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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_in_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Abortion in the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_in_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Abortion in the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abortion_in_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abortion in the Soviet Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abortion_in_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920–1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1920–1936</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936–1955" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936–1955"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1936–1955</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936–1955-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1955_onward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955_onward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1955 onward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955_onward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_in_the_early_years_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_in_the_early_years_of_the_Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Abortion in the early years of the Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_in_the_early_years_of_the_Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Opinion polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s_to_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_to_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1920s to 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s_to_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_to_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_to_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1950s to 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_to_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Recent statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives_for_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives_for_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Motives for abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives_for_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="سقط جنین در روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقط جنین در روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortement_en_Russie" title="Avortement en Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avortement en Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poba%C4%8Daj_u_Rusiji" title="Pobačaj u Rusiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pobačaj u Rusiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="په روسیه کې د جنین سقط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په روسیه کې د جنین سقط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto_na_R%C3%BAssia" title="Aborto na Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aborto na Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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href="#cite_note-stat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of a population of 143 million people. In 2020, Russia had decreased its number of abortions to 450 thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the takeover of Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> became the first country in the world in the modern era to allow <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> in all circumstances in 1920. Over the course of the 20th century, the legality of abortion changed more than once, with a ban on unconditional abortions being enacted again from 1936 to 1955, after which it was legalised again. Due to this, the country gained a termed "abortion culture".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian abortions peaked in the middle of the 1960s, with a total of 5,463,300 abortions being performed in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the entire Soviet Union, from its legalisation, until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, over 260 million abortions took place (mostly in Russia). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abortion_in_the_Russian_Empire">Abortion in the Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abortion in the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abortion was illegal in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The practice is not directly referenced in the <a href="/wiki/Domostroy" title="Domostroy">Domostroi</a>, though child rearing is a common topic. During Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis Romanov</a>'s reign the punishment for abortion was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death</a>, only later removed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>. Abortion continued to be a serious crime until 1917. Through articles 1462 and 1463 of the Russian Penal Code individuals "guilty of the crime could be deprived of civil rights and exiled or sentenced to hard labor."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its illegality, "black market" abortions existed. Underground obstetric personnel known as <i>povival'nye babki</i> and <i>sel'skie povival'nye babki</i>, usually translated as <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a> and rural midwives, respectively and commonly referred to as simply <i>babki</i>, literally "old women" and <i>povitukhi</i> (midwives) performed abortions. Not merely abortion providers, <i>babki</i>, were trained health care professionals—they served as nurses and midwives in especially rural areas where proper medical service was unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of abortions increased in Moscow two-and-a-half times between 1909 and 1914; the increased frequency of abortions in St. Petersburg was many times higher over the turn of the century, 1897–1912.<sup id="cite_ref-Stites_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stites-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistical data from the beginning of the 20th century suggest that the strict laws were rarely enforced. For instance, figures for sentences pronounced during the years before the First World War include: 20 (1910), 28 (1911), 31 (1912), and 60 (1914).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late Russian Empire, doctors and jurists began to advocate for relaxed abortion laws and increased <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>. The motivation was to make abortions less dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-Kon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historians, the movement to legalize abortion and encourage contraception arose differently than it did in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Rather than among the political scene (as in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, for example), proponents came from medical fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889 the Third Congress of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirogov_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirogov Society (page does not exist)">Pirogov Society</a>, a medical scientific society whose works had a resounding influence in Russia, started the discussion on decriminalization of abortion. Others followed: in 1911 the Fourth Congress of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Russian_Midwives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Russian Midwives (page does not exist)">Society of Russian Midwives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1913 the Pirogov Society's Twelfth Congress, and in 1914 the Russian group of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_of_Criminologists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society of Criminologists (page does not exist)">International Society of Criminologists</a> came forward supporting decriminalization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abortion_in_the_Soviet_Union">Abortion in the Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abortion in the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1936"><span id="1920.E2.80.931936"></span>1920–1936</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1920–1936"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RussianAbortionPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/320px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/480px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/640px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Soviet poster circa 1925 warning against traditional home abortions by midwives. Title translation: "Miscarriages induced by either self-taught midwives or obstetricians not only maim the woman, they also often lead to death."