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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pontianak" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pontianak" title="You're encouraged to log 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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colonial rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Time zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethnicities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pontianak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بونتياناك (إندونسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بونتياناك (إندونسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پونتیاناک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پونتیاناک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta_Pontianak" title="Kuta Pontianak – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kuta Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_Chh%C4%AB" title="Pontianak Chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pontianak Chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Понтианак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Понтианак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Indonesya)" title="Pontianak (kapital sa lalawigan sa Indonesya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pontianak (kapital sa lalawigan sa Indonesya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پونتیاناک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پونتیاناک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B0%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%EB%82%99" title="폰티아낙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폰티아낙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A7" title="פונטיאנאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונטיאנאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha_Pontianak" title="Kutha Pontianak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutha Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianakas" title="Pontianakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pontianakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പോണ്ടിയാനാക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോണ്ടിയാനാക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पोंतियानाक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोंतियानाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_(kota)" title="Pontianak (kota) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pontianak (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_(stad)" title="Pontianak (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pontianak (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ポンティアナック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポンティアナック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پونٹیاناک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پونٹیاناک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonezia" title="Pontianak, Indonezia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pontianak, Indonezia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Понтианак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Понтианак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesie" title="Pontianak, Indonesie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pontianak, Indonesie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Понтианак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Понтианак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ปนตียานัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปนตียานัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Понтіанак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Понтіанак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پونٹیانک، انڈونیشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پونٹیانک، انڈونیشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E7%94%B8" title="坤甸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="坤甸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E7%94%B8" title="坤甸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="坤甸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E7%94%B8" title="坤甸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坤甸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Pontianak" title="Kota Pontianak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kota Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pontianak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pontianak&params=00_01_14_S_109_20_29_E_region:ID_type:city(675468)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°01′14″S</span> <span class="longitude">109°20′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.02056°S 109.34139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-0.02056; 109.34139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and capital of West Kalimantan, Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Kuntilanak" title="Kuntilanak">Kuntilanak</a>, the Indonesian mythological creature known as Pontianak in Malaysian folklore.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pontianak (disambiguation)">Pontianak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Kalimantan, Indonesia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pontianak</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Khuntien</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Pontianak <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Kota Pontianak</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ڤونتيانق</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">坤甸</span></span> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>)</span><br /><i>Kūn diān</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>)</span><br /><i>Kung¹ diêng⁶</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>)</span><br /><i>Khun-tîen</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque,_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg/288px-Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg/432px-Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg/576px-Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div><div>Mujahidin Grand Mosque</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg/142px-Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg/213px-Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg/284px-Pontianak_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div><div>Saint Joseph's Cathedral</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg/142px-Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg/213px-Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg/284px-Equator_Pontianak_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div>Equator Pontianak Monument</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div style="border:1;;height:67px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg/163px-Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg/245px-Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg/326px-Rumah_Melayu_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div>A traditional Malay house</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="border:1;;height:67px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg/121px-Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg/182px-Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg/242px-Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div><div>Kwam Im temple</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pontianak"><img alt="Flag of Pontianak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png/100px-Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png/150px-Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png/200px-Flag_of_Pontianak_City.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Pontianak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Pontianak"><img alt="Official seal of Pontianak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seal_of_Pontianak.svg/100px-Seal_of_Pontianak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seal_of_Pontianak.svg/150px-Seal_of_Pontianak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seal_of_Pontianak.svg/200px-Seal_of_Pontianak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> City</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kuntilanak" title="Kuntilanak">Kuntilanak</a> City</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Pontianak Bersinar</i> (Pontianak Shines)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within West Kalimantan"><img alt="Location within West Kalimantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg/250px-Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg/375px-Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg/500px-Locator_map_of_Pontianak_City_in_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontianak is located in Kalimantan"><img alt="Pontianak is located in Kalimantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_Kalimantan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="926" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.149%;left:13.403%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pontianak"><img alt="Pontianak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pontianak</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kalimantan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontianak is located in Indonesia"><img alt="Pontianak is located in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.225%;left:31.577%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pontianak"><img alt="Pontianak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pontianak</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Pontianak (Indonesia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Indonesia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pontianak&params=00_01_14_S_109_20_29_E_region:ID_type:city(675468)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°01′14″S</span> <span class="longitude">109°20′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.02056°S 109.34139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-0.02056; 109.34139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the world">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/43px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pontianak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pontianak">Sultanate of Pontianak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 1771</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled by the