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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Russian_propagandists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable Russian propagandists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Russian_propagandists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use of social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Propaganda in education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">State propaganda in the Russian Federation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսական Քարոզչութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսական Քարոզչութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Расійская прапаганда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расійская прапаганда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_propaganda" title="Ruská propaganda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská propaganda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_der_Russischen_F%C3%B6deration" title="Propaganda der Russischen Föderation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Propaganda der Russischen Föderation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_en_Rusia" title="Propaganda en Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propaganda en Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagando_en_Rusio" title="Propagando en Rusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propagando en Rusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="پروپاگاندا در فدراسیون روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروپاگاندا در فدراسیون روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagande_de_la_Russie" title="Propagande de la Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Propagande de la Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսական քարոզչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսական քարոզչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_di_Federasi_Rusia" title="Propaganda di Federasi Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Propaganda di Federasi Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_propaganda" title="Krievijas propaganda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas propaganda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_propaganda" title="Russische propaganda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische propaganda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_i_Den_russiske_f%C3%B8derasjon" title="Propaganda i Den russiske føderasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Propaganda i Den russiske føderasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_Federacji_Rosyjskiej" title="Propaganda Federacji Rosyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Propaganda Federacji Rosyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_de_stat_%C3%AEn_Federa%C8%9Bia_Rus%C4%83" title="Propaganda de stat în Federația Rusă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Propaganda de stat în Federația Rusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Российская пропаганда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российская пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_n%C3%AB_Rusi" title="Propaganda në Rusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Propaganda në Rusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_propaganda" title="Venäjän propaganda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän propaganda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การโฆษณาชวนเชื่อในประเทศรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโฆษณาชวนเชื่อในประเทศรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya%27da_propaganda" title="Rusya'da propaganda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya'da propaganda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Російська пропаганда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російська пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_truy%E1%BB%81n_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Tuyên truyền của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyên truyền của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E5%82%B3" title="俄羅斯政治宣傳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄羅斯政治宣傳" 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Russia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Propaganda promoting views, perceptions or agendas of the Russian federation's government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about propaganda in the Russian Federation. For propaganda in the Soviet era, see <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</a>. For disinformation in the post-Soviet era, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russian disinformation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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Russia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Mikhail Mishustin's Second Cabinet">Cabinet (57th)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Russia">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Russia">Federal Assembly</a></b> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="List of members of the Federation Council (Russia)">Members</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)">Chairwoman</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko" title="Valentina Matviyenko">Valentina Matviyenko</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_8th_Russian_State_Duma" title="List of members of the 8th Russian State Duma">Members</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_State_Duma" title="8th State Duma">8th convocation</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Duma" title="Chairman of the State Duma">Chairman</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of 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of Russia">Electoral geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Russia#Post-Soviet_Russia_(1991–present)" title="Russia">Federalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="List of heads of federal subjects of Russia">Heads of federal subjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia" title="Regional parliaments of Russia">Regional parliaments</a></li> <li><a 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Russia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Russia">in Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_passport" title="Russian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Russian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Russian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Russia" title="Visa policy of Russia">Visa policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_history_of_Russia" title="Visa history of Russia">history</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">Russia and the United Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></dd> <dd><a 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class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Russia" title="Template:Politics of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Politics of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> promotes views, perceptions or agendas of the government. The media include <a href="/wiki/State-run_outlets" class="mw-redirect" title="State-run outlets">state-run outlets</a> and online technologies,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may involve using "Soviet-style '<a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">active measures</a>' as an element of modern Russian '<a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">political warfare</a>'".