</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet government was the first government in Europe to legalize abortion. In October 1920 the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> made abortion legal within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> with their "Decree on Women's Healthcare". After the RSFSR the law was introduced in Ukraine (5 July 1921) and then the remainder of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government saw legalization as a temporary necessity, as after the economic crisis and nearly a decade of unrest, war, revolution, and civil war, many women would be seeking abortions due to not being able to take care of their child. Restrictions were placed on the criteria for abortions and by 1924 it was only permitted where pregnancy risked the life of the woman or the unborn child.<sup id="cite_ref-Socialist_Health_Association_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socialist_Health_Association-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union encouraged <a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">pronatal</a> policies; however, Soviet officials argued that women would be getting abortions regardless of legality, and the state would be able to regulate and control abortion only if it was legalized. In particular, the Soviet government hoped to provide access to abortion in a safe environment performed by a trained doctor instead of <i>babki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kon2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kon2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this campaign was extremely effective in the urban areas (as much as 75% of abortions in Moscow were performed in hospitals by 1925), it had much less on rural regions where there was neither access to doctors, transportation, or both and where women relied on traditional medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the countryside in particular, women continued to see <i>babki</i>, midwives, hairdressers, nurses, and others for the procedure after abortion was legalized in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, became the first country to have abortion available, on request, often for no cost.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was intense debate among government and medical officials surrounding its legalization. The main arguments used in opposition to legalizing abortion were that it would have a harmful effect on population growth or on the grounds that it was too medically harmful to the woman. By the mid-1920s, hospitals were so severely congested by abortion procedures that special clinics had to be opened to free up beds. The enormous rate of abortions being performed also caused many doctors to become concerned and restrictions started being passed to limit abortion after the third month of pregnancy and to ensure that priority was given only to women deemed too poor, single, or who already had several children. Only six months between a first abortion and a second abortion was permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Socialist_Health_Association_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socialist_Health_Association-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, renewed efforts were made to prosecute <i>babki</i>. This had first started with the legalization of abortion in 1920 and a fair number of <i>babki</i> were caught and punished as legal abortion gave them no excuse to continue operating. During the collectivization drives in the early 1930s, this was temporarily put on the back burner, but in 1934 new, stricter laws were passed on performing illegal abortions, and there was a circular of the RSFSR Procuracy and extensive stories on them in the major newspapers. The circular requested that regional prosecutors step up efforts to combat unsanctioned abortion, citing a letter submitted to the Procuracy by an anonymous private citizen decrying the harm done to women by <i>babki</i> in one rural district. A month later, <i>Izvestiia</i> ran a piece condemning "the plight of young women who ended up at the abortionist's doorstep after being unable to find employment."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936–1955"><span id="1936.E2.80.931955"></span>1936–1955</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1936–1955"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 June 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union</a> made abortion illegal again, stemming largely from concerns about population growth as well as concerns for the medical dangers of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law that outlawed abortion did not only do just that, but rather contained several different decrees. The official title of the law was, "Decree on the Prohibition of Abortions, the Improvement of Material Aid to Women in Childbirth, the Establishment of State Assistance to Parents of Large Families, and the Extension of the Network of Lying-in Homes, Nursery schools and Kindergartens, the Tightening-up of Criminal Punishment for the Non-payment of Alimony, and on Certain Modifications in Divorce Legislation". This law allowed abortion only in the case of a threat to a woman's health. All of this was part of the Soviet initiative to encourage population growth, as well as place a stronger emphasis on the importance of the family unit to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law coincided with a state-sponsored promotion of <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_(1936_film)" title="Circus (1936 film)">Circus</a></i> (premiered on 25 May 1936, was postponed) depicting an American Catholic protagonist giving birth to a child she conceived with her African American lover, which was forbidden due to American anti-Black sentiments. At his meeting with the workers from the <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, who was closely following film as a strong source of propaganda, said: "We must finally understand that, of all the valuable capitals available in the world, the most valuable and decisive capital is the people".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just after that, America and Americans disappeared from Soviet cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This decree provoked resentment and opposition among urban women arguing that it was often impossible to have a child when they were trying to further their careers (as the Soviet state actively promoted female education and work placement) and because of inadequate housing and supplies needed to care for children. The anti-abortion laws in practice were only marginally more enforceable than in tsarist times and <i>babki</i> continued to ply their trade, knowing that there was little risk of being caught. Although there were numerous cases of women checking into hospitals after undergoing botched abortions, it was usually impossible to tell if they had had a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, a self-performed one, or one performed by a <i>babka</i>. The unwritten code of female solidarity also held strong and women seldom ratted out <i>babki</i> to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, the abortion rate was affected little by the 1936 decrees, although it was observed that the rate of infant mortality rose between 1935 and 1940 due to women apparently injuring themselves in illegal abortions that then prevented them from producing healthy children.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Babki</i> abortion services remained as they had always been: unsafe, expensive, and forcing women to lie to authorities. </p><p>The law provided allowances to women for their seventh and subsequent children up until their third birthday. In 1944 the benefits were expanded to offer allowances for the third children until their fourth birthday and for fourth and subsequent children until their seventh birthday. However, all of this aid was cut in 1948, after the largest source of population depletions, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, was over.