a href="#cite_note-192">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[148]</a> He continued to contemplate the canalisation of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy#Soils" title="Lombardy">Lombardy's plains</a> while in Louis XII's company<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972145-88">[69]</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> and its tributaries in the company of Francis I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972164-194">[149]</a> Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include <a href="/wiki/Viola_organista" title="Viola organista">musical instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot" title="Leonardo's robot">a mechanical knight</a>, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a <a href="/wiki/Steam_cannon" title="Steam cannon">steam cannon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860,0616.99,_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860%2C0616.99%2C_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860%2C0616.99%2C_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860%2C0616.99%2C_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860%2C0616.99%2C_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860%2C0616.99%2C_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_1860%2C0616.99%2C_Studies_of_military_tank-like_machines_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption>Leonardo's drawings of a scythed chariot and a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle" title="Leonardo's fighting vehicle">fighting vehicle</a></figcaption></figure> Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">flight</a> for much of his life, producing many studies, including <a href="/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds" title="Codex on the Flight of Birds">Codex on the Flight of Birds</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1505), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopter</a> and a machine with a helical <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> In a 2003 documentary by British television station <a href="/wiki/Channel_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Four">Channel Four</a>, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a <a href="/wiki/Parachute#Early_Renaissance" title="Parachute">parachute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_crossbow" title="Leonardo's crossbow">a giant crossbow</a>, were interpreted and constructed.<a href="#cite_note-195">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[151]</a> Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Similarly, a team of engineers built ten machines designed by Leonardo in the 2009 American television series <a href="/wiki/Doing_DaVinci" title="Doing DaVinci">Doing DaVinci</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle" title="Leonardo's fighting vehicle">fighting vehicle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_self-propelled_cart" title="Leonardo's self-propelled cart">self-propelled cart</a>. Research performed by <a href="/wiki/Marc_van_den_Broek" title="Marc van den Broek">Marc van den Broek</a> revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new.<a href="#cite_note-197">[152]</a> In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the 'laws' of sliding <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> in 1493.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchings-198">[153]</a> His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">perpetual motion</a>, which he correctly concluded was not possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017194–197-199">[154]</a> His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Amontons" title="Guillaume Amontons">Guillaume Amontons</a>, with whose name they are now usually associated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[‡ 7]</a> For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Dowson" title="Duncan Dowson">Duncan Dowson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci">Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="List of things named after Leonardo da Vinci">List of things named after Leonardo da Vinci</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley,_Florence,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Leonardo_DaVinci_in_Uffizi_Alley%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Statue outside the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence, by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pampaloni" title="Luigi Pampaloni">Luigi Pampaloni</a> (1791–1847)</figcaption></figure> Although he had no formal academic training,<a href="#cite_note-201">[156]</a> many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the "<a href="/wiki/Universal_Genius" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Genius">Universal Genius</a>" or "Renaissance Man", an individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination."<a href="#cite_note-HG-202">[157]</a> He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.<a href="#cite_note-genius-203">[158]</a> According to art historian <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Helen Gardner</a>, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and "his mind and <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci">personality</a> seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote."<a href="#cite_note-HG-202">[157]</a> Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci19778-204">[159]</a> Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArasse1998-45">[37]</a> The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Il_Cortegiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Cortegiano">Il Cortegiano</a> (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: "...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled..."<a href="#cite_note-205">[160]</a> while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c. 1540: "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf..."<a href="#cite_note-206">[161]</a> Vasari, in his <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Artists">Lives of the Artists</a> (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo:<a href="#cite_note-207">[‡ 11]</a> <blockquote>In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg/220px-Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg/330px-Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg/440px-Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="The Death of Leonardo da Vinci">The Death of Leonardo da Vinci</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, 1818<a href="#cite_note-edict-118">[u]</a></figcaption></figure> The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius..."<a href="#cite_note-208">[162]</a> This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents."<a href="#cite_note-209">[163]</a> By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries."<a href="#cite_note-210">[164]</a> Art historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a> wrote in 1896: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.<a href="#cite_note-211">[165]</a></blockquote> The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.<a href="#cite_note-212">[166]</a> Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Belt_Library_of_Vinciana" title="Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana">Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana</a> is a special collection at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci,_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci%2C_04.JPG/220px-Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci%2C_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci%2C_04.JPG/330px-Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci%2C_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci%2C_04.JPG/440px-Museo_leonardiano_di_vinci%2C_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardian_Museum_of_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardian Museum of Vinci">Leonardo Museum in Vinci</a>, which houses a large collection of models constructed on the basis of Leonardo's drawings</figcaption></figure> Twenty-first-century author <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> based much of his biography of Leonardo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017-135">[104]</a> on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a "fun, joyous" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.<a href="#cite_note-214">[168]</a> On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the <a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a> in Venice. <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[ab]</a> was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work.<a href="#cite_note-218">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[172]</a> The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2003-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner19933-220">[173]</a> The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time,<a href="#cite_note-HG-202">[157]</a> and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[174]</a> More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">genetic genealogy</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi" title="Alessandro Vezzosi">Alessandro Vezzosi</a> and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.<a href="#cite_note-222">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_of_remains">Location of remains</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG/170px-Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG/255px-Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG/340px-Tombe_de_L%C3%A9onard_de_Vinci.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tomb in the chapel of Saint Hubert at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a> where a plaque describes it as the presumed site of Leonardo's remains</figcaption></figure> While Leonardo was certainly buried in the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-223">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515-224">[177]</a> Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-223">[176]</a> Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-223">[176]</a> In 1863, fine-arts <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">inspector general</a> <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Houssaye" title="Arsène Houssaye">Arsène Houssaye</a> received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions "EO", "AR", "DUS", and "VINC" – interpreted as forming "Leonardus Vinci".<a href="#cite_note-Florentine-121">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-223">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-225">[178]</a> The skull's eight teeth correspond to someone of approximately the appropriate age, and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.<a href="#cite_note-Ouest-225">[178]</a> Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholl_(author)" title="Charles Nicholl (author)">Charles Nicholl</a> describes this as a "dubious <a href="/wiki/Phrenological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrenological">phrenological</a> deduction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-223">[176]</a> At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the <a href="/wiki/High_altar" class="mw-redirect" title="High altar">high altar</a>, a practice generally reserved for <a href="/wiki/Laymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Laymen">laymen</a>, and that the skeleton of 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) seemed too short.<a href="#cite_note-Ouest-225">[178]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Leonardo_da_Vinci#Houssaye_and_1.73_m/5.7ft_inconsistency" title="Talk:Leonardo da Vinci">see discussion</a>] Art historian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Heaton" title="Mary Margaret Heaton">Mary Margaret Heaton</a> wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaton1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfqUaAAAAYAAJpgPA204_204]"The_skeleton,_which_measured_five_feet_eight_inches,_accords_with_the_height_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci._The_skull_might_have_served_for_the_model_of_the_portrait_Leonardo_drew_of_himself_in_red_chalk_a_few_years_before_his_death."_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaton1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfqUaAAAAYAAJpgPA204_204]"The_skeleton,_which_measured_five_feet_eight_inches,_accords_with_the_height_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci._The_skull_might_have_served_for_the_model_of_the_portrait_Leonardo_drew_of_himself_in_red_chalk_a_few_years_before_his_death."-226">[179]</a> The skull was allegedly presented to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were re-interred in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-Ouest-225">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-227">[180]</a> A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515-224">[177]</a> It has since been theorised that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.<a href="#cite_note-paralysis-104">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-neurology-112">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ouest-225">[178]</a> In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-227">[180]</a> The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants;<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-227">[180]</a> it may also be <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[181]</a> In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Ideale_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo Museum in Vinci</a> beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.