<sup id="cite_ref-AbrCon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbrCon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, contemporary Russian <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> promotes the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and positive views of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet history">Soviet history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia has established a number of organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_Counter_Attempts_to_Falsify_History_to_the_Detriment_of_Russia%27s_Interests" title="Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests">Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Russian web brigades</a>, and others that engage in political propaganda to promote the views of the Russian government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State-sponsored_global_PR_effort">State-sponsored global PR effort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: State-sponsored global PR effort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 2008, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gudkov" title="Lev Gudkov">Lev Gudkov</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a> polling data, pointed out the near-disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> as a socio-political institution in contemporary Russia and its replacement with <a href="/wiki/State_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="State propaganda">state propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beslan school hostage crisis">Beslan school hostage crisis</a> in September 2004, Putin enhanced a Kremlin-sponsored program aimed at "improving Russia's image" abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-washpost_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washpost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the major projects of the program was the creation in 2005 of Russia Today (now known as <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a>), an English language TV news channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Towards its start-up budget, $30 million of public funds were allocated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> story on the launch of Russia Today quoted <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a> as saying it was "very much a continuation of the old <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet propaganda</a> services".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's deputy foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Karasin" title="Grigory Karasin">Grigory Karasin</a> said in August 2008, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia war">Russia–Georgia conflict</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> is a well-organized machine, which is showing only those pictures that fit in well with their thoughts. We find it very difficult to squeeze our opinion into the pages of their newspapers."<sup id="cite_ref-variety_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-variety-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a></i> reported that the Kremlin had been intensifying its official <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> activities in the United States since 2003, among other things hiring such companies as Hannaford Enterprises and <a href="/wiki/Ketchum_Inc." title="Ketchum Inc.">Ketchum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2005 interview with U.S government-owned external broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, the Russian-Israeli blogger <a href="/wiki/Anton_Nossik" title="Anton Nossik">Anton Nossik</a> said the creation of RT "smacks of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet propaganda">Soviet-style propaganda</a> campaigns".<sup id="cite_ref-VOANew_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOANew-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information".<sup id="cite_ref-kommersant.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kommersant.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Luke Harding</a> (then the Moscow correspondent) of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> described RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gudkov" title="Lev Gudkov">Lev Gudkov</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a>, Russia's most well respected polling organization. Putin's Russia's propaganda is "aggressive and deceptive ... worse than anything I witnessed in the Soviet Union".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(13).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%2813%29.jpeg/220px-2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%2813%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%2813%29.jpeg/330px-2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%2813%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%2813%29.jpeg/440px-2011-02-03_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%2813%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>Putin and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Ernst" title="Konstantin Ernst">Konstantin Ernst</a>, chief of Russia's main state-controlled TV station <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a>, considered "Putin's top image maker"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, Ivan Zassoursky, a professor of Media and Theory of Communications in the Journalism Department of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, said, "Today there are many complex schemes of influence in the world that can be labeled as soft power. But traditional thuggish methods of propaganda and direct control used by the Russian government cannot be considered effective from the professional standpoint and acceptable from the viewpoint of journalist morality."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, a significant increase in Russian propaganda was noted by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2017, a fabricated audio recording of NATO Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> supposedly interacting with Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> was published by Russian news website <a href="/wiki/Life.ru" title="Life.ru">Life.ru</a>. The supposed voice of Poroshenko was revealed to be Russian pranksters. Russia has been comparing Ukrainian government forces in Donbass to members of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scholar Nikolay Kozhanov has claimed that Russia has used propaganda to convey nationalistic as well as pro-Assad messages during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Kozhanov claims that Russia has made an effort through propaganda to paint Russia and Syria as a stable force "in the struggle against instability caused by the Americans and terrorism supported by the US regional partners".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RT and <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)" title="Sputnik (news agency)">Sputnik</a> news agency are also spreading false information.