<sup id="cite_ref-ref73926_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref73926-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite abortion being outlawed and these fertility policies, abortion rates remained high during this time. Illegal abortions caused an estimated 4,000 deaths per year due to complications in underground abortions. <sup id="cite_ref-k746_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k746-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women continued to get illegal abortions during this time due to policies encouraging married women to be employed and economic policies favoring heavy industry and national defense over housing and consumer goods.<sup id="cite_ref-ref73926_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref73926-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the postwar era, millions of men were dead and the government was forced to legitimize single-mother families. The New Family Law of 1944 sanctioned single motherhood as a site of reproduction by providing financial support for single mothers. The prevalence of single mothers in this time was a reality; by 1957, 3.2 million women were claiming government aid as single mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-randall_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randall-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relaxation of government policy on abortion began in the 1950s, which began with the expansion of the list of medical indications for termination of pregnancy in 1951, and in 1954 criminal liability for illegal abortion was canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955_onward">1955 onward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1955 onward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet government revoked the 1936 laws<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and issued a new law on abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-1955-11-12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1955-11-12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree, issued in 1955, stated that "measures carried out by the Soviet state to encourage motherhood and protect infancy, as well as the uninterrupted growth of the consciousness and culturedness of women," allowed for the change in policy. The language of the decree implied that most women would choose motherhood over abortion and that preventing abortion remained a goal of the government, as it was still encouraging population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-1955-11-12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1955-11-12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1950s and 1960s, it is estimated that the Soviet Union had some of the highest abortion rates in the world. The abortion rate during this period is not known for sure, because the Soviet Union did not start releasing abortion statistics until <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>. The best estimates, which are based on surveys of medical professionals during this time, say that about 6 to 7 million abortions were performed per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Wites_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the few insights we have regarding abortion during the late 1950s is a survey, conducted between 1958 and 1959, of 26,000 women seeking abortions, 20,000 from urban areas and 6,000 from rural areas. Several facts can be gathered from this survey regarding what kind of women sought abortions and their reasons for doing so. First of all, an "overwhelming majority" of the women were married, though the survey results do not give an exact percentage. Second, we can learn how many children the women had. Of the urban women, 10.2% were childless, 41.2% had one child, 32.1% had two children, and 16.5% had three or more children, making the median number of children 1.47. Of the <a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">rural women</a>, 6.2% were childless, 26.9% had one child, 30% had two children, and 36.9% had three or more children, the median number of children being 2.06. Of women seeking abortions, urban women were more likely to have fewer or no children.<sup id="cite_ref-heer_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been an effect of the lack of space faced by urban women. </p><p>The survey also examined women's reasons for seeking abortions. It divided the reasons into four categories. The first was "unconditionally removable", things that could be remedied by government action, such as material need, lack of space, no one at home, or no institution to put the child in. The second category was "conditionally removable", things that might possibly be remedied by government action, such as the absence of a husband, family troubles, or illness of one or both parents. The third category was "unremovable", things that were not caused by social conditions, such as a baby in the family or many children already. The fourth category was "unclear causes", such as one or both parents’ unwillingness to have a child and multiple other reasons. </p><p>The results for this question were: of the reasons given by urban women, 35% were unconditionally removable, 16.5% were conditionally removable, 10% were unremovable, and 37.9% were unclear. Of the reasons given by rural women, 26.3% were unconditionally removable, 18% were conditionally removable, 10% were unremovable, and 45.2% were unclear. The most marked different was that more urban women cited lack of space as a reason. The survey results found that abortion rates were much higher among women who work, with a rate of 105.5 abortions per thousand pregnancies, as against 41.5 per thousand among women who did not work. </p><p>If the abortion rates of this survey are taken to be representative, then during this period the number of annual abortions was higher than the number of live births. This would also mean that the abortion rates in the Soviet Union were the highest of any in the world at that time. By the end of the Brezhnev era in 1982, Soviet birthrates hovered just at or below <a href="/wiki/Replacement-level_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement-level fertility">replacement level</a> except in the Muslim-majority Central Asian republics.<sup id="cite_ref-heer_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion_in_the_early_years_of_the_Russian_Federation">Abortion in the early years of the Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abortion in the early years of the Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early years of the Russian Federation were marked by declining rates of fertility and abortion and increased access to and use of preventative birth control. The official policy of the Soviet Union at the time of its collapse was pro-family planning, although contraceptives were generally unavailable to the public, leaving most women with abortion as the only way to regulate family size.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declining rate of abortion indicates that fewer and fewer Russian pregnancies were intended. Most common in the 1990s were 'miniabortions', abortions by vacuum aspiration performed during the first seven weeks of pregnancy. The legalization of miniabortions in 1988 made the previously required three-day hospital stay unnecessary. Unreliable quality and availability of contraceptive options may have partially slowed the decline in abortion rates in Russia in the 1990s. In Russia at the beginning of the 1990s, less than 75% of sexually active women used preventative birth control of any kind. While such resources became more available with the fall of the Soviet Union, by 1993 still less than half of Russian women felt they had adequate access to them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first decade of the Russian Federation alone, both of Russia's condom factories and the only Russian IUD factory shut down for periods of time because of concerns about latex prices and quality control. At the beginning of the Russian Federation, 41% of sexually active women in Russia relied on unreliable 'traditional methods' of birth control. Many women who used those methods cited the availability of abortions as a factor in their reasoning. Many women who used no method of birth control at all also cited the option of abortion as a reason that they did not concern themselves with modern or even traditional family planning strategies. </p><p>Between 1990 and 2000 the number of annual abortions in Russia declined by half, but the ratio of abortions to live births (2.04 in 1990 to 1.92 in 1996) hardly declined. This means not only that fewer abortions were performed, but that fewer women became pregnant overall. This overall declining rate of fertility was one of the two main structural factors in Russia that promoted abortion over preventative birth control. Other factors lowering the rate of abortion include measures taken by President Vladimir Putin to increase family size in Russia. In the early 2000s he called for federal financial support for children in the first 18 months of life as a way to encourage women to have a second or third child.