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This paper will examine this particular phenomenon with specific regard to black and white relations in workplace contexts. The reality of prevailing external and internal issues will be fully discussed to highlight factors relating to racial oppression, capacity for resilience and their deleterious effects on black identity development.","publication_date":"2005,,","publication_name":"Psychodynamic Practice","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"98374836"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Invisible injuries and silent witnesses: The shadow of racial oppression in workplace contexts","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [53587420]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/96489772/Invisible_injuries_and_silent_witnesses_The_shadow_of_racial_oppression_in_workplace_contexts" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="49279974" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49279974/Reflecting_on_race_responses_to_psychosocial_retraumatisation_in_the_workplace">Reflecting on 'race': responses to psychosocial retraumatisation in the workplace</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="100972335" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/JohnAdlam">John Adlam</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="198530235" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LeilaLawton">Leila Lawton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">S London and Maudsley Psychology and Psychotherapy Newsletter, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Trauma Informed Care is defined by the Mental Health Foundation as putting people before protocols. It is about creating dialogue, cultivating consideration, and fostering adaptation to the different and changing needs of individuals that we serve. However, the word 'trauma' and the term 'trauma informed care' both risk becoming over-used and drained of meaning. This is partly, we suggest, because the term 'trauma' has become over-medicalised as a clinical term in mental health services and the nature of structural violence in society is thereby glossed over. A truly psychosocial approach illuminating processes of (re-)traumatisation in our workplaces will understand trauma as occurring in the wider psychosocial context and as impacting directly upon colleagues – not only via so-called ‘vicarious’ secondary processes of (re-)traumatisation. In this paper we focus on racial trauma and processes of ongoing racialised retraumatisation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflecting on 'race': responses to psychosocial retraumatisation in the workplace","attachmentId":67664007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49279974/Reflecting_on_race_responses_to_psychosocial_retraumatisation_in_the_workplace","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49279974/Reflecting_on_race_responses_to_psychosocial_retraumatisation_in_the_workplace"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="103114793" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103114793/White_and_minority_employee_reactions_to_perceived_discrimination_at_work_evidence_of_White_fragility">White and minority employee reactions to perceived discrimination at work: evidence of White fragility?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1222637" href="https://dal.academia.edu/EddyNg">Eddy S Ng</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Manpower, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PurposeBuilding on the notion of “White fragility,” this study aims to explore how Whites react and cope with perceived discrimination at work. Specifically, the authors explore whether: (1) Whites react more negatively than minorities when they perceive discrimination at work and (2) Whites are more likely than minorities to restore the status quo by leaving the situation when they perceive discrimination at work.Design/methodology/approachData for this study were obtained from the Professional Worker Career Experience Survey. In total, 527 working professionals from multiple organizations across the central USA participated in the survey.FindingsThe authors find evidence that Whites experience more negative psychological effects (i.e. lower job satisfaction and higher work stress) from perceived discrimination than minority employees and are more likely to act to restore conditions of privilege by leaving their current job and employer. The stronger negative effects of perceived d...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"White and minority employee reactions to perceived discrimination at work: evidence of White fragility?","attachmentId":103208242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103114793/White_and_minority_employee_reactions_to_perceived_discrimination_at_work_evidence_of_White_fragility","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103114793/White_and_minority_employee_reactions_to_perceived_discrimination_at_work_evidence_of_White_fragility"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="36890478" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36890478/Bullied_Out_of_Position_Black_Women_s_Complex_Intersectionality_Workplace_Bullying_and_Resulting_Career_Disruption">Bullied Out of Position:Black Women’s Complex Intersectionality, Workplace Bullying, and Resulting Career Disruption</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26350815" href="https://personal-psu.academia.edu/LeahHollis">Leah P . Hollis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Though the framers of the constitution penned a social contract providing liberty