<sup id="cite_ref-BI_State_Department_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BI_State_Department-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crowley_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preobraz_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preobraz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the downing of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> website of <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Higgins" title="Eliot Higgins">Eliot Higgins</a> gave evidence about the manipulation of satellite images released by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Defense">Russian Ministry of Defense</a> which was used by RT and Sputnik news agency based in Edinburgh, Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-mayMH17report_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayMH17report-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg/220px-Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg/330px-Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg/440px-Putin_at_Obukhovskiy_zavod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>In September 2024, Vladimir Putin claimed that <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">freedom of speech and freedom of the press</a> are fully respected in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Continuing Russian propaganda led to several people experiencing the denial of their experience of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022</a>, even by family members from the other side of the information iron curtain.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian state-controlled <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">media</a> systematically downplayed both civilian and military losses, denouncing reports of attacks on civilians as "fake" or blaming Ukrainian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">1993 Russian Constitution</a> has an article expressly prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">censorship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Russian censorship apparatus <i><a href="/wiki/Roskomnadzor" title="Roskomnadzor">Roskomnadzor</a></i> ordered the country's media to only employ information from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks, accusing a number of independent media outlets of spreading "unreliable socially significant untrue information" about the shelling of Ukrainian cities by the Russian army and civilian deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a>, the editor-in-chief of the Russian independent newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i>, said, "Everything that's not propaganda is being eliminated."<sup id="cite_ref-fortune_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to researchers, Russia has intensified international propaganda-efforts targeting <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guard1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increases in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-language pro-Russian propaganda was detected during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia has been accused of amplifying <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a> post-colonial grievances in Africa through disinformation campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-guard1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guard2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly due to Russian efforts, pro-Moscow sentiments and blaming the West for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has become mainstream in much of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-guard2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Russian_propagandists">Notable Russian propagandists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable Russian propagandists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%B2_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption>Putin's propagandist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Solovyov (journalist)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kiselyov" title="Dmitry Kiselyov">Dmitry Kiselyov</a>, TV host and <a href="/wiki/Rossiya_Segodnya" title="Rossiya Segodnya">Rossiya Segodnya</a> news agency General Director (under sanctions imposed by Australia) <sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_Simonyan" title="Margarita Simonyan">Margarita Simonyan</a>, editor-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> (formerly Russia Today) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rossiya_Segodnya" title="Rossiya Segodnya">Rossiya Segodnya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Leontyev" title="Mikhail Leontyev">Mikhail Leontyev</a>, Channel One host (under sanctions imposed by Australia) <sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(TV_presenter)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (TV presenter)">Vladimir Solovyov</a>, anchor on the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_with_Vladimir_Solovyov" title="Evening with Vladimir Solovyov">Evening with Vladimir Solovyov</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Russia-1</a> (The United Kingdom and the European Union sanctioned Solovyov for inciting violence and undermining Ukraine's sovereignty) <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Skabeyeva" title="Olga Skabeyeva">Olga Skabeyeva</a>, television presenter on <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Popov_(journalist)" title="Yevgeny Popov (journalist)">Yevgeny Popov</a>, television presenter on All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Steshin" title="Dmitry Steshin">Dmitry Steshin</a>, war correspondent for the <i><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a></i> tabloid newspaper (under sanctions imposed by UK and Australia) <sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kots_(journalist)" title="Alexander Kots (journalist)">Alexander Kots</a>, war correspondent for the <i>Komsomolskaya Pravda</i> tabloid newspaper (under sanctions imposed by UK and Australia) <sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeniy_Poddubny" title="Evgeniy Poddubny">Evgeniy Poddubny</a>, special correspondent for <i>Russia-24</i> and <i>Russia-1</i> television channels (under sanctions imposed by UK and Australia) <sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sladkov" title="Alexander Sladkov">Alexander Sladkov</a>, special correspondent for the <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a> program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Pegov" class="mw-redirect" title="Semen Pegov">Semen Pegov</a>, military project <i>WarGonzo</i> author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shchyogolev" title="Igor Shchyogolev">Igor Shchyogolev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Mizulina" title="Ekaterina Mizulina">Ekaterina Mizulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mironyuk" title="Svetlana Mironyuk">Svetlana Mironyuk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_social_media">Use of social media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare by Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucified_boy" title="Crucified boy">Crucified boy</a></div> <p>Russia has been accused of using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platforms to spread messages of propaganda to a global audience by spreading <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> as well as putting out advertisements and creating pseudo-activist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of Sputnik on social media and its use of viral, <a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">clickbait</a> headlines has led it to be described as "the <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a> of Propaganda" by <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia was accused by the US authorities for efforts to spread fake news and propaganda in an attempt to meddle in the <a href="/wiki/2016_US_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 US presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia is alleged to have used tactics such as creating fraudulent social media accounts, organization of political rallies and online political advertisements in an effort to help Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> win the election.