CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mars Express - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d3f6680e-af78-4d55-9882-200ce9a1a314","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mars_Express","wgTitle":"Mars Express","wgCurRevisionId":1253345386,"wgRevisionId":1253345386,"wgArticleId":178283, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mars_Express","wgRelevantArticleId":178283,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym" :"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym": "перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym": "эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa", "autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st", "autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv", "autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh", "autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw", "gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec", "vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q205672","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE ={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="970"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg/800px-Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="647"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg/640px-Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="517"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mars Express - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mars_Express rootpage-Mars_Express stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mars+Express" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Mars+Express" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mars Express</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Mars_Express" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Mars_Express" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mars+Express" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the space exploration mission. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express_(film)" title="Mars Express (film)">Mars Express (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style>Mars Express is a <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> mission being conducted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). The Mars Express mission is exploring the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and is the first planetary mission attempted by the agency.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> "Express" originally referred to the speed and efficiency with which the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> was designed and built.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, "Express" also describes the spacecraft's relatively short interplanetary voyage, a result of being launched when the orbits of Earth and Mars brought them closer than they had been in about 60,000 years. <table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Mars Express</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg/260px-Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg/390px-Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg/520px-Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="970"></a><div class="infobox-caption">CG image of Mars Express arriving at Mars</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022A">2003-022A</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205672#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">27816</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars">exploration.esa.int/mars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Elapsed: 21 years, 5 months and 20 days since launch 20 years, 10 months and 28 days at Mars</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,123 kg<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">666 kg (1,468 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">460 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">June 2, 2003, 17:45 (2003-06-02UTC17:45Z) UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">Soyuz-FG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31">31/6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Starsem" title="Starsem">Starsem</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.571</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periareion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">298 km (185 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoareion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,107 km (6,280 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">86.3 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.5 hours</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars Express</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">December 25, 2003, 03:00 UTC <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">MSD</a> 46206 08:27 <a href="/wiki/Airy_Mean_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy Mean Time">AMT</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 25, 2003, 02:54 UTC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%">Instruments</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">HRSC</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera" title="High Resolution Stereo Camera">High Resolution Stereo Camera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">OMEGA</th><td class="infobox-data">Visible and Infrared Mineralogical, Mapping Spectrometer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MARSIS" title="MARSIS">MARSIS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sub-surface Sounding Radar Altimeter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">PFS</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Fourier_Spectrometer" title="Planetary Fourier Spectrometer">Planetary Fourier Spectrometer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SPICAM</th><td class="infobox-data">Ultraviolet and Infrared Atmospheric Spectrometer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ASPERA</th><td class="infobox-data">Energetic Neutral Atoms Analyser</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MaRS</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars Radio Science Experiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">VMC</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visual_Monitoring_Camera" title="Visual Monitoring Camera">Visual Monitoring Camera</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Express_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mars Express mission insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Mars_Express_insignia.png/180px-Mars_Express_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Mars_Express_insignia.png/270px-Mars_Express_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Mars_Express_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="283"></a> ESA Solar System insignia for the Mars Express mission <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mars Express consists of two parts, the Mars Express Orbiter and <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a> designed to perform <a href="/wiki/Exobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobiology">exobiology</a> and geochemistry research. Although the lander failed to fully deploy after it landed on the Martian surface, the orbiter has been successfully performing scientific measurements since early 2004, namely, <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">high-resolution</a> imaging and mineralogical mapping of the surface, radar sounding of the subsurface structure down to the permafrost, precise determination of the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a> and composition, and study of the interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">interplanetary medium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Due to the valuable science return and the highly flexible mission profile, Mars Express has been granted several mission extensions. The latest was approved on March 7, 2023, consisting of a confirmed operating period until December 31, 2026, and a further provisional extension to December 31, 2028.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Some of the instruments on the orbiter, including the camera systems and some <a href="/wiki/Spectrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrometers">spectrometers</a>, reuse designs from the failed launch of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> mission in 1996<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> (European countries had provided much of the instrumentation and financing for that unsuccessful mission). The design of Mars Express is based on ESA's <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosetta space probe">Rosetta mission</a>, on which a considerable sum was spent on development. The same design was also used for ESA's <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> mission in order to increase reliability and reduce development cost and time. Because of these redesigns and repurposings, the total cost of the project was about $345 million- less than half of comparable U.S. missions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Arriving at Mars in 2003, 20 years, 10 months and 28 days ago (and counting), it is the second longest surviving, continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, behind only NASA's still active <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Mission_profile_and_timeline_overview">1 Mission profile and timeline overview</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mission_overview">1.1 Mission overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mission_preparation">1.2 Mission preparation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Launch">1.3 Launch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Near_Earth_commissioning_phase">1.4 Near Earth commissioning phase</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_interplanetary_cruise_phase">1.5 The interplanetary cruise phase</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Lander_jettison">1.6 Lander jettison</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Orbit_insertion">1.7 Orbit insertion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#MARSIS_deployment">1.8 MARSIS deployment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Operations_of_the_spacecraft">1.9 Operations of the spacecraft</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Routine_phase:_science_return">1.10 Routine phase: science return</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Orbiter_and_subsystems">2 Orbiter and subsystems</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Structure">2.1 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Propulsion">2.2 Propulsion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Power">2.3 Power</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Attitude_control_-_avionics">2.4 Attitude control - avionics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Communications">2.5 Communications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Earth_stations">2.5.1 Earth stations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Thermal">2.6 Thermal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Control_unit_and_data_storage">2.7 Control unit and data storage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Lander">2.8 Lander</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Scientific_instruments">3 Scientific instruments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Scientific_discoveries_and_important_events">4 Scientific discoveries and important events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#2004">4.1 2004</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#2005">4.2 2005</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#2006">4.3 2006</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#2007">4.4 2007</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#2008">4.5 2008</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#2009">4.6 2009</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#2010">4.7 2010</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#2011">4.8 2011</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#2012">4.9 2012</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#2013">4.10 2013</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#2014">4.11 2014</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#2016">4.12 2016</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#2017">4.13 2017</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#2018">4.14 2018</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#2019">4.15 2019</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#2020">4.16 2020</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#2021">4.17 2021</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#2022">4.18 2022</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#2023">4.19 2023</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Payload_principal_investigators_links">7.1 Payload principal investigators links</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Mission_profile_and_timeline_overview">Mission profile and timeline overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission profile and timeline overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mars_Express" title="Special:EditPage/Mars Express">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_overview">Mission overview</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Mars Express mission is dedicated to the orbital (and originally in-situ) study of the interior, subsurface, surface and atmosphere, and environment of the planet Mars. The scientific objectives of the Mars Express mission represent an attempt to fulfill in part the lost scientific goals of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> mission, complemented by exobiology research with Beagle-2. Mars exploration is crucial for a better understanding of the Earth from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_planetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative planetology">comparative planetology</a>. The spacecraft originally carried seven scientific instruments, a small lander, a lander relay and a Visual Monitoring Camera, all designed to contribute to solving the mystery of Mars' missing water. All of the instruments take measurements of the surface, atmosphere and interplanetary media, from the main spacecraft in polar orbit, which will allow it to gradually cover the whole planet. The total initial Mars Express budget excluding the lander was <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>150 million.