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<li id="toc-Ancient_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asuka_and_Hakuhō_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asuka_and_Hakuhō_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Asuka and Hakuhō periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asuka_and_Hakuhō_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nara_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nara period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heian_period" 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id="toc-Edo_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Edo period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiji_to_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_to_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Meiji to modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_to_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Japanese+sculpture%22">"Japanese sculpture"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Japanese+sculpture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Japanese+sculpture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Japanese+sculpture%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Japanese+sculpture%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Japanese+sculpture%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Todaiji05s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Todaiji05s3200.jpg/220px-Todaiji05s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Todaiji05s3200.jpg/330px-Todaiji05s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Todaiji05s3200.jpg/440px-Todaiji05s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Tamonten in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, Wood, <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sculpture in Japan</b> began with the clay figure. Towards the end of the long <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a>, "flame-rimmed" <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">pottery vessels</a> had sculptural extensions to the rim,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and very stylized pottery <a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">dogū</a> figures were produced, many with the characteristic "snow-goggle" eyes. During the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> of the 3rd to 6th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">haniwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> figures of humans and animals in a simplistic style were erected outside important tombs. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the 6th century brought with it sophisticated traditions in sculpture, Chinese styles mediated via Korea. The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a> and its contents have survived more intact than any East Asian Buddhist temple of its date, with works including a <i>Shaka Trinity</i> of 623 in bronze, showing the historical Buddha flanked by two <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Guardian Kings of the Four Directions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a> is said not only to be one of the greatest Buddhist sculptors in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> but also in the history of Buddhist statues in Japan. Jōchō redefined the body shape of Buddha statues by perfecting the technique of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yosegi zukuri</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寄木造り</span></span>) which is a combination of several woods. The peaceful expression and graceful figure of the Buddha statue that he made completed a Japanese style of sculpture of Buddha statues called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jōchō yō</i></span> ('Jōchō style', <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">定朝様</span></span>) and determined the style of Japanese Buddhist statues of the later period. His achievement dramatically raised the social status of <i><a href="/wiki/Busshi" title="Busshi">busshi</a></i> (Buddhist sculptor) in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto clan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> class ruled virtually all of Japan for the first time. Jocho's successors, sculptors of the <a href="/wiki/Kei_school" title="Kei school">Kei school</a> of Buddhist statues, created realistic and dynamic statues to suit the tastes of samurai, and Japanese Buddhist sculpture reached its peak. Sculptors <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaikei" title="Kaikei">Kaikei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tankei" title="Tankei">Tankei</a> gained renown by replacing temples' Buddha statues that had been lost in wars or fires, such as those at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kofuku-ji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all subsequent significant large sculpture in Japan was Buddhist, with some <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> equivalents, and after Buddhism declined in Japan in the 15th century, monumental sculpture became largely architectural decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However sculptural work in the decorative arts was developed to a remarkable level of technical achievement and refinement in small objects such as <a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">inro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a> in many materials, and metal <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tosogu</i></span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">Japanese sword mountings</a>. In the 19th century there were export industries of small bronze sculptures, ivory and porcelain figurines, and other types of small sculpture, increasingly emphasizing technical accomplishment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_art">Ancient art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_statue,_late_Jomon_period.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/220px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/330px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/440px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">Dogū</a>, or statuette in the late <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Japanese clay figures are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">dogū</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土偶</span></span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">haniwa</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">埴輪</span></span>). </p><p>Early inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago evolved the first Japanese native art in rough earthenware and in strange clay figures called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">dogū</i></span>, which are probably <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishes</a> of some religious nature. <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dogū</i></span> may have been used in <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">fertility rites</a>, exorcism or other forms of ritual. The figures feature elaborate symbolism of strongly engraved lines and swirls. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i> (Chronicles of Japan) which is an ancient history of Japan compiled in 720, states that <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haniwa</i></span> was ordered at the time of an empress's death by the emperor who regretted the custom of servants and maids of the deceased following their master in death, and ordered that clay figures be molded and placed around the <a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">kofun</a> burial mound instead of the sacrifice of living beings. Scholars doubt the authenticity of this story and contend that plain cylindrical clay pipes were the first <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haniwa</i></span> forms, and that they were used in the manner of stakes to hold the earth of the burial mound in place. Later these plain cylindrical <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haniwa</i></span> came to be decorated and to take various forms, including the shapes of houses and domestic animals as well as human beings. They have been found arranged in a circle around the mound, lending credence to the scholars' theory. However, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haniwa</i></span> figures likely gained religious symbolism later, aside from their original practical purpose as stakes. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Flame-style' vessel, Neolithic Jōmon period; c. 2750 BCE; earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm, diameter: 55.8 cm"><img alt="'Flame-style' vessel, Neolithic Jōmon period; c. 2750 BCE; earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm, diameter: 55.8 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg/102px-Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg/153px-Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg/204px-Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Flame-style' vessel, Neolithic <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a>; c. 2750 BCE; earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm, diameter: 55.8 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dogū with "snow-goggle" eyes, 1000–400 BCE"><img alt="Dogū with "snow-goggle" eyes, 1000–400 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/74px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/111px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/148px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">Dogū</a> with "snow-goggle" eyes, 1000–400 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_giapponese,_nobile_haniwa,_VI_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Haniwa figure"><img alt="Haniwa figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG/58px-Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG/87px-Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG/116px-Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="2408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">Haniwa</a> figure</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asuka_and_Hakuhō_periods"><span id="Asuka_and_Hakuh.C5.8D_periods"></span>Asuka and Hakuhō periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asuka and Hakuhō periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG/220px-Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG/330px-Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG/440px-Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Shakyamuni Triad in Horyuji by <a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese emergence from the period of native primitive arts was instigated mainly by the introduction of Buddhism from the mainland Asian continent in the middle of the sixth century. Together with the new religion, skilled artists and craftsmen from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> came to Japan to build its <a href="/wiki/Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples">temples</a> and sculpted idols, and to pass on artistic techniques to native craftsmen. </p><p>Earliest examples of Buddhist art may be seen at the seventh-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hory%C5%AB-ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horyū-ji (page does not exist)">Horyū-ji</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara</a>, whose buildings themselves, set in a prescribed pattern with main hall, belfry, pagodas, and other buildings enclosed within an encircling roofed corridor, retain an aura of the ancient era, together with the countless art treasures preserved within their halls. </p><p>Nara and its vicinity contain the vast majority of the nation's treasures of the early period of Buddhist art, known in art history as the Asuka period. The sculpture of this period shows, as does most all subsequent sculpture, the influence of continental art. Noted Asuka sculptor <a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a> followed the style of North Wei sculpture and established what has come to be known as the Tori school of sculpture. Notable examples of Tori works are the Sakyamuni Triad which are the main icons of the Golden Hall of Horyū-ji temple and the <a href="/wiki/Kannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannon">Kannon</a> <a href="/wiki/Boddhisatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisatva">Boddhisatva</a> of Yumedono Hall of the same temple, also known as Guze Kannon. </p><p>Some of the most important Buddhist sculptures belong to the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuho art period</a> when sculpture came to show predominantly <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> influence. The mystic unrealistic air of the earlier Tori style came to be replaced by a soft supple pose and a near-sensuous beauty more in the manner of the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, with long narrow slit eyes and gentle effeminate features, which in spite of their air of reverie have about them an intimate approachability. The aloofness of the earlier Asuka sculpture is softened into a more native form; and there is to be seen in them a compromise between the divine and the human ideal. </p><p>Representative sculptures of this period are the Sho Kannon of <a href="/wiki/Yakushiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakushiji">Yakushiji</a> temple, and the Yumatagae Kannon of Horyū-ji, both showing the fullness of rounded flesh within the conventionalized folds of the garments, reflecting in their artistry features of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> art are transmitted to Japanese through Tang. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AsukaBodhisattva.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodhisattva, Asuka period, 7th century. Tokyo National Museum."><img alt="Bodhisattva, Asuka period, 7th century. Tokyo National Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AsukaBodhisattva.JPG/68px-AsukaBodhisattva.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AsukaBodhisattva.JPG/102px-AsukaBodhisattva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/AsukaBodhisattva.JPG/136px-AsukaBodhisattva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bodhisattva, Asuka period, 7th century. Tokyo National Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze (4.8 metres) is the oldest known sculpture of Buddha in Japan cast by Tori Busshi in 609."><img alt="The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze (4.8 metres) is the oldest known sculpture of Buddha in Japan cast by Tori Busshi in 609." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/88px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/132px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/176px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze (4.8 metres) is the oldest known sculpture of Buddha in Japan cast by Tori Busshi in 609.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nara_period">Nara period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nara period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg/220px-ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg/330px-ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg/440px-ASURA_Kohfukuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Asura, 733, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 710–793, Japanese sculptors learned high Tang style and produced a style called Tenpyō sculpture, which shows realistic face, massive solid volume, natural drapery, and representation of sentiment. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Emperor Shōmu</a> ordered the colossal gilt bronze Vairocana Buddha in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> temple, which was completed in 752. Although the statue has been destroyed twice and repaired, a minor original part has survived. Among many original works, the Asura in Kōfukuji temple is a dry lacquer statue showing delicate representation of sentiment. The four guardians in Kaidanin, a division of Tōdai-ji temple, are clay statues. A national official factory, <i>Zō Tōdai-ji shi</i> ("Tōdai-ji Temple construction office"), produced many Buddhist sculptures by division of the work for Tōdai-ji and other official temples and temples for novelties. Gilt bronze, dry lacquer, clay, terracotta, repousee, stone, and silver sculptures were made in the factory. Generally the sculptors were secular and received official status and salary. Some private studios offered Buddhist icons to people, and some monks made them themselves. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Triad of Yakushi at Yakushi-ji"><img alt="Triad of Yakushi at Yakushi-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG/94px-Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG/142px-Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG/189px-Triad_of_Yakushi_Nyorai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Triad of Yakushi at <a href="/wiki/Yakushi-ji" title="Yakushi-ji">Yakushi-ji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jūichimen kannon. 8th century, Shōrin-ji in Nara"><img alt="Jūichimen kannon. 8th century, Shōrin-ji in Nara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG/72px-Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG/108px-Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG/144px-Eleven-faced_Kannon_Shorinji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jūichimen kannon. 8th century, Shōrin-ji in Nara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senju Kannon of Fujii-dera in Osaka"><img alt="Senju Kannon of Fujii-dera in Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg/120px-Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg/180px-Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg/240px-Thousand_armed_Kannon_Fujii_dera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senju Kannon of Fujii-dera in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Buddha of Tōdai-ji in Nara"><img alt="Great Buddha of Tōdai-ji in Nara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg/80px-NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg/120px-NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg/160px-NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Buddha of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> in Nara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fukū-kensaku Kannon of Hokke-do. Tōdai-ji in Nara"><img alt="Fukū-kensaku Kannon of Hokke-do. Tōdai-ji in Nara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg/99px-Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg/149px-Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg/198px-Todaiji_Monaster_Fukuken-saku_Kannon_of_Hokke-do._Todai-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fukū-kensaku Kannon of Hokke-do. Tōdai-ji in Nara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shukongoshin. Tōdai-ji in Nara"><img alt="Shukongoshin. Tōdai-ji in Nara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG/91px-Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG/136px-Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG/182px-Vajirapani_Shukongoshin_Todaiji2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shukongoshin. Tōdai-ji in Nara</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heian_period">Heian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra,_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg/220px-Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg/330px-Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg/440px-Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Taishakuten <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a>, 839, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji" title="Tō-ji">Tō-ji</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>With the moving of the imperial capital from Nara to Kyoto in 794, big temples did not move to Kyoto. The government fed new esoteric Buddhism imported from the Tang dynasty in China. The official factory <i>Zo Tōdai-ji shi</i> was closed in 789. The fired sculptors worked under the patronage of large temples in Nara, new temples of the esoteric sect, the court, and the novelties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sculptors received temple clergy status whether or not they were members of the order. Wood became the primary medium. </p><p>Regarding the style, the Heian period was divided in two: the early Heian period and the later. In the early Heian period (794 to about the mid-10th century), esoteric Buddhist statues flourished. <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> and other members of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_embassies_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese embassies to China">Imperial Japanese embassies to China</a> imported the high to later Tang style. The statue bodies were carved from single blocks of wood and appear imposing, massive, and heavy when compared to Nara-period works. Their thick limbs and severe, almost brooding facial features imbue them with a sense of dark mystery and inspire awe in the beholder, in keeping with the secrecy of esoteric Buddhist rites. Heavily carved draperies, in which rounded folds alternate with sharply cut folds, are typical of the period. Among esoteric Buddhist deities, enormous images of <a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a> have been produced by the Japanese. </p><p>In the later Heian period (the mid-10th century to the 12th century), the sophistication of court culture and popularity of Amida Worship gave rise to a new style: gentle, calm, and refined features with more attenuated proportion. Sculptors Japanized faces of images. <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land sect">Pure Land sect</a> (Amida Worship) leader <a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a> and his work <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cj%C5%8Dy%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Ōjōyōshū">Ōjōyōshū</a></i> influenced many sculptors. The masterpiece is the Amida Buddha in <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji, Kyoto">Uji</a> by the master <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a>. He established a canon of Buddhist sculpture. He was called the expert of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yosegi zukuri</i></span> technique: sculptors began working with multiple blocks of wood, too. This technique allowed masters atelier production with apprentices. In school, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a> established an atelier which worked with the Imperial Court in Kyoto. <a href="/w/index.php?title=En_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En school (page does not exist)">En school</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%86%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:円派">ja</a>]</span> a discipline of Jōchō, also established Sanjyō-Atlier in Kyoto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bonten in Tō-ji. 839"><img alt="Bonten in Tō-ji. 839" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG/84px-Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG/125px-Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG/167px-Bonten_Brahma_TOJI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bonten" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonten">Bonten</a> in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji" title="Tō-ji">Tō-ji</a>. 839</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Amitābha in Byōdō-in created by Jōchō. 1053."><img alt="Amitābha in Byōdō-in created by Jōchō. 1053." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG/109px-Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG/163px-Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG/217px-Byodoin_Amitaabha_Buddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> in <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> created by <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a>. 1053.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52,_Vairocana,_Heian_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gilt-wood statue of Vairocana Buddha, 11th-12th century"><img alt="A gilt-wood statue of Vairocana Buddha, 11th-12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52%2C_Vairocana%2C_Heian_period.jpg/103px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52%2C_Vairocana%2C_Heian_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52%2C_Vairocana%2C_Heian_period.jpg/154px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52%2C_Vairocana%2C_Heian_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52%2C_Vairocana%2C_Heian_period.jpg/205px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A52%2C_Vairocana%2C_Heian_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gilt-wood statue of <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> Buddha, 11th-12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9,_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a,_Heian_period,_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Komokuten (Virūpākṣa). Jōruri-ji, 11th-12th century."