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior executives of American social media platforms made an effort to counter alleged Russian propaganda by deleting automated accounts and alerting users of the presence of alleged misinformation on their platforms and interactions users may have had. In January 2017, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> estimated that approximately 677,000 users had "interacted with Russian propaganda or bots during the 2016 campaign". Three weeks later Twitter officials said that it is probably more than 1.4 million users were exposed to content stemming from these accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Twitter deleted approximately 200,000 tweets that were found to have stemmed from accounts linked to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 31, 2017, executives from Facebook, Google and Twitter testified on Russia's alleged use of social media in the 2016 election, before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to combat fake news, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> announced a plan in January 2018 to attempt to highlight reliable sources of news.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein" title="Rod Rosenstein">Rod Rosenstein</a> appointed former FBI Director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> to serve as special counsel to the <a href="/wiki/US_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Justice Department">US Justice Department</a> in an investigation into alleged Russian interference in the 2016 election.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 16, 2018, The <a href="/wiki/US_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Justice Department">US Justice Department</a> indicted thirteen Russian nationals and three Russian companies on charges of attempting to influence the 2016 election in support of the Trump Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the organizations indicted was the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Internet Research Agency</a>, a St. Petersburg based company that is said to use social media to spread fake news promoting Russian interests. The indictment claims that employees of the IRA were urged to "use any opportunity to criticize Hillary [Clinton]".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia has been accused of engaging in propaganda campaigns in an effort to sway public opinion concerning the nation's annexation of Crimea in 2014. Russian social media operations were allegedly undertaken to use misinformation to appeal to pro-Russian forces in Crimea, while discrediting rebel and separatist groups. Notably, a false story was spread throughout social media of a young child being crucified by Ukrainian forces in Slovyansk.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ukrainian government also banned several Russian internet services, including the popular social media network, <a href="/wiki/Vkontakte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vkontakte">Vkontakte</a>, which has been criticized as being censorship, affecting millions of Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propaganda_in_education">Propaganda in education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propaganda in education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since coming to power in 2000, Putin and his government promoted the idea of "patriotic education" in educational reforms in order to spread propaganda and increase the loyalty to the regime. Putin has insisted that students learn patriotic values in schools, that lessons in history, languages and the arts should inspire pride among youth and strengthen their "patriotism". At first, these efforts to bring about educational changes had limited success, however, after the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea in 2014</a>, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, the "patriotic" reforms and the emphasis on patriotism has grown, while freedom of speech in schools declined, and teachers also became more likely to be fired for publicly expressing political views. The national Russian symbols became more celebrated, and in 2014, the Russian government approved a new set of history textbooks, which featured a revised narrative of historical events and praised Putin's achievements and the annexation of Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-ed1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5,_2022,_36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_2022%2C_36.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_2022%2C_36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_2022%2C_36.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_2022%2C_36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_2022%2C_36.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_2022%2C_36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Putin's <a href="/wiki/Young_Army_Cadets_National_Movement" title="Young Army Cadets National Movement">Young Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> on 9 May 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 May 2020, <i>The Moscow Times</i> reported that Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> made another effort to introduce "patriotic lessons" for Russian students.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in February 2022, the Russian government increased their efforts to introduce "patriotic education" into schools by passing new education laws, revising school textbooks, and introducing teaching guides that help teachers deliver "patriotic" lessons which would justify the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-ed1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, the Ministry of Education rolled out a series of compulsory lesson plans, developed in large part by Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kravtsov_(politician)" title="Sergey Kravtsov (politician)">Sergey Kravtsov</a>, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_about_Important_Things" title="Conversations about Important Things">Conversations about Important Things</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Разговоры о важном</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Conversations about that which is important</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, or <i>Important Conversations</i> for short).<sup id="cite_ref-“nytTopol”_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“nytTopol”-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times-20230801_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-20230801-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mt-20220902_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-20220902-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Important Conversations</i> includes lessons on "patriotism" taught to children beginning at the age of six such as "the happiness of the motherland is more precious than life", that "a true patriot should be ready to defend the country", and "it's not scary to die for the motherland".