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he first proposed this, the Russian population was declining by 700,000 people every year. In the first ten years of the Russian Federation, the population of Russia declined by 3 million. Concerns about population decline in Russia are widespread. Attempts to mitigate population decline started with increased financial support for young children in Russia and eventually led to restricted access to abortion. </p><p>Other factors in the decline of abortion in Russia include the legalization of sterilization. Regulations of contraceptive sterilization had been in place since the 1930s but were lifted in 1993. In the first seven years that the practice was legal, almost 100,000 women sought and obtained sterilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a factor in the declining rates of unintended pregnancy in Russia. 2003 was the first time in fifty years that laws regarding access to abortion were made stricter; every other piece of legislation on the topic in both the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation was to grant women easier access.<sup id="cite_ref-Wites_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the year of the fall of the Soviet Union, a record number of about 3,608,000 abortions were performed in Russia. This number declined steadily over the years and by 2002 Russian doctors were performing 1,802,000 abortions annually. This is a significant decline, but left Russia with still the second-highest rate of abortions per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-Wites_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While abortions in Russia overall were declining, in the Asian part of the country the rate was actually increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Wites_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wites-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While abortion rates in these Asian republics were not as high as those in Western Russia at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, and are still not the highest in the country, they did rise. The decrease in overall rates of abortion is mostly due to the very steep drop in abortions per year in the two biggest cities in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg. National concern about declining population was a continuing trend since the 1980s, and caused the new regime to adopt anti-family planning policies. The use of contraceptives slowly rose over the 1990s but still in 1997 one in ten Russian pregnancies ended in abortion, and so it could be assumed that at least one in ten Russian pregnancies was unintended. Legally in Russia, the abortion procedure must take place in a hospital and as a result abortions provide an important source of income for healthcare providers. As abortions became slightly less common they hardly got safer. By 1998 two in three abortions still had some kind of health complication. Among the most common of these complications is unintentional secondary sterilization, which happens to one in ten Russian women who seeks an abortion in her lifetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_law">Current law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 2000s, Russia's steadily falling population (due to both negative birthrates and low life expectancy) became a major source of concern, even forcing the military to curtail conscription due to shortages of young males. On 21 October 2011, the Russian Parliament passed a law restricting abortion to the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, with an exception up to 22 weeks if the pregnancy was the result of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, and for medical necessity it can be performed at any point during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law also made mandatory a waiting period of two to seven days before an abortion can be performed, to allow the woman to "reconsider her decision".<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abortion can only be performed in licensed institutions (typically hospitals or women's clinics) and by physicians who have specialized training. The physician can refuse to perform the abortion, except the abortions for medical necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law is stricter than the previous one, in that under the former law abortions after 12 weeks were allowed on broader socioeconomic grounds,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas under the current law such abortions are only allowed if there are serious medical problems with the mother or fetus, or in case of rape. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of Russia</a> (article 123), the performance of an abortion by a person who does not have a medical degree and specialized training is punishable by fine of up to 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">RUB</a>; by a fine worth up to 8 months of the convicted's income; by <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a> from 100 to 240 hours; or by a jail term of 1 to 2 years. In cases when the illegal abortion resulted in the death of the pregnant woman, or caused significant harm to her health, the convicted individual faces a jail term of up to 5 years. </p><p>On 9 November 2023, Russian installed officials announced that "private clinics" in Crimea have stopped providing abortions. The Russian appointed minister for health, Konstantyn Skorupskyi, said that it was “offered to contribute to improving the demographic situation by giving up providing abortions."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_debate">Political debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Monument_to_not_born_children_in_Surgut._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Anti-abortion monument erected in 2013 outside a Russian Orthodox Church in <a href="/wiki/Surgut" title="Surgut">Surgut</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The abortion issue gained renewed attention in 2011 in a debate that <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> said "has begun to sound like the debate in the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">United States</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament passed and in 2011 <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Medvedev">Dmitri Medvedev</a> signed several restrictions on abortion into law to combat "a falling birthrate" and "<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">plunging population</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restrictions require abortion providers to devote 10% of advertising costs to describing the dangers of abortion to a woman's health and make it illegal to describe abortion as a safe medical procedure. Medvedev's wife <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Medvedeva" title="Svetlana Medvedeva">Svetlana Medvedeva</a> had taken up the <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> cause in Russia in a weeklong national campaign against abortion called "Give Me Life!" and a "Day of Family, Love and Faithfulness" by her Foundation for Social and Cultural Initiatives in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opinion polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the number of Russians viewing abortion as unacceptable under any circumstance was only 4%. By 2022, this had risen to 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite a significant reduction in the abortion to birth ratio since the mid-1990s, the countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> maintain the highest rate of abortions in the world. In 2001, 1.31 million children were born in Russia, while 2.11 million abortions were performed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, 1.6 million abortions were registered in Russia;<sup id="cite_ref-stat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20% of these involved girls under the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official statistics put the number of abortions at 450,000 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-stat_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, the abortion rate was 12 abortions per year per 1000 women aged 15–44 years.