<a href="#cite_note-esa31021-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa2003-022A-9">[9]</a> The prime contractor for the construction of Mars Express orbiter was <a href="/wiki/EADS_Astrium_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Astrium Satellites">EADS Astrium Satellites</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_preparation">Mission preparation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission preparation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the years preceding the launch of a spacecraft numerous teams of experts distributed over the contributing companies and organisations prepared the space and ground segments. Each of these teams focussed on the area of its responsibility and interfacing as required. A major additional requirement raised for the Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and all critical operational phases was that it was not enough merely to interface; the teams had to be integrated into one Mission Control Team. All the different experts had to work together in an operational environment and the interaction and interfaces between all elements of the system (software, hardware and human) had to run smoothly for this to happen: <ul><li>the flight operations procedures had to be written and validated down to the smallest detail;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a> had to be validated;</li> <li>system Validation Tests (SVTs) with the satellite had to be performed to demonstrate the correct interfacing of the ground and space segments;</li> <li>mission Readiness Test with the <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground Stations</a> had to be performed;</li> <li>a Simulations Campaign was run.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Launch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif/220px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif/220px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif/330px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif/440px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Sun.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animation of Mars Express's trajectory around Sun <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> Mars Express · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Sun · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Earth · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Mars</figcaption></figure> The spacecraft was launched on June 2, 2003, at 23:45 local time (17:45 UT, 1:45 p.m. EDT) from <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">Soyuz-FG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a> rocket. The Mars Express and Fregat booster were initially put into a 200 km Earth <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a>, then the Fregat was fired again at 19:14 UT to put the spacecraft into a Mars transfer orbit. The Fregat and Mars Express separated at approximately 19:17 UT. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> were then deployed and a trajectory correction manoeuvre was performed on June 4 to aim Mars Express towards Mars and allow the Fregat booster to coast into interplanetary space. The Mars Express was the first Russian-launched probe to successfully make it out of low Earth orbit since the Soviet Union fell. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_Earth_commissioning_phase">Near Earth commissioning phase</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Near Earth commissioning phase" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Near Earth commissioning phase extended from the separation of the spacecraft from the launcher upper stage until the completion of the initial check out of the orbiter and payload. It included the solar array deployment, the initial attitude acquisition, the declamping of the Beagle-2 spin-up mechanism, the injection error correction manoeuvre and the first commissioning of the spacecraft and payload (final commissioning of payload took place after Mars Orbit Insertion). The payload was checked out one instrument at a time. This phase lasted about one month. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_interplanetary_cruise_phase">The interplanetary cruise phase</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The interplanetary cruise phase" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This five month phase lasted from the end of the Near Earth Commissioning phase until one month prior to the Mars capture manoeuvre and included trajectory correction manoeuvres and payloads calibration. The payload was mostly switched off during the cruise phase, with the exception of some intermediate check-outs. Although it was originally meant to be a "quiet cruise" phase, It soon became obvious that this "cruise" would be indeed very busy. There were <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star tracker</a> problems, a power wiring problem, extra manoeuvres, and on October 28, the spacecraft was hit by one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a> ever recorded. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lander_jettison">Lander jettison</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lander jettison" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> lander was released on December 19, 2003, at 8:31 UTC (9:31 CET) on a <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistic</a> cruise towards the surface. It entered Mars' atmosphere on the morning of December 25. Landing was expected to occur at about 02:45 UT on December 25 (9:45 p.m. EST December 24). However, after repeated attempts to contact the lander failed using the Mars Express craft and the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter, it was declared lost on February 6, 2004, by the Beagle 2 management board. An inquiry was held and its findings were published later that year.<a href="#cite_note-inquiry-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_insertion">Orbit insertion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orbit insertion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/220px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/220px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/330px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/440px-Animation_of_Mars_Express_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animation of Mars Express's trajectory around <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> from December 25, 2003, to January 1, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Mars Express · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg/200px-PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="156"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg/200px-PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Image of Mars Express in orbit, taken by <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor,_Figure_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor%2C_Figure_1.jpg/200px-PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor%2C_Figure_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor%2C_Figure_1.jpg/200px-PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor%2C_Figure_1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor%2C_Figure_1.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Artist's impression of the expected appearance of Mars Express at the time of the Mars Global Surveyor image</div></div></div></div></div> Mars Express arrived at Mars after a 400 million km journey and course corrections in September and in December 2003. On December 20 Mars Express fired a short thruster burst to put it into position to orbit the planet. The Mars Express orbiter then fired its main engine and went into a highly elliptical initial-capture orbit of 250 km × 150,000 km with an inclination of 25 degrees on December 25 at 03:00 UT (10:00 p.m., December 24 EST). First evaluation of the orbital insertion showed that the orbiter had reached its first milestone at Mars. The orbit was later adjusted by four more main engine firings to the desired 259 km × 11,560 km near-polar (86 degree inclination) orbit with a period of 7.5 hours. Near <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> (nearest to Mars) the top deck is pointed down towards the Martian surface and near <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> (farthest from Mars in its orbit) the high gain antenna will be pointed towards Earth for uplink and downlink. After 100 days the apoapsis was lowered to 10,107 km and periapsis raised to 298 km to give an orbital period of 6.7 hours. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MARSIS_deployment">MARSIS deployment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: MARSIS deployment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg/220px-Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg/220px-Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg/330px-Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg/440px-Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustration of Mars Express with MARSIS antenna deployed</figcaption></figure> On May 4, 2005, Mars Express deployed the first of its two 20-metre-long <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> booms for its <a href="/wiki/MARSIS" title="MARSIS">MARSIS</a> (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) experiment. At first the boom did not lock fully into place; however, exposing it to sunlight for a few minutes on May 10 fixed the glitch. The second 20 m boom was successfully deployed on June 14. Both 20 m booms were needed to create a 40 m <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole antenna</a> for MARSIS to work; a less crucial 7-meter-long monopole antenna was deployed on June 17. The radar booms were originally scheduled to be deployed in April 2004, but this was delayed out of fear that the deployment could damage the spacecraft through a whiplash effect. Due to the delay it was decided to split the four-week commissioning phase in two parts, with two weeks running up to July 4 and another two weeks in December 2005. The deployment of the booms was a critical and highly complex task requiring effective inter-agency cooperation ESA, NASA, industry and public universities. Nominal science observations began during July 2005. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_of_the_spacecraft">Operations of the spacecraft</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operations of the spacecraft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Operations for Mars Express are carried out by a multinational team of engineers from ESA's Operation Centre (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>. The team began preparations for the mission about 3 to 4 years prior to the actual launch. This involved preparing the ground segment and the operational procedures for the whole mission. The Mission Control Team is composed of the Flight Control Team, Flight Dynamics Team, Ground Operations Managers, Software Support and Ground Facilities Engineers. All of these are located at ESOC but there are additionally external teams, such as the Project and Industry Support teams, who designed and built the spacecraft. The Flight Control Team currently consists of: <ul><li>The Spacecraft Operations Manager</li> <li>Six Operations Engineers (including three Mission Planners)</li> <li>One Spacecraft Analyst</li> <li>Six spacecraft controllers (SpaCons), shared with <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a>.</li></ul> The team build-up, headed by the Spacecraft Operations Manager, started about four years before launch. He was required to recruit a suitable team of engineers that could handle the varying tasks involved in the mission. For Mars Express the engineers came from various other missions. Most of them had been involved with Earth orbiting satellites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routine_phase:_science_return">Routine phase: science return</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Routine phase: science return" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/170px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/170px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/255px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/340px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Mars <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">SouthPole</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Site of Subglacial Water</a> (July 25, 2018)</div></figcaption></figure> Since orbit insertion Mars Express has been progressively fulfilling its original scientific goals. Nominally the spacecraft points to Mars while acquiring science and then slews to Earth-pointing to downlink the data, although some instruments like Marsis or Radio Science might be operated while spacecraft is Earth-pointing. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Orbiter_and_subsystems">Orbiter and subsystems</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orbiter and subsystems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Mars Express orbiter is a cube-shaped spacecraft with two <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panel</a> wings extending from opposite sides. The launch mass of 1223 kg includes a main bus with 113 kg of payload, the 60 kg lander, and 457 kg of propellant. The main body is 1.5 m × 1.8 m × 1.4 m in size, with an aluminium honeycomb structure covered by an aluminium skin. The solar panels measure about 12 m tip-to-tip. Two 20 m long wire <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole antennas</a> extend from opposite side faces perpendicular to the solar panels as part of the radar sounder.