Dutch</th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1779</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Granted municipality status</th><td class="infobox-data">1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Granted city status</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1965</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">City Government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ani Sofian (<i>acting</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City of Pontianak</div></th><td class="infobox-data">118.21 km<sup>2</sup> (45.64 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 m (3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5 m (4.9 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.8 m (2.6 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(mid 2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City of Pontianak</div></th><td class="infobox-data">675,468</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,700/km<sup>2</sup> (15,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Pontianakian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">IWST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indonesia" title="Telephone numbers in Indonesia">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+62) 561</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Indonesia" title="Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">KB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.794 (<span style="color:Darkgreen;">High</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontianakkota.go.id">pontianakkota<wbr />.go<wbr />.id</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Pontianak</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E7%94%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:坤甸">坤甸</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>) a meaning<br />"<a href="/wiki/Kuntilanak" title="Kuntilanak">Pontianak</a> (<i>ghost</i>)"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kūndiān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Khun-tîen</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Kwān dīn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Kwan<sup>1</sup> din<sup>6</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Khun-tiān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Peng'im</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kung¹ diêng⁶</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Kŏng-diêng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Malay name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Pontianak</i></span> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a>)</span><br /><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڤونتيانق</span>‎</span></span> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>)</span></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pontianak</b>, also known as <b>Khuntien</b> in <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, is the capital of the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, founded first as a trading port on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, occupying an area of 118.21 km<sup>2</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_River" title="Kapuas River">Kapuas River</a>, at a point where it is joined by its major tributary, the Landak River. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, hence it is widely known as Kota Khatulistiwa (Equatorial City). The city center is less than 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of the equator. Pontianak is the 23rd most populous city in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (as at 2023), and the fourth most populous city on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (Kalimantan) after <a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a> and (Malaysia's) <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>; it is now slightly ahead of <a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a population of 658,685 at the 2020 Census<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the city limits, with significant suburbs outside those limits. The official estimate as of mid-2023 was 675,468 (comprising 337,856 males and 337,612 females).<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was founded as a small Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Kapuas River. It then became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a> for several centuries. Pontianak was then incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> after an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a> and the Dutch Government. During the colonial era, Pontianak was the seat of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residentie_Westerafdeeling_van_Borneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo (page does not exist)">Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo</a></i>, one of the residencies of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies</a>, Pontianak became the site of the <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak massacre">Pontianak massacre</a>, in which many Malay aristocrats and sultans as well as people from other ethnic groups (Particularly high profile Arabs and Chinese) were massacred by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Mandor" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mandor">Massacre of Mandor</a> (Holocaust of Mandor). </p><p>After the Japanese surrendered, Pontianak became part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a> and was designated as the capital city of the province of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>. </p><p>Pontianak is a multicultural city, as different ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a>, Bugis people, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> live in the city, with some immigrants such as Javanese, Madura people, Bataks, Ambon people, Papuans, and Manado people. This has created a culture that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Various languages are spoken in Pontianak, such as <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayak language">Dayak language</a> and different dialects of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese</a> and some varieties of Malays, Dayaks, Javanese, Bataks, and Bugis. </p><p>Pontianak is connected by air to other cities of Indonesia as well as some cities in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and Kuching. Connected with the <a href="/wiki/Supadio_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Supadio International Airport">Supadio International Airport</a>. Well paved roads of the Trans Kalimantan Road connect Pontianak to all Cities in the <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Palangkaraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Palangkaraya">Palangkaraya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Selor" title="Tanjung Selor">Tanjung Selor</a>. other towns also connected in the Province of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ketapang_(Kalimantan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketapang (Kalimantan)">Ketapang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singkawang" title="Singkawang">Singkawang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintang">Sintang</a>, etc., as well as other provinces. As Pontianak lies on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Kalimantan_Highway_Southern_Route" title="Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route">Trans Kalimantan Highway</a>, it is possible to travel to <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> by land using the Trans Kalimantan Highway. Several bus routes operate from Pontianak to <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_watertonnen_TMnr_60014537.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Pontianak, around 1920</figcaption></figure><p>The city was formerly the capital of the independent <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Sultanate of Pontianak</a> and was founded on 23 October 1771 around an old trading station on the western coast of Borneo. It was built on swampy ground and tropical forest subjected to regular flooding by the river, requiring buildings to be constructed on piles to keep them off the ground. The name Pontianak refers to a story about ghosts that people in West Kalimantan refer to as <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)"><i>Pontianak</i></a> (a ferocious female ghost in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>); it was a ghosts' haunt until Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie and his army fought and expelled the ghosts who attacked them by firing cannons. He then built a mosque and a palace, exactly on the location of the ghosts' haunt, and settled there. The mosque and palace became the first buildings in the city, and to this day locals fire <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cannon" title="Bamboo cannon">bamboo cannons</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and other holidays in memory of this.