<sup id="cite_ref-interfax-religion.ru_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfax-religion.ru-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abortion statistics were considered state secrets in the Soviet Union until the end of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the USSR had one of the highest abortion rates in the world. The abortion rate in the USSR peaked in 1965, when 5.5 million abortions were performed, the highest number in Russia's history. Nevertheless, the legalization of abortion did not eliminate criminal abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_to_1950s">1920s to 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1920s to 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Number of abortions performed in a sample of 364 rural clinics<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>Legal Abortion </th> <th>Begun out of clinic </th> <th>Total amount </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922 </td> <td>10,060 </td> <td>10,676 </td> <td>20,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923 </td> <td>13,996 </td> <td>14,296 </td> <td>28,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924 </td> <td>16,771 </td> <td>16,712 </td> <td>33,483 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total number from time period </th> <th>40,827 </th> <th>41,684 </th> <th>82,539 </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Abortions registered in the USSR from 1936 to 1940 (partial territorial coverage)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>Total number of abortions performed </th> <th>Out of which begun outside a clinic </th> <th>Proportion of which begun outside of the clinic </th> <th>Proportion of illegal abortions out of those which began outside of a clinic </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td>803,058 </td> <td>343,750 </td> <td>43% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td>682,832 </td> <td>327,898 </td> <td>58% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>429,695 </td> <td>396,362 </td> <td>92% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td>464,246 </td> <td>424,500 </td> <td>91% </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>500,516 </td> <td>452,557 </td> <td>90% </td> <td>8.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total number from time period </th> <th>2,880,347 </th> <th>1,945,067 </th> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_to_1990s">1950s to 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1950s to 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Abortions in the USSR and Russia from 1954 to 1992<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="4">Year </th> <th colspan="9">Abortions in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <th colspan="4" rowspan="3">Abortions in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">All abortions </th> <th colspan="3">Legal induced abortions ('complete') </th> <th rowspan="3">Spontaneous or criminal abortions ('incomplete') </th> <th colspan="2">Legal abortion rate </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Total figures </th> <th rowspan="2">By Ministry of Health </th> <th rowspan="2">By Ministry of Transport </th> <th rowspan="2">All methods <p>(Total legal) </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">Curettage </th> <th rowspan="2">Aspiration <p>('mini') </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">per 100 live births </th> <th rowspan="2">per 1,000 women aged 15 – 49 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>Legal <p>('complete') </p> </th> <th>Illegal <p>('incomplete') </p> </th> <th>Total (legal) abortion rate </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1954 </th> <td><b>1,985,302</b> </td> <td>1,895,964 </td> <td>89,339 </td> <td><b>399,046</b> </td> <td>399,046 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,586,257</b> </td> <td>7.84 </td> <td>6.84 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1955 </th> <td><b>2,598,761</b> </td> <td>2,481,816 </td> <td>116,944 </td> <td><b>600,314</b> </td> <td>600,314 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,998,447</b> </td> <td>11.92 </td> <td>10.15 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td><b>4,724,547</b> </td> <td>4,511,942 </td> <td>212,605 </td> <td><b>3,316,632</b> </td> <td>3,316,632 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,407,915</b> </td> <td>65.10 </td> <td>55.40 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1957 </th> <td><b>5,338,738</b> </td> <td>5,108,970 </td> <td>229,768 </td> <td><b>3,996,159</b> </td> <td>3,996,159 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,342,579</b> </td> <td>76.81 </td> <td>66.26 </td> <td><b>3,407,398</b> </td> <td>2,565,037 </td> <td>842,361 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1958 </th> <td><b>6,128,871</b> </td> <td>5,892,260 </td> <td>236,611 </td> <td><b>4,844,567</b> </td> <td>4,844,567 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,284,304</b> </td> <td>92.24 </td> <td>80.62 </td> <td><b>3,939,362</b> </td> <td>3,119,980 </td> <td>819,382 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1959 </th> <td><b>6,398,541</b> </td> <td>6,211,160 </td> <td>187,381 </td> <td><b>5,102,306</b> </td> <td>5,102,306 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,296,235</b> </td> <td>96.21 </td> <td>85.79 </td> <td><b>4,174,111</b> </td> <td>3,353,178 </td> <td>820,933 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td><b>7,038,395</b> </td> <td>6,504,677 </td> <td>533,718 </td> <td><b>5,642,210</b> </td> <td>5,642,210 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,396,185</b> </td> <td>107.17 </td> <td>96.06 </td> <td><b>4,373,042</b> </td> <td>3,634,966 </td> <td>738,076 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1961 </th> <td><b>7,425,507</b> </td> <td>7,073,785 </td> <td>351,722 </td> <td><b>6,006,038</b> </td> <td>6,006,038 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,419,469</b> </td> <td>118.39 </td> <td>103.57 </td> <td><b>4,759,040</b> </td> <td>3,877,654 </td> <td>881,386 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1962 </th> <td><b>7,774,506</b> </td> <td>7,344,506 </td> <td>430,000 </td> <td><b>6,414,217</b> </td> <td>6,414,217 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,360,289</b> </td> <td>132.08 </td> <td>110.19 </td> <td><b>4,925,124</b> </td> <td>4,077,580 </td> <td>847,544 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1963 </th> <td><b>8,023,290</b> </td> <td>7,662,242 </td> <td>361,048 </td> <td><b>6,667,354</b> </td> <td>6,667,354 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,355,936</b> </td> <td>144.82 </td> <td>114.64 </td> <td><b>5,134,100</b> </td> <td>4,267,600 </td> <td>866,500 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td><b>8,408,408</b> </td> <td>8,030,030 </td> <td>378,378 </td> <td><b>7,021,021</b> </td> <td>7,021,021 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,387,387</b> </td> <td>161.30 </td> <td>120.23 </td> <td><b>5,376,200</b> </td> <td>4,486,400 </td> <td>889,800 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965 </th> <td><b>8,551,351</b> </td> <td>8,166,540 </td> <td>384,811 </td> <td><b>7,191,686</b> </td> <td>7,191,686 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,359,665</b> </td> <td>169.33 </td> <td>122.46 </td> <td><b>5,463,300</b> </td> <td>4,576,500 </td> <td>886,800 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966 </th> <td><b>8,337,567</b> </td> <td>7,962,377 </td> <td>375,191 </td> <td><b>7,020,232</b> </td> <td>7,020,232 