><img alt="Statue of Komokuten (Virūpākṣa). Jōruri-ji, 11th-12th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9%2C_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a%2C_Heian_period%2C_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg/80px-%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9%2C_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a%2C_Heian_period%2C_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9%2C_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a%2C_Heian_period%2C_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg/119px-%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9%2C_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a%2C_Heian_period%2C_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9%2C_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a%2C_Heian_period%2C_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg/159px-%E5%BA%83%E7%9B%AE%E5%A4%A9%2C_Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a%2C_Heian_period%2C_J%C5%8Druri-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Komokuten (<a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABp%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3a" title="Virūpākṣa">Virūpākṣa</a>). <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri-ji" title="Jōruri-ji">Jōruri-ji</a>, 11th-12th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_(Tamonten).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Tamonten (Vaiśravaṇa), Nara National Museum, 11th-12th century, late Heian or early Kamakura period"><img alt="Statue of Tamonten (Vaiśravaṇa), Nara National Museum, 11th-12th century, late Heian or early Kamakura period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_%28Tamonten%29.jpg/90px-Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_%28Tamonten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_%28Tamonten%29.jpg/135px-Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_%28Tamonten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_%28Tamonten%29.jpg/180px-Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a_%28Tamonten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Tamonten (<a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nara_National_Museum" title="Nara National Museum">Nara National Museum</a>, 11th-12th century, late Heian or early Kamakura period</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_period">Kamakura period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kamakura period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg/220px-Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg/330px-Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg/440px-Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>Muchaku by <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a>, 1212, National Treasure</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kei_school" title="Kei school">Kei school</a> established a new style of Buddhist sculpture based on <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, incorporating elements of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenpyo</i></span> style of the Nara period as well as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yosegi-zukuri</i></span> technique established by Jōchō in the Heian period. Their sculptures are characterized by sharp and stern expressions, muscular and three-dimensional bodies, and postures and clothing that express movement. The Kei school succeeded in expressing complex emotions and movements. This realism reflected the tastes of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, who had effectively governed Japan since the Kamakura period and had become new patrons of Buddhist sculptures. On the other side, clay, dry-lacquer, embossing, and terracotta sculptures did not revive. They used mainly wood and sometimes bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kei school took root in <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara city</a>, which was the former capital (710–793), and worked in large temples in Nara. In the Kamakura period, the Kyoto court and <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> military government reconstructed large temples burned in late-12th-century wars. Many sculptures were repaired and many buildings were rebuilt or repaired. </p><p>Among the sculptors of the Kei school, <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a> is renowned. His works include a pair of colossal <a href="/wiki/Kongorikishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongorikishi">Kongō-rikishi</a> in Tōdai-ji and the portrait-like statues of Indian priests in <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a>. Unkei had six sculptor sons and their work was also imbued with the new realism. <a href="/wiki/Tankei" title="Tankei">Tankei</a>, the eldest son and a brilliant sculptor, became the head of the studio. Kōshō, the fourth son, produced a remarkable sculpture of the 10th-century Japanese Buddhist teacher Kuya (903–972). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kaikei" title="Kaikei">Kaikei</a> was a collaborator of Unkei. He was a devout adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> sect. He worked with the priest <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dgen_(monk)" title="Chōgen (monk)">Chōgen</a> (1121–1206), the director of the Tōdai-ji reconstruction project. Many of his figures are more idealized than those of Unkei and his sons, and are characterized by a beautifully finished surface, richly decorated with pigments and gold. More than 40 of his works have survived, many of which are signed by him. His most important work is the Amitabha Triad of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-ji_(Ono)" title="Jōdo-ji (Ono)">Ono Jōdo-ji</a> (1195). </p><p>One of the most outstanding Buddhist arts of the period was the statue of Buddha enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Sanj%C5%ABsangen-d%C5%8D" title="Sanjūsangen-dō">Sanjūsangen-dō</a> consisting of 1032 statues produced by sculptors of Buddhist statues of the Kei school, In school and En school. The principal image <a href="/wiki/Senju_Kannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Senju Kannon">Senju Kannon</a> in the center, the surrounding 1001 Senju Kannon, the 28 attendants of Senju Kannon, <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fūjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raijin" title="Raijin">Raijin</a> create a solemn space, and all are designated as <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sculptors also worked for the Kamakura shogunate and other military clans. They produced Buddhist and portrait sculptures for them. The colossal bronze Amitabha Buddha in Kamakura <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in" title="Kōtoku-in">Kōtoku-in</a> was made in 1252. All classes of society contributed funds to make this colossal bronze. Such community patronage <a href="/wiki/Up_the_ante" title="Up the ante">upped the ante</a>, and sometimes replaced, the patronage of wealthy and powerful individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amitābha by Kaikei. Jōdo-ji, 1195－1197."><img alt="Amitābha by Kaikei. Jōdo-ji, 1195－1197." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg/120px-%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg/180px-%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg/240px-%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kaikei" title="Kaikei">Kaikei</a>. <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-ji_(Ono)" title="Jōdo-ji (Ono)">Jōdo-ji</a>, 1195－1197. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuima Koji/Vimalakirti by Jōkei, Kōfuku-ji, 1196, National Treasure"><img alt="Yuima Koji/Vimalakirti by Jōkei, Kōfuku-ji, 1196, National Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg/79px-Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg/118px-Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg/157px-Yuima_Tokondo_Kofukuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuima Koji/<a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti" title="Vimalakirti">Vimalakirti</a> by <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(sculptor)" title="Jōkei (sculptor)">Jōkei</a>, Kōfuku-ji, 1196, National Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nio guardian in Tōdai-ji, by Unkei, 1203"><img alt="Nio guardian in Tōdai-ji, by Unkei, 1203" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg/83px-Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg/124px-Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg/165px-Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Nio</a> guardian in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, by Unkei, 1203</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B,_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja,_Kamakura_period_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aizen Myo'o (Ragaraja), CE13th century, Tokyo National Museum"><img alt="Aizen Myo'o (Ragaraja), CE13th century, Tokyo National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B%2C_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja%2C_Kamakura_period_2.jpg/80px-%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B%2C_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja%2C_Kamakura_period_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B%2C_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja%2C_Kamakura_period_2.jpg/119px-%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B%2C_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja%2C_Kamakura_period_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B%2C_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja%2C_Kamakura_period_2.jpg/159px-%E6%84%9B%E6%9F%93%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B%2C_R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja%2C_Kamakura_period_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aizen Myo'o (<a href="/wiki/Ragaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragaraja">Ragaraja</a>), CE13th century, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuya_Portrait.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of monk Kūya (CE 930–972), total about cm height, wood, colored, CE13th century by Kosho"><img alt="Portrait of monk Kūya (CE 930–972), total about cm height, wood, colored, CE13th century by Kosho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuya_Portrait.JPG/57px-Kuya_Portrait.JPG" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuya_Portrait.JPG/86px-Kuya_Portrait.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuya_Portrait.JPG/115px-Kuya_Portrait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of monk <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a> (CE 930–972), total about cm height, wood, colored, CE13th century by Kosho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seitaka Dōji by Unkei, Kongōbu-ji, National Treasure"><img alt="Seitaka Dōji by Unkei, Kongōbu-ji, National Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg/76px-Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg/114px-Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg/152px-Seitaka_Doji_Kongobuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="3465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seitaka Dōji by Unkei, <a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8Dbu-ji" title="Kongōbu-ji">Kongōbu-ji</a>, National Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kongō Rikishi, Kōfuku-ji, National Treasure"><img alt="Kongō Rikishi, Kōfuku-ji, National Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg/92px-Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg/139px-Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg/185px-Kongorikishi_Kofukuji_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kongō Rikishi, Kōfuku-ji, National Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_(423).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals, Kōfuku-ji, 1207. National Treasure."><img alt="Twelve Heavenly Generals, Kōfuku-ji, 1207. National Treasure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_%28423%29.jpg/110px-Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_%28423%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_%28423%29.jpg/165px-Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_%28423%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_%28423%29.jpg/220px-Kofukuji_Monastery_The_Twelve_Generals_of_Yakushi_%28423%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals</a>, Kōfuku-ji, 1207. National Treasure.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koben_Ryutoki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ryūtōki by Kōben, Kōfuku-ji, 1215, National Treasure"><img alt="Ryūtōki by Kōben, Kōfuku-ji, 1215, National Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Koben_Ryutoki.jpg/53px-Koben_Ryutoki.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Koben_Ryutoki.jpg/80px-Koben_Ryutoki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Koben_Ryutoki.jpg/106px-Koben_Ryutoki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ryūtōki by Kōben, Kōfuku-ji, 1215, National Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Senju Kannon by Tankei, Sanjūsangen-dō, 1254"><img alt="Senju Kannon by Tankei, Sanjūsangen-dō, 1254" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG/80px-Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG/120px-Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG/159px-Sanjusangendo_Thousand-armed_Kannon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senju Kannon by <a href="/wiki/Tankei" title="Tankei">Tankei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanj%C5%ABsangen-d%C5%8D" title="Sanjūsangen-dō">Sanjūsangen-dō</a>, 1254 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamakura Daibutsu (Amida Buddha) at Kōtoku-in"><img alt="Kamakura Daibutsu (Amida Buddha) at Kōtoku-in" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/90px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/135px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/180px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_Daibutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura Daibutsu">Kamakura Daibutsu</a> (Amida Buddha) at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in" title="Kōtoku-in">Kōtoku-in</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muromachi_period_and_Sengoku_period">Muromachi period and Sengoku period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muromachi period and Sengoku period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg/220px-%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg/330px-%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg/440px-%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni_coming_out_of_the_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Śākyamuni">Śākyamuni</a> coming out of the mountains. 15th-16th century. <a href="/wiki/Nara_National_Museum" title="Nara National Museum">Nara National Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhist sculptures declined in quantity and quality. The new <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen Buddhism</a> deprecated images of Buddha. Big temples of the old sects were neglected during civil wars. </p><p>Portrait sculptures of Zen masters became a new genre during this period. </p><p>The art of carving masks for <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> theatre flourished and improved from the 15th to 17th centuries. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senju Kannon, 14th century. Tokyo National Museum"><img alt="Senju Kannon, 14th century. Tokyo National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg/73px-Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg/110px-Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg/147px-Senju_Kannon_The_Thousand-Armed_Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senju Kannon, 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jūichimen Kannon, 14th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Jūichimen Kannon, 14th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg/83px-J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg/124px-J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg/166px-J%C5%ABichimen_Kannon_Eleven-Headed_Kannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jūichimen Kannon, 14th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zaō Gongen. 14th-16th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Zaō Gongen. 14th-16th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg/120px-Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg/180px-Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg/240px-Za%C5%8D_Gongen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zaō Gongen. 