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(PDF) Protracted People's War in Nepal : An Analysis from the Perspective of Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict | Luni Piya - Academia.edu
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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29061220%2FProtracted_Peoples_War_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_from_the_Perspective_of_Azars_Theory_of_Protracted_Social_Conflict%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29061220%2FProtracted_Peoples_War_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_from_the_Perspective_of_Azars_Theory_of_Protracted_Social_Conflict%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":49516764,"identifier":"Attachment_49516764","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":29061220,"created_at":"2016-10-10T18:34:40.232-07:00","from_world_paper_id":158148912,"updated_at":"2024-11-30T14:04:54.672-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Protracted People's War in Nepal: Analyzing Azar's PSC Theory","grobid_abstract":"Edward Azar's theory of Protracted Social Conflict (PSC), characteristic of wider work being done in conflict resolution in the 1970s and 1980s, offered a genuinely original interpretation of prevailing patterns of conflict that was clearly at odds with mainstream international approaches at the time. When the attention of almost all of the specialists in international relations and conflict studies was focused on inter-state wars, Azar was one of those few who were focusing on intra-state conflict having communal content. Azar's work was rarely appreciated by the contemporary literatures of his time. However, only a few years after his death in 1991, conflict studies were being focused on internal wars -for which he used the term PSC -the concept that Azar had been advocating since 1970s. Azar's model still retains its relevance today. He identified four clusters responsible for the initiation of PSC, viz, communal identity, needs deprivation, governance and state's role, and international linkages. This paper attempts to analyze the Protracted People's War (PPW) started by Nepal Communist Party-Maoist (hereafter only Maoists) in Nepal that lasted for a decade. Firstly, the failure of government to address the fundamental needs of the people and engaging themselves in power politics resulted into the frustration among the people especially the rural mass that were suffering from acute discrimination and poverty. Secondly, discrimination of the people in terms of caste, ethnicity, and religion and their under-representation in the administrative and political echelon and the national army further added to the dissatisfaction of the people. The Maoists effectively exploited the frustration of the masses with regards to these disparities. Nepal's porous border with India facilitated the movement of Maoists to organize their activities and trainings in the Indian land and","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49516764"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Protracted People's War in Nepal : An Analysis from the Perspective of Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [29161610]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49516764,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Protracted People's War in Nepal : An Analysis from the Perspective of Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49516764/mini_magick20190131-1590-oexitz.png?1548948571" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Protracted People's War in Nepal : An Analysis from the Perspective of Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29161610" href="https://hiroshima-u.academia.edu/LuniPiya"><img alt="Profile image of Luni Piya" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Luni Piya</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">19 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 29061220; 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There has been a lot of scholarly debates and analysis to find out the root cause of evolution of Maoist insurgency in Nepal. But all of these debates, literatures and analysis are written from various perspectives. So this article would review all these debates, literature and analysis and provides an intensive framework to understand the root cause of evolution of Maoist Insurgency in Nepal.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of Maoism in Nepal: Understanding Maoist Insurgency from Wider Perspective","attachmentId":30682553,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2688455/Evolution_of_Maoism_in_Nepal_Understanding_Maoist_Insurgency_from_Wider_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2688455/Evolution_of_Maoism_in_Nepal_Understanding_Maoist_Insurgency_from_Wider_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="4746484" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4746484/The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="178937" href="https://southasianuniversity.academia.edu/MallikaShakya">mallika Shakya</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":32060068,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4746484/The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4746484/The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="31966143" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31966143/MAOIST_MOVEMENT_IN_INDIA_PROSPECTS_CHALLENGES_AND_POSSIBLE_IMPACTS_TO_NEPAL">MAOIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA: PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE IMPACTS TO NEPAL</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9879694" href="https://tribhuvan.academia.edu/DilSubba">Dil B Subba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Naxlite movement in India, which is also widely termed as "Left Wing Extremism," is a Maoist movement and is regarded as an outcome of "Naxalbari Uprising" of 1967. It aims at establishing communist regime in India by overthrowing existing political system. The activities of the Maoists have significantly grown after 2004 and have emerged as one of the major internal security threats to India. However, the government response against the Maoists in not been very convincing due to which the Maoists are getting stronger in recent years. The security situation in India may have tremendous economic, political and security impacts in most of the countries of South Asia including Nepal. With the increased Maoist activities in India, the possibility of connection and cooperation between Indian Maoists and Nepalese breakaway groups are always a possibility. The long open and unguarded international border may offer chance for Indian Maoists an opportunity to carryout cross-border activities. Such events may bring a number of security challenges to Nepal, destabilize Indo-Nepal relations and may pose serious threat to Nepalese national security. Nepal should take proper steps in advance to prevent such situation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MAOIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA: PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE IMPACTS TO NEPAL","attachmentId":52240204,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31966143/MAOIST_MOVEMENT_IN_INDIA_PROSPECTS_CHALLENGES_AND_POSSIBLE_IMPACTS_TO_NEPAL","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31966143/MAOIST_MOVEMENT_IN_INDIA_PROSPECTS_CHALLENGES_AND_POSSIBLE_IMPACTS_TO_NEPAL"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="55749114" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55749114/Centralizing_Politics_and_the_Growth_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">Centralizing Politics and the Growth of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1871746" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MahendraLawoti">Mahendra Lawoti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Himalaya the Journal of the Association For Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Centralizing Politics and the Growth of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":71472474,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55749114/Centralizing_Politics_and_the_Growth_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55749114/Centralizing_Politics_and_the_Growth_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="10787550" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10787550/The_Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">The Strategic Revolutionary Phases of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="932687" href="https://uio.academia.edu/JasonMiklian">Jason Miklian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article traces the path of the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist ascent to power from the start of Nepal's 1996-2006 civil war to its end. In the pattern of several other movements inspired by the success of Mao’s 1948 take-over of the Chinese state, the Maoists of Nepal tactically fought their war in stages, consisting of creation, expansion, and consolidation. Re-examining the lifecycle of Nepal’s Civil War in this context allows us to better understand: the course of events and the timing of significant episodes; the decisions that Maoist leadership made; and what techniques the Maoists used in order to make in-roads during each phase of the conflict.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Strategic Revolutionary Phases of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":36634324,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10787550/The_Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10787550/The_Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="102644723" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102644723/Judith_Pettigrew_Maoists_at_the_Hearth_Everyday_Life_in_Nepals_Civil_War">Judith Pettigrew, Maoists at the Hearth: Everyday Life in Nepal's Civil War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="612677" href="https://gcsu.academia.edu/AmyLeighJohnson">Amy Leigh Johnson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Judith Pettigrew, Maoists at the Hearth: Everyday Life in Nepal's Civil War","attachmentId":102860624,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102644723/Judith_Pettigrew_Maoists_at_the_Hearth_Everyday_Life_in_Nepals_Civil_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102644723/Judith_Pettigrew_Maoists_at_the_Hearth_Everyday_Life_in_Nepals_Civil_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49516764,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49516764,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49516764" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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