and justice for all, 240 years later, people originally excluded from this treatise struggle for inclusivity through amendments and legislation. Many women of color, religious minorities, and gender/sexual minorities experience how those in power frequently suppress and coerce marginalized populations. Those in an intersection of these demographic positions may feel increased oppression. Despite several constitutional amendments and federal legislation, I argue that a more contemporary abuse is workplace bullying that occurs when the dominant person exploits his or her position to denigrate people in marginalized positions. In higher education, vulnerable and marginalized populations typically work in the least powerful positions (Hollis, 2016a). Within Mithaug’s (1996) theoretical frame regarding self- determination, the sample reported their experiences in 2017– 2018. Of a sample in which N = 669, 58% of all respondents reported being affected by workplace bullying. A chi- square analysis confirmed that as the intersectionality became more complex (female, black, religious minority, and gender/sexual orientation), the respondent was more likely to be affected by workplace bullying in higher education.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bullied Out of Position:Black Women’s Complex Intersectionality, Workplace Bullying, and Resulting Career Disruption","attachmentId":56842484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36890478/Bullied_Out_of_Position_Black_Women_s_Complex_Intersectionality_Workplace_Bullying_and_Resulting_Career_Disruption","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36890478/Bullied_Out_of_Position_Black_Women_s_Complex_Intersectionality_Workplace_Bullying_and_Resulting_Career_Disruption"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="111941604" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111941604/Banging_on_a_Locked_Door_The_Persistent_Role_of_Racial_Discrimination_in_the_Workplace">Banging on a Locked Door: The Persistent Role of Racial Discrimination in the Workplace</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5326527" href="https://howard.academia.edu/TracyWhitaker">Tracy Whitaker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Routledge eBooks, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Banging on a Locked Door: The Persistent Role of Racial Discrimination in the Workplace","attachmentId":109327596,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111941604/Banging_on_a_Locked_Door_The_Persistent_Role_of_Racial_Discrimination_in_the_Workplace","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111941604/Banging_on_a_Locked_Door_The_Persistent_Role_of_Racial_Discrimination_in_the_Workplace"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="7947135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7947135/Phenomenology_of_Racial_Oppression">Phenomenology of Racial Oppression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2384940" href="https://louisville.academia.edu/LaurenFreeman">Lauren Freeman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Knowledge Cultures (Special Issue on Race and Lived Embodiment , edited by George Yancy), 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper attempts to further understand the lived experiences of racial oppression by bringing together personal testimonies, resources from phenomenology, and empirical work on stereotype threat. Integrating these three areas provides a psychological, existential, physiological, and embodied understanding of the fundamental harm of racial oppression. My aim is to show that the harm of existing as racially oppressed is not just psychological or physiological. That is, racial oppression is not only harmful with regards to the immediate and lasting effects of the compiled stresses that result from continually being made aware of one’s bodily existence as ‘other’ in a predominantly and normatively white world. In addition, racially oppressed people also often lose a sense of themselves, become alienated from themselves, and come to understand themselves vis-à-vis the oppressor. Combining contextualized analyses of the psychological, existential, physiological, and embodied dimensions of oppression, I argue that existing as racially oppressed in a white supremacist society also changes the ontological structure of one’s being-in-the-world.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phenomenology of Racial Oppression","attachmentId":38737100,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7947135/Phenomenology_of_Racial_Oppression","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7947135/Phenomenology_of_Racial_Oppression"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="72253178" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72253178/Tackling_discrimination_and_systemic_racism_in_academic_and_workplace_settings">Tackling discrimination and systemic racism in academic and workplace settings</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="199798433" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AngelaCooperbrathwaite">Angela Cooper-brathwaite</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="251447270" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DaniaVersailles">Dania Versailles</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nursing Inquiry, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract Racism against Black people, Indigenous, and other racialized people continues to exist in healthcare and academic settings. Racism produces profound harms to racialized people. Strategies to address systemic racism must be implemented to bring about sustainable changes in