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pontianak in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> is known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E7%94%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:坤甸">坤甸</a>, ((<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>): <i>Kūndiàn</i>) in the local <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka Chinese</a>, Pontianak is known as <b>Khuntîen</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> mythology, the Pontianak is also the name of an astral creature that is said be a spirit of a woman who died while pregnant. Similar stories about the Pontianak first emerged from mythical and folkloric tales that are popular in Kalimantan (Borneo) before the city was built on a large scale of natural habitat. This was an active ancient civilization in the late 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pontianak" title="Special:EditPage/Pontianak">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrachtboten_langs_de_kade_van_een_kanaal_in_Pontianak_TMnr_60014568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Boats along the quay of a canal in Pontianak, circa 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the city of Pontianak written by a Dutch historian, V.J. Verth in his book <i>Borneos Afdeling Wester</i>, whose content is slightly different from the version of the stories circulating in the community today. </p><p>According to him, the Dutch started to go to Pontianak in 1773 from <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a>. Verth wrote that Syarif Abdurrahman, son of Sharif Hussein bin Ahmed cleric Alqadrie (or in another version called Al Habib Husin), left the Kingdom of Mempawah and began to wander. In the region of Banjarmasin, he married the sister of the sultan of Banjar, Sunan Nata Nature and was sworn in as prince. He was successful in commerce and accumulated enough capital to arm ships and boats and then started to take the fight against Dutch colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of Sultan Sand, Syarif Abdurrahman then successfully hijacked Dutch ship near Bangka, also British and French ships in the port of Pasir. Abdurrahman became a rich man and then tried to establish a settlement on an island in the Kapuas River. He found branching Landak River and then to develop the area into a prosperous trading center. This is the region that is now called Pontianak. He then established the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pontianak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pontianak">Sultanate of Pontianak</a> with himself as the first sultan. The influential Arab-Malay writer, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Misri" title="Abdullah al-Misri">Abdullah al-Misri</a>, was closely connected to the rulers of Pontianak at around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sultanate imported Chinese laborers in the 18th century to work in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>. A number of mining companies (<i><a href="/wiki/Kongsi" title="Kongsi">kongsi</a></i>) enjoyed some political autonomy. As the Dutch were expanding its power on Borneo, in 1777, the Chinese declared the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 蘭芳共和國), led by Luo Fangbo to oppose the Dutch attempt to colonize West Kalimantan, including Pontianak. The settlers subsequently elected Luo as their inaugural president. Luo implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. He also created a comprehensive set of executive, legislative, and judicial agencies. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had a defense ministry that administered a national militia based on <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>. During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining. Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers (province, prefecture, and county) with the people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a>. Lanfang was also declared a tributary state of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_rule">Colonial rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg/250px-Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg/375px-Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg/500px-Sultan_Pontianak_and_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie of Pontianak and Family, circa 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gekapte_sagostammen_worden_stroomafwaarts_op_de_rivier_bij_Pontianak_gevlot_West-Borneo_TMnr_10011237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Capped sago trunks are plumbed downstream on the river at Pontianak, circa 1948.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_(Year%3F).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_%28Year%3F%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_%28Year%3F%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_%28Year%3F%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_%28Year%3F%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_%28Year%3F%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Pontianak_%28Year%3F%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>Tropenmuseum's Coat of Arms of Pontianak designed as the request from Sultan Hamid of Pontianak</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1778, Dutch colonialists from Batavia entered Pontianak, led by Willem Ardinpola. The Netherlands occupied an area opposite the imperial palace now known as the Tanah Seribu or the Verkendepaal area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 July 1779, the Dutch made an agreement with the Sultanate of Pontianak regarding the Verkendepaal so that it would serve as the area of activities of the Dutch nation which later became the seat of government of <i>Resident het Hoofd Westerafdeeling van Borneo</i> (Regional Head residency of Borneo West) and <i>Assistant Resident het Hoofd der Afdeeling van Pontianak</i> (Resident assistant Chief of Pontianak regency). This area then became <i>Controleur Onderafdeeling van het Hoofd Pontianak</i> or <i>Plaatselijk Bestuur van Pontianak.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Assistant Resident het Hoofd van der Afdeeling Pontianak</i> (as a sort of regent of Pontianak) set the <i>Plaatselijk Fonds</i>. The agency manages government wealth and took care of tax funds. </p><p>The Dutch first recognized the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a>. However, the Dutch decided to expand its territory in Borneo, This was resisted by the officials of Lanfang. In the mid-to-late 19th century, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> weakened substantially and became increasingly unable to support the Lanfang Republic as its vassal state. The republic's citizenry waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang. Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The three campaigns waged by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies Army">Dutch East Indies Army</a> against the Chinese <i>kongsi</i>, called the Kongsi Wars, were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_West_Coast_of_Borneo" title="Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo">Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo</a> (1822–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_against_the_Chinese_in_Montrado" title="Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado">Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado</a> (1850–1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_uprising_in_Mandor,_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo">Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo</a> (1884–1885)</li></ul> <p>Due to being outnumbered and also with the lack of effective weaponry by the more superior and equipped <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a>, Lanfang finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1884 and was dissolved. Wary of Qing intervention, the Dutch did not openly annex the Lanfang Republic, and created another puppet regime. It was not until 1912, when the Qing Dynasty collapsed, that the Dutch proclaimed their occupation. Pontianak was then designated as the Residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo, one of the different residencies of the Dutch East Indies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1942, the Japanese occupied Pontianak and expelled the Dutch. The Japanese military government decided to allow the Pontianak Sultanate to remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the Japanese soon become distrusted to the Sultanate, and between 1943 and 1944, the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a> elites, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Menadonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Bataks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Eurasians</a> in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak massacre">Pontianak massacre</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, a Dutch military court in Pontianak on 18 October 1947 convicted the Japanese Admiral <a href="/wiki/Michiaki_Kamada" title="Michiaki Kamada">Michiaki Kamada</a> of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and sentenced him to death. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak,_Borneo,_KITLV_124744.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Front Street and the Chinese quarter in Pontianak, Borneo, 1934"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak%2C_Borneo%2C_KITLV_124744.tiff/lossy-page1-600px-Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak%2C_Borneo%2C_KITLV_124744.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak%2C_Borneo%2C_KITLV_124744.tiff/lossy-page1-900px-Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak%2C_Borneo%2C_KITLV_124744.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak%2C_Borneo%2C_KITLV_124744.tiff/lossy-page1-1200px-Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak%2C_Borneo%2C_KITLV_124744.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5916" data-file-height="1891" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Voorstraat_en_Chinese_wijk_te_Pontianak,_Borneo,_KITLV_124744.tiff" title="File:Voorstraat en Chinese wijk te Pontianak, Borneo, KITLV 124744.tiff"> </a></div>Front Street and the Chinese quarter in Pontianak, Borneo, 1934</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg/250px-Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg/375px-Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg/500px-Keraton_Kadariah_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Kadariah</i> Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Japanese surrendered, the Dutch returned to Pontianak. Due to international opposition to Dutch attempts to reinstate control over Indonesia in the United Nations, the Dutch were forced to recognise Sukarno's Republic as the de facto government of Java and Sumatra and to grant independence to a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the United States of Indonesia">Republic of the United States of Indonesia</a> (RUSI) on 27 December 1949. Pontianak became the capital of the State of West Kalimantan, one of the federal states of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a>. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Hamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Hamid II">Sultan Hamid II</a>, the last sultan of the Pontianak Sultanate. However, Hamid II was accused of conspiring with the former KNIL Captain <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Westerling" title="Raymond Westerling">Raymond Westerling</a> to organise an <a href="/wiki/APRA_Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="APRA Coup d'état">anti-Republican coup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration into the Republic of Indonesia. </p><p>Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted by 50 votes to one to merge West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilised KNIL troops in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> and the attempted secession of an <a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Moluccas">Republic of South Moluccas</a>, the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta. Pontianak then became the capital city of the new province of West Kalimantan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pontianak" title="Special:EditPage/Pontianak">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg/250px-Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg/375px-Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg/500px-Pelabuhan_Tua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Seng Hie</i> port, oldest port in Pontianak, lies along the banks of Kapuas river.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taman_kota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Taman_kota.jpg/200px-Taman_kota.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Taman_kota.jpg/300px-Taman_kota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Taman_kota.jpg/400px-Taman_kota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Pontianak Town park</figcaption></figure> <p>Pontianak lies on the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> at a height ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 meters above sea level. It is divided into three parts by the <a href="/wiki/Kapuas_River" title="Kapuas River">Kapuas Besar</a> and its major tributaries – the Kapuas Kecil and Landak rivers. The city lies on flat land in the delta of the Kapuas River with a ground level elevation ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 meters above sea level. </p><p>The city is built on fall peneplain and alluvial sediments that are physically a clay type. This type of soil is in the form of peat and silt deposits of Kapuas river. Under these conditions, the soil is very unstable and has a very low carrying capacity. The soil composition along the river is formed from a precipitation process that produces a tropaquent area coupled with tropofluevent and under permanently saturated fluvawuent conditions. It is derived from the new sapphire sediment from various compositions and shapes, including organic matter. </p><p>Pontianak consists of a kind of soil organosol, gray, humus, and alluvial with different characteristics. At some points, the thickness of the peat soils reaches up to 1–6 meters, thus causing a poor carrying capacity if it is designated to construct large buildings to make it as a farm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_zone">Time zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Time zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963 by Presidential Decree No. 243, the city entered into the <a href="/wiki/Central_Indonesian_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Indonesian Time">Central Indonesian Time</a> (WITA) zone (GMT+8). </p><p>On 1 January 1988 by Presidential Decree No. 41, West Kalimantan (together with <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a>) moved back 1 hour from the Central Indonesian Time (WITA) zone, to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Indonesian_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indonesian Time">Western Indonesian Time</a> (WIB) zone. As such, in 1988 the city of Pontianak celebrated the New Year twice: at 00:00 on GMT+8 and then 00:00 on GMT+7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pontianak features a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> (Af) with no distinct seasons at all and with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. The city experiences a large amount of rainfall throughout the year, averaging 2,896 mm (114.0 in) of precipitation annually. Only in the month of July and August does the average monthly precipitation fall below <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>150 mm (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in). Temperatures are consistent throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures of 31 °C (88 °F) and average low temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pontianak (<a href="/wiki/Supadio_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Supadio International Airport">Supadio International Airport</a>) (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #005A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">281.2<br />(11.07) </td> <td style="background: #009B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">216.9<br />(8.54) </td> <td style="background: #00A200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">233.4<br />(9.19) </td> <td style="background: #005E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">269.8<br />(10.62) </td> <td style="background: #008000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">255.9<br />(10.07) </td> <td style="background: #00C500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">203.2<br />(8.00) </td> <td style="background: #00EE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.0<br />(7.17) </td> <td style="background: #0DFF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.9<br />(6.37) </td> <td style="background: #00F000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.2<br />(6.90) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">311.4<br />(12.26) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">331.2<br />(13.04) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">312.1<br />(12.29) </td> <td style="background: #008A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,934.2<br />(115.52) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3232FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.6 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.1 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.7 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.6 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">186.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg/220px-Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg/330px-Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg/440px-Kantor_Walikota_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Pontianak City Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg/220px-Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg/330px-Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg/440px-Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>The West Kalimantan Council (DPRD) building</figcaption></figure> <p>Pontianak City comprises six administrative <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">districts</a> (<i>kecamatan</i>), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2020 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table also includes the number of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative village">administrative villages</a> (all classed as urban <i>kelurahan</i>) in each district, and its post code. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PontianakMap-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PontianakMap-3.png/262px-PontianakMap-3.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PontianakMap-3.png/393px-PontianakMap-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/PontianakMap-3.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode <br />Wilayah</th> <th>Name of<br />District<br />(<i>kecamatan</i>)</th> <th>Area <br /> in<br />km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Pop'n<br />Census<br />2010</th> <th>Pop'n<br />Census<br />2020</th> <th>Pop'n<br />Estimate<br />mid 2023</th> <th>No.<br />of<br />villages</th> <th>Post<br />code </th></tr> <tr> <td>61.71.01</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Pontianak" title="South Pontianak">Pontianak Selatan</a> <br /> (South Pontianak)</td> <td align="right">16.52</td> <td align="right">81,821</td> <td align="right">90,839</td> <td align="right">91,290</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>78123<br />& 78124 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.71.06</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_East_Pontianak" title="South East Pontianak">Pontianak Tenggara</a> <br /> (Southeast Pontianak)</td> <td align="right">16.13</td> <td align="right">44,856</td> <td align="right">49,127</td> <td align="right">49,180</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>78124 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.71.02</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Pontianak" title="East Pontianak">Pontianak Timur</a> <br /> (East Pontianak)</td> <td align="right">12.06</td> <td align="right">82,370</td> <td align="right">105,787</td> <td align="right">110,900</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td>78132–78136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.71.03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Pontianak" title="West Pontianak">Pontianak Barat</a> <br /> (West Pontianak)</td> <td align="right">16.38</td> <td align="right">123,029</td> <td align="right">146,700</td> <td align="right">150,520</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>78113–78136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.71.05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak City">Pontianak Kota</a> <br /> (Pontianak Town)</td> <td align="right">16.02</td> <td align="right">110,111</td> <td align="right">123,028</td> <td align="right">123,870</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>78111–78117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.71.04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Pontianak" title="North Pontianak">Pontianak Utara</a> <br /> (North Pontianak)</td> <td align="right">41.10</td> <td align="right">112,577</td> <td align="right">143,204</td> <td align="right">149,710</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>78241–78244 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><b>Totals</b></i></td> <td align="right"><i>118.21</i></td> <td align="right"><i>554,764</i></td> <td align="right"><i>658,685</i></td> <td align="right"><i>675,468</i></td> <td align="center"><i>29</i></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first four of the above districts lie on the south bank of the Kapuas River (listed from west to east), while the last two districts lie on the north bank (the East and North districts are separated by the Landak River, which joins with the Kapuas Kecil River at this point to create the Kapuas Besar River). The built-up or urbanized area continues southeastwards along the south bank of the Kapuas River into the town of <b>Sungai Raya</b>, which comprises the urbanised part of Sungai Raya District of <a href="/wiki/Kubu_Raya_Regency" title="Kubu Raya Regency">Kubu Raya Regency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg/250px-Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg/375px-Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg/500px-Baju_Adat_Melayu_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Malay peoples in Pontianak, wearing traditional costume</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2010 census enumerated Pontianak's population at 554,764,<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 2020 Census resulted in a population of 658,685;<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latest official estimate (as at mid 2023) is 675,468.