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,317,336</b> </td> <td>168.52 </td> <td>118.15 </td> <td><b>5,322,500</b> </td> <td>4,475,200 </td> <td>847,300 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1967 </th> <td><b>7,846,354</b> </td> <td>7,493,268 </td> <td>353,086 </td> <td><b>6,624,990</b> </td> <td>6,624,990 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,222,364</b> </td> <td>161.94 </td> <td>109.72 </td> <td><b>5,005,000</b> </td> <td>4,223,600 </td> <td>781,400 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td><b>7,654,441</b> </td> <td>7,301,396 </td> <td>344,045 </td> <td><b>6,471,055</b> </td> <td>6,471,055 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,174,386</b> </td> <td>158.32 </td> <td>105.25 </td> <td><b>4,872,900</b> </td> <td>4,126,800 </td> <td>746,100 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1969 </th> <td><b>7,460,316</b> </td> <td>7,124,602 </td> <td>335,714 </td> <td><b>6,330,413</b> </td> <td>6,330,413 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,129,903</b> </td> <td>152.26 </td> <td>101.84 </td> <td><b>4,751,100</b> </td> <td>4,036,700 </td> <td>713,400 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1970 </th> <td><b>7,531,270</b> </td> <td>7,192,363 </td> <td>338,907 </td> <td><b>6,406,594</b> </td> <td>6,406,594 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,124,676</b> </td> <td>148.99 </td> <td>101.44 </td> <td><b>4,792,500</b> </td> <td>4,086,700 </td> <td>705,800 </td> <td>4.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1971 </th> <td><b>7,610,001</b> </td> <td>7,267,551 </td> <td>342,450 </td> <td><b>6,489,481</b> </td> <td>6,489,481 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,120,520</b> </td> <td>147.89 </td> <td>101.07 </td> <td><b>4,838,749</b> </td> <td>4,139,949 </td> <td>698,800 </td> <td>4.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td><b>7,497,264</b> </td> <td>7,159,887 </td> <td>337,377 </td> <td><b>6,408,802</b> </td> <td>6,408,802 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,088,462</b> </td> <td>144.45 </td> <td>98.27 </td> <td><b>4,765,589</b> </td> <td>4,090,589 </td> <td>675,000 </td> <td>4.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td><b>7,514,765</b> </td> <td>7,176,601 </td> <td>338,164 </td> <td><b>6,439,040</b> </td> <td>6,439,040 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,075,725</b> </td> <td>145.48 </td> <td>97.50 </td> <td><b>4,747,037</b> </td> <td>4,087,637 </td> <td>659,400 </td> <td>4.17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1974 </th> <td><b>7,449,129</b> </td> <td>7,113,918 </td> <td>335,211 </td> <td><b>6,397,731</b> </td> <td>6,397,731 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,051,398</b> </td> <td>139.71 </td> <td>95.89 </td> <td><b>4,674,050</b> </td> <td>4,037,350 </td> <td>636,700 </td> <td>4.09 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1975 </th> <td><b>7,471,572</b> </td> <td>7,135,351 </td> <td>336,221 </td> <td><b>6,431,773</b> </td> <td>6,431,773 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,039,798</b> </td> <td>137.65 </td> <td>95.68 </td> <td><b>4,669,940</b> </td> <td>4,046,040 </td> <td>623,900 </td> <td>4.09 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td><b>7,636,191</b> </td> <td>7,292,562 </td> <td>343,629 </td> <td><b>6,588,364</b> </td> <td>6,588,364 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,047,827</b> </td> <td>140.09 </td> <td>97.22 </td> <td><b>4,757,055</b> </td> <td>4,133,755 </td> <td>623,300 </td> <td>4.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td><b>7,579,105</b> </td> <td>7,238,045 </td> <td>341,060 </td> <td><b>6,553,674</b> </td> <td>6,553,674 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,025,430</b> </td> <td>138.70 </td> <td>96.22 </td> <td><b>4,686,063</b> </td> <td>4,083,863 </td> <td>602,200 </td> <td>4.05 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td><b>7,497,397</b> </td> <td>7,160,014 </td> <td>337,383 </td> <td><b>6,497,226</b> </td> <td>6,497,226 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>1,000,171</b> </td> <td>136.12 </td> <td>94.98 </td> <td><b>4,656,057</b> </td> <td>4,069,257 </td> <td>586,800 </td> <td>3.99 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td><b>7,339,566</b> </td> <td>7,009,286 </td> <td>330,380 </td> <td><b>6,374,161</b> </td> <td>6,374,161 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>965,406</b> </td> <td>131.63 </td> <td>93.21 </td> <td><b>4,540,440</b> </td> <td>3,979,240 </td> <td>561,200 </td> <td>3.86 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td><b>7,333,073</b> </td> <td>7,003,085 </td> <td>329,988 </td> <td><b>6,382,028</b> </td> <td>6,382,028 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>951,045</b> </td> <td>130.49 </td> <td>93.18 </td> <td><b>4,506,249</b> </td> <td>3,960,049 </td> <td>546,200 </td> <td>3.79 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td><b>7,155,594</b> </td> <td>6,833,592 </td> <td>322,002 </td> <td><b>6,240,562</b> </td> <td>6,240,562 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>915,032</b> </td> <td>124.57 </td> <td>91.17 </td> <td><b>4,400,676</b> </td> <td>3,877,576 </td> <td>523,100 </td> <td>3.69 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1982 </th> <td><b>7,250,355</b> </td> <td>6,924,089 </td> <td>326,266 </td> <td><b>6,336,188</b> </td> <td>6,336,188 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>914,167</b> </td> <td>120.29 </td> <td>92.13 </td> <td><b>4,462,825</b> </td> <td>3,942,525 </td> <td>520,300 </td> <td>3.72 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1983 </th> <td><b>7,085,370</b> </td> <td>6,766,528 </td> <td>318,842 </td> <td><b>6,204,515</b> </td> <td>6,204,515 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>880,855</b> </td> <td>115.07 </td> <td>90.05 </td> <td><b>4,317,129</b> </td> <td>3,823,529 </td> <td>493,600 </td> <td>3.57 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td><b>7,115,825</b> </td> <td>6,795,613 </td> <td>320,212 </td> <td><b>6,243,572</b> </td> <td>6,243,572 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>872,253</b> </td> <td>115.70 </td> <td>89.98 </td> <td><b>4,361,959</b> </td> <td>3,872,859 </td> <td>489,100 </td> <td>3.56 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td><b>7,365,852</b> </td> <td>7,034,389 </td> <td>331,463 </td> <td><b>6,475,595</b> </td> <td>6,475,595 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>890,258</b> </td> <td>118.64 </td> <td>92.77 </td> <td><b>4,552,443</b> </td> <td>4,051,843 </td> <td>500,600 </td> <td>3.66 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1986 </th> <td><b>7,116,000</b> </td> <td>6,790,141 </td> <td>325,859 </td> <td><b>6,267,984</b> </td> <td>6,267,984 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>848,016</b> </td> <td>110.62 </td> <td>89.47 </td> <td><b>4,362,110</b> </td> <td>3,891,677 </td> <td>470,433 </td> <td>3.46 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1987 </th> <td><b>6,818,000</b> </td> <td>6,496,499 </td> <td>321,501 </td> <td><b>6,009,655</b> </td> <td>6,009,655 </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>808,345</b> </td> <td>109.33 </td> <td>85.71 </td> <td><b>4,166,196</b> </td> <td>3,721,930 </td> <td>444,266 </td> <td>3.25 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td><b>7,229,000</b> </td> <td>6,965,221 </td> <td>263,779 </td> <td><b>6,469,096</b> </td> <td>5,271,096 </td> <td>1,198,000 </td> <td><b>759,904</b> </td> <td>124.16 </td> <td>92.42 </td> <td><b>4,483,856</b> </td> <td>4,065,709 </td> <td>418,147 </td> <td>3.50 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td><b>6,974,431</b> </td> <td>6,672,041 </td> <td>302,390 </td> <td><b>6,286,035</b> </td> <td>4,828,267 </td> <td>1,457,768 </td> <td><b>688,396</b> </td> <td>126.89 </td> <td>90.03 </td> <td><b>4,242,028</b> </td> <td>3,876,220 </td> <td>365,808 </td> <td>3.31 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td><b>6,459,000</b> </td> <td>6,226,821 </td> <td>232,179 </td> <td><b>5,836,823</b> </td> <td>4,150,448 </td> <td>1,686,375 </td> <td><b>622,177</b> </td> <td>123.57 </td> <td>84.77 </td> <td><b>3,920,287</b> </td> <td>3,593,291 </td> <td>326,996 </td> <td>3.05 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td>- </td> <td>6,014,000 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>3,608,412</b> </td> <td>3,164,701 </td> <td>361,203 </td> <td>2.88 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td>- </td> <td>5,442,900 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>3,265,718</b> </td> <td>2,910,460 </td> <td>329,545 </td> <td>2.