healthcare and academic settings. This quality improvement initiative provides strategies to address systemic racism and discrimination against Black nurses and nursing students in Ontario, Canada. It is part of a broader initiative showcasing Black nurses in action to end racism and discrimination. We have found that people who have experienced racism need healing, support, and protection including trauma-related services to facilitate their healing. Implementing multi-level, multi-pronged interventions in workplaces will create healthy work environments for all members of society, especially Black nurses who are both clients/patients and providers of healthcare. Key words Anti-Black racism, nursing, systemic racism and discrimination, strategies to address racism, workplace, and academic settings</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tackling discrimination and systemic racism in academic and workplace settings","attachmentId":81310896,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72253178/Tackling_discrimination_and_systemic_racism_in_academic_and_workplace_settings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72253178/Tackling_discrimination_and_systemic_racism_in_academic_and_workplace_settings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="11888625" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11888625/Racial_Inequalities_at_Work">Racial Inequalities at Work</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11155653" href="https://umgc.academia.edu/TDoleman">Tamara Doleman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In order to level the playing field for minorities, affirmative action is a policy formed out of the necessity to create equal opportunities for minorities of an education, within their jobs or when seeking employment opportunities. This topic of racism in the workplace has been much debated, yet is still very prevalent in today’s workplaces. This paper discusses the construct of racial inequality by discusses the effects of racial discrimination in the workplace.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Racial Inequalities at Work","attachmentId":37269507,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11888625/Racial_Inequalities_at_Work","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11888625/Racial_Inequalities_at_Work"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="112884508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112884508/Exploring_the_Impact_of_Racial_Trauma_on_Black_Individuals_in_the_Fields_of_Business_and_Entrepreneurship_An_Examination_of_Challenges_and_Potential_Strategies_for_Resilience_and_Success">Exploring the Impact of Racial Trauma on Black Individuals in the Fields of Business and Entrepreneurship: An Examination of Challenges and Potential Strategies for Resilience and Success</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9772004" href="https://universityofmetaphysics.academia.edu/RevDrPhilippeMatthews">Rev. Dr. Philippe S H O C K Matthews</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1st Frequency of Oneness, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Racial trauma encompasses race-based stressors and psychological harms induced by discrimination and systemic oppression. This literature review examines how diverse racial traumas obstruct Black professionals across cognitive, emotional, financial, and social domains-elevating psychiatric risks, undermining innovation, restricting opportunities, and fostering isolation. The paper expands on four predominant racial traumas: (a) genetic trauma involving intergenerational transmission of distress, (b) decontextualized trauma characterized by fragmented memories, (c) secondary trauma from witnessing racism, and (d) anticipatory 'ghosting' trauma. Multifaceted resilience-promoting interventions, including mental healthcare, safe spaces, education, and mindfulness, show provisional efficacy. Ultimately, preventing further harm requires dismantling systemic racism and radically restructuring society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exploring the Impact of Racial Trauma on Black Individuals in the Fields of Business and Entrepreneurship: An Examination of Challenges and Potential Strategies for Resilience and Success","attachmentId":109983046,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112884508/Exploring_the_Impact_of_Racial_Trauma_on_Black_Individuals_in_the_Fields_of_Business_and_Entrepreneurship_An_Examination_of_Challenges_and_Potential_Strategies_for_Resilience_and_Success","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112884508/Exploring_the_Impact_of_Racial_Trauma_on_Black_Individuals_in_the_Fields_of_Business_and_Entrepreneurship_An_Examination_of_Challenges_and_Potential_Strategies_for_Resilience_and_Success"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="86648710" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86648710/Racial_harassment_in_the_workplace_a_discursive_exploration">Racial harassment in the workplace, a discursive exploration</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="229430040" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LaurieSanci">Laurie Sanci</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Racial harassment in the workplace, a discursive exploration","attachmentId":91051806,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86648710/Racial_harassment_in_the_workplace_a_discursive_exploration","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86648710/Racial_harassment_in_the_workplace_a_discursive_exploration"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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