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Researchers conducted research on population data in the city of Pontianak during the years from 2010 onwards, collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) Pontianak by accessing the data online. According to the data obtained, the population growth rate in Pontianak City in 1990–2000 is 0.7 percent per year, while for the period 2000-2010 increased to 1.8 percent per year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicities">Ethnicities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethnicities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pontianak" title="Special:EditPage/Pontianak">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg/250px-Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg/375px-Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg/500px-Naga_Warna_Navy_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Chinese celebrate <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Cap Go Meh</a> festival in Pontianak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently (as of 2023), the website of <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a> for Pontianak City (BPS Kota Pontianak) does not show ethnic composition in its population data.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BPS data below was reported by news sites in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again 2022:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Ethnic groups in Pontianak </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a></td> <td>30.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a></td> <td>29.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a></td> <td>18.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></td> <td>12.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a></td> <td>4.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td>2.98% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2009, the government website of Pontianak City posted this ethnicity data:<sup id="cite_ref-penduduksuku_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penduduksuku-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Ethnic groups in Pontianak </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></th> <th>Percentage (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese descent</a></td> <td>32.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a></td> <td>31.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a></td> <td>13.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></td> <td>11.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a></td> <td>3.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td>4.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTAL</td> <td>100 [sic] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Intermarriage between different ethnic groups is common in Pontianak. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg/270px-Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg/405px-Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg/540px-Gawai_Dayak_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a> Festival in Pontianak</figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to other Indonesian cities, Pontianak is one of the few cities with a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>. The Chinese have lived in Pontianak for centuries. Most of the Chinese were passing through west Borneo from the third century for a last rest on their sailing journeys before returning to China. Beginning in the 7th century many Chinese had started to trade in western Borneo. Apart from the Chinese traders, in the 17th century Dutch colonization brought in mass Chinese for mining gold. Most of these Chinese miners originated from the <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> provinces. </p><p>The two largest sub-groups of the Pontianak Chinese are the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a>. The Teochew people are from the northeastern coast of Guangdong and Hakka people from the interior of Fujian come to West Kalimantan. The Hakka people are pioneer groups living in villages and mining areas, working as miners, farmers, and also small traders. This is in contrast to the Teochew people who prefer to live in urban areas for trade. Even now the Teochew people form the largest ethnic Chinese population in the city of Pontianak and south of Pontianak. The Hakka people mostly live in the northern area of Pontianak. </p><p>The second largest ethnic group in Pontianak is the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay people.</a> The Pontianak Malay are one of the early inhabitants of the city. Pontianak was the seat of the Pontianak Sultanate, a great Malay kingdom for centuries. The Malay people mostly live on the bank of the Kapuas River and other rivers in Pontianak. They also live in coastal areas of the city. Most of the Pontianak Malay work as traders, government officials, and in other jobs. </p><p>Other significant ethnic groups living in Pontianak are the Dayak, Bugis, Madurese, and Javanese. Most of the Dayak living in Pontianak are the indigenous/native people of the interior part of West Kalimantan. Some of the Dayak still practice <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, which involves traditional rituals and dances. However, most of the Dayaks have converted to Christianity and are more urbanized. The Bugis, Javanese, and Madurese are immigrants from other parts of Indonesia. They migrated to Pontianak due to the <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">Transmigration program</a> enacted by the Dutch and continued during the New Order. Conflicts often erupted between the Madurese and the Dayak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is the official language of Pontianak as well as other parts of Indonesia. The native language and main <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the city is <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a>, a distinct variety of Malay that is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Johor-Riau Malay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> in Indonesia and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The main differences between Pontianak Malay and Indonesian is that they use "Kamek" instead of "Kami" and "Kitak" instead of "Kalian", which is more similar to <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a>, given their proximity. However, many people in the city also use <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> as their second language. </p><p>The other prevailing language in Pontianak is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> exists in Pontianak, the most notable being <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>. Teochew is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> originating from Guangdong. It is mostly mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>. Teochew is mostly spoken in the central and southern parts of the city, as well as suburbs south of the city. Hakka is spoken in the northern part of the city, as well as in suburbs north of the city. There are more Teochew speakers than Hakka speakers in Pontianak. These varieties of Chinese has been influenced by other languages such as Malay, Indonesian, and other languages. They have incorporated words from Indonesian and other languages. Therefore, native speakers from China may find it difficult to communicate using Teochew and Hakka with the people from Pontianak. Other Chinese variants such as the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and Hokkien have fewer speakers. </p><p>Other languages such as the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, and different dialects of Dayak are also spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the population are Muslims (63.4%); the rest are Buddhists (23.2%), Catholics (9.1%), Protestants (3.2%), Confucians (1.3%), Hindus (0.1%), and others (0.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Muslims are Malay, Javanese, Madurese, etc. While most of the people who adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesian</a>, many Chinese also adhere to Christianity. The Dayak people adhere to either Catholicism or Protestantism, while also incorporating local beliefs. Some of the Dayak also adheres to <a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a>, a local folk religion. However, the Indonesian government does not recognize Kaharingan as a religion and therefore classifies those who adhere to Kaharingan beliefs as Hindus. </p><p>Several places of worship are located in Pontianak, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jami_Mosque_of_Pontianak" title="Jami Mosque of Pontianak">Jami Mosque of Pontianak</a>, which is considered the great mosque of Pontianak. Located in the complex of the palace of the former Pontianak Sultanate, this mosque is the oldest mosque and is one of the two buildings that witnessed the establishment of the city of Pontianak. At first, this mosque was also used as a center of government for the Sultanate of Pontianak. The name of this mosque was given by Syarif Usman Alkadri who is the son of Sultan Sharif Abdurrahman, who continued the construction of the mosque until it was completed. </p><p>Other places of worship are the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Pontianak" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Pontianak">Cathedral of Saint Joseph</a>, Pura Giripati Mulawarman, Vihara Budhisatva Karaniya Metta, and the Pontianak Congregation of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan_Christian_Church" title="West Kalimantan Christian Church">West Kalimantan Christian Church</a>. Some of these have existed since the Dutch colonial era, while some are constructed by the Indonesian government. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque,_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mujahidin Grand Mosque, the largest mosque in Pontianak"><img alt="Mujahidin Grand Mosque, the largest mosque in Pontianak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg/306px-Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg/459px-Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg/612px-Mujahidin_Grand_Mosque%2C_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mujahidin Grand Mosque, the largest mosque in Pontianak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santo Yosef cathedral"><img alt="Santo Yosef cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg/306px-Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg/459px-Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg/612px-Cathedral_Santo_Yosef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Santo Yosef cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kwan Im Chinese temple"><img alt="Kwan Im Chinese temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg/306px-Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg/459px-Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg/612px-Kwan_Im_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kwan Im Chinese temple</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pontianak" title="Special:EditPage/Pontianak">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal_pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mal_pontianak.jpg/250px-Mal_pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mal_pontianak.jpg/375px-Mal_pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mal_pontianak.jpg/500px-Mal_pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Pontianak Town center</figcaption></figure> <p>The gross regional domestic product of Pontianak City, according to the ADHK 2010 business field in 2015, reached 20.80 trillion rupiah. When compared to 2014, the production volume of goods and services produced in Pontianak City in 2015 increased by 0.96 trillion rupiah, or by 4.84 percent. Most of Pontianak city's economy relies on <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. The trade, hotel, and restaurant sectors have been the largest economic base in Pontianak City in recent years. </p><p>This can be seen from the percentage distribution of GDP, where the large and retail trade sector has the greatest role in total GDP compared to other sectors, which is 18.30 percent. In terms of usage, the value of GDP shows how products of goods and services are used for consumption, investment, or trading purposes with foreign/regional parties. Based on the percentage of GDP, aggregate demand in Pontianak City in 2015 as a whole experienced a growth of 4.84 percent compared to the previous year, whereas the household consumer component contributed as much as 10.61 trillion rupiah or by 51 percent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of large and medium industrial enterprises in the city of Pontianak as of 2005 was 34 companies. Labor absorbed by industrial enterprises amounted to 3,300 people, consisting of 2,700 production workers and other workers and 600 administrators. Moderate or major industrial companies located in the District of North Pontianak have the largest labor force of around 2,952 people. </p><p>The resulting output value of large industrial enterprises or medium amounted to 1.51 trillion rupiah, where large industrial enterprises or are located in the District of North Pontianak dominated by rubber industry companies. The smallest output value derived from companies located in the District Pontianak City, worth 2.85 billion Rupiahs. </p><p>For Gross Value Added (NTB) obtained from all large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in Pontianak City during 2005, this amounted to 217.57 billion rupiah and indirect taxes obtained amounted to 462.78 million rupiah. The value added at factor fees earned amounted to 217.10 billion rupiah. </p><p>For small industrial centers, the industry results for agriculture and forestry (IHPK) shows that the snack food industry, centered in Sungai Kuhl, is the largest local small industry, employing as many as 329 people. Investment value reached 249.50 million and the sales amounted to 780.50 million. The water taro weaving industry has 16 business units with an investment of 17.5 million and sales of 110 million rupiah, mostly located in Tanjung Hulu, Pontianak East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2006, cassava, rice, and yams were the most prominent crops in Pontianak. Residents also farmed vegetables and aloe vera. Jackfruit, banana, and pineapple are also grown in the city. Farms in Pontianak raise cattle (beef and dairy), goats, pigs, and chickens. </p><p>In the surrounding areas of Pontianak, the herb <i><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a></i>, known colloquially as kratom, is grown, and Pontianak is a major center for exportation of the herb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade is one of the rapidly growing businesses in the city of Pontianak. Modern trade began to develop in 2001 with the founding of Mal Sun Apartments in Dubai City. Modern shopping centers began to be built in various corners of the city, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayani_Mega_Mall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayani Mega Mall (page does not exist)">Ayani Mega Mall</a> and Mall Pontianak. Various national retail companies are starting to do business in Pontianak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg/200px-Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg/300px-Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg/400px-Gedung_STMIK_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>STMIK Pontianak</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on data from the Pontianak City Education Office, in 2015 Pontianak has 111 kindergartens, 161 elementary schools, 76 junior high schools, 44 high schools, and 29 vocational high schools. The primary school education level (SD) has the highest student-teacher ratio at 22:1. </p><p>School Participation Rate (APS) in Pontianak for 7–12 years age group during the last three years has been around 100 percent. In the 13-15-year age group, school participation in this age group has fluctuated considerably in recent years. However, school participation of children aged 13–15 years continues to increase to close to 100 percent. </p><p>There are colleges and universities operated by both state authorities, as well as private and religious institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Tanjungpura_University" title="Tanjungpura University">University of Tanjung Pura</a>, a state university, was established in Pontianak in 1963. Other universities are maintained by private institutions: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammadiyah_University_of_Pontianak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammadiyah University of Pontianak (page does not exist)">Muhammadiyah University</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Widya_Dharma_Pontianak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Widya Dharma Pontianak (page does not exist)">University of Widya Dharma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faithful_Utterance_Institute_of_Technology_and_Business&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faithful Utterance Institute of Technology and Business (page does not exist)">Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Sabda Setia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Panca_Bhakti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Panca Bhakti (page does not exist)">University of Panca Bhakti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=STMIK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STMIK (page does not exist)">STMIK</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=STAIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STAIN (page does not exist)">STAIN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=POLNEP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POLNEP (page does not exist)">POLNEP</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=AKBID_St_Benedicta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AKBID St Benedicta (page does not exist)">AKBID St Benedicta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultural diversity in Pontianak presents various events throughout the year. The Tionghua/Indonesian Chinese community celebrates <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a>, Cap Go Meh (Lantern Festival, which falls on the fifteenth day of the first month of lunar calendar), and Cheng Meng (Tomb Sweeping Festival, on first day of the fifth solar term of the lunar calendar). The Malay celebrates <a href="/wiki/Idul_Fitri" class="mw-redirect" title="Idul Fitri">Idul Fitri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idul_Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Idul Adha">Idul Adha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Maulidur Rasul</a>. The Dayak People celebrates the harvest season, locally known as Gawai Dayak. These events are usually marked with extravagant cultural parades around the city. </p><p>The equatorial line passing Pontianak is marked by a monument north of the city center. Between 19 and 21 March and 21–23 September (the equinoxes), solar culmination can be observed near the monument, where the setting of the sun will be exactly at 0° at noon (12:00), causing shadows at the monument and everything nearby to disappear for a few seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg/250px-Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg/375px-Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg/500px-Aneka_Masakan_Pontianak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Various type of foods from Pontianak</figcaption></figure> <p>Pontianak is also known for its culinary attractions, with its mix of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Tionghua/Indonesian Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> influences. Diversity makes Pontianak food a culinary paradise. The food is well known for the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_rice" title="Economy rice">Nasi Cap Cai</a>, rice mixed with a variety of other dishes to order.