<a href="#cite_note-Florentine-121">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> General <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Birthplace-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_3-1">b</a> See <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl (2005</a>, pp. 17–20) and <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach (2019</a>, p. 24) for further information on the dispute and uncertainty surrounding Leonardo's exact birthplace. </li> <li id="cite_note-IPA-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_4-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌliːəˈnɑːrdoʊ də ˈvɪntʃi, ˌliːoʊˈ-, ˌleɪoʊˈ-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LEE-ə-NAR-doh də VIN-chee, LEE-oh-, LAY-oh-</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg\/It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg/It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg" title="File:It-Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ser-13"><a href="#cite_ref-ser_13-0">^</a> The inclusion of the title ser (shortening of Italian messer or messere, title of courtesy prefixed to the first name) indicates that Leonardo's father was a gentleman (a low-ranking nobleman). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio relays a precise account: "There was born to me a grandson, son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_da_Vinci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero da Vinci (page does not exist)">Ser Piero</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_da_Vinci" class="extiw" title="fr:Piero da Vinci">fr</a>], on 15 April, a Saturday, at the third hour of the night."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVezzosi199713-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a> Ser Antonio records Leonardo being baptised the following day by Piero di Bartolomeo at the <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_di_Santa_Croce_(Vinci)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiesa di Santa Croce (Vinci) (page does not exist)">Santa Croce</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Croce_(Vinci)" class="extiw" title="it:Chiesa di Santa Croce (Vinci)">it</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage20_20]-18">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> It has been suggested that Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East "or at least, from the Mediterranean" or even of Chinese descent. According to art critic <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi" title="Alessandro Vezzosi">Alessandro Vezzosi</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Ideale_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo Museum in Vinci</a>, there is evidence that Piero owned a slave called Caterina.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> The reconstruction of one of Leonardo's fingerprints shows a pattern that matches 60% of people of Middle Eastern origin, suggesting the possibility that Leonardo may have had Middle Eastern blood. The claim is refuted by Simon Cole, associate professor of criminology, law and society at the University of California at Irvine: "You can't predict one person's race from these kinds of incidences, especially if looking at only one finger". More recently, historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)" title="Martin Kemp (art historian)">Martin Kemp</a>, after digging through overlooked archives and records in Italy, found evidence that Leonardo's mother was a young local woman identified as Caterina di Meo Lippi.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFKempPallanti2017">Kemp & Pallanti (2017</a>, pp. 65–66) for detailed table on Ser Piero's marriages. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> He also never wrote about his father, except a passing note of his death in which he overstates his age by three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197211-31">[25]</a> Leonardo's siblings caused him difficulty after his father's death in a dispute over their inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnano2007138-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The humanist influence of Donatello's <a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)">David</a> can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist (Leonardo)">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartt1970127–133-41">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosci197713-40">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The "diverse arts" and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th-century text On Divers Arts by <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a> and in the early 15th-century text Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui by <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> That Leonardo joined the guild by this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company's register, Libro Rosso A, 1472–1520, Accademia di Belle Arti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa196783-17">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> On the back he wrote: "I, staying with Anthony, am happy," possibly in reference to his father. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal, "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBortolon1967-44">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> In 2005, the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography.<a href="#cite_note-79">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Both works are lost. The entire composition of Michelangelo's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo, 1542.<a href="#cite_note-85">[67]</a> Leonardo's painting is known only from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section, of which the best known, and probably least accurate, is by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttino_della_Chiesa1967106–107-86">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Pope Leo X is quoted as saying, "This man will never accomplish anything! He thinks of the end before the beginning!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972150-93">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> There is no documentary basis for the frequently made claim that Leonardo was present at the meeting between Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna from 11 to 14 December 1516.<a href="#cite_note-97">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made, but it is believed to have greeted the King at his entry into <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and Pope Leo X in Bologna. A conjectural recreation of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna.<a href="#cite_note-101">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Identified via its similarity to Leonardo's <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_Red_Chalk" title="Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk">presumed self-portrait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2005-105">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "... Messer Lunardo Vinci [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] ... an old graybeard of more than 70 years ... showed His Excellency three pictures ... from whom, since he was then subject to a certain paralysis of the right hand, one could not expect any more good work."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1972163-107">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> This scene is portrayed in romantic paintings by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Guillaume_M%C3%A9nageot" title="François-Guillaume Ménageot">Ménageot</a> and other French artists, as well as <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-edict-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edict_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edict_118-1">b</a> On the day of Leonardo's death, a royal edict was issued by the King at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, a two-day journey from Clos Lucé. This has been taken as evidence that King Francis cannot have been present at Leonardo's deathbed, but the edict was not signed by the King.<a href="#cite_note-117">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Each of the sixty paupers were to have been awarded in accord with Leonardo's will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1974-65">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed in <a href="#CITEREFHartt1970">Hartt (1970</a>, pp. 387–411) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>, was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1975104–106-144">[110]</a> It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> This work is now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Drawing No. 8P. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> The "Grecian profile" has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose-tip, the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high. It is a feature of many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Classical Greek</a> statues. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> He also drew with his left hand, his <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatch</a> strokes "slanting down from left to right – the natural stroke of a left-handed artist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace197231-178">[134]</a> He also sometimes wrote conventionally with his right hand.<a href="#cite_note-179">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a>, a painting by Leonardo depicting Jesus holding an orb, sold for a world record US$450.3 million at a <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> auction in New York, 15 November 2017.<a href="#cite_note-215">[169]</a> The highest known sale price for any artwork was previously US$300 million, for <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(de_Kooning)" title="Interchange (de Kooning)">Interchange</a>, which was sold privately in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-fox-216">[170]</a> The highest price previously paid for a work of art at auction was for <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_d%27Alger" title="Les Femmes d'Alger">Les Femmes d'Alger</a>, which sold for US$179.4 million in May 2015 at Christie's New York.<a href="#cite_note-fox-216">[170]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Dates of works <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The Adoration of the Magi <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 27): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1481–1482</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 338): 1481</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 56): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480–1482</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 222): 1481/1482</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version) <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 41): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1493</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 339): between 1483 and 1486</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 164): 1483–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1485</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 223): 1483–1484/1485</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Saint John the Baptist <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 189): c. 1507–1514</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 340): c. 1508</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 63): c. 1500 onwards</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 248): c. 1508–1516</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The Annunciation <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 6): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1473–1474</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 338): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1472–1475</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 15): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1472–1476</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 216): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1473–1475</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Saint Jerome in the Wilderness <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 31): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1481–1482</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 338): probably <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 139): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1488–1490</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 221): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480–1482</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Lady with an Ermine <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 49): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1491</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 339): 1489–1490</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 111): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1489–1490</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 226): 1489/1490</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The Last Supper <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 67): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1495–1497</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 339): between 1494 and 1498</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. (2011</a>, p. 252): 1492–1497/1498</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZöllner2019">Zöllner (2019</a>, p. 230): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1495–1498</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Mona Lisa <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKemp2019">Kemp (2019</a>, p. 127): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503–1515</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarani2003">Marani (2003</a>, p. 340): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503–1504; 1513–1514</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011">Syson et al. 