14th-16th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noh mask, 16th century"><img alt="Noh mask, 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg/100px-Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg/150px-Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg/200px-Masugami_Lady_Noh_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> mask, 16th century</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period">Edo period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Edo period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist,_17th-18th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist%2C_17th-18th_century.jpg/250px-Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist%2C_17th-18th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist%2C_17th-18th_century.jpg/375px-Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist%2C_17th-18th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist%2C_17th-18th_century.jpg/500px-Sculpture_of_a_Retired_Townsman_as_a_Lay_Buddhist%2C_17th-18th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of a retired <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnin" title="Chōnin">chōnin</a></i> as a <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">lay Buddhist</a>.<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, circa 1700.</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The reconstruction of Buddhist temples burned in the civil wars required sculptors. The new sculptures were mostly conservatively carved from wood and gilt or <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychromed</a>. </p><p>However, some Buddhist monk sculptors produced unpainted, roughly hewn images of wood. <a href="/wiki/Enk%C5%AB" title="Enkū">Enkū</a> (1632–1695) and <a href="/wiki/Mokujiki" title="Mokujiki">Mokujiki</a> (1718–1810) are representative. They traveled through Japan and produced enormous works for missionary and ceremonial purposes. Their archaic and spiritual styles were reevaluated in the 20th century. </p><p>The art of carving masks for Noh also continued to produce better works in the 17th century. </p><p>In the Edo period, urbanization progressed in various parts of Japan and townspeople culture developed greatly. In this period, <i><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">inro</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a></i> became popular as accessories for men. Netsuke are elaborate carvings of wood and ivory, and mainly animals and imaginary creatures were the subject matter. Because netsuke are small and easy to collect, they remain popular with collectors. </p><p>During this period, many sculptures were attached to the buildings of <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto shrines">Shinto shrines</a> built in the <a href="/wiki/Gongen-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongen-zukuri">Gongen-zukuri</a> style. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Netsuke of tigress with two cubs, mid-19th-century, ivory with shell inlay"><img alt="Netsuke of tigress with two cubs, mid-19th-century, ivory with shell inlay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg/120px-Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg/180px-Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg/240px-Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a> of tigress with two cubs, mid-19th-century, ivory with shell inlay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7,_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba,_Fuchigashira,_Menuki,_Kozuka,_Kogai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sword fittings. Tsuba (top left) and fuchigashira (top right) made by Ishiguro Masayoshi in the 18th or 19th century. Kogai (middle) and kozuka (bottom) made by Yanagawa Naomasa in the 18th century."><img alt="Sword fittings. Tsuba (top left) and fuchigashira (top right) made by Ishiguro Masayoshi in the 18th or 19th century. Kogai (middle) and kozuka (bottom) made by Yanagawa Naomasa in the 18th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7%2C_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba%2C_Fuchigashira%2C_Menuki%2C_Kozuka%2C_Kogai.jpg/120px-%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7%2C_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba%2C_Fuchigashira%2C_Menuki%2C_Kozuka%2C_Kogai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7%2C_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba%2C_Fuchigashira%2C_Menuki%2C_Kozuka%2C_Kogai.jpg/180px-%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7%2C_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba%2C_Fuchigashira%2C_Menuki%2C_Kozuka%2C_Kogai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7%2C_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba%2C_Fuchigashira%2C_Menuki%2C_Kozuka%2C_Kogai.jpg/240px-%E9%BB%92%E8%9D%8B%E8%89%B2%E5%A1%97%E9%9E%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%B5%E5%88%80%E8%A3%85%E5%85%B7%2C_Sword_Fittings_Tsuba%2C_Fuchigashira%2C_Menuki%2C_Kozuka%2C_Kogai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">Sword fittings</a>. <i>Tsuba</i> (top left) and <i>fuchigashira</i> (top right) made by Ishiguro Masayoshi in the 18th or 19th century. <i>Kogai</i> (middle) and <i>kozuka</i> (bottom) made by Yanagawa Naomasa in the 18th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Izumiya Tomotada, netsuke in the form of a dog, late 18th century"><img alt="Izumiya Tomotada, netsuke in the form of a dog, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/120px-Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/180px-Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/240px-Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Izumiya Tomotada, <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a> in the form of a dog, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seishi Bosatsu (Bodhisattva). 17th or 18th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Seishi Bosatsu (Bodhisattva). 17th or 18th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg/90px-Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg/135px-Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg/180px-Bodhisattva_Kannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seishi Bosatsu (Bodhisattva). 17th or 18th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noh Mask Hannya type. 17th or 18th century. Tokyo National Museum"><img alt="Noh Mask Hannya type. 17th or 18th century. Tokyo National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg/106px-Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg/159px-Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg/212px-Noh_Mask_Hannya_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> Mask Hannya type. 17th or 18th century. Tokyo National Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kangiin Temple"><img alt="Kangiin Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG/120px-Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG/180px-Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG/240px-Menuma_Kangiin_IMG_1728.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kangiin Temple</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_to_modern_period">Meiji to modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meiji to modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABjin" title="Ryūjin">Haneakarutama</a>, the dragon king, offering a <a href="/wiki/Tide_jewels" title="Tide jewels">tide jewel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Susano%27o" class="mw-redirect" title="Susano'o">Susano'o</a>. 1881 or later, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Japanese_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Japanese Art">Khalili Collection of Japanese Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> handed over control of Japan to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a>, and Japan rapidly modernized and abolished the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class, and Japanese clothes began to be westernized. As a result, craftsmen who made <a href="/wiki/Japanese_swords" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese swords">Japanese swords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">kiseru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">inro</a> and furnishings lost customers, but with the support of the new government, they began to make extremely elaborate metal, ivory and wood sculptures, which they then exported to the United States and Europe. During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a> eras, Japanese sculpture progressed from the production of devotional objects, to decorative objects, and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art.