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total number from time period </th> <td><b>258,723,655 -</b> (1954 - 1990) </td> <td>258,476,032 <p>(1954–92) </p> </td> <td>11,695,624 - (1954–90) </td> <td><b>216,987,139 -</b> (1954–90) </td> <td>212,644,996 <p>(1954 - 1990) </p> </td> <td>4,342,143 <p>(1988–90) </p> </td> <td><b>41,728,518</b> <p>(1954–90) </p> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>163,280,545</b> - (1957 - 1992) </td> <td>140,327,944 <p>(1957–92) </p> </td> <td>22,843,380 <p>(1957–92) </p> </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Visualising abortion statistics in Russia and the USSR</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Births + Abortions in the Russia"><img alt="Births + Abortions in the Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg/312px-Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg/468px-Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg/623px-Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Births + Abortions in the Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Births + Abortions in the USSR"><img alt="Births + Abortions in the USSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg/301px-Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg/451px-Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg/601px-Births_%2B_Abortions_in_the_USSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Births + Abortions in the USSR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Live births and abortions in the USSR"><img alt="Live births and abortions in the USSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg/248px-Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg/372px-Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg/495px-Live_births_and_abortions_in_the_USSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Live births and abortions in the USSR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Live births and abortions in Russia"><img alt="Live births and abortions in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg/248px-Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg/372px-Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg/496px-Live_births_and_abortions_in_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Live births and abortions in Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Percentage of conceptions aborted in Russia"><img alt="Percentage of conceptions aborted in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg/257px-Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg/385px-Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg/514px-Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percentage of conceptions aborted in Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Percentage of conceptions aborted in the USSR"><img alt="Percentage of conceptions aborted in the USSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg/243px-Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg/365px-Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg/487px-Percentage_of_conceptions_aborted_in_the_USSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percentage of conceptions aborted in the USSR</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_statistics">Recent statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recent statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1990s, abortion in Russia has been in steep decline. Abortion halved in the period between 1990 and 2000, going from 4 to 2 million abortions approximately. Abortions per 1000 women aged 15–49 went from 114 to 55 between 1990 and 2000. In 2010, this was reinforced when total live births surpassed the total number of abortions in Russia for the first time in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, 1 million abortions were performed, or 28 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–49.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the number had reached approximately 400 thousand, decreasing by a factor of 10 since 1990, with the rate per 1000 women aged 15–49 dropping to 12.<sup id="cite_ref-interfax-religion.ru_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interfax-religion.ru-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives_for_abortion">Motives for abortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Motives for abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2006 to 2011, women were split between the following reasons for having an abortion; 11% were doing so for health-related reasons, 10% wanted to postpone having another child and increase the interval between births, 24% did not want another child, 33% did not have the money to have another child (or faced another socioeconomic issue), and 17% did not want another child because of their partner's objection to it.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">Tax on childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian cross">Russian cross</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-law-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/11/23/zdorovie-dok.html">Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 21 ноября 2011 г. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Social+Development.&rft.atitle=State+policy+on+abortion+in+the+post-war+period+%281945-1950%29+%28In+Russian%29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=246-251&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Shapovalova&rft.aufirst=Yanina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fgosudarstvennaya-politika-v-otnoshenii-abortov-v-poslevoennyy-period-1945-1950-gg-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_5.08.1954_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 5.08.1954 об отмене уголовной ответственности беременных женщин за производство аборта">Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 5.08.1954 об отмене уголовной ответственности беременных женщин за производство аборта</a></i> [<i>Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 05.08.1954 on the decriminalization of abortion for pregnant women</i>] (in Russian). 5 August 1954 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%A1+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+5.08.1954+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=1954-08-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1955-11-12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1955-11-12_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1955-11-12_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_23.11.1955_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 23.11.1955 об отмене запрещения абортов">Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 23.11.1955 об отмене запрещения абортов</a></i> [<i>Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of 11.23.1955 on the abolition of the prohibition of abortion</i>] (in Russian). 23 November 1955 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%A1+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+23.11.1955+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=1955-11-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wites-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wites_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wites_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wites_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wites_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Trends+in+the+Russian+Federation&rft.pub=Dire+Demographics&rft.aulast=DaVanzo&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Clifford+Grammich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fmonograph_reports%2F2007%2FMR1273.