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Retrieved 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+never+finished+the+Mona+Lisa+because+he+injured+his+arm+while+fainting%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft.aulast=Bodkin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2019%2F05%2F04%2Fleonardo-da-vinci-never-finished-mona-lisa-injured-arm-fainting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-neurology-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neurology_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neurology_112-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charlier" title="Philippe Charlier">Charlier, Philippe</a>; Deo, Saudamini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurology.org/content/88/14/1381.full">"A physical sign of stroke sequel on the skeleton of Leonardo da Vinci?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415031015/http://www.neurology.org/content/88/14/1381.full">Archived</a> 15 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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(2019). "Reconsidering Leonardo". 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Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lubrication+Technology&rft.atitle=Men+of+Tribology%3A+Leonardo+da+Vinci+%281452%E2%80%931519%29&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=382-386&rft.date=1977-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.3453230&rft.issn=0022-2305&rft.aulast=Dowson&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasmedigitalcollection.asme.org%2Ftribology%2Farticle%2F99%2F4%2F382%2F429918%2FMen-of-Tribology-Leonardo-da-Vinci-1452-1519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2019). 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Retrieved 10 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArtNews+article+about+current+studies+into+Leonardo%27s+life+and+works&rft.pub=Art+News+Online&rft.aulast=Henneberger&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnewsonline.com%2Fcurrentarticle.cfm%3Fart_id%3D1240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Marmor, Max. "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana." <a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a> 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 1–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalie2018" class="citation news cs1">Italie, Hillel (7 January 2018). "NonFiction: Biography honors 'fun, joyous' sides of genius da Vinci". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Associated Press. p. G6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Times-Dispatch&rft.atitle=NonFiction%3A+Biography+honors+%27fun%2C+joyous%27+sides+of+genius+da+Vinci&rft.pages=G6&rft.date=2018-01-07&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow2017" class="citation news cs1">Crow, Kelly (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-salvator-mundi-sells-for-450-3-million-1510794281">"Leonardo da Vinci Painting 'Salvator Mundi' Sells for $450.3 Million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629202935/https://www.wsj.com/articles/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-salvator-mundi-sells-for-450-3-million-1510794281">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+Painting+%27Salvator+Mundi%27+Sells+for+%24450.3+Million&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fleonardo-da-vinci-painting-salvator-mundi-sells-for-450-3-million-1510794281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fox_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox_216-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/leonardo-da-vinci-painting-salvator-mundi-sold-for-record-450-3-million">Leonardo da Vinci painting 'Salvator Mundi' sold for record $450.3 million, Fox News</a> , 16 November 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2019/12/01/louvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled/">"Leonardo da Vinci's Unexamined Life as a Painter"</a>. The Atlantic. 1 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029051649/https://aleteia.org/2019/12/01/louvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%27s+Unexamined+Life+as+a+Painter&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2019%2F12%2F01%2Flouvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2019/12/01/louvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled/">"Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled"</a>. Aleteia. 1 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029051649/https://aleteia.org/2019/12/01/louvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louvre+exhibit+has+most+da+Vinci+paintings+ever+assembled&rft.pub=Aleteia&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2019%2F12%2F01%2Flouvre-exhibit-has-most-da-vinci-paintings-ever-assembled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner19933-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner19933_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1993">Turner 1993</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Vitruvian Man is referred to as "iconic" at the following websites and many others: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Vitruvian-Man.html">Vitruvian Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002194508/https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Vitruvian-Man.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artpassions.com/art/1109-Fine-Art-Classics/0000067329-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Vitruvian-Man.html">Fine Art Classics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909064630/http://artpassions.com/art/1109-Fine-Art-Classics/0000067329-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Vitruvian-Man.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=403230&sectioncode=26">Key Images in the History of Science</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130113435/http://ingenious.org.uk/read/identity/bodyimage/Curiosityanddifference/">Curiosity and difference</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 30 January 2009); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/aug/30/art1">"The Guardian: The Real da Vinci Code"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803033719/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/aug/30/art1">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2021" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Ben (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/da-vinci-family-history.html">"Scientists may have cracked the mystery of da Vinci's DNA"</a>. Live Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708162511/https://www.livescience.com/da-vinci-family-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Scientists+may+have+cracked+the+mystery+of+da+Vinci%27s+DNA&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fda-vinci-family-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsleonardodavinci00charpage502_502]_223-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholl2005">Nicholl 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char/page/502">502</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2017515_224-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2017">Isaacson 2017</a>, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ouest-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_225-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_225-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouest_225-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontard2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montard, Nicolas (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/49693/reader/reader.html?t=1556639116403#!preferred/1/package/49693/pub/71961/page/4">"Léonard de Vinci est-il vraiment enterré au château d'Amboise?"</a> [Is Leonardo da Vinci really buried at the Château d'Amboise?]. <a href="/wiki/Ouest-France" title="Ouest-France">Ouest-France</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430171845/https://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/49693/reader/reader.html?t=1556639116403#!preferred/1/package/49693/pub/71961/page/4">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ouest-France&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9onard+de+Vinci+est-il+vraiment+enterr%C3%A9+au+ch%C3%A2teau+d%27Amboise%3F&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.aulast=Montard&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Fleditiondusoir%2Fdata%2F49693%2Freader%2Freader.html%3Ft%3D1556639116403%23%21preferred%2F1%2Fpackage%2F49693%2Fpub%2F71961%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaton1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfqUaAAAAYAAJpgPA204_204]"The_skeleton,_which_measured_five_feet_eight_inches,_accords_with_the_height_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci._The_skull_might_have_served_for_the_model_of_the_portrait_Leonardo_drew_of_himself_in_red_chalk_a_few_years_before_his_death."-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaton1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfqUaAAAAYAAJpgPA204_204]"The_skeleton,_which_measured_five_feet_eight_inches,_accords_with_the_height_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci._The_skull_might_have_served_for_the_model_of_the_portrait_Leonardo_drew_of_himself_in_red_chalk_a_few_years_before_his_death."_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeaton1874">Heaton 1874</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA204">204</a>, "The skeleton, which measured five feet eight inches, accords with the height of Leonardo da Vinci. The skull might have served for the model of the portrait Leonardo drew of himself in red chalk a few years before his death.". </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapton2016" class="citation news cs1">Knapton, Sarah (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/05/leonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst/">"Leonardo da Vinci paintings analysed for DNA to solve grave mystery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/05/05/leonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+paintings+analysed+for+DNA+to+solve+grave+mystery&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Knapton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2016%2F05%2F05%2Fleonardo-da-vinci-paintings-analysed-for-dna-to-solve-grave-myst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2016" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Lily Hay (6 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2016/05/scientists-at-the-leonardo-project-want-to-sequence-da-vinci-s-genome.html">"Researchers Are Planning to Sequence Leonardo da Vinci's 500-Year-Old Genome"</a>. Slate Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140612/https://slate.com/technology/2016/05/scientists-at-the-leonardo-project-want-to-sequence-da-vinci-s-genome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Researchers+Are+Planning+to+Sequence+Leonardo+da+Vinci%27s+500-Year-Old+Genome&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Lily+Hay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2F05%2Fscientists-at-the-leonardo-project-want-to-sequence-da-vinci-s-genome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessiaRobinson2019" class="citation news cs1">Messia, Hada; Robinson, Matthew (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/leonardo-da-vinci-hair-lock-intl-scli/index.html">"Leonardo da Vinci's 'hair' to undergo DNA testing"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128121823/http://www.cnn.com/style/article/leonardo-da-vinci-hair-lock-intl-scli/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%27s+%27hair%27+to+undergo+DNA+testing&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.aulast=Messia&rft.aufirst=Hada&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fleonardo-da-vinci-hair-lock-intl-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonimo_Gaddianoc._1530" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anonimo_Gaddiano" title="Anonimo Gaddiano">Anonimo Gaddiano</a> (c. 1530). "Leonardo da Vinci". Codice Magliabechiano.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.btitle=Codice+Magliabechiano&rft.au=Anonimo+Gaddiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists). Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. 2019. pp. 103–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-621-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci+%28Lives+of+the+Artists%29&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=103-114&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-621-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovioc._1527" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Giovio, Paolo</a> (c. 1527). "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". Elogia virorum illustrium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.btitle=Elogia+virorum+illustrium&rft.aulast=Giovio&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (Lives of the Artists). Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. 2019. pp. 103–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-621-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci+%28Lives+of+the+Artists%29&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=103-114&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-621-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari, Giorgio</a> (1965) [1568]. "The Life of Leonardo da Vinci". <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Artists</a>. Translated by George Bull. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044164-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Artists&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044164-2&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari1991" class="citation book cs1">—— (1991) [1568]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofartists0000vasa_k5j0">The Lives of the Artists</a>. Oxford World's Classics. Translated by Bondanella, Peter; Bondanella, Julia Conway. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283410-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283410-X"><bdi>0-19-283410-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Artists&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-283410-X&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofartists0000vasa_k5j0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4></div> Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArasse1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Arasse" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel Arasse">Arasse, Daniel</a> [in French] (1998). Leonardo da Vinci. <a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saybrook">Old Saybrook</a>: Konecky & Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-198-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-198-5"><bdi>978-1-56852-198-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.place=Old+Saybrook&rft.pub=Konecky+%26+Konecky&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56852-198-5&rft.au=Arasse%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBambach2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_C._Bambach" title="Carmen C. Bambach">Bambach, Carmen C.</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwQxDJMKRE4C">Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09878-5"><bdi>978-0-300-09878-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103327/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwQxDJMKRE4C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%2C+Master+Draftsman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09878-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwQxDJMKRE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBambach2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_C._Bambach" title="Carmen C. Bambach">Bambach, Carmen C.</a> (2019). Leonardo da Vinci Rediscovered. Vol. 1, The Making of an Artist: 1452–1500. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19195-0"><bdi>978-0-300-19195-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+Rediscovered&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19195-0&rft.aulast=Bambach&rft.aufirst=Carmen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolon1967" class="citation book cs1">Bortolon, Liana (1967). The Life and Times of Leonardo. London: Paul Hamlyn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Leonardo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Hamlyn&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Bortolon&rft.aufirst=Liana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David Alan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z34SeyFWV8oC">Leonardo Da Vinci: Origins of a Genius</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07246-4"><bdi>978-0-300-07246-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103327/https://books.google.com/books?id=z34SeyFWV8oC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+Da+Vinci%3A+Origins+of+a+Genius&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07246-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz34SeyFWV8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapra2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Capra, Fritjof</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr">The Science of Leonardo</a>. US: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51390-6"><bdi>978-0-385-51390-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Leonardo&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51390-6&rft.aulast=Capra&rft.aufirst=Fritjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceofleonard00capr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a> (1961). Leonardo da Vinci. City of Westminster: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187223">187223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.place=City+of+Westminster&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187223&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGascaNicolòLucertini2004" class="citation book cs1">Gasca, Ana Millàn; Nicolò, Fernando; Lucertini, Mario (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-0348-7951-4">Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems</a>. Birkhauser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6940-8"><bdi>978-3-7643-6940-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technological+Concepts+and+Mathematical+Models+in+the+Evolution+of+Modern+Engineering+Systems&rft.pub=Birkhauser&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-6940-8&rft.aulast=Gasca&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mill%C3%A0n&rft.au=Nicol%C3%B2%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Lucertini%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-978-3-0348-7951-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartt1970" class="citation book cs1">Hartt, Frederich (1970). A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23136-4"><bdi>978-0-500-23136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Italian+Renaissance+Art&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23136-4&rft.aulast=Hartt&rft.aufirst=Frederich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaton1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Heaton" title="Mary Margaret Heaton">Heaton, Mary Margaret</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUaAAAAYAAJ">Leonardo Da Vinci and His Works: Consisting of a Life of Leonardo Da Vinci</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1706262">1706262</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103328/https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUaAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+Da+Vinci+and+His+Works%3A+Consisting+of+a+Life+of+Leonardo+Da+Vinci&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1706262&rft.aulast=Heaton&rft.aufirst=Mary+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkA5DwAAQBAJ">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3915-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3915-4"><bdi>978-1-5011-3915-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103329/https://books.google.com/books?id=vkA5DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-3915-4&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkA5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)" title="Martin Kemp (art historian)">Kemp, Martin</a> (2006) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJwVDAAAQBAJ">Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920778-7"><bdi>978-0-19-920778-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103329/https://books.google.com/books?id=oJwVDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+Da+Vinci%3A+The+Marvellous+Works+of+Nature+and+Man&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920778-7&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJwVDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2011" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Martin (2011) [2004]. Leonardo (Revised ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280644-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280644-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280644-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280644-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempPallanti2017" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Martin; Pallanti, Giuseppe (2017). Mona Lisa: The People and the Painting. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874990-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874990-5"><bdi>978-0-19-874990-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mona+Lisa%3A+The+People+and+the+Painting&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874990-5&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Pallanti%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2019" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Martin (2019). Leonardo da Vinci: The 100 Milestones. New York: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-3042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-3042-6"><bdi>978-1-4549-3042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+The+100+Milestones&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4549-3042-6&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnano2007" class="citation book cs1">Magnano, Milena (2007). Leonardo. I geni dell'arte. Milano: Mondadori Arte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-370-6432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-370-6432-7"><bdi>978-88-370-6432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo&rft.place=Milano&rft.series=I+geni+dell%27arte&rft.pub=Mondadori+Arte&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-370-6432-7&rft.aulast=Magnano&rft.aufirst=Milena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarani2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_C._Marani" title="Pietro C. Marani">Marani, Pietro C.</a> (2003) [2000]. Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3581-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3581-5"><bdi>978-0-8109-3581-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+The+Complete+Paintings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3581-5&rft.aulast=Marani&rft.aufirst=Pietro+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1972" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, Andrew (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofartistinmi0000mart">The Rise of the Artist</a>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-56006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-56006-8"><bdi>978-0-500-56006-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Artist&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-500-56006-8&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofartistinmi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholl2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholl_(author)" title="Charles Nicholl (author)">Nicholl, Charles</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci:_The_Flights_of_the_Mind" title="Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind">Leonardo da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029681-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029681-5"><bdi>978-0-14-029681-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+The+Flights+of+the+Mind&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029681-5&rft.aulast=Nicholl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'MalleySaunders1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._O%27Malley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles D. O'Malley">O'Malley, Charles D.</a>; Saunders, J.B. de C.M. (1952). Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction. New York: Henry Schuman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+on+the+Human+Body%3A+The+Anatomical%2C+Physiological%2C+and+Embryological+Drawings+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci.+With+Translations%2C+Emendations+and+a+Biographical+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Schuman&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+J.B.+de+C.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttino_della_Chiesa1967" class="citation book cs1">Ottino della Chiesa, Angela (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completepainting0000unse_v5k6">The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci</a>. Classics of the World's Great Art. Translated by Jay, Madeline. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Paintings+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Classics+of+the+World%27s+Great+Art&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ottino+della+Chiesa&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletepainting0000unse_v5k6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedretti1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pedretti" title="Carlo Pedretti">Pedretti, Carlo</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgXMajWbVfcC">Leonardo, a study in chronology and style</a>. Cambridge: Johnson Reprint Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-384-45281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-384-45281-7"><bdi>978-0-384-45281-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo%2C+a+study+in+chronology+and+style&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Johnson+Reprint+Corp&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-384-45281-7&rft.aulast=Pedretti&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgXMajWbVfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedretti2006" class="citation book cs1">Pedretti, Carlo (2006). Leonardo da Vinci. Surrey: Taj Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84406-036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84406-036-8"><bdi>978-1-84406-036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Taj+Books+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84406-036-8&rft.aulast=Pedretti&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopham1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Popham" title="Arthur E. Popham">Popham, A.E.</a> (1946). The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-60462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-60462-8"><bdi>978-0-224-60462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drawings+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-224-60462-8&rft.aulast=Popham&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul_Richter" title="Jean Paul Richter">Richter, Jean Paul</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notebooksofleona01leon">The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci</a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22572-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22572-2"><bdi>978-0-486-22572-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notebooks+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-486-22572-2&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Jean+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotebooksofleona01leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> volume 2: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22573-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22573-9">0-486-22573-9</a>. A reprint of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5000">the original 1883 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201301/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5000">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosci1977" class="citation book cs1">Rosci, Marco (1977). Leonardo. Bay Books Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85835-176-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85835-176-9"><bdi>978-0-85835-176-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo&rft.pub=Bay+Books+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-85835-176-9&rft.aulast=Rosci&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyson_et_al.2011" class="citation book cs1">Syson, Luke; Keith, Larry; Galansino, Arturo; Mazzotta, Antoni; Nethersole, Scott; Rumberg, Per (2011). Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan. London: <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-491-6"><bdi>978-1-85709-491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+Painter+at+the+Court+of+Milan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=National+Gallery&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85709-491-6&rft.aulast=Syson&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Keith%2C+Larry&rft.au=Galansino%2C+Arturo&rft.au=Mazzotta%2C+Antoni&rft.au=Nethersole%2C+Scott&rft.au=Rumberg%2C+Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1993" class="citation book cs1">Turner, A. Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlMZDSe21aAC">Inventing Leonardo</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08938-9"><bdi>978-0-520-08938-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103833/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlMZDSe21aAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Leonardo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08938-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=A.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlMZDSe21aAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVezzosi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vezzosi" title="Alessandro Vezzosi">Vezzosi, Alessandro</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci:_The_Mind_of_the_Renaissance" title="Leonardo da Vinci: The Mind of the Renaissance">Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man</a>. '<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">New Horizons</a>' series. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra (English translation ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30081-7"><bdi>978-0-500-30081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+Renaissance+Man&rft.place=London&rft.series=%27New+Horizons%27+series&rft.edition=English+translation&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-30081-7&rft.aulast=Vezzosi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1972" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofleonardo100wall">The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519</a>. New York: Time-Life Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Leonardo%3A+1452%E2%80%931519&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofleonardo100wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman1975" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Jack (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0262-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0262-6"><bdi>978-0-8109-0262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-0262-6&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_Williamson" title="Hugh Ross Williamson">Williamson, Hugh Ross</a> (1974). Lorenzo the Magnificent. Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1204-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-1204-2"><bdi>978-0-7181-1204-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lorenzo+the+Magnificent&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-1204-2&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZöllner2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Z%C3%B6llner" title="Frank Zöllner">Zöllner, Frank</a> (2015). Leonardo (2nd ed.). Cologne: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-0215-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-0215-3"><bdi>978-3-8365-0215-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo&rft.place=Cologne&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-0215-3&rft.aulast=Z%C3%B6llner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZöllner2019" class="citation book cs1">Zöllner, Frank (2019) [2003]. Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings (Anniversary ed.). Cologne: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-7625-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-7625-3"><bdi>978-3-8365-7625-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+The+Complete+Paintings+and+Drawings&rft.place=Cologne&rft.edition=Anniversary&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-7625-3&rft.aulast=Z%C3%B6llner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Journals and encyclopedia articles <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David Alan (1983). "Leonardo and the Idealized Portrait in Milan". Arte Lombarda. 64 (4): 102–116. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43105426">43105426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arte+Lombarda&rft.atitle=Leonardo+and+the+Idealized+Portrait+in+Milan&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=102-116&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43105426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" title="Sidney Colvin">Colvin, Sidney</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leonardo_da_Vinci">"Leonardo da Vinci" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 444–454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=444-454&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremante2005" class="citation book cs1">Cremante, Simona (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor. Giunti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-03891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-09-03891-2"><bdi>978-88-09-03891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+Artist%2C+Scientist%2C+Inventor&rft.pub=Giunti&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-09-03891-2&rft.aulast=Cremante&rft.aufirst=Simona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacomelli1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Giacomelli" title="Raffaele Giacomelli">Giacomelli, Raffaele</a> (1936). Gli scritti di Leonardo da Vinci sul volo. Roma: G. Bardi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+scritti+di+Leonardo+da+Vinci+sul+volo&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=G.+Bardi&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Giacomelli&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydenreich2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Heinrich_Heydenreich" title="Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich">Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich</a> (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci">"Leonardo da Vinci | Biography, Art & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225152720/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59104/Science">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Art+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Heydenreich&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLeonardo-da-Vinci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)" title="Martin Kemp (art historian)">Kemp, Martin</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401">"Leonardo da Vinci"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T050401">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311022526/https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.btitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T050401&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000050401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupia1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lupia, John N. (Summer 1994). "The Secret Revealed: How to Look at Italian Renaissance Painting". Medieval and Renaissance Times. 1 (2): 6–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-2110">1075-2110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+and+Renaissance+Times&rft.atitle=The+Secret+Revealed%3A+How+to+Look+at+Italian+Renaissance+Painting&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=6-17&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1075-2110&rft.aulast=Lupia&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> See <a href="#CITEREFKemp2003">Kemp (2003)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBambach2019">Bambach (2019</a>, pp. 442–579) for extensive bibliographies <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Leonardo da Vinci <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leonardo+da+Vinci&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leonardo+da+Vinci">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leonardo+da+Vinci&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Leonardo da Vinci <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Leonardo+da+Vinci&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Leonardo+da+Vinci">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Leonardo+da+Vinci&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannaBellinazziVillata2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vanna, Arrighi; Bellinazzi, Anna; Villata, Edoardo, eds. (2005). Leonardo da Vinci: la vera immagine: documenti e testimonianze sulla vita e sull'opera [Leonardo da Vinci: the true image: documents and testimonies on life and work] (in Italian). Florence: <a href="/wiki/Giunti_Editore" title="Giunti Editore">Giunti Editore</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-04519-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-09-04519-4"><bdi>978-88-09-04519-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+la+vera+immagine%3A+documenti+e+testimonianze+sulla+vita+e+sull%27opera&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Giunti+Editore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-09-04519-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVecce2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vecce" title="Carlo Vecce">Vecce, Carlo</a> (2006). Leonardo (in Italian). Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pedretti" title="Carlo Pedretti">Carlo Pedretti</a>. Rome: Salerno. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8402-548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8402-548-7"><bdi>978-88-8402-548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Salerno&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-8402-548-7&rft.aulast=Vecce&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1982" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, Emanuel (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincia0000wint">Leonardo da Vinci As a Musician</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02631-3"><bdi>978-0-300-02631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci+As+a+Musician&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02631-3&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleonardodavincia0000wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2">Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-362-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-362-6"><bdi>978-0-87099-362-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715011701/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%3A+anatomical+drawings+from+the+Royal+Library%2C+Windsor+Castle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-362-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F84801%2Frec%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonardo+da+Vinci" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> General <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalleonardo.org/index.php">Universal Leonardo</a>, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)" title="Martin Kemp (art historian)">Martin Kemp</a> and Marina Wallace</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/leonardo-da-vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> website</li></ul> Works <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogo.bibliotecaleonardiana.it/">Biblioteca Leonardiana</a>, online bibliography (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardodigitale.com/">e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza</a>, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1629">Works by Leonardo da Vinci</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12252">Works by Leonardo da Vinci</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm">Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1">The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leonardo_da_Vinci" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE;background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Template:Leonardo da Vinci"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Template talk:Leonardo da Vinci"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonardo da Vinci"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leonardo_da_Vinci" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonardo da Vinci</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="List of works by Leonardo da Vinci">List of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci">Science and inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci">Personal life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)">The Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Verrocchio_and_Leonardo)" title="The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio and Leonardo)">The Baptism of Christ</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Carnation" title="Madonna of the Carnation">The Madonna of the Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginevra_de%27_Benci" title="Ginevra de' Benci">Ginevra de' Benci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benois_Madonna" title="Benois Madonna">Benois Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Leonardo)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)">The Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_the_Wilderness_(Leonardo)" title="Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)">Saint Jerome in the Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Litta" title="Madonna Litta">Madonna Litta</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks" title="Virgin of the Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Musician" title="Portrait of a