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otak_Otak_Ikan_Tenggiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otak Otak Ikan Tenggiri (page does not exist)">Otak Otak Ikan Tenggiri</a>, mackerel fish cakes wrapped in banana leaves and grilled, can be enjoyed with peanut sauce.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">Bakpao</a>, bun with variety of fillings.</li> <li>Batang Burok</li> <li>Choi pan or chai kue, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese</a> dish made from a thin chai kue skin with the filling of the chai kue can be yam, taro, or chives.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lek Tau Suan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">绿豆爽</span> (mung bean dessert with crispy rice crisp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubur_pedas" title="Bubur pedas">Bubur pedas</a></li> <li>Yammie (stirred noodles with a variety of egg noodle, slim noodle, rice noodle "kwetiau"), mini-dumpling "Kiaw".</li> <li>Paceri Nanas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_pedas" title="Asam pedas">Ikan asam pedas</a></li> <li><i>Pwe Ki Mue</i> (bubur pesawat, rice porridge with many side dishes)</li> <li>Tart durian</li> <li>Nasi ayam "koi peng"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Kaloci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">Mooncake</a> or "gwek pia"</li> <li>Kwe Kia Theng</li> <li>Tencalok</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemang" title="Lemang">Lemang</a></li> <li>He Mue (rice and a choice from a variety of fish)</li> <li>Lempok Durian</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_Curry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rice Curry (page does not exist)">Nasi kari</a></li> <li>Roti kap</li> <li>Tempoyak</li> <li>Bingke</li> <li>Hekeng (prawn spring roll)</li> <li>Tar Susu</li> <li>Chai Kwee</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pontianak is well-connected by road, air, and sea. There are multiple city and intercity public transportation options. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supadio_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Supadio International Airport">Supadio International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supadioairport1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Supadioairport1.jpg/220px-Supadioairport1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Supadioairport1.jpg/330px-Supadioairport1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Supadioairport1.jpg/440px-Supadioairport1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Inside of Supadio Airport terminal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Supadio_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Supadio International Airport">Supadio International Airport</a> is the main airport for Pontianak and West Kalimantan, built by the Japanese during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Indonesian government then developed the airport, resulting in its present form. The airport is not located within the city limits, but in <a href="/wiki/Kubu_Raya_Regency" title="Kubu Raya Regency">Kubu Raya Regency</a> which is 17 km away from the city center. Currently it is the second-largest airport in Kalimantan in terms of terminal size, after <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Aji_Muhammad_Sulaiman_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport">Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a>. </p><p>After construction of a new modern terminal to replace the old and overutilised terminal, the airport currently has a capacity of 3.8 million passengers annually, double the previous terminal's capacity. The airport serves direct domestic flights to other major cities in Indonesia, mostly in Java and Kalimantan. Moreover, the airport also has international flights to some cities in Malaysia, such as Kuala Lumpur and Kuching. The airport is expected to be expanded again in the future to cater to the increasing number of passengers travelling to and from Pontianak. Currently, the only ways to get to the airport are by taxi, private cars, or using <a href="/wiki/Perum_DAMRI" title="Perum DAMRI">DAMRI</a> buses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Port of Pontianak, located on the banks of the Kapuas River, is the economic pulse of the city and connects an area of 146.8 thousand km2 in West Kalimantan Province. The size of this area is comparable to the island of Java plus the island of Madura combined. Main cities and towns served include Pontianak, Sintete, Sambas, Sintang, Sanggau, Kapuas, Hulu, Telok Air, Ketapang, and Singkawang. </p><p>There are two port areas under the auspices of PT. Pelindo II (Persero), namely the Port of Sintete and Ketapang Port. </p><p>This port's hinterland is dominated by plantations, the forestry sector, the mining sector, and raw materials processing industry. To cater for increased economic activity in this region, Pelindo II has operated the container terminal for Pontianak's port. It has been equipped with two container cranes and various modern equipment that can provide optimal support for loading and unloading activities in the region. </p><p>The Pontianak Crossing Port is the main passenger port. It allows ferry connection to other cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Batam, etc. The port currently does not serve international destinations such as Singapore and Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land">Land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg/220px-Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg/330px-Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg/440px-Pontianak-Kuching_coach_at_Kuching_Sentral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>A front view of S.J.S Bus, connecting Pontianak to Kuching, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pontianak lies on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Kalimantan_Highway_Southern_Route" title="Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route">Trans Kalimantan Highway</a>. The highway allows Pontianak to be connected to other major cities in Kalimantan such as Palangka Raya, Banjarmasin, and Samarinda. Moreover, it is possible to travel to <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> using the Trans-Kalimantan Highway. The distance from Pontianak to Kuching in Sarawak, Malaysia is about 340 km and takes about 6 hours 30 minutes. The distance from Pontianak to Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei is about 1,100 km and takes about 18 hours. All people travelling to either Malaysia or Brunei must pass through the Entikong border checkpoint, the main Indonesian border checkpoint in Kalimantan. </p><p>Pontianak currently does not have a toll road. However, there is a proposal to build a highway connecting Pontianak with <a href="/wiki/Singkawang" title="Singkawang">Singkawang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the Entikong border checkpoint near Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Indonesia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia</a></div> <p>Pontianak has sister relationships with these cities: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe"><img alt="São Tomé and Príncipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sakata,_Yamagata" title="Sakata, Yamagata">Sakata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture" title="Yamagata Prefecture">Yamagata Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rumoi,_Hokkaido" title="Rumoi, Hokkaido">Rumoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pontianak" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pontianak">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadashige_Daigo" title="Tadashige Daigo">Tadashige Daigo</a> re: the massacre at Pontianak</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, <i>Kota Pontianak Dalam Angka 2024</i> (Katalog-BPS 1102001.6171)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipm.bps.go.id/data/kabkot/metode/baru/6171/">"Data Kota Pontianak 2018 (Metode Baru)"</a>. <i>ipm.bps.go.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipm.bps.go.id&rft.atitle=Data+Kota+Pontianak+2018+%28Metode+Baru%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipm.bps.go.id%2Fdata%2Fkabkot%2Fmetode%2Fbaru%2F6171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontianak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmed2020" class="citation web cs1">Omed, Kata (25 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kataomed.com/kota/daftar-10-kota-besar-di-kalimantan">"Daftar 10 Kota Besar di Kalimantan"</a>. <i>KATA OMED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KATA+OMED&rft.atitle=Daftar+10+Kota+Besar+di+Kalimantan&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft.aulast=Omed&rft.aufirst=Kata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkataomed.com%2Fkota%2Fdaftar-10-kota-besar-di-kalimantan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontianak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsfeatures.php?id=361412">Amrizan Madian; <i>Matahari Tegak Dua Kali Setahun di Kota Khatulistiwa</i>; Situs Berita Nasional Malaysia</a> (<i>in Indonesian</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pemkot.pontianak.go.id/sejarah.html"><i>Sejarah Berdirinya Kota Pontianak</i>; Situs Pemerintah Kota Pontianak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331051202/http://pemkot.pontianak.go.id/sejarah.html">Archived</a> 31 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Indonesian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliacozzo2009" class="citation book cs1">Tagliacozzo, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3nlvRJyjUEC"><i>Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kota+Pontianak%3A+Dari+Kerajaan+Pontianak+hingga+Pusat+Perdagangan+dan+Jasa&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft.aulast=Purwanto&rft.aufirst=Antonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.id%2Fbaca%2Fdaerah%2F2022%2F03%2F14%2Fkota-pontianak-dari-kerajaan-pontianak-hingga-pusat-perdagangan-dan-jasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontianak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penduduksuku-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-penduduksuku_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218195426/http://www.pontianakkota.go.id/?q=tentang%2Fsuku-bangsa">"Suku Bangsa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontianakkota.go.id/?q=tentang%2Fsuku-bangsa">the original</a> on 18 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suku+Bangsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontianakkota.go.id%2F%3Fq%3Dtentang%252Fsuku-bangsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontianak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=6100000000">"Peringatan"</a>. <i>sp2010.bps.go.