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824153740/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/russia.doc">"Abortion Policy"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/russia.doc.">the original</a> on 2015-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Abortion+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fabortion%2Fdoc%2Frussia.doc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNate_Ostiller2023" class="citation news cs1">Nate Ostiller (9 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/no-more-abortions-at-private-clinics-in-occupied-crimea-russian-proxies-say/">"No more abortions at private clinics in occupied Crimea, Russian proxies say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=No+more+abortions+at+private+clinics+in+occupied+Crimea%2C+Russian+proxies+say&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft.au=Nate+Ostiller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fno-more-abortions-at-private-clinics-in-occupied-crimea-russian-proxies-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapik2013" class="citation news cs1">Lapik, Igor (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugra-tv.ru/news/society/v_surgute_otkryli_pamyatnik_nerozhdennym_detyam/">"В Сургуте открыли памятник нерожденным детям"</a>. <i>Ugra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ugra&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.aulast=Lapik&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugra-tv.ru%2Fnews%2Fsociety%2Fv_surgute_otkryli_pamyatnik_nerozhdennym_detyam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/world/europe/15iht-russia15.html">Russia Enacts Law Opposing Abortion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/preryvanie-beremennosti-za-protiv-i-kakova-rol-gosudarstva">"Прерывание беременности: за, против и какова роль государства"</a>. Russian Public Opinion Research Center. 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=Russian+Public+Opinion+Research+Center&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwciom.ru%2Fanalytical-reviews%2Fanaliticheskii-obzor%2Fpreryvanie-beremennosti-za-protiv-i-kakova-rol-gosudarstva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravmir.com/the-number-of-russians-who-consider-abortion-unacceptable-has-tripled-in-six-years-poll/">"The Number of Russians Who Consider Abortion Unacceptable Has Tripled in Six Years – Poll"</a>. <i>www.pravmir.com</i>. 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pravmir.com&rft.atitle=The+Number+of+Russians+Who+Consider+Abortion+Unacceptable+Has+Tripled+in+Six+Years+%E2%80%93+Poll&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravmir.com%2Fthe-number-of-russians-who-consider-abortion-unacceptable-has-tripled-in-six-years-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Заявление главного акушера и гинеколога России, директора Научного центра акушерства и гинекологии Владимира Кулакова</i> [<i>Statement by Chief of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Russia, Director of the Scientific Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vladimir Kulakov</i>] (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarusina2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marusina, Yevgeniya (23 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utro.ru/articles/2005/08/23/470519.shtml">"Россияне вымирают из-за бесплодия и абортов"</a> [Russians are dying out due to infertility and abortions]. <i>utro.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=utro.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2005-08-23&rft.aulast=Marusina&rft.aufirst=Yevgeniya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utro.ru%2Farticles%2F2005%2F08%2F23%2F470519.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interfax-religion.ru-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interfax-religion.ru_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interfax-religion.ru_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=78851">"Интерфакс-Религия: В России за год снизилось число абортов - Минздрав"</a>. <i>www.interfax-religion.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interfax-religion.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%92+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+-+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-religion.ru%2F%3Fact%3Dnews%26div%3D78851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Рассекреченная статистика числа абортов на 100 живорождений, 1960-2003 СССР-СНГ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLysakRBTH2014" class="citation web cs1">Lysak, Elena; RBTH, special to (2014-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/society/2014/01/28/russia_seeks_to_further_decrease_abortion_rates_33543.html">"Russia seeks to further decrease abortion rates"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Russia+seeks+to+further+decrease+abortion+rates&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.aulast=Lysak&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=RBTH%2C+special+to&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fsociety%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Frussia_seeks_to_further_decrease_abortion_rates_33543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/yhNtbedG/Wom-Man%202020.pdf">"Women and men of Russia 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal State Statistics Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.atitle=Women+and+men+of+Russia+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FyhNtbedG%2FWom-Man%25202020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruxpert.ru/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8">"Статистика:Численность абортов в России — Русский эксперт"</a>. <i>ruxpert.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ruxpert.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%94+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruxpert.ru%2F%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%3A%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258C_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/zdravo-2011.pdf">"Brief report on the results of the sample survey "Reproductive Health of the Population of Russia 2011" (posted on December 6, 2012)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal State Statistics Service</i>. December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.atitle=Brief+report+on+the+results+of+the+sample+survey+%22Reproductive+Health+of+the+Population+of+Russia+2011%22+%28posted+on+December+6%2C+2012%29&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Fzdravo-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=337">Tishchenko P., Yudin B. Moral Status of Fetuses in Russia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisovSakevichJasilioniene2012" class="citation journal cs1">Denisov, BP; Sakevich, VI; Jasilioniene, A (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542819">"Divergent Trends in Abortion and Birth Control Practices in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (11): e49986. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...749986D">2012PLoSO...749986D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049986">10.1371/journal.pone.0049986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3542819">3542819</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23349656">23349656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Divergent+Trends+in+Abortion+and+Birth+Control+Practices+in+Belarus%2C+Russia+and+Ukraine&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e49986&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3542819%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23349656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049986&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...749986D&rft.aulast=Denisov&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Sakevich%2C+VI&rft.au=Jasilioniene%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3542819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/28/world/women-fault-soviet-system-for-abortion.html">Women Fault Soviet System For Abortion</a> New York Times, published 28 February 1989</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Abortion in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Jordan" title="Abortion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Abortion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mongolia" title="Abortion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Abortion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Abortion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_Europe" title="Template:Abortion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Abortion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Abortion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kosovo" title="Abortion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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