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class="mw-page-title-main">Tori Busshi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratsukuri_Tori" title="Kuratsukuri Tori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kuratsukuri Tori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratsukuri_no_Tori" title="Kuratsukuri no Tori – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuratsukuri no Tori" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tori Busshi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Bussi" title="Tori Bussi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tori Bussi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%AD%A2%E5%88%A9" title="鞍作止利 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鞍作止利" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratsukuri_no_Tori" title="Kuratsukuri no Tori – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuratsukuri no Tori" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tori Busshi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tori Busshi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Курацукури-но Тори – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курацукури-но Тори" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tori Busshi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tori Busshi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96" title="Курацукурі но Торі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курацукурі но Торі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%AD%A2%E5%88%A9" title="鞍作止利 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese sculpture</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/200px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/300px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/400px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>The Shaka image of Asukadera, sculpted by Tori Busshi in 606</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tori Busshi</b> (止利仏師; トリ・ブッシ) was a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptor</a> active in the late 6th and early 7th century. He was from the <i>Kuratsukuri</i> (鞍作, "saddle-maker") clan, and his full title was <b>Shiba no Kuratsukuri-be no Obito Tori Busshi</b> (司馬鞍作部首止利仏師); <i><a href="/wiki/Busshi" title="Busshi">Busshi</a></i> is a title meaning "the maker of Buddhist images".<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_70_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 7th century, Tori Busshi had become the favorite sculptor of <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Umako" title="Soga no Umako">Soga no Umako</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>. Such high-ranking patrons indicate that Tori was highly esteemed as an artist and not just an anonymous craftsman.<sup id="cite_ref-Noma_36_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noma_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many extant <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> sculptures in gilt <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> are credited to Tori and his workshop. The artist's work epitomizes <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sculpture" title="Japanese sculpture">Japanese sculpture</a> during the era, with its solid, geometric figures in front-oriented, characteristic poses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_works">Life and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tori_Busshi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG/200px-Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG/300px-Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG/400px-Shakyamuni_Triad_Horyuji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Shaka Triad in Hōryūji, 623</figcaption></figure> <p>Tori's grandfather was Shiba Tatto, who immigrated to Japan from the Asian mainland in 522.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiba and his son, Tasuna, were both <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a> makers. The position was hereditary, and the ornamentation common for saddles at the time familiarized them and young Tori with <a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">metal casting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> working, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_70_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records indicate that in 588, Tasuna may have become a Buddhist monk and carved a wooden Buddha statue.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tori Busshi's first known work is a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shaka</a> image of <a href="/wiki/Asuka-dera" title="Asuka-dera">Asuka-dera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asuka,_Nara" title="Asuka, Nara">Asuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a>, which he finished in 606.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work made a favorable impression on Empress Suiko, and she granted Tori lands and rank equivalent to those of someone of the later fifth grade.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tori also produced an embroidered wall hanging this year. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Yakushi Nyorai</a> (Buddha of healing) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakakusa-dera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakakusa-dera (page does not exist)">Wakakusa-dera</a> is often attributed to Tori Busshi. The work was done in 607 at the request of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Yōmei">Emperor Yōmei</a> and Prince Shōtoku for the newly established Wakakusadera.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_73_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attribution of the work to Tori comes from an inscription on the back of the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>. However, this inscription was probably done later than 607, which leads many scholars to speculate that the extant work is a copy of an original that may have been lost in a temple fire in 670.