<sup id="cite_ref-mt-20220902_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-20220902-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also teaches children about Russian heroes such as Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, and covers various topics from the Russian government's perspective, such as national identity, patriotism, traditional values and world events. Putin hosted an inaugural lesson with selected students in the Russian exclave of <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, on 1 September 2022. <sup id="cite_ref-“nytTopol”_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“nytTopol”-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i> reported that some parents were shocked by the <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militaristic</a> nature of <i>Important Conversations</i> lessons, with some comparing them to the "patriotic education" of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Russian students and their parents have been investigated by the police, or threatened with expulsion, for refusing to attend the <i>Important Conversations</i> lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first week of March, Russian schools held an "All-Russia Open Lesson", a virtual lesson to further justify the need to wage war on Ukraine and the "danger" of NATO<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk-070322_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-070322-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Education">Ministry of Education</a> also distributed manuals to teachers, instructing them on how to discuss the war, including an "approved" version of the conflict. One manual explicitly claims Russia's war in Ukraine "is not a war".<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk-070322_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-070322-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian teachers faced prosecution for expressing anti-war views in and outside the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-ed1_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin signed legislation expanding Russia's <a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">foreign agent law</a>. Under the expansions, any persons or organizations who receive support of any type, not just financial, are added to a Justice Ministry list of "foreign agents". "Foreign agents" are barred from receiving state funding, teaching at state universities, or working with children. The Roskomnadzor was given the authority to block "foreign agent" websites at the Justice Ministry's request without need for a court order.<sup id="cite_ref-mt-20220902_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-20220902-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Summer of 2022, Putin approved the creation of nationwide <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_the_First" title="Movement of the First">children's and youth movement</a> modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_movement" title="Pioneer movement">Soviet pioneer organisations</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg/220px-2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg/330px-2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg/440px-2023-07-27._%D0%92_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Russian children at a memorial to children <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">allegedly killed by Ukrainian forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>, a state-sponsored event in Kursk in July 2023</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the propaganda in the Russian Federation, the <a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a> in 2015 to count and display cases of untruths propagated in Russia about the EU and its member states.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Riabchuk" title="Mykola Riabchuk">Mykola Riabchuk</a>, Ukrainian journalist and political analyst, the Russian propaganda evolved into a full-fledged <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information war</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. Riabchuk writes: "Three major narratives emerged that can be summed up as 'Ukraine's borders are artificial', 'Ukraine's society is deeply divided', and 'Ukrainian institutions are irreparably dysfunctional'", thus needing "external, apparently Russian, guardianship".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a hearing in the US Congress in 2015, Leon Aron, director of Russian studies at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, described the Russian-sponsored TV network <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> (formerly known as Russia Today) as not only promoting the Russian "brand", but aiming to "devalue the ideas of democratic transparency and responsibility, undermine the belief in the reliability of public information and fill the airwaves with half-truths". He described Russian state propaganda as "aggressive, often subtle, and effective in its use of the Internet".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pomerantsev" title="Peter Pomerantsev">Peter Pomerantsev</a>, a British TV producer, in his 2014 book <i>Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible</i>, argues that the propaganda's goals are not to convince, as in the classical propaganda, but to make an information field "dirty" so people would trust nobody.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussing the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, referred to RT as a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn" and continued, "Russia Today [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] network has deployed to promote president Putin's fantasy about what is playing out on the ground. They almost spend full-time devoted to this effort, to propagandize, and to distort what is happening or not happening in Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-JKerry_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKerry-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cliff Kincaid, the director of <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">Accuracy in Media</a>'s Center for Investigative Journalism, called RT "the well-known disinformation outlet for Russian propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of European parliament have argued that Europe needs to strengthen its defense against Russian propaganda citing alleged Russian meddling in French, German and Spanish elections as well as <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015, The East Stratcom Task Force was created with the backing of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in order to counter Russian efforts to spread misinformation and fake news.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Ovsyannikova" title="Marina Ovsyannikova">Marina Ovsyannikova</a>, an editor for Russia's main state-controlled TV station <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a>, interrupted the television's live broadcast to protest against the Russian invasion of Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying a poster stating in a mix of Russian and English: "Stop the war, don't believe the propaganda, here you are being lied to."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 April 2022, Russia's opposition politician <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> said the "monstrosity of lies" in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Russian state media</a> "is unimaginable. And, unfortunately, so is its persuasiveness for those who have no access to alternative information."