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Propulsion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Soyuz/Fregat launcher provided most of the thrust Mars Express needed to reach Mars. The final stage of the Soyuz, Fregat was jettisoned once the probe was safely on a course for Mars. The spacecraft's on-board means of propulsion was used to slow the probe for Mars orbit insertion and subsequently for orbit corrections.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-11">[11]</a> The body is built around the main propulsion system, which consists of a <a href="/wiki/Bipropellant_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipropellant rocket">bipropellant</a> 400 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> main engine. The two 267-liter propellant tanks have a total capacity of 595 kg. Approximately 370 kg are needed for the nominal mission. Pressurized helium from a 35-liter tank is used to force fuel into the engine. Trajectory corrections will be made using a set of eight 10 N thrusters, one attached to each corner of the spacecraft bus. The spacecraft configuration is optimized for a Soyuz/Fregat, and was fully compatible with a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> launch vehicle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Spacecraft power is provided by the solar panels which contain 11.42 square meters of silicon cells. The originally planned power was to be 660 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> at 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> but a faulty connection has reduced the amount of power available by 30%, to about 460 W. This loss of power does significantly impact the science return of the mission. Power is stored in three <a href="/wiki/Lithium_ion_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> with a total capacity of 64.8 Ah for use during eclipses. The power is fully regulated at 28 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Terma_A/S" title="Terma A/S">Terma</a> power module (also used in <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>) is redundant.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During routine phase, the spacecraft's power consumption is in the range of 450–550 W.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_control_-_avionics">Attitude control - avionics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Attitude control - avionics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Attitude control (3-axis stabilization) is achieved using two 3-axis inertial measurement units, a set of two <a href="/wiki/Star_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Star camera">star cameras</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Sun_sensor" title="Sun sensor">Sun sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>, and four 12 N·m·s <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheels</a>. Pointing accuracy is 0.04 degree with respect to the inertial reference frame and 0.8 degree with respect to the Mars orbital frame. Three on-board systems help Mars Express maintain a very precise pointing accuracy, which is essential to allow the spacecraft to use some of the science instruments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The communications subsystem is composed of three antennas: A 1.6 m diameter parabolic dish <a href="/wiki/High-gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High-gain antenna">high-gain antenna</a> and two omnidirectional antennas. The first one provide links (telecommands uplink and telemetry downlink) in both <a href="/wiki/X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> (8.4 GHz) and <a href="/wiki/S-band" class="mw-redirect" title="S-band">S-band</a> (2.1 GHz) and is used during nominal science phase around Mars. The low gain antennas are used during launch and early operations to Mars and for eventual contingencies once in orbit. Two Mars lander relay UHF antennas are mounted on the top face for communication with the Beagle 2 or other landers, using a Melacom transceiver.<a href="#cite_note-melacom-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth_stations">Earth stations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Earth stations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although communications with Earth were originally scheduled to take place with the ESA 35-meter wide Ground Station in New Norcia (Australia) <a href="/wiki/New_Norcia_Station" title="New Norcia Station">New Norcia Station</a>, the mission profile of progressive enhancement and science return flexibility have triggered the use of the ESA <a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a> Ground Stations in <a href="/wiki/Cebreros_Station" title="Cebreros Station">Cebreros Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain and <a href="/wiki/Malarg%C3%BCe_Station" title="Malargüe Station">Malargüe Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. In addition, further agreements with NASA <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> have made possible the use of American stations for nominal mission planning, thus increasing complexity but with a clear positive impact in scientific returns. This inter-agency cooperation has proven effective, flexible and enriching for both sides. On the technical side, it has been made possible (among other reasons) thanks to the adoption of both Agencies of the Standards for Space Communications defined in <a href="/wiki/CCSDS" class="mw-redirect" title="CCSDS">CCSDS</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal">Thermal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Thermal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Thermal control is maintained through the use of radiators, <a href="/wiki/Multi-layer_insulation" title="Multi-layer insulation">multi-layer insulation</a>, and actively controlled heaters. The spacecraft must provide a benign environment for the instruments and on-board equipment. Two instruments, PFS and OMEGA, have infrared detectors that need to be kept at very low temperatures (about −180 °C). The sensors on the camera (HRSC) also need to be kept cool. But the rest of the instruments and on-board equipment function best at room temperatures (10–20 °C). The spacecraft is covered in gold-plated aluminium-tin alloy thermal blankets to maintain a temperature of 10–20 °C inside the spacecraft. The instruments that operate at low temperatures to be kept cold are thermally insulated from this relatively high internal temperature, and emit excess heat into space using attached radiators.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_unit_and_data_storage">Control unit and data storage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Control unit and data storage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The spacecraft is run by two Control and Data management Units with 12 gigabits<a href="#cite_note-ref1-11">[11]</a> of solid state mass memory for storage of data and housekeeping information for transmission. The on-board computers control all aspects of the spacecraft functioning including switching instruments on and off, assessing the spacecraft orientation in space and issuing commands to change it. Another key aspect of the Mars Express mission is its <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> tool (MEXAR2).<a href="#cite_note-ESA1-16">[16]</a> The primary purpose of the AI tool is the scheduling of when to download various parts of the collected scientific data back to Earth, a process which used to take ground controllers a significant amount of time. The new AI tool saves operator time, optimizes <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> use on the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">DSN</a>, prevents data loss, and allows better use of the DSN for other space operations as well. The AI decides how to manage the spacecraft's 12 gigabits of storage memory, when the DSN will be available and not be in use by another mission, how to make the best use of the DSN bandwidth allocated to it, and when the spacecraft will be oriented properly to transmit back to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-ESA1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lander">Lander</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lander" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beagle_2_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Beagle_2_replica.jpg/220px-Beagle_2_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Beagle_2_replica.jpg/220px-Beagle_2_replica.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Beagle_2_replica.jpg/330px-Beagle_2_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Beagle_2_replica.jpg/440px-Beagle_2_replica.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A replica of the <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> lander component of Mars Express at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum London">Science Museum London</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> lander objectives were to characterize the landing site geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry, the physical properties of the atmosphere and surface layers, collect data on Martian meteorology and climatology, and search for possible signatures of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">life on Mars</a>. However, the landing attempt was unsuccessful and the lander was declared lost. A Commission of Inquiry on Beagle 2<a href="#cite_note-inquiry-10">[10]</a> identified several possible causes, including airbag problems, severe shocks to the lander's electronics which had not been simulated adequately before launch, and problems with parts of the landing system colliding; but was unable to reach any firm conclusions. The spacecraft's fate remained a mystery until it was announced in January 2015 that NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, using HiRISE, had found the probe intact on the surface of Mars. It was then determined that an error had prevented two of the spacecraft's four solar panels from deploying, blocking the spacecraft's communications. Beagle 2 was the first British and first European probe to achieve a landing on Mars. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The scientific objectives of the Mars Express payload are to obtain global high-resolution photo-geology (10 m resolution), mineralogical mapping (100 m resolution) and mapping of the atmospheric composition, study the subsurface structure, the global atmospheric circulation, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the subsurface, and the atmosphere and the interplanetary medium. The total mass budgeted for the science payload is 116 kg.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The payload scientific instruments are:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <ul><li>Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) (Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité) – France – Determines mineral composition of the surface up to 100 m resolution. Is mounted inside pointing out the top face.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Instrument mass: 28.6 kg<a href="#cite_note-chicarro-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Ultraviolet and Infrared Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM) – France – Assesses elemental composition of the atmosphere. Is mounted inside pointing out the top face. Instrument mass: 4.7 kg<a href="#cite_note-chicarro-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Sub-Surface Sounding Radar Altimeter (<a href="/wiki/MARSIS" title="MARSIS">MARSIS</a>) – Italy – A radar <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> used to assess composition of sub-surface aimed at search for frozen water. Is mounted in the body and is nadir pointing, and also incorporates the two 20 m antennas. Instrument mass: 13.7 kg<a href="#cite_note-chicarro-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (<a href="/wiki/Planetary_Fourier_Spectrometer" title="Planetary Fourier Spectrometer">PFS</a>) – Italy – Makes observations of atmospheric temperature and pressure (observations suspended in September 2005). Is mounted inside pointing out the top face<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and is currently working. Instrument mass: 30.8 kg<a href="#cite_note-chicarro-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA) – Sweden – Investigates interactions between upper atmosphere and solar wind. Is mounted on the top face. Instrument mass: 7.9 kg<a href="#cite_note-chicarro-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera" title="High Resolution Stereo Camera">High Resolution Stereo Camera</a> (HRSC) – Germany – Produces color images with up to 2 m resolution. Is mounted inside the spacecraft body, aimed through the top face of the spacecraft, which is nadir pointing during Mars operations. Instrument mass: 20.4 kg<a href="#cite_note-chicarro-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Mars Express Lander Communications (MELACOM) – UK – Allows Mars Express to act as a communication relay for landers on the Martian surface. (Has been used on both <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Rovers">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, and was used to support the landing of NASA's Phoenix mission)</li> <li>Mars Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) – Uses radio signals to investigate atmosphere, surface, subsurface, gravity and solar corona density during solar conjunctions. It uses the communications subsystem itself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Monitoring_Camera" title="Visual Monitoring Camera">Visual Monitoring Camera</a>, a small camera to monitor the lander ejection.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Scientific_discoveries_and_important_events">Scientific discoveries and important events</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scientific discoveries and important events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> For more than 20,000 orbits, Mars Express payload instruments have been nominally and regularly operated. The HRSC camera has been consistently mapping the Martian surface with unprecedented resolution and has acquired multiple images. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004">2004</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2004" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>January 23</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ESA announced the discovery of water ice in the south polar ice cap, using data collected by the OMEGA instrument.