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, art historians such as Seiroku Noma hold that only Tori Busshi had the skill necessary to do the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-Noma_36_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noma_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is now in the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaruga,_Nara" title="Ikaruga, Nara">Ikaruga</a>, Nara Prefecture. </p><p>Art historians regularly name the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaka_Triad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaka Triad (page does not exist)">Shaka Triad</a> of Hōryūji as Tori's <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_73_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription on the back of the halo states that <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Empress Suiko</a> (r. 593-629) and other courtiers commissioned the piece after the deaths of two notable court ladies in 621 and the sickness of Shōtoku and his consort the following year. The piece was intended to either help speed their recovery or ease their rebirth into <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">paradise</a>. The prince and consort died in 622, and Tori's workshop finished the statue the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_73_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannon">Kannon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yumedono" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumedono">Yumedono</a> at Hōryūji is also in Tori Busshi's style, although it is unknown if his studio created the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculptural_style">Sculptural style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tori_Busshi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sculptural style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tori's works exemplify Japanese Buddhist art during the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noma_36_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noma_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style ultimately derives from that of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei Dynasty">Wei kingdom</a> of the late 4th to 6th century. This style was intended for sculpting rock in caves, and even though Tori and his assistants sculpted in clay for bronze casting, his pieces reflect the Chinese front-oriented design and surface flatness.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei Dynasty China</a> statuary .<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What distinguishes Tori's works is that it conveys peace and softness despite a rigid adherence to stock poses and geometrical features.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tori's Buddha figures sit with an upright posture and crossed legs, their robes cascading down the body in regular, well defined folds. The geometric shapes underlying the sculptures appear in their triangular silhouettes and give them a look of tranquility and steadiness.<sup id="cite_ref-Noma_36_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noma_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each Buddha's right hand is raised with the palm toward the viewer in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semui-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semui-in (page does not exist)">semui-in</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Abhayamudra" title="Abhayamudra">abhayamudra</a></i>) style, conveying the Buddha's power to aid others. The left hand rests on the left leg, palm up, in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seganin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seganin (page does not exist)">seganin</a></i> (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Varadamudra" title="Varadamudra">varadamudra</a></i>) style; this indicates the ability to lead the viewer along the path to end all suffering. Each Buddha's head is elongated, topped with curls of hair known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgō">shōgō</a></i> (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">lakshana</a></i>) that indicate the Buddha's perfect nature. Their faces are composed of smooth planes pierced only by slitlike nostrils, eyes, and eyebrows.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shaka Triad in particular is an example of a mature Wei style.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_73_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculpture features a Buddha figure similar to that of the earlier Shaka statue, seated on a rectangular dais. This Buddha's robes flow down the front of the platform and betray the weightiness of the figure. A series of animated elements contrast the serene and regular Buddha. His head is surrounded by a flaming halo, in which are seated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Buddhas_of_the_Past&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Buddhas of the Past (page does not exist)">Seven Buddhas of the Past</a> (previous incarnations of Buddhahood preceding Shaka). A jewel of flames on an inverted lotus blossom, representing the wisdom of the Buddha, appears above the Shaka's head, and its leafed vine encircles the Buddha's head.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_73_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tori_Busshi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mason_70-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_70_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_70_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noma_36-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noma_36_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noma_36_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noma_36_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noma_36_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noma 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/asuka-art.html">[1]</a> "The Asuka Daibutsu, made of bronze, is said to be the work of Kuratsukuri no Tori 鞍作止利, a noted sculptor of those days whose ancestors came to Japan from China (others say Korea)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 70-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine and Soper 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine and Soper 30, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason_73-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_73_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_73_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_73_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_73_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_73_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadao 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine and Soper 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JAANUS / Tori youshiki　止利様式 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/t/toriyoushiki.htm">[2]</a> "His style was strongly influenced by Northern Wei Dynasty statuary such as the Lung Men 竜門 rock carvings (5-6c)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 72-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 71-2.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tori_Busshi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mason, Penelope (2005). <i>History of Japanese Art</i>. 2nd ed, rev. by Dinwiddie, Donald. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.</li> <li>Noma, Seiroku (2003). <i>The Arts of Japan: Ancient and Medieval</i>. Kodansha International.</li> <li>Paine, Robert Treat, and Soper, Alexander (1981). <i>The Art and Architecture of Japan</i>. 3rd ed. Penguin Books Ltd.</li> <li>Sadao, Tsuneko S., and Wada, Stephanie (2003). <i>Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview</i>. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96576755">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxqGyTHrVrG8vRYXkbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/135961548">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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