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tweeted that "warmongers" among Russian state media personalities "should be treated as war criminals. From the editors-in-chief to the talk show hosts to the news editors, [they] should be sanctioned now and tried someday."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_from_Olgino" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolls from Olgino">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatnik_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatnik (slang)">Vatnik (slang)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/04/pro-russia-trolls-ukraine-guardian-online">The readers' editor on... pro-Russia trolling below the line on Ukraine stories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023507/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/04/pro-russia-trolls-ukraine-guardian-online">Archived</a> 2016-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 4 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2014/05/21/lajki-na-zapad#/cut">Максимальный ретвит: Лайки на Запад</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614092900/http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2014/05/21/lajki-na-zapad#/cut">Archived</a> 2016-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Maximum Retweet: 'Likes' for the West") <i><a href="/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a></i>, 21 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbrCon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbrCon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+Pumps+Tens+of+Millions+Into+Burnishing+Image+Abroad&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F03%2F05%2FAR2008030503539_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/52n/n52n-s00.shtml">«Честь России стоит дорого». Мы выяснили, сколько конкретно</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428091159/http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/52n/n52n-s00.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_gazeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Novaya gazeta">Novaya gazeta</a></i> July 21, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2005/06/06/92991">Имидж за $30 млн</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918023225/http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2005%2F06%2F06%2F92991">Archived</a> 2007-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a> June 6, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/journalism-mixes-with-spin-on-russia-today-critics-1.574362">"Journalism mixes with spin on Russia Today: critics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 10 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611184421/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/03/10/russia-today-critics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A1+%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golos-ameriki.ru%2Fcontent%2Fsenate-hearing-on-russian-propaganda%2F3035425.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2015/03/31/7063251/">"Пітер Померанцев: Мета російської пропаганди - щоб ніхто нікому не довіряв"</a>. <i>Українська правда</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114752/http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2015/03/31/7063251/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8+-+%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Farticles%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2F7063251%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/nothing-is-true-and-everything-is-possible-by-peter-pomerantsev.html?_r=0">Review: 'Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible,' by Peter Pomerantsev</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709043654/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/nothing-is-true-and-everything-is-possible-by-peter-pomerantsev.html?_r=0">Archived</a> 2017-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JKerry-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JKerry_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?319014-1/secretary-kerry-ukraine">"Secretary Kerry on Ukraine"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. 24 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125053402/https://www.c-span.org/video/?319014-1%2Fsecretary-kerry-ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Parliament&rft.atitle=EU+needs+to+increase+its+resilience+to+Russian+propaganda%2C+say+MEPs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fpress-room%2F20180117IPR91901%2Feu-needs-to-increase-its-resilience-to-russian-propaganda-say-meps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/european-commission-russia-disinformation-propaganda-call-to-action/28981394.html">"EU Issues Call To Action To Combat Russian 'Propaganda'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 17 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321180658/https://www.rferl.org/a/european-commission-russia-disinformation-propaganda-call-to-action/28981394.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://theconversation.com/putins-control-over-ukraine-war-news-is-not-total-its-challenged-by-online-news-and-risk-taking-journalists-179540">"Putin's control over Ukraine war news is not total – it's challenged by online news and risk-taking journalists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+control+over+Ukraine+war+news+is+not+total+%E2%80%93+it%27s+challenged+by+online+news+and+risk-taking+journalists&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fputins-control-over-ukraine-war-news-is-not-total-its-challenged-by-online-news-and-risk-taking-journalists-179540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/15/anti-war-protester-interrupts-russian-tv-news-show">"Russia-Ukraine war: Marina Ovsyannikova interrupts Russian show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+war%3A+Marina+Ovsyannikova+interrupts+Russian+show&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F15%2Fanti-war-protester-interrupts-russian-tv-news-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/opinion/channelling-goebbels-the-obscenity-of-russian-state-tv-news-as-it-conceals-war-crimes-for-putin-1559603?ico=best_of_opinion">"Channelling Goebbels: The obscenity of Russian state TV news, as it conceals war crimes for Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">inews.co.uk.</a></i> 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=inews.co.uk.