</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">International exhibitions</a> brought Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">cast bronze</a> to a new foreign audience, attracting strong praise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199964_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199964-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The past history of samurai weaponry equipped Japanese metalworkers to create metallic finishes in a wide range of colours. By combining and finishing copper, silver and gold in different proportions, they created specialised alloys including <a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">shakudō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">shibuichi</a>. With this variety of alloys and finishes, an artist could give the impression of full-colour decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199966_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199966-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stimulus of <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a> forms returned sculpture to the Japanese art scene and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Plaster_cast" title="Plaster cast">plaster cast</a>, outdoor heroic sculpture, and the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">school of Paris</a> concept of sculpture as an "art form". Such ideas adopted in Japan during the late 19th century, together with the return of state patronage, rejuvenated sculpture. </p><p>In 1868, the new government banned the traditional <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and Buddhism and ordered them to separate Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in order to establish a centralized government by the Emperor, who was the supreme priest of Shinto. In response to this situation, some Shinto priests started to destroy Buddhist temples. <a href="/wiki/Okakura_Tenshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Okakura Tenshin">Okakura Tenshin</a> and others worked hard in political activities to protect Buddhist art, and the government declared that it would protect Buddhism. The destruction stopped around 1874, but many precious Buddhist statues were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Incense burner (Koro), silver decorated with precious metals and rock crystal, 1890"><img alt="Incense burner (Koro), silver decorated with precious metals and rock crystal, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg/112px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg/168px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg/223px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M072_CROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Incense burner (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Koro</i></span>), silver decorated with precious metals and rock crystal, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle,_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle by Suzuki Chokichi, 1892, Tokyo National Museum"><img alt="Eagle by Suzuki Chokichi, 1892, Tokyo National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg/120px-Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg/180px-Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg/240px-Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eagle by Suzuki Chokichi, 1892, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi,_1893,_bronze,_lacquer,_casting,_gilding,_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twelve Hawks by Suzuki Chokichi, 1893"><img alt="Twelve Hawks by Suzuki Chokichi, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi%2C_1893%2C_bronze%2C_lacquer%2C_casting%2C_gilding%2C_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg/120px-Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi%2C_1893%2C_bronze%2C_lacquer%2C_casting%2C_gilding%2C_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi%2C_1893%2C_bronze%2C_lacquer%2C_casting%2C_gilding%2C_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg/180px-Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi%2C_1893%2C_bronze%2C_lacquer%2C_casting%2C_gilding%2C_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi%2C_1893%2C_bronze%2C_lacquer%2C_casting%2C_gilding%2C_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg/240px-Twelve_Hawks_by_Suzuki_Chokichi%2C_1893%2C_bronze%2C_lacquer%2C_casting%2C_gilding%2C_and_inlay_-_DSC04872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twelve Hawks by Suzuki Chokichi, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Monkey By Takamura Kōun, 1893"><img alt="Old Monkey By Takamura Kōun, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg/113px-Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg/170px-Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg/227px-Old_Monkey_By_Takamura_K%C5%8Dun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Monkey By <a href="/wiki/Takamura_K%C5%8Dun" title="Takamura Kōun">Takamura Kōun</a>, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basket of Flowers made of ivory, circa 1900 in the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art"><img alt="Basket of Flowers made of ivory, circa 1900 in the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg/99px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg/149px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg/199px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_MISC066C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Basket of Flowers</i> made of ivory, circa 1900 in the <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Japanese_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Japanese Art">Khalili Collection of Japanese Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Okimono of fish in water, circa 1900 in the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art"><img alt="Okimono of fish in water, circa 1900 in the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg/120px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg/180px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg/240px-Khalili_Collection_Japanese_Meiji_Art_M159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Okimono of fish in water, circa 1900 in the Khalili Collection of Japanese Art</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_art">Contemporary art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, sculptors turned away from the figurative French school of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maillol" class="mw-redirect" title="Maillol">Maillol</a> toward aggressive modern and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> forms and materials, sometimes on an enormous scale. A profusion of materials and techniques characterized these new experimental sculptures, which also absorbed the ideas of international "op" (<a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusion</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>. A number of innovative artists were both sculptors and painters or printmakers, their new theories cutting across material boundaries. </p><p>In the 1970s, the ideas of contextual placement of natural objects of stone, wood, bamboo, and paper into relationships with people and their environment were embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">mono-ha</a> school. The mono-ha artists emphasized materiality as the most important aspect of art and brought to an end the anti<a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalism</a> that had dominated the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> in the preceding two decades. This focus on the relationships between objects and people was ubiquitous throughout the arts world and led to a rising appreciation of "Japanese" qualities in the environment and a return to native artistic principles and forms. Among these precepts were a reverence for nature and various Buddhist concepts. Western ideology was carefully reexamined, and much was