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>January 28</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Mars Express orbiter reaches final science orbit altitude around Mars.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>March 17</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Orbiter detects polar ice caps that contain 85% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) ice and 15% water ice.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>March 30</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A press release announces that the orbiter has detected <a href="/wiki/Methane_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane on Mars">methane in the Martian atmosphere</a>. Although the amount is small, about 10 parts in a thousand million, it has excited scientists to question its source. Since methane is removed from the Martian atmosphere very rapidly, there must be a current source that replenishes it. Because one of the possible sources could be microbial life, it is planned to verify the reliability of these data and especially watch for difference in the concentration in various places on Mars. It is hoped that the source of this gas can be discovered by finding its location of release.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>April 28</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ESA announced that the deployment of the boom carrying the radar-based MARSIS antenna was delayed. It described concerns with the motion of the boom during deployment, which can cause the spacecraft to be struck by elements of it. Further investigations are planned to make sure that this will not happen.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>July 15</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Scientists working with the PFS instrument announced that they tentatively discovered the spectral features of the compound <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> in the Martian atmosphere. Just like methane discovered earlier (see above), ammonia breaks down rapidly in Mars' atmosphere and needs to be constantly replenished. This points towards the existence of active life or geological activity; two contending phenomena whose presence so far have remained undetected.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005">2005</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2005" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> scientists reported that the OMEGA (Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer)(Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité) instrument data indicates the presence of hydrated sulphates, silicates and various rock-forming minerals.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>February 8</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The delayed deployment of the MARSIS antenna has been given a green light by ESA.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> It is planned to take place in early May 2005.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>May 5</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The first boom of the MARSIS antenna was successfully deployed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At first, there was no indication of any problems, but later it was discovered that one segment of the boom did not lock.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The deployment of the second boom was delayed to allow for further analysis of the problem.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>May 11</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Using the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s heat to expand the segments of the MARSIS antenna, the last segment locked in successfully.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>June 14</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The second boom was deployed, and on June 16 ESA announced it was a success.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>June 22</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ESA announces that MARSIS is fully operational and will soon begin acquiring data. This comes after the deployment of the third boom on June 17, and a successful transmission test on June 19.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006">2006</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2006" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/marsexpress/305-230906-3253-6-co1-Cydonia_H.jpg">Cydonia region</a> ESA/DLR Credit — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Cydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars">13.7 m/pixel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>September 21</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) has obtained images of the <a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(region_of_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonia (region of Mars)">Cydonia region</a>, the location of the famous "<a href="/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonia Mensae">Face on Mars</a>". The massif became famous in a photo taken in 1976 by the American Viking 1 Orbiter. The image recorded with a ground resolution of approximately 13.7 metres per pixel.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>September 26</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The Mars Express spacecraft emerged from an unusually demanding eclipse introducing a special, ultra-low-power mode nicknamed 'Sumo' – an innovative configuration aimed at saving the power necessary to ensure spacecraft survival.</dd> <dd>This mode was developed through teamwork between ESOC mission controllers, principal investigators, industry, and mission management.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>October</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>In October 2006 the Mars Express spacecraft encountered a superior solar conjunction (alignment of Earth-Sun-Mars-orbiter). The angle Sun-Earth-orbiter reached a minimum on October 23 at 0.39° at a distance of 2.66 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>. Operational measures were undertaken to minimize the impact of the link degradation, since the higher density of electrons in the solar plasma heavily impacts the radio frequency signal.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>December</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Following the loss of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> (MGS), Mars Express team was requested to perform actions in the hopes of visually identifying the American spacecraft. Based on last <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemeris</a> of MGS provided by JPL, the on-board high definition HRSC camera swept a region of the MGS orbit. Two attempts were made to find the craft, both unsuccessful.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007">2007</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2007" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg/170px-Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="2268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg/170px-Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg/255px-Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg/340px-Phobos_over_Mars%27_limb_by_HRSC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Greyscale view of Phobos over Mars, 2007 ESA/DLR/FU Berlin</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>January</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>First agreements with NASA undertaken for the support by Mars Express on the landing of the American lander <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a> in May 2008.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>February</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The small camera VMC (used only once to monitor the lander ejection) was recommissioned and first steps were taken to offer students the possibility to participate in a campaign "Command Mars Express Spacecraft and take your own picture of Mars".</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>February 23</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>As result of the science return, the Science Program Committee (SPC) granted a mission extension until May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>June 28</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) has produced images of key tectonic features in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mensae" title="Aeolis Mensae">Aeolis Mensae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aeolis-38">[38]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2008" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The Mars Express Team was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Clarke_Award" title="Sir Arthur Clarke Award">Sir Arthur Clarke Award</a> for Best Team Achievement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009">2009</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2009" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>February 4</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The ESA's Science Programme Committee has extended the operations of Mars Express until December 31, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>October 7</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ESA's Science Programme Committee has approved the extension of mission operations for Mars Express until December 31, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2010" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>March 5</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> to measure Phobos' gravity.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2011" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>August 13</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Safe mode following a Solid-State Mass Memory problem.<a href="#cite_note-ESASCi-42">[42]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>August 23</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Solid-State Mass Memory problem.<a href="#cite_note-ESASCi-42">[42]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>September 23</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Safe mode following a Solid-State Mass Memory problem.<a href="#cite_note-ESASCi-42">[42]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>October 11</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Solid-State Mass Memory problem.<a href="#cite_note-ESASCi-42">[42]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>October 16</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Safe mode following a Solid-State Mass Memory problem.<a href="#cite_note-ESASCi-42">[42]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>November 24</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Science operations are resumed using the Short Mission Timeline and Command Files instead of the Long Time Line resident on the suspect Solid-State Mass Memory.<a href="#cite_note-ESASCi2-43">[43]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2012" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>February 16</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Resumes full science operations. There is still enough fuel for up to 14 additional years of operation.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>July</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Solar corona studied with radio waves.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>August 5/6</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Assisted US probes <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> in data collection and transfer on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> landing.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2013" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Mars Express produced a near-complete topographical map of Mars' surface.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>December 29</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Mars Express performed the closest flyby to date of <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg/220px-Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg/220px-Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg/330px-Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg/440px-Rabe_Crater_perspective_ESA310887.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabe_(crater)" title="Rabe (crater)">Rabe crater</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2014" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>October 19</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ESA reported Mars Express was healthy after the <a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 A1">Comet Siding Spring</a> flyby of Mars on October 19, 2014<a href="#cite_note-ESA-20141020-47">[47]</a> — as were all NASA Mars orbiters<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141019-48">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO's</a> orbiter, the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_MOM_safe_after_Mars_comet_flyby-49">[49]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2016" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>October 19</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Assisted with data collection and transfer for the <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander">Schiaparelli EDM lander</a> landing.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg/220px-Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg/220px-Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg/330px-Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg/440px-Martian_south_pole_during_summer_by_HRSC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South pole of Mars by Mars Express, 2015 ESA/DLR/FU Berlin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2017" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>June 19</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Takes noted image spanning from the North Pole up to <a href="/wiki/Alba_Mons" title="Alba Mons">Alba Mons</a> and even farther south.<a href="#cite_note-esamars-50">[50]</a> The image was released in December 20, 2017, and was captured by HRSC.