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pontianak#Q14168" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pontianak">Pontianak</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontianakkota.go.id">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Pontianak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pontianak" title="Template:Pontianak"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pontianak" title="Template talk:Pontianak"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pontianak" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pontianak"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Pontianak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Kalimantan" title="List of districts of West Kalimantan">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontianak</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pontianak" title="East Pontianak">East Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pontianak" title="North Pontianak">North Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Kota" title="Pontianak Kota">Pontianak Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pontianak" title="South Pontianak">South Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Pontianak" title="South East Pontianak">South East Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pontianak" title="West Pontianak">West Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regencies_and_cities_of_West_Kalimantan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Kalimantan" title="Template:West Kalimantan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Kalimantan" title="Template talk:West Kalimantan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Kalimantan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Kalimantan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regencies_and_cities_of_West_Kalimantan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regencies and cities of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">Regencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengkayang_Regency" title="Bengkayang Regency">Bengkayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapuas_Hulu_Regency" title="Kapuas Hulu Regency">Kapuas Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kayong_Regency" title="North Kayong Regency">North Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketapang_Regency" title="Ketapang Regency">Ketapang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_Raya_Regency" title="Kubu Raya Regency">Kubu Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landak_Regency" title="Landak Regency">Landak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melawi_Regency" title="Melawi Regency">Melawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempawah_Regency" title="Mempawah Regency">Mempawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambas_Regency" title="Sambas Regency">Sambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_Regency" title="Sanggau Regency">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekadau_Regency" title="Sekadau Regency">Sekadau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintang_Regency" title="Sintang Regency">Sintang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of West Kalimantan"><img alt="Seal of West Kalimantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkawang" title="Singkawang">Singkawang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">List of regencies and cities of Indonesia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Related_to_Pontianak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Related_to_Pontianak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Related to Pontianak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial_capitals_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provincial_capitals_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Provincial capitals in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provincial_capitals_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provincial capitals in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial_capitals_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial capitals in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provincial_capitals_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provincial</a> capitals in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_(city)" title="Bengkulu (city)">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_(city)" title="Jambi (city)">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkalpinang" title="Pangkalpinang">Pangkalpinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjungpinang" title="Tanjungpinang">Tanjungpinang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjarbaru" title="Banjarbaru">Banjarbaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palangka_Raya" title="Palangka Raya">Palangka Raya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Selor" title="Tanjung Selor">Tanjung Selor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Kupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_(city)" title="Mataram (city)">Mataram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_(city)" title="Gorontalo (city)">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari">Kendari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_(city)" title="Mamuju (city)">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofifi" title="Sofifi">Sofifi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari">Manokwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salor_Indah,_Kurik,_Merauke" title="Salor Indah, Kurik, Merauke">Salor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanggar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanggar (page does not exist)">Wanggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorong" title="Sorong">Sorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayawijaya_Regency" title="Jayawijaya Regency">Jayawijaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provincial capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaraja" title="Singaraja">Singaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Indonesian_cities_with_a_200,000+_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Most populous cities in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Indonesian_cities_with_a_200,000+_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">Indonesian cities with a 200,000+ population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000 and above</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontianak</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jambi_(city)" title="Jambi (city)">Jambi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Kupang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilegon" title="Cilegon">Cilegon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mataram_(city)" title="Mataram (city)">Mataram</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_(city)" title="Bengkulu (city)">Bengkulu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palu" title="Palu">Palu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukabumi" title="Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari">Kendari</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumai" title="Dumai">Dumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekalongan" title="Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Palangka_Raya" title="Palangka Raya">Palangka Raya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binjai" title="Binjai">Binjai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kediri_(city)" title="Kediri (city)">Kediri</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sorong" title="Sorong">Sorong</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegal" title="Tegal">Tegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pematangsiantar" title="Pematangsiantar">Pematang Siantar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjarbaru" title="Banjarbaru">Banjarbaru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakan" title="Tarakan">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probolinggo" title="Probolinggo">Probolinggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkawang" title="Singkawang">Singkawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubuklinggau" title="Lubuklinggau">Lubuklinggau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tanjungpinang" title="Tanjungpinang">Tanjungpinang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitung" title="Bitung">Bitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padangsidempuan" title="Padangsidempuan">Padangsidempuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkal_Pinang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkal Pinang">Pangkal Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu,_East_Java" title="Batu, East Java">Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasuruan" title="Pasuruan">Pasuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar,_West_Java" title="Banjar, West Java">Banjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Note: <b>Bold</b> indicates provincial capital</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_colonies" title="Template talk:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1602–1798)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14168#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159437931">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206677/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcDhvhR8JTQHvBXfPWjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4361434-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79121673">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552614405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/eab90126-5235-4c5e-a4dc-98ffa6ad7f74">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/234363592">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&oldid=1258557347">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontianak&oldid=1258557347</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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