rejected as artists turned to their own environment—both inward and outward—for sustenance and inspiration. From the late 1970s through the late 1980s, artists began to create art which was both contemporary and Asian in sources and expression but still very much a part of the international scene. These artists focused on projecting their own individualism and national styles rather than on adapting or synthesizing Western ideas exclusively. </p><p>Outdoor sculpture, which came to the fore with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Hakone" title="Hakone">Hakone</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">Open-Air Museum</a> in 1969, was widely used in the 1980s. Cities supported enormous outdoor sculptures for parks and plazas, and major architects planned for sculpture in their buildings and urban layouts. Outdoor museums and exhibitions burgeoned, stressing the natural placement of sculpture in the environment. Because hard sculpture stone is not native to Japan, most outdoor pieces were created from stainless steel, plastic, or aluminum for "tension and compression" machine constructions of mirror-surfaced steel or for elegant, polished-aluminum, ultramodern shapes. The strong influence of modern high technology on the artists resulted in experimentation with kinetic, tensile forms, such as flexible arcs and "info-<a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">environmental</a>" sculptures using lights. Video components and <a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">video art</a> developed rapidly from the late 1970s throughout the 1980s. The new Japanese experimental sculptors could be understood as working with Buddhist ideas of permeability and regeneration in structuring their forms, in contrast to the general Western conception of sculpture as something with finite and permanent contours. </p><p>In the 1980s, wood and natural materials were used prominently by many sculptors, who now began to place their works in inner courtyards and enclosed spaces. Also, a Japanese feeling for rhythmic motion, captured in recurring forms as a "systematic gestural motion", was used by both long-established artists like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyubei_Kiyomizu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyubei Kiyomizu (page does not exist)">Kyubei Kiyomizu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidetoshi_Nagasawa" title="Hidetoshi Nagasawa">Hidetoshi Nagasawa</a> and the younger generation led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeo_Toya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeo Toya (page does not exist)">Shigeo Toya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(sculptures)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)">List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinj%C5%8D_It%C5%8D" title="Shinjō Itō">Shinjō Itō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collections_of_Japanese_art" title="List of collections of Japanese art">List of collections of Japanese art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sculptures_in_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sculptures in Japan">Sculptures in Japan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html">Japan</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Approach to Japanese culture</i>, Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, The Japan Times</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle1999" class="citation book cs1">Earle, Joe (1999). <i>Splendors of Meiji : treasures of imperial Japan : masterpieces from the Khalili Collection</i>. St. Petersburg, Fla.: Broughton International Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1874780137" title="Special:BookSources/1874780137"><bdi>1874780137</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42476594">42476594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendors+of+Meiji+%3A+treasures+of+imperial+Japan+%3A+masterpieces+from+the+Khalili+Collection&rft.place=St.+Petersburg%2C+Fla.&rft.pub=Broughton+International+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42476594&rft.isbn=1874780137&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/middlejomon.htm">Middle Jomon Sub-Period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525100233/http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/middlejomon.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, accessed August 15, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine & Soper, 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321090221/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%9D-79529">Kotobank, Jōchō.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703173413/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%85%B6%E6%B4%BE-59106">Kotobank, Kei school.</a> The Asahi Shimbun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine & Soper, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoshio Kawahara (2002) <i>How to see and distinguish Buddhist sculptures.</i> p.185. Shufunotomo Co., Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4391126686" title="Special:BookSources/978-4391126686">978-4391126686</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322075215/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E9%96%93%E5%A0%82-70788">Kotobank, Sanjūsangen-dō.</a> The Asahi Shimbun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117061412/http://sanjusangendo.jp/b_1.html">Buddhist Statues at the Sanjūsangen-dō.</a> Sanjūsangen-dō.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuth2004" class="citation book cs1">Guth, Christine M. E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNdm2YstVrEC&pg=PA152">"Takamura Kōun and Takamura Kōtarō: On being a sculptor"</a>. In Takeuchi, Melinda (ed.). <i>The Artist as Professional in Japan</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4355-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-4355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Takamura+K%C5%8Dun+and+Takamura+K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D%3A+On+being+a+sculptor&rft.btitle=The+Artist+as+Professional+in+Japan&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4355-6&rft.aulast=Guth&rft.aufirst=Christine+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNdm2YstVrEC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199964-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199964_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarle1999">Earle 1999</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199966-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199966_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarle1999">Earle 1999</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114133830/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%8F%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2-538886">Kotobank, Shinbutsu-bunri.</a> The Asahi Shimbun.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurase,_Miyeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Murase, Miyeko (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/153737"><i><span></span></i>Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870999419" title="Special:BookSources/0870999419"><bdi>0870999419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+of+dreams%3A+the+Mary+Griggs+Burke+collection+of+Japanese+art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0870999419&rft.au=Murase%2C+Miyeko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F153737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+sculpture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/Photos/Asia/Japan/JapanThemes/JapanSculpture.html">Japanese sculptures</a> — photographs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shinjoito.com/">The Vision and Art of Shinjo Ito</a>: Sculptures by a Japanese Buddhist Great Master</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&oldid=1252745361">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_sculpture&oldid=1252745361</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_sculpture" title="Category:Japanese sculpture">Japanese sculpture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2018">Articles needing additional references from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 19:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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