<a href="#cite_note-esamars-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 2018" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Activated new AOCMS software which includes a gyroless attitude estimator to prolong the lifetime of the spacecraft's laser gyros<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>July 2018, a discovery is reported based on MARSIS <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> studies, of a <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars#Subglacial_liquid_water" title="Water on Mars">subglacial lake</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">southern polar ice cap</a>, and about 20 km (12 mi) wide, the first known stable body of water on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180725-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180725-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>December 2018 Mars Express relays images of the 80-kilometer wide <a href="/wiki/Korolev_(Martian_crater)" title="Korolev (Martian crater)">Korolev Crater</a> filled with approximately 2200 cubic kilometers of water ice on the Martian surface.<a href="#cite_note-DLR-57">[57]</a> Based on further evidence the crater ice is still part of much vaster ice resources at Mars poles.<a href="#cite_note-TG1218-58">[58]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 2019" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Based on data from the HRSC camera, there is geological evidence of an ancient planet-wide groundwater system.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESA-60">[60]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2020" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Sept 2020, a discovery is reported based on MARSIS radar studies, of a <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars#Subglacial_liquid_water" title="Water on Mars">three more subglacial lakes</a> on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">southern polar ice cap</a>. The size of the first lake found, and the largest, has been corrected to 30 km (19 mi) wide. It is surrounded by 3 smaller lakes, each a few kilometres wide.<a href="#cite_note-NatAstro-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 2021" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Investigation of <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orographic</a> cloud extending from <a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia Mons</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> volcano</li> <li>An experiment to test whether the Mars Express and TGO lander relay communications radio could be used to perform <a href="/wiki/Radio_occultation" title="Radio occultation">radio occultation</a> science<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Tests of data relay from the CNSA <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhurong rover">Zhurong rover</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 2022" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The onboard software of the MARSIS experiment was upgraded in order to improve the performance of the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2023" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>June 3</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the spacecraft's launch, a <a href="/wiki/Livestream" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestream">livestream</a> of images from the <a href="/wiki/Visual_Monitoring_Camera" title="Visual Monitoring Camera">Visual Monitoring Camera</a> was streamed online, marking the first livestream direct from Mars.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> – European organization dedicated to space exploration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> – Astrobiology programme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> – Exploration of space, planets, and moons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_space_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncrewed space mission">Uncrewed space mission</a> – Flight into or through outer spacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022A">"Mars Express"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express&rft.pub=NASA+Space+Science+Data+Coordinated+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D2003-022A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2018" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Elizabeth (July 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/18206-mars-express.html">"European Space Agency's Mars Express"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=European+Space+Agency%27s+Mars+Express&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18206-mars-express.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Frequently_asked_questions2">"Mars Express Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. February 18, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FFrequently_asked_questions2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022A">"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"</a>. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+-+NSSDCA+-+Spacecraft+-+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D2003-022A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci.esa.int/web/director-desk/-/extended-life-for-esa-s-science-missions">"Extended life for ESA's science missions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extended+life+for+ESA%27s+science+missions&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fweb%2Fdirector-desk%2F-%2Fextended-life-for-esa-s-science-missions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeed2023" class="citation web cs1">Speed, Richard (December 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/24/mars_express_mission_extension/">"ESA's Mars Express continues to avoid retirement home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved January 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA%27s+Mars+Express+continues+to+avoid+retirement+home&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.date=2023-12-24&rft.aulast=Speed&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F12%2F24%2Fmars_express_mission_extension%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Announcement by the European Space Agency on the launch of the Mars Express space probe: "Mars en route for the red planet". (2004). Historic documents of 2003.Washington, DC: CQ Press. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdcp03p-229-9844-633819">http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdcp03p-229-9844-633819</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-esa31021-8"><a href="#cite_ref-esa31021_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/31021-summary/">"Mars Express: Summary"</a>. European Space Agency. March 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express%3A+Summary&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fmars-express%2F31021-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa2003-022A-9"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa2003-022A_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022A">"Mars Express"</a>. NSSDC ID: 2003-022A. NASA. Retrieved December 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSSDC+ID%3A+2003-022A&rft.atitle=Mars+Express&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D2003-022A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inquiry-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inquiry_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inquiry_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=36541.0;attach=631766">"Beagle 2 ESA/UK Commission of Inquiry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASASpaceFlight.com">NASASpaceFlight.com</a>. April 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Beagle+2+ESA%2FUK+Commission+of+Inquiry&rft.date=2004-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.nasaspaceflight.com%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Ddlattach%3Btopic%3D36541.0%3Battach%3D631766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/The_spacecraft">"The spacecraft / Mars Express"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. October 10, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+spacecraft+%2F+Mars+Express&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FThe_spacecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStage2014" class="citation news cs1">Stage, Mie (January 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/artikel/terma-elektronik-vaekker-rumsonde-fra-aarelang-dvale-165600">"Terma-elektronik vækker rumsonde fra årelang dvale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8ren" title="Ingeniøren">Ingeniøren</a>. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ingeni%C3%B8ren&rft.atitle=Terma-elektronik+v%C3%A6kker+rumsonde+fra+%C3%A5relang+dvale&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft.aulast=Stage&rft.aufirst=Mie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fing.dk%2Fartikel%2Fterma-elektronik-vaekker-rumsonde-fra-aarelang-dvale-165600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenLaursen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, H.; Laursen, J. (2002). "Power Conditioning Unit for Rosetta/Mars Express". Space Power. 502. <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a>: 249. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ESASP.502..249J">2002ESASP.502..249J</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Power&rft.atitle=Power+Conditioning+Unit+for+Rosetta%2FMars+Express&rft.volume=502&rft.pages=249&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ESASP.502..249J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Laursen%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413141724/http://www.asi-proc.it/missions/mex">"MEX — ASI-PROC"</a>. Planetary Radar Operational Center. March 29, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asi-proc.it/missions/mex">the original</a> on April 13, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEX+%E2%80%94+ASI-PROC&rft.pub=Planetary+Radar+Operational+Center&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asi-proc.it%2Fmissions%2Fmex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-melacom-15"><a href="#cite_ref-melacom_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831063330/http://apps.qinetiq.com/perspectives/micro_news_article7.asp">"QinetiQ to put Mars in the picture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qinetiq" title="Qinetiq">Qinetiq</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.qinetiq.com/perspectives/micro_news_article7.asp">the original</a> on August 31, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2016. <q>Consisting of a lightweight bespoke transponder and transceiver weighing less than 650 grams, the system will provide the 10,000-kilometre UHF radio communications link between the Mars Express orbiter and Beagle-2 lander.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QinetiQ+to+put+Mars+in+the+picture&rft.pub=Qinetiq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.qinetiq.com%2Fperspectives%2Fmicro_news_article7.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESA1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESA1_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Artificial_intelligence_boosts_science_from_Mars">"Artificial Intelligence Boosts Science from Mars"</a>. ESA. April 29, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Boosts+Science+from+Mars&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FArtificial_intelligence_boosts_science_from_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesta2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cesta, Amedeo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305230348/http://mexar.istc.cnr.it/mexar2/publications/mexar2-ieee-intsys.pdf">"Mexar2: AI Solves Mission Planner Problems"</a> (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 22 (4): 12–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIS.2007.75">10.1109/MIS.2007.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14477705">14477705</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mexar.istc.cnr.it/mexar2/publications/mexar2-ieee-intsys.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 5, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Intelligent+Systems&rft.atitle=Mexar2%3A+AI+Solves+Mission+Planner+Problems&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIS.2007.75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14477705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cesta&rft.aufirst=Amedeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmexar.istc.cnr.it%2Fmexar2%2Fpublications%2Fmexar2-ieee-intsys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonChicarro2004" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Andrew; Chicarro, Agustin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34885">ESA SP-1240: Mars Express: the scientific payload</a>. Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-556-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-556-9"><bdi>978-92-9092-556-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESA+SP-1240%3A+Mars+Express%3A+the+scientific+payload&rft.place=Noordwijk%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=ESA+Publications+Division&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-92-9092-556-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Chicarro%2C+Agustin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fscience-e%2Fwww%2Fobject%2Findex.cfm%3Ffobjectid%3D34885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Mars_Express_instruments">"Mars Express orbiter instruments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. November 30, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+orbiter+instruments&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FMars_Express_instruments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibringLangevinMustardPoulet2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bibring JP, Langevin Y, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Mustard" title="John F. Mustard">Mustard JF</a>, Poulet F, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Arvidson" title="Raymond Arvidson">Arvidson R</a>, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Mangold N, Pinet P, Forget F (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars express data". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 312 (5772): 400–404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312..400B">2006Sci...312..400B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1122659">10.1126/science.1122659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627738">16627738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13968348">13968348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+mineralogical+and+aqueous+mars+history+derived+from+OMEGA%2FMars+express+data&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5772&rft.pages=400-404&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1122659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13968348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16627738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...312..400B&rft.aulast=Bibring&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Langevin%2C+Y&rft.au=Mustard%2C+JF&rft.au=Poulet%2C+F&rft.au=Arvidson%2C+R&rft.au=Gendrin%2C+A&rft.au=Gondet%2C+B&rft.au=Mangold%2C+N&rft.au=Pinet%2C+P&rft.au=Forget%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicarro-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicarro_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicarro_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicarro_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicarro_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicarro_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicarro_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicarro2003" class="citation report cs1">Chicarro, A.F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/sci/fifthconf99/6111.pdf">Mars Express Mission: Overview and Scientific Observations</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+Mission%3A+Overview+and+Scientific+Observations&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chicarro&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmgs%2Fsci%2Ffifthconf99%2F6111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeplow2005" class="citation journal cs1">Peplow, Mark (September 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050905/full/news050905-10.html">"Martian methane probe in trouble"</a>. News@nature. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>: news050905–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews050905-10">10.1038/news050905-10</a>. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News%40nature&rft.atitle=Martian+methane+probe+in+trouble&rft.pages=news050905-10&rft.date=2005-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews050905-10&rft.aulast=Peplow&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F050905%2Ffull%2Fnews050905-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Water_at_Martian_south_pole">"Water at Martian South Pole"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. March 17, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+at+Martian+South+Pole&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FWater_at_Martian_south_pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisanoAtreyaEncrenazIgnatiev2004" class="citation journal cs1">Formisano, V.; Atreya, S.; <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Encrenaz" title="Thérèse Encrenaz">Encrenaz, T.</a>; Ignatiev, N.; Giuranna, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101732">"Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 306 (5702): 1758–1761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1758F">2004Sci...306.1758F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101732">10.1126/science.1101732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15514118">15514118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13533388">13533388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Detection+of+Methane+in+the+Atmosphere+of+Mars&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5702&rft.pages=1758-1761&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13533388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15514118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1758F&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.&rft.au=Encrenaz%2C+T.&rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+N.&rft.au=Giuranna%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1101732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Water_and_methane_maps_overlap_on_Mars_a_new_clue">"Water and methane maps overlap on Mars: a new clue?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. September 20, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+and+methane+maps+overlap+on+Mars%3A+a+new+clue%3F&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2004-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FWater_and_methane_maps_overlap_on_Mars_a_new_clue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mustard, JF (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1109098">"Olivine and Pyroxene Diversity in the Crust of Mars"</a>. Science. 307 (5715): 1594–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307.1594M">2005Sci...307.1594M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1109098">10.1126/science.1109098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15718427">15718427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15548016">15548016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Olivine+and+Pyroxene+Diversity+in+the+Crust+of+Mars&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5715&rft.pages=1594-7&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1109098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15548016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15718427&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...307.1594M&rft.aulast=Mustard&rft.aufirst=JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1109098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargery2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bargery, AS; et al. (2006). "NEAR-INFRARED ANALYSIS OF TEMPE TERRA, OLYMPICA FOSSAE AND NILI FOSSAE FROM OMEGA DATA". Lunar and Planetary Science. XXXVII: 1684.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=NEAR-INFRARED+ANALYSIS+OF+TEMPE+TERRA%2C+OLYMPICA+FOSSAE+AND+NILI+FOSSAE+FROM+OMEGA+DATA&rft.volume=XXXVII&rft.pages=1684&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bargery&rft.aufirst=AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Green_light_for_deployment_of_ESA_s_Mars_Express_radar">"Green light for deployment of ESA's Mars Express radar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. February 8, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+light+for+deployment+of+ESA%27s+Mars+Express+radar&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FGreen_light_for_deployment_of_ESA_s_Mars_Express_radar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4516535.stm">"First Marsis radar boom deployed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. May 5, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=First+Marsis+radar+boom+deployed&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F4516535.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4528763.stm">"Delay hits Mars radar deployment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. May 9, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Delay+hits+Mars+radar+deployment&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F4528763.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/First_MARSIS_boom_successfully_deployed">"First MARSIS boom successfully deployed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. May 11, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+MARSIS+boom+successfully+deployed&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FFirst_MARSIS_boom_successfully_deployed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Smooth_deployment_for_second_MARSIS_antenna_boom">"Smooth deployment for second MARSIS antenna boom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. June 16, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smooth+deployment+for+second+MARSIS+antenna+boom&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FSmooth_deployment_for_second_MARSIS_antenna_boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Mars_Express_radar_ready_to_work">"Mars Express radar ready to work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. June 22, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+radar+ready+to+work&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FMars_Express_radar_ready_to_work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Cydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars">"Cydonia – the face on Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. September 21, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cydonia+%E2%80%93+the+face+on+Mars&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FCydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Mars_Express_successfully_powers_through_eclipse_season">"Mars Express successfully powers through eclipse season"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. September 26, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+successfully+powers+through+eclipse+season&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FMars_Express_successfully_powers_through_eclipse_season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorleyBudnik" class="citation web cs1">Morley, Trevor; Budnik, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issfd.org/ISSFD_2007/10-3.pdf">"EFFECTS ON SPACECRAFT RADIOMETRIC DATA AT SUPERIOR SOLAR CONJUNCTION"</a> (PDF). European Space Operations Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EFFECTS+ON+SPACECRAFT+RADIOMETRIC+DATA+AT+SUPERIOR+SOLAR+CONJUNCTION&rft.pub=European+Space+Operations+Centre&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Budnik%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissfd.org%2FISSFD_2007%2F10-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/The_planetary_adventure_continues_-_Mars_Express_and_Venus_Express_operations_extended">"The planetary adventure continues - Mars Express and Venus Express operations extended"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. February 27, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+planetary+adventure+continues+-+Mars+Express+and+Venus+Express+operations+extended&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FThe_planetary_adventure_continues_-_Mars_Express_and_Venus_Express_operations_extended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aeolis-38"><a href="#cite_ref-aeolis_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Tectonic_signatures_at_Aeolis_Mensae">"Tectonic signatures at Aeolis Mensae"</a>. ESA News. European Space Agency. June 28, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA+News&rft.atitle=Tectonic+signatures+at+Aeolis+Mensae&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FTectonic_signatures_at_Aeolis_Mensae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/solar-system/44174-mars-express-venus-express-cluster-missions-extended/">"ESA extends missions studying Mars, Venus and Earth's magnetosphere"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. February 9, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+extends+missions+studying+Mars%2C+Venus+and+Earth%27s+magnetosphere&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fsolar-system%2F44174-mars-express-venus-express-cluster-missions-extended%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/director-desk/45685-mission-extensions-approved-for-science-missions/">"Mission extensions approved for science missions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. October 7, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+extensions+approved+for+science+missions&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fdirector-desk%2F45685-mission-extensions-approved-for-science-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231830/http://spacefellowship.com/news/art18911/phobos-flyby-success.html">"Phobos Flyby Success"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a>. March 5, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacefellowship.com/news/art18911/phobos-flyby-success.html">the original</a> on February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Fellowship&rft.atitle=Phobos+Flyby+Success&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacefellowship.com%2Fnews%2Fart18911%2Fphobos-flyby-success.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESASCi-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESASCi_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESASCi_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESASCi_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESASCi_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESASCi_42-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/49549-mars-express-observations-temporarily-suspended/">"Mars Express observations temporarily suspended"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. November 24, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+observations+temporarily+suspended&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fmars-express%2F49549-mars-express-observations-temporarily-suspended%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESASCi2-43"><a href="#cite_ref-ESASCi2_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Mars_Express_steadily_returns_to_routine_operation">"Mars Express steadily returns to routine operation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. November 24, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+steadily+returns+to+routine+operation&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FMars_Express_steadily_returns_to_routine_operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1202/15marsexpress/">"Mars Express back in business at the red planet"</a>. Spaceflight Now. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+back+in+business+at+the+red+planet&rft.pub=Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1202%2F15marsexpress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/50629-radio-sounding-of-the-solar-corona-with-mars-express/">"Radio sounding of the solar corona with Mars Express"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. July 24, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+sounding+of+the+solar+corona+with+Mars+Express&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fmars-express%2F50629-radio-sounding-of-the-solar-corona-with-mars-express%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibney2013" class="citation news cs1">Gibney, Elizabeth (October 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/spectacular-flyover-of-mars-1.14041">"Spectacular flyover of Mars"</a>. Nature News. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Spectacular+flyover+of+Mars&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fspectacular-flyover-of-mars-1.14041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-20141020-47"><a href="#cite_ref-ESA-20141020_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis2014" class="citation web cs1">Denis, Michel (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.esa.int/mex/2014/10/20/spacecraft-in-great-shape-our-mission-continues/">"Spacecraft in great shape – our mission continues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. Retrieved October 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+in+great+shape+%E2%80%93+our+mission+continues&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.esa.int%2Fmex%2F2014%2F10%2F20%2Fspacecraft-in-great-shape-our-mission-continues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20141019-48"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20141019_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterBrownJonesSteigerwald2014" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne; Jones, Nancy; Steigerwald, Bill (October 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4347">"All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=All+Three+NASA+Mars+Orbiters+Healthy+After+Comet+Flyby&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&rft.au=Jones%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Steigerwald%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D4347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISRO_MOM_safe_after_Mars_comet_flyby-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ISRO_MOM_safe_after_Mars_comet_flyby_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2014" class="citation news cs1">Staff (October 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/im-safe-and-sound-tweets-mom-after-comet-sighting/article6520803.ece">"I'm safe and sound, tweets MOM after comet sighting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Retrieved October 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=I%27m+safe+and+sound%2C+tweets+MOM+after+comet+sighting&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Fim-safe-and-sound-tweets-mom-after-comet-sighting%2Farticle6520803.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esamars-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esamars_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esamars_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/space/esa-image-mars-05553.html">"ESA Releases Stunning New Image of Mars | Space Exploration | Sci-News.com"</a>. Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaking+Science+News+%26%23124%3B+Sci-News.com&rft.atitle=ESA+Releases+Stunning+New+Image+of+Mars+%26%23124%3B+Space+Exploration+%26%23124%3B+Sci-News.com&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Fspace%2Fesa-image-mars-05553.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019051624/https://www.dlr.de/EN/Service/about-relaunch/explanation.html?cms_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fdlr%2Fen%2Fdesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-10081%2F151_read-25327%2F">"Relaunch explanation"</a>. NAV_NODE DLR Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlr.de/EN/Service/about-relaunch/explanation.html?cms_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fdlr%2Fen%2Fdesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-10081%2F151_read-25327%2F">the original</a> on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAV_NODE+DLR+Portal&rft.atitle=Relaunch+explanation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2FEN%2FService%2Fabout-relaunch%2Fexplanation.html%3Fcms_url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.dlr.de%252Fdlr%252Fen%252Fdesktopdefault.aspx%252Ftabid-10081%252F151_read-25327%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Mars_Express_v2.0">"Mars Express v2.0"</a>. ESA.int. Retrieved April 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.int&rft.atitle=Mars+Express+v2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FOperations%2FMars_Express_v2.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20180725-53"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20180725_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrosei,_R.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Orosei, R.; et al. (July 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aar7268">"Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 361 (6401): 490–493. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04587">2004.04587</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...361..490O">2018Sci...361..490O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aar7268">10.1126/science.aar7268</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1148029">11573/1148029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30045881">30045881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Radar+evidence+of+subglacial+liquid+water+on+Mars&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=6401&rft.pages=490-493&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1148029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...361..490O&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2004.04587&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30045881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aar7268&rft.au=Orosei%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aar7268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20180725-54"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20180725_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangOverbye2018" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Overbye, Dennis</a> (July 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/science/mars-liquid-alien-life.html">"A Watery Lake Is Detected on Mars, Raising the Potential for Alien Life - The discovery suggests that watery conditions beneath the icy southern polar cap may have provided one of the critical building blocks for life on the red planet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved July 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Watery+Lake+Is+Detected+on+Mars%2C+Raising+the+Potential+for+Alien+Life+-+The+discovery+suggests+that+watery+conditions+beneath+the+icy+southern+polar+cap+may+have+provided+one+of+the+critical+building+blocks+for+life+on+the+red+planet.&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Overbye%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F25%2Fscience%2Fmars-liquid-alien-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/aaft-hro072318.php">"Huge reservoir of liquid water detected under the surface of Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EurekAlert" class="mw-redirect" title="EurekAlert">EurekAlert</a>. July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert&rft.atitle=Huge+reservoir+of+liquid+water+detected+under+the+surface+of+Mars&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2018-07%2Faaft-hro072318.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44952710">"Liquid water 'lake' revealed on Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Liquid+water+%27lake%27+revealed+on+Mars&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-44952710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLR-57"><a href="#cite_ref-DLR_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-31614/#/gallery/33106">"A winter wonderland in red and white – Korolev Crater on Mars"</a>. German Aerospace Center (DLR). Retrieved December 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Aerospace+Center+%28DLR%29&rft.atitle=A+winter+wonderland+in+red+and+white+%E2%80%93+Korolev+Crater+on+Mars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fdlr%2Fen%2Fdesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-10081%2F151_read-31614%2F%23%2Fgallery%2F33106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG1218-58"><a href="#cite_ref-TG1218_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2018" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (December 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/21/mars-express-beams-back-images-of-ice-filled-korolev-crater">"Mars Express Beams Back Images of Ice-Filled Korolev Crater"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved December 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mars+Express+Beams+Back+Images+of+Ice-Filled+Korolev+Crater&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Fdec%2F21%2Fmars-express-beams-back-images-of-ice-filled-korolev-crater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalesePondrelliNeesemanSchmidt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Salese, Francesco; Pondrelli, Monica; Neeseman, Alicia; Schmidt, Gene; Ori, Gian Gabriele (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6472477">"Geological Evidence of Planet-Wide Groundwater System on Mars"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 124 (2): 374–395. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JGRE..124..374S">2019JGRE..124..374S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JE005802">10.1029/2018JE005802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6472477">6472477</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31007995">31007995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Geological+Evidence+of+Planet-Wide+Groundwater+System+on+Mars&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=374-395&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6472477%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31007995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018JE005802&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JGRE..124..374S&rft.aulast=Salese&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Pondrelli%2C+Monica&rft.au=Neeseman%2C+Alicia&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Gene&rft.au=Ori%2C+Gian+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6472477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-60"><a href="#cite_ref-ESA_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/First_evidence_of_planet-wide_groundwater_system_on_Mars">"First evidence of planet-wide groundwater system on Mars"</a>. ESA. Retrieved February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA&rft.atitle=First+evidence+of+planet-wide+groundwater+system+on+Mars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FFirst_evidence_of_planet-wide_groundwater_system_on_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatAstro-61"><a href="#cite_ref-NatAstro_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauroPettinelliCaprarelliGuallini2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lauro, Sebastian Emanuel; Pettinelli, Elena; Caprarelli, Graziella; Guallini, Luca; Rossi, Angelo Pio; Mattei, Elisabetta; Cosciotti, Barbara; Cicchetti, Andrea; Soldovieri, Francesco; Cartacci, Marco; Di Paolo, Federico; Noschese, Raffaella; Orosei, Roberto (September 28, 2020). "Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data". Nature Astronomy. 5. Springer Nature Limited: 63–70. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.00870">2010.00870</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-020-1200-6">10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-3366">2397-3366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222125007">222125007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Multiple+subglacial+water+bodies+below+the+south+pole+of+Mars+unveiled+by+new+MARSIS+data&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=63-70&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2010.00870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222125007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2397-3366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-020-1200-6&rft.aulast=Lauro&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+Emanuel&rft.au=Pettinelli%2C+Elena&rft.au=Caprarelli%2C+Graziella&rft.au=Guallini%2C+Luca&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Angelo+Pio&rft.au=Mattei%2C+Elisabetta&rft.au=Cosciotti%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Cicchetti%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Soldovieri%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Cartacci%2C+Marco&rft.au=Di+Paolo%2C+Federico&rft.au=Noschese%2C+Raffaella&rft.au=Orosei%2C+Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-BernalSánchez-Lavegadel_Río-GaztelurrutiaRavanis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hernández-Bernal, J.; Sánchez-Lavega, A.; del Río-Gaztelurrutia, T.; Ravanis, E.; Cardesín-Moinelo, A.; Connour, K.; Tirsch, D.; Ordóñez-Etxeberria, I.; Gondet, B.; Wood, S.; Titov, D. (March 2021). "An Extremely Elongated Cloud over Arsia Mons Volcano on Mars: I. Life Cycle". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 126 (3). <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03919">2103.03919</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JGRE..12606517H">2021JGRE..12606517H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006517">10.1029/2020JE006517</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9097">2169-9097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232147554">232147554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=An+Extremely+Elongated+Cloud+over+Arsia+Mons+Volcano+on+Mars%3A+I.+Life+Cycle&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232147554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JGRE..12606517H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2103.03919&rft.issn=2169-9097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2020JE006517&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Bernal&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Lavega%2C+A.&rft.au=del+R%C3%ADo-Gaztelurrutia%2C+T.&rft.au=Ravanis%2C+E.&rft.au=Cardes%C3%ADn-Moinelo%2C+A.&rft.au=Connour%2C+K.&rft.au=Tirsch%2C+D.