Musician">Portrait of a Musician</a> ✻✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="La Belle Ferronnière">La Belle Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_delle_Asse" title="Sala delle Asse">Sala delle Asse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder" title="Madonna of the Yarnwinder">Buccleuch Madonna</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a> ✻✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Yarnwinder" title="Madonna of the Yarnwinder">Lansdowne Madonna</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(Leonardo)" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (Leonardo)">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Scapigliata" title="La Scapigliata">La Scapigliata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" title="Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)">Saint John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lost_paintings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; font-weight: normal">Lost paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Leonardo)" title="Medusa (Leonardo)">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_the_Infant_Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" title="Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)">Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Infants_Embracing" title="The Holy Infants Embracing">The Holy Infants Embracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(Leonardo)" title="The Battle of Anghiari (Leonardo)">The Battle of Anghiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Leonardo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)">Leda and the Swan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rearing_Horse_and_Mounted_Warrior" title="Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior">Budapest Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_and_Rider_(wax_sculpture)" title="Horse and Rider (wax sculpture)">Horse and Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse" title="Leonardo's horse">Sforza Horse</a> (unexecuted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Works on paper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Study_for_the_Madonna_of_the_Cat" title="Study for the Madonna of the Cat">Study for the Madonna of the Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Bear" title="Head of a Bear">Head of a Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Sebastian_(Leonardo)" title="The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (Leonardo)">The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Isabella_d%27Este_(Leonardo)" title="Portrait of Isabella d'Este (Leonardo)">Portrait of Isabella d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studies_of_the_Fetus_in_the_Womb" title="Studies of the Fetus in the Womb">Studies of the Fetus in the Womb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_Red_Chalk" title="Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk">Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; font-weight: normal">Studies for the Virgin of the Rocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compositional_Sketches_for_the_Virgin_Adoring_the_Christ_Child,_with_and_without_the_Infant_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Compositional Sketches for the Virgin Adoring the Christ Child, with and without the Infant St. John the Baptist">Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Woman_(Leonardo,_Turin)" title="Head of a Woman (Leonardo, Turin)">Head of the Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_d%27enfant_de_trois_quarts_%C3%A0_droite" title="Tête d'enfant de trois quarts à droite">Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; font-weight: normal">Studies for the Last Supper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Christ_(Leonardo)" title="Head of Christ (Leonardo)">Head of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; font-weight: normal">Relating to the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_and_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist">The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist</a> (London cartoon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saint_Anne_(cartoon)" title="The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (cartoon)">Second cartoon</a> (lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studies_of_an_Infant" title="Studies of an Infant">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapery_Study_for_the_Virgin" title="Drapery Study for the Virgin">Drapery of the Virgin's Legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_for_the_Virgin%27s_Right_Arm" title="Study for the Virgin's Right Arm">Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_for_the_Head_of_Saint_Anne" title="Study for the Head of Saint Anne">Head of Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Head_of_the_Virgin_in_Three-Quarter_View_Facing_Right" title="The Head of the Virgin in Three-Quarter View Facing Right">Head of the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Atlanticus" title="Codex Atlanticus">Codex Atlanticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Windsor" title="Codex Windsor">Codex Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Arundel" title="Codex Arundel">Codex Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Trivulzianus" title="Codex Trivulzianus">Codex Trivulzianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Madrid_(Leonardo)" title="Codex Madrid (Leonardo)">Codex Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_on_the_Flight_of_Birds" title="Codex on the Flight of Birds">Codex on the Flight of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Leicester" title="Codex Leicester">Codex Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architonnerre" title="Architonnerre">Architonnerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">Divina proportione</a> (illustrations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Kite" title="Great Kite">Great Kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord-viola" title="Harpsichord-viola">Harpsichord-viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_aerial_screw" title="Leonardo's aerial screw">Aerial screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_crossbow" title="Leonardo's crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle" title="Leonardo's fighting vehicle">Fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot" title="Leonardo's robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_self-propelled_cart" title="Leonardo's self-propelled cart">Self-propelled cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octant_projection" title="Octant projection">Octant projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_fire_crossbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid fire crossbow">Rapid fire crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_organista" title="Viola organista">Viola organista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_world_map" title="Leonardo's world map">World Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leonardeschi" title="Leonardeschi">Leonardeschi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Boltraffio" title="Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio">Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_da_Sesto" title="Cesare da Sesto">Cesare da Sesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de%27_Conti" title="Bernardino de' Conti">Bernardino de' Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giampietrino" title="Giampietrino">Giampietrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Agostino_da_Lodi" title="Giovanni Agostino da Lodi">Giovanni Agostino da Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Luini" title="Bernardino Luini">Bernardino Luini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Magni" title="Cesare Magni">Cesare Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_d%27Oggiono" title="Marco d'Oggiono">Marco d'Oggiono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Melzi" title="Francesco Melzi">Francesco Melzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_de_Predis" title="Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis">Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala%C3%AC" title="Salaì">Salaì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Solari" title="Andrea Solari">Andrea Solari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museo_leonardiano_di_Vinci" title="Museo leonardiano di Vinci">Museo leonardiano di Vinci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Ideale_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci">Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo3_Museum" title="Leonardo3 Museum">Leonardo3 Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci">Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci">Cultural references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="List of things named after Leonardo da Vinci">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Leonardo da Vinci">Portraits of Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of The Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_Luc%C3%A9" title="Clos Lucé">Clos Lucé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Leonardo" title="The Lost Leonardo">The Lost Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Galleria_Borghese)" title="Leda and the Swan (Galleria Borghese)">Leda and the Swan (Galleria Borghese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE"><div> <ul><li>✻ Collaboration</li> <li>✻✻ Possible collaboration</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Category:Leonardo da Vinci">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Medici" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medici" title="Template:Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medici" title="Template talk:Medici"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Medici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Lords of Florence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo "The Elder"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Piero di Cosimo de' Medici">Piero "The Gouty"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo "The Magnificent"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero "The Brief"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Giovanni, Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio</a> (Clement VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro "The Moor"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Florence">Dukes of Florence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro "The Moor"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Dukes of Tuscany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici" title="Francesco I de' Medici">Francesco I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici">Ferdinando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo II de' Medici">Cosimo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando II de' Medici">Ferdinando II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo III de' Medici">Cosimo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici" title="Gian Gastone de' Medici">Gian Gastone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Queens of France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Caterina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Popes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Cardinals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>male line: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Giovanni</a> (Leo X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio</a> (Clement VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Alessandro</a> (Leo XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Medici_(cardinal)" title="Giovanni de' Medici (cardinal)">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_de%27_Medici_(cardinal)" title="Carlo de' Medici (cardinal)">Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_de%27_Medici" title="Giancarlo de' Medici">Giovan Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de%27_Medici" title="Leopoldo de' Medici">Leopoldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_de%27_Medici" title="Francesco Maria de' Medici">Francesco Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_de%27_Medici_di_Ottaiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco de' Medici di Ottaiano (page does not exist)">Francesco</a> female line: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_de%27_Rossi" title="Luigi de' Rossi">Luigi de' Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Salviati" title="Giovanni Salviati">Giovanni Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Cybo" title="Innocenzo Cybo">Innocenzo Cybo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Salviati" title="Bernardo Salviati">Bernardo Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Ridolfi" title="Niccolò Ridolfi">Niccolò Ridolfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Strozzi" title="Lorenzo Strozzi">Lorenzo Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrante_Gonzaga" title="Ferrante Gonzaga">Ferrante Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Vincenzo II Gonzaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Bishops and archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_de%27_Medici_(archbishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo de' Medici (archbishop) (page does not exist)">Filippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Antonio_de%27_Medici" title="Bernardo Antonio de' Medici">Bernardo Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuliano_de%27_Medici_Castellina_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuliano de' Medici Castellina (bishop) (page does not exist)">Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanobi_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanobi de' Medici (page does not exist)">Zanobi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Condottieri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere" title="Giovanni delle Bande Nere">Giovanni delle Bande Nere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni_de%27_Medici" title="Don