&rft.atitle=Channelling+Goebbels%3A+The+obscenity+of+Russian+state+TV+news%2C+as+it+conceals+war+crimes+for+Putin&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fchannelling-goebbels-the-obscenity-of-russian-state-tv-news-as-it-conceals-war-crimes-for-putin-1559603%3Fico%3Dbest_of_opinion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/04/06/navalny-calls-for-sanctions-against-russian-state-media-warmongers-a77237">"Navalny Calls for Sanctions Against Russian State Media 'Warmongers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Navalny+Calls+for+Sanctions+Against+Russian+State+Media+%27Warmongers%27&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2022%2F04%2F06%2Fnavalny-calls-for-sanctions-against-russian-state-media-warmongers-a77237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrycharz2024" class="citation journal cs1">Strycharz, Damian (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/100/2/655/7613258">"More than Putin: managed pluralism in Russia's foreign policy"</a>. <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>100</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=More+than+Putin%3A+managed+pluralism+in+Russia%27s+foreign+policy&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Strycharz&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fia%2Farticle%2F100%2F2%2F655%2F7613258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=5630FB84C9A18">Общественное мнение против Путина</a> ("Public opinion is anti-Putin"), article by Russian sociologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Eidman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Eidman (page does not exist)">Igor Eidman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Эйдман, Игорь Виленович">ru</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Wilenowitsch_Eidman" class="extiw" title="de:Igor Wilenowitsch Eidman">de</a>]</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27713847">"Russian propaganda machine 'worse than Soviet Union'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+propaganda+machine+%27worse+than+Soviet+Union%27&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-27713847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2014/04/29/russia-today-s-disinformation-campaign">"Russia Today's Disinformation Campaign"</a>. <i>DipNote</i>. U.S. State Department official blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DipNote&rft.atitle=Russia+Today%27s+Disinformation+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.state.gov%2Fstories%2F2014%2F04%2F29%2Frussia-today-s-disinformation-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+propaganda+in+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Template talk:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russo-Ukrainian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Ukrainian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet_dispute" title="Black Sea Fleet dispute">Black Sea Fleet dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Munich_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin">2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Main events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Odesa_clashes" title="2014 Odesa clashes">2014 Odesa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_units_which_invaded_the_territory_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine">List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnergate" title="Wagnergate">Wagnergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 Russian annexation referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions" title="2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions">2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and<br />reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctioned people and organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_for_the_Sovereignty,_Integrity,_Democracy,_and_Economic_Stability_of_Ukraine_Act_of_2014" title="Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014">Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)">ICJ case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">ORDLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorist_Operation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorist Operation Zone">ATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_war_in_Donbas" title="International reactions to the war in Donbas">International reactions to the war in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">journalists killed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 Crimean status referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Black_Sea_incident" title="2021 Black Sea incident">2021 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">2021–2023 global supply chain crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Eurointegration of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_imagery_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Soviet imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Lend-Lease (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Diplomatic expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_arrest_warrants_for_Vladimir_Putin_and_Maria_Lvova-Belova" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova">ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="LGBT people in the Russo-Ukrainian War">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">Lukoil oil transit dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_energy_crisis" title="Ukrainian energy crisis">Ukrainian energy crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_cyberwarfare" title="Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ukraine_power_grid_hack" title="2015 Ukraine power grid hack">2015 Ukraine power grid hack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kyiv_cyberattack" title="2016 Kyiv cyberattack">2016 Kyiv cyberattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkov_leaks" title="Surkov leaks">2016 Surkov leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Ukraine_ransomware_attacks" title="2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks">2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">2022 Ukraine cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_Army_of_Ukraine" title="IT Army of Ukraine">IT Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Anonymous and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ukrainian_cyberattacks_against_Russia" title="2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia">2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Social media in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Media portrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the 2022 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russo-Ukrainian_War_films" title="List of Russo-Ukrainian War films">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian language in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">2014 anti-war protests in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Control of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_and_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War">Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_electronic_warfare" title="Ukraine and electronic warfare">Ukraine and electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_conscription_crisis" title="Ukrainian conscription crisis">Ukrainian conscription crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Category:Russo-Ukrainian War">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Propaganda_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Propaganda_in_Europe" title="Template:Propaganda in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Propaganda_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Propaganda in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Propaganda_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Belarus" title="Propaganda in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Italy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Propaganda in Italy (disambiguation)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Propaganda in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Propaganda in the Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Spain" title="Propaganda in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_Sweden" title="Category:Propaganda in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Propaganda in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_United_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Propaganda in the United Kingdom (disambiguation)">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Former states</b>: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_East_Germany" title="Propaganda in East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Propaganda in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Propaganda_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Propaganda_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Propaganda in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Japan" title="Propaganda in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_South_Korea" title="Propaganda in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Template:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Template talk:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic National Committee cyber attacks">DNC cyber attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Bear" title="Fancy Bear">Fancy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guccifer_2.0" title="Guccifer 2.0">Guccifer 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR RF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_Bear" title="Cozy Bear">Cozy Bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee_cyber_attacks" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee cyber attacks">DCCC cyber attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_election_leaks" title="2016 United States election leaks">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Committee_email_leak" title="2016 Democratic National Committee email leak">DNC email leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podesta_emails" title="Podesta emails">Podesta emails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCLeaks" title="DCLeaks">DCLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">Fake news websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_Black_Lives_Matter" title="Russia and Black Lives Matter">Russia and BLM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Timelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical_timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Topical timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Topical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">before July 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections_(July_2016_%E2%80%93_election_day)" title="Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016 – election day)">July 2016 – election day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-election_transition_following_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)">Jan–Jun 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)">Jul–Dec 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2018)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)">Jan–Jun 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)">Jul–Dec 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2019)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2019)">Jan–Jun 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2019)">Jul–Dec 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_investigations_into_Donald_Trump_and_Russia_(2020%E2%80%932022)" title="Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (2020–2022)">2020–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timelines_related_to_Donald_Trump_and_Russian_interference_in_United_States_elections" title="Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections">Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-election<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assessing_Russian_Activities_and_Intentions_in_Recent_US_Elections" title="Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections">Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey" title="Dismissal of James Comey">Dismissal of James Comey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_investigation_origins_counter-narrative" title="Russia investigation origins counter-narrative">Russia investigation origins counter-narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation" title="Durham special counsel investigation">Durham special counsel investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Mueller special counsel investigation">Mueller special counsel investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_teams_involved_in_the_Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Legal teams involved in the Mueller special counsel investigation">Legal teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_charges_brought_in_the_Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Criminal charges brought in the Mueller special counsel investigation">list of charges</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Flynn" title="United States v. Flynn">United States v. Flynn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_Paul_Manafort" title="Trials of Paul Manafort">Trials of Paul Manafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_report" title="Mueller report">Mueller report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barr_letter" title="Barr letter">Barr letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia" title="Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia">Trump business projects in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_Moscow" title="Trump Tower Moscow">Trump Tower Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_meeting" title="Trump Tower meeting">Trump Tower meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Reactions to the Mueller special counsel investigation">Reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunes_memo" title="Nunes memo">Nunes memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee_v._Russian_Federation" title="Democratic National Committee v. Russian Federation">DNC lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018 interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election">Senate Intelligence Committee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020 interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_files_leak" title="Vulkan files leak">Vulkan files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_papers" title="Kremlin papers">Kremlin papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russian disinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare by Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Russian web brigades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Hack_America" title="The Plot to Hack America">The Plot to Hack America</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Kremlin_Candidate%3F" title="Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?">Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyberwar:_How_Russian_Hackers_and_Trolls_Helped_Elect_a_President" title="Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President">Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Roulette_(Isikoff_and_Corn_book)" title="Russian Roulette (Isikoff and Corn book)">Russian Roulette</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_Russia_report" title="Intelligence and Security Committee Russia report">Intelligence and Security Committee report</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_British_politics" title="Russian interference in British politics">Russian interference in British politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">2017 Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_European_politics" title="Russian interference in European politics">Russian interference in European politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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