&rft.au=Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez-Etxeberria%2C+I.&rft.au=Gondet%2C+B.&rft.au=Wood%2C+S.&rft.au=Titov%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.esa.int/mex/2021/11/17/esa-mars-orbiters-two-for-one-science/">"ESA Mars orbiters: two-for-one science – Mars Express"</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+Mars+orbiters%3A+two-for-one+science+%E2%80%93+Mars+Express&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.esa.int%2Fmex%2F2021%2F11%2F17%2Fesa-mars-orbiters-two-for-one-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.esa.int/mex/2021/10/27/mars-express-keeps-an-ear-out-for-chinese-rover/">"Mars Express keeps an ear out for Chinese rover – Mars Express"</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Express+keeps+an+ear+out+for+Chinese+rover+%E2%80%93+Mars+Express&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.esa.int%2Fmex%2F2021%2F10%2F27%2Fmars-express-keeps-an-ear-out-for-chinese-rover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Software_upgrade_for_19-year-old_martian_water-spotter">"Software Upgrade for 19-Year-Old Martian Water-Spotter"</a>. Retrieved July 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+Upgrade+for+19-Year-Old+Martian+Water-Spotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FOperations%2FSoftware_upgrade_for_19-year-old_martian_water-spotter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slashgear.com/912406/this-mars-orbiter-is-finally-getting-a-software-update-from-windows-98/">"This Mars Orbiter Is Finally Getting A Software Update From Windows 98"</a>. June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Mars+Orbiter+Is+Finally+Getting+A+Software+Update+From+Windows+98&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slashgear.com%2F912406%2Fthis-mars-orbiter-is-finally-getting-a-software-update-from-windows-98%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Tune_in_for_first_Mars_livestream">"Tune in for first Mars livestream"</a>. Retrieved June 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tune+in+for+first+Mars+livestream&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FOperations%2FTune_in_for_first_Mars_livestream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mars_Express" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mars Express">Mars Express</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express">ESA Mars Express project</a> – official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/marsexpress/">ESA Mars Express project</a> – scientific website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Operations/SEM0RMQJNVE_0.html">ESA Mars Express operations site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/express/gallery/artwork/">NASA Art Gallery of Mars Express</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/other-space-activities/mars-express-1">Mars Express article on eoPortal by ESA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payload_principal_investigators_links">Payload principal investigators links</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Payload principal investigators links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>HRSC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/eng/projects/mars/index.php">Mars Express FU Berlin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marsis.com">MARSIS</a> Uni Roma "La Sapienza"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/math-nat-fak/geomet/geo/index.html?/mitarbeiter/mitarb/mp.html">MRSE</a> Uni Köln</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspera-3.org/">ASPERA</a></li></ul> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;" class="noresize"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><noscript><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="342" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 342px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" data-alt="Map of Mars" data-width="600" data-height="342" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/900px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1200px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption> <div style="float: right;">(<a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template talk:Features and artificial objects on Mars">discuss</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>, overlaid with the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Martian rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">landers</a>. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.<hr><div style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller; font-style:italic; padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano_cursor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" data-width="10" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/15px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/20px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Clickable image: Clicking on the labels will open a new article.</div><div style="float: left;">( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Active • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Inactive • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Planned)</div> <div style="float: right;">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">Mars map</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars#Landing_site_namings_and_memorials" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Mars Memorials list</a>) </div></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute; left: 440px; top: 137px"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><noscript><img alt="Beagle 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" data-alt="Beagle 2" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 173px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing_site" title="Bradbury Landing"><noscript><img alt="Bradbury Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" data-alt="Bradbury Landing" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 97px; top: 174px"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 300px"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><noscript><img alt="Deep Space 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" data-alt="Deep Space 2" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 100px; top: 301px"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 521px; top: 153px"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><noscript><img alt="InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" data-alt="InSight" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 373px; top: 234px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><noscript><img alt="Mars 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" data-alt="Mars 2" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 235px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><noscript><img alt="Mars 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" data-alt="Mars 3" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 270px; top: 195px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><noscript><img alt="Mars 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" data-alt="Mars 6" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 545px; top: 300px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><noscript><img alt="Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" data-alt="Mars Polar Lander" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 54px; top: 283px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander ↓</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top: 175px"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity"><noscript><img alt="Opportunity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" data-alt="Opportunity" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 417px; top: 125px"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance"><noscript><img alt="Perseverance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" data-alt="Perseverance" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 436.5px; top: 121px"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 116px; top: 28px"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix"><noscript><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" data-alt="Phoenix" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 275px; top: 105px"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin"><noscript><img alt="Rosalind Franklin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" data-alt="Rosalind Franklin" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 169px"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><noscript><img alt="Schiaparelli EDM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" data-alt="Schiaparelli EDM" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 342px; top: 170px"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 124px"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner"><noscript><img alt="Sojourner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" data-alt="Sojourner" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 562px; top: 184px"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit"><noscript><img alt="Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" data-alt="Spirit" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 38px; top: 201px"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 445px; top: 105px"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><noscript><img alt="Tianwen-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" data-alt="Tianwen-1" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 231px; top: 119px"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><noscript><img alt="Viking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" data-alt="Viking 1" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 388px; top: 120px"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 495px; top: 67px"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><noscript><img alt="Viking 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" data-alt="Viking 2" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2 </a> </div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&oldid=1253345386">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&oldid=1253345386</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 October 2024, at 13:57 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مارس إكسبريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارس إكسبريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Марс Експрес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс Експрес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مارس اکسپرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارس اکسپرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%B5%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="마스 익스프레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마스 익스프레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्स एक्सप्रेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्स एक्सप्रेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="מארס אקספרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארס אקספרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="マーズ・エクスプレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーズ・エクスプレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Марс-экспресс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марс-экспресс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Марс експрес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марс експрес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்ஸ் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ஸ் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81-%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Марс-експрес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марс-експрес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mars Express" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%BF%AB%E8%BD%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="火星快车号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火星快车号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%BF%AB%E8%BB%8A%E8%99%9F" title="火星快車號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星快車號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 13:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Express&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lsrvg","wgBackendResponseTime":354,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.700","walltime":"2.100","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8869,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":416003,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13330,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":312830,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1733.658 1 -total"," 31.23% 541.355 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.74% 376.899 9 Template:Infobox"," 17.08% 296.157 45 Template:Cite_web"," 13.57% 235.331 24 Template:Navbox"," 13.54% 234.805 1 Template:Infobox_spaceflight"," 10.29% 178.424 5 Template:Annotated_link"," 6.82% 118.230 1 Template:Marsexpress"," 6.63% 114.912 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.53% 78.473 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.013","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26324231,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","300","25.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","24.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","40","3.4"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","20","1.7"],["[others]","120","10.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-dr8jm","timestamp":"20241122143323","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mars Express","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_Express","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q205672","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q205672","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-02T19:31:56Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T13:57:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9d\/Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg","headline":"European Mars orbiter"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>