Giovanni de' Medici">Don Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_de%27_Medici" title="Mattias de' Medici">Mattias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_tables_of_the_House_of_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical tables of the House of Medici">Genealogical tables of the House of Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="798" /></a> Festina Lente</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Villas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Cafaggiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Cafaggiolo">Cafaggiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_del_Trebbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea del Trebbio">Trebbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Careggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Careggi">Careggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Medici in Fiesole">Fiesole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_La_Quiete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa La Quiete (page does not exist)">La Quiete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_in_Collesalvetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea in Collesalvetti (page does not exist)">Collesalvetti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_in_Poggio_a_Caiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea in Poggio a Caiano (page does not exist)">Poggio a Caiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Castello" title="Villa di Castello">Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Corsini_a_Mezzomonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Corsini a Mezzomonte (page does not exist)">Mezzomonte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Agnano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Agnano (page does not exist)">Agnano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Spedaletto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Spedaletto (page does not exist)">Spedaletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Petraia" title="Villa La Petraia">La Petraia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Niccolini_(Camugliano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Niccolini (Camugliano) (page does not exist)">Camugliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fattoria_medicea_di_Stabbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fattoria medicea di Stabbia (page does not exist)">Stabbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_della_Topaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea della Topaia (page does not exist)">La Topaia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Cerreto_Guidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Cerreto Guidi (page does not exist)">Cerreto Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Marignolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Marignolle (page does not exist)">Marignolle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Arena_Metato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Arena Metato (page does not exist)">Arena Metato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Poggio_Imperiale" title="Villa del Poggio Imperiale">Poggio Imperiale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Lappeggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Lappeggi (page does not exist)">Lapeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_dell%27Ambrogiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea dell'Ambrogiana">L'Ambrogiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Magia" title="Villa La Magia">La Màgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Lilliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Lilliano (page does not exist)">Liliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Coltano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Coltano (page does not exist)">Coltano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Montevettolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Montevettolini">Montevettolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Artimino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Artimino (page does not exist)">Artimino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Buti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Buti (page does not exist)">Buti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_mediceo_di_Seravezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo mediceo di Seravezza (page does not exist)">Seravezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Mediceo_di_San_Marco" title="Casino Mediceo di San Marco">Casino Mediceo di San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Turin" title="Palazzo Madama, Turin">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_Tornaquinci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci (page does not exist)">Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Mediceo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Mediceo (page does not exist)">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Vedove" title="Palazzo delle Vedove">Palazzo delle Vedove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio_de%E2%80%99_Medici,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Vecchio de’ Medici, Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_a_Materdei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici a Materdei (page does not exist)">Materdei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_di_Ottaviano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano (page does not exist)">Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Fountains and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medici_fountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medici fountain (page does not exist)">Medici fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Pratolino" title="Villa di Pratolino">Villa di Pratolino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Fortresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arezzo#Others" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bastione_Fortezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bastione Fortezza (page does not exist)">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piombino#Main_sights" title="Piombino">Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistoia#Others" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortezza_Medicea_di_San_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortezza Medicea di San Martino (page does not exist)">San Piero a Sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_Medicea_(Siena)" title="Fortezza Medicea (Siena)">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_Medicea_(Volterra)" title="Fortezza Medicea (Volterra)">Volterra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Chapels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magi_Chapel" title="Magi Chapel">Magi Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Sacristy">New Sacristy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_dei_Principi" title="Cappella dei Principi">Cappella dei Principi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Sacristy">Old Sacristy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patronage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Painters, sculptors and architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_and_the_Medici" title="Michelangelo and the Medici">Michelangelo and the Medici</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti" title="Bernardo Buontalenti">Bernardo Buontalenti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelozzo" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo" title="Antonio del Pollaiuolo">Antonio del Pollaiuolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Poets and other literary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Agnolo Poliziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Humanists and philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_de%27_Cavalieri" title="Emilio de' Cavalieri">Emilio de' Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heraldry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palleschi" title="Palleschi">Medici coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany">Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_lions" title="Medici lions">Medici lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_porcelain" title="Medici porcelain">Medici porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Vase" title="Medici Vase">Medici Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici" title="Venus de' Medici">Venus de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arazzeria_Medicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arazzeria Medicea (page does not exist)">Arazzeria Medicea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_giraffe" title="Medici giraffe">Medici giraffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Stories set to music: "opera"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albizzi" title="Albizzi">Albizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy" title="Pazzi conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_series)" title="Medici (TV series)">TV series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medici_episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medici episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_and_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template talk:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematics_and_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">Catenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">Minimal surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_ratio" title="Plastic ratio">Plastic ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li>Proportion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">Wallpaper group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:FWF_Samuel_Monnier_(vertical_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009"><img alt="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/75px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/113px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/150px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">4D art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding" title="Mathematics of paper folding">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sculpture" title="Mathematical sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" title="List of works designed with the golden ratio">List of works designed with the golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_(sculpture)" title="Continuum (sculpture)">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octacube_(sculpture)" title="Octacube (sculpture)">Octacube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(art_project)" title="Pi (art project)">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_in_the_Sky" title="Pi in the Sky">Pi in the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_artists" title="List of mathematical artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_in_a_Convex_Mirror" title="Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror">Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th–20th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)">Newton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Danseuse au café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiseau_bleu_(Metzinger)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)">L'Oiseau bleu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Limit_III" title="Circle Limit III">Circle Limit III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher)" title="Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)">Print Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_(M._C._Escher)" title="Reptiles (M. C. Escher)">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(Magritte)" title="The Human Condition (Magritte)">La condition humaine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Swallow%27s_Tail" title="The Swallow's Tail">The Swallow's Tail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_Johnson" title="Crockett Johnson">Crockett Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Demaine" title="Martin Demaine">Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dibbets" title="Jan Dibbets">Jan Dibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest" title="John Ernest">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Ferguson" title="Helaman Ferguson">Helaman Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forakis" title="Peter Forakis">Peter Forakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldstine" title="Susan Goldstine">Susan Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Grossman" title="Bathsheba Grossman">Bathsheba Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Hart" title="George W. Hart">George W. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)" title="Anthony Hill (artist)">Anthony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Cosmic_Speculation" title="Garden of Cosmic Speculation">Garden of Cosmic Speculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lomas" title="Andy Lomas">Andy Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longhurst" title="Robert Longhurst">Robert Longhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_McLeod" title="Jeanette McLeod">Jeanette McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinke_Osinga" title="Hinke Osinga">Hinke Osinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner" title="Antoine Pevsner">Antoine Pevsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbin" title="Tony Robbin">Tony Robbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rojo_Cama" title="Alba Rojo Cama">Alba Rojo Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Sarhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Sarhangi">Reza Sarhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sin" title="Oliver Sin">Oliver Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_Taimi%C5%86a" title="Daina Taimiņa">Daina Taimiņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> <ul><li>Canon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_prospectiva_pingendi" title="De prospectiva pingendi">De prospectiva pingendi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <ul><li>Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> <ul><li>Regole generali d'architettura</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a> <ul><li>Nature's Harmonic Unity</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Macody_Lund" title="Frederik Macody Lund">Frederik Macody Lund</a> <ul><li>Ad Quadratum</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hambidge" title="Jay Hambidge">Jay Hambidge</a> <ul><li>The Greek Vase</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)#The_Grammar_of_Ornament" title="Owen Jones (architect)">The Grammar of Ornament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a> <ul><li>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> <ul><li>Aesthetic Measure</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> <ul><li>The 'Life' of a Carpet</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Mathematics and the Arts">Journal of Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Naturae" title="Lumen Naturae">Lumen Naturae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework" title="Making Mathematics with Needlework">Making Mathematics with Needlework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_of_Structure" title="Rhythm of Structure">Rhythm of Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoints:_Mathematical_Perspective_and_Fractal_Geometry_in_Art" title="Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art">Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Mathematica_(organization)" title="Ars Mathematica (organization)">Ars Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="European Society for Mathematics and the Arts">European Society for Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudreau_Museum_of_Mathematics_in_Art_and_Science" title="Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science">Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_For_Figuring" title="Institute For Figuring">Institute For Figuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droste_effect" title="Droste effect">Droste effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry">Sacred geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematics_and_art" title="Category:Mathematics and art">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leonardo_da_Vinci&#039;s_Mona_Lisa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mona_Lisa" title="Template:Mona Lisa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mona_Lisa" title="Template talk:Mona Lisa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mona_Lisa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mona Lisa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leonardo_da_Vinci&#039;s_Mona_Lisa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo" title="Lisa del Giocondo">Lisa del Giocondo</a> (subject)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Replicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isleworth_Mona_Lisa" title="Isleworth Mona Lisa">Isleworth Mona Lisa</a> (16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(Prado)" title="Mona Lisa (Prado)">Mona Lisa</a> (Prado, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(Hermitage)" title="Mona Lisa (Hermitage)">Hermitage Mona Lisa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Lisa" title="Mini Lisa">Mini Lisa</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Replicas and reinterpretations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculations_about_Mona_Lisa" title="Speculations about Mona Lisa">Speculations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_Mona_Lisa_theories" title="Male Mona Lisa theories">Male Mona Lisa theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two%E2%80%93Mona_Lisa_theory" title="Two–Mona Lisa theory">Two–Mona Lisa theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fictional_stories_about_the_Mona_Lisa" title="Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa">Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Joconde_nue" title="La Joconde nue">La Joconde nue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1911 theft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Valfierno" title="Eduardo de Valfierno">Eduardo de Valfierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Chaudron" title="Yves Chaudron">Yves Chaudron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Peruggia" title="Vincenzo Peruggia">Vincenzo Peruggia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theft_of_the_Mona_Lisa" title="The Theft of the Mona Lisa">The Theft of the Mona Lisa</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin_(1932_film)" title="Arsène Lupin (1932 film)">Arsène Lupin</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mona_Lisa_Has_Been_Stolen" title="The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen">The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Death" title="City of Death">City of Death</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Descending_a_Staircase" title="Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase">Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa%27s_Revenge" title="Mona Lisa's Revenge">Mona Lisa's Revenge</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_Onion:_A_Knives_Out_Mystery" title="Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery">Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(opera)" title="Mona Lisa (opera)">Mona Lisa</a> (1915 opera)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(Nat_King_Cole_song)" title="Mona Lisa (Nat King Cole song)">Mona Lisa</a>" (1950 song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Lost_Her_Smile" title="Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile">Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile</a>" (1984 song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lisa_Mona_Lisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa Mona Lisa">Lisa Mona Lisa</a>" (1988 song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Mona_Lisa" title="The Ballad of Mona Lisa">The Ballad of Mona Lisa</a>" (2011 song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mona_Lisa_(song)" title="The Mona Lisa (song)">The Mona Lisa</a>" (2013 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Mona_Lisa" title="In Search of Mona Lisa">In Search of Mona Lisa</a> (2019 EP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Mrs._Giaconda" title="The Second Mrs. Giaconda">The Second Mrs. Giaconda</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Mona_Lisa" title="I, Mona Lisa">I, Mona Lisa</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Smile_(novel)" title="The Smile (novel)">The Smile</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High_Renaissance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_Renaissance" title="Template:High Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_Renaissance" title="Template talk:High Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High_Renaissance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariotto_Albertinelli" title="Mariotto Albertinelli">Mariotto Albertinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Aretusi" title="Pellegrino Aretusi">Pellegrino Aretusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Beretta" title="Ludovico Beretta">Ludovico Beretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretto_da_Brescia" title="Moretto da Brescia">Moretto da Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Cairano" title="Gasparo Cairano">Gasparo Cairano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Clovio" title="Giulio Clovio">Giulio Clovio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggio" title="Antonio da Correggio">Antonio da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_delle_Croci" title="Bernardino delle Croci">Bernardino delle Croci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Genga" title="Girolamo Genga">Girolamo Genga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lorenzo Lotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Olivieri" title="Maffeo Olivieri">Maffeo Olivieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Peruzzi" title="Baldassare Peruzzi">Baldassare Peruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Sodoma" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagnino" title="Tamagnino">Tamagnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_Vecchio" title="Palma Vecchio">Palma Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vassilacchi" title="Antonio Vassilacchi">Antonio Vassilacchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1492–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a> (1498–1499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> (1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a> (1501–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1502–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (1506–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a> (1508–1512)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a> (1509–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Raphael)" title="Transfiguration (Raphael)">Transfiguration</a> (1516–1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a> (1536–1541)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardeschi" title="Leonardeschi">Leonardeschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">The Lives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/24px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Earth Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/17px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/26px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="artist's palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/19px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/29px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/38px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/19px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/30px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/15px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/29px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 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class="sister-bar-header">Leonardo da Vinci at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" class="extiw" title="c:Leonardo da Vinci">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012124423X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24604287">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33122/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt4Cq3vTH9mVXJT3BMfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640445">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52424">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264293605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000105681">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521390506706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14694431">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0036810X?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-9914">ORCID</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=131700">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6504681670">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:leonardo-da-vinci.">zbMATH</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:da-vinci.leonardo">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/232105">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500010879">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/dc0640db-f5db-4fde-a5ca-ab1331f94a43">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/49450">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/ba0098eb-25b5-4c6a-8af7-2d7d884bf1fc">KulturNav</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/325f35e7-7b5d-4841-931e-f2d0d9140d4a">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/5673/">Victoria</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/63950">Museum of Modern Art</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=1014">Scientific illustrators</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/1905/">Auckland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/leonardo-da-vinci">Städel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/artist/wd/a7043b42-9096-4851-822f-dc28e1c84499">Prado</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/v0462">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1165616">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leonardo-da-vinci_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1001143">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118640445.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118640445">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085975915">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/048803">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/88694584">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6348s6c">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/32132">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30106727">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_da_Vinci&oldid=1256966495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_da_Vinci&oldid=1256966495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Category:Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1452_births" title="Category:1452 births">1452 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1519_deaths" title="Category:1519 deaths">1519 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_mathematicians" title="Category:15th-century Italian mathematicians">15th-century Italian mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_painters" title="Category:15th-century Italian painters">15th-century Italian painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_scientists" title="Category:15th-century Italian scientists">15th-century Italian scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Italian_sculptors" title="Category:15th-century Italian sculptors">15th-century Italian sculptors</a></li><li><a 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