CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gyroscope - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ec317415-63fa-43a6-8dcb-c9032a78bc70","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gyroscope","wgTitle":"Gyroscope","wgCurRevisionId":1258980864,"wgRevisionId":1258980864,"wgArticleId":44125,"wgIsArticle": true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gyroscope","wgRelevantArticleId":44125,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym": "Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym": "wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso", "autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw", "autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq", "autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv", "autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi", "autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is", "it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"], "isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q483400","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages" ,"ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/3D_Gyroscope.png/1200px-3D_Gyroscope.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/3D_Gyroscope.png/800px-3D_Gyroscope.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/3D_Gyroscope.png/640px-3D_Gyroscope.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gyroscope - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gyroscope rootpage-Gyroscope stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gyroscope" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Gyroscope" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gyroscope</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Gyroscope" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Gyroscope" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gyroscope" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses and non-rotary gyroscopes, see <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gyroscope (disambiguation)">Gyroscope (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A gyroscope (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> γῦρος gŷros, "round" and σκοπέω skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">angular velocity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum#Conservation_of_angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Gyroscope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/3D_Gyroscope.png/250px-3D_Gyroscope.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/3D_Gyroscope.png/375px-3D_Gyroscope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/3D_Gyroscope.png/500px-3D_Gyroscope.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></a><figcaption>A gyroscope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyroscope_operation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gyroscope_operation.gif/220px-Gyroscope_operation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Gyroscope_operation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></a><figcaption>A gyroscope in operation, showing the freedom of rotation in all three axes. The rotor will maintain its spin axis direction regardless of the orientation of the outer frame.</figcaption></figure> Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the microchip-packaged <a href="/wiki/Vibrating_structure_gyroscope#MEMS_gyroscopes" title="Vibrating structure gyroscope">MEMS gyroscopes</a> found in electronic devices (sometimes called gyrometers), solid-state <a href="/wiki/Ring_laser_gyroscope" title="Ring laser gyroscope">ring lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic_gyroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic gyroscope">fibre optic gyroscopes</a>, and the extremely sensitive <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gyroscope" title="Quantum gyroscope">quantum gyroscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Applications of gyroscopes include <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation systems</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, or inside the steel hull of a submerged submarine. Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used in <a href="/wiki/Gyrotheodolite" title="Gyrotheodolite">gyrotheodolites</a> to maintain direction in tunnel mining.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Gyroscopes can be used to construct <a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyrocompasses</a>, which complement or replace <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Compass">magnetic compasses</a> (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part of an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance system">inertial guidance system</a>. MEMS gyroscopes are popular in some consumer electronics, such as smartphones. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description_and_diagram">1 Description and diagram</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_similar_devices">2.1 Early similar devices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Foucault's_gyroscope">2.2 Foucault's gyroscope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Commercialization">2.3 Commercialization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Gyroscopic_principles">3 Gyroscopic principles</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Rigidity_in_space">3.1 Rigidity in space</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Precession">3.2 Precession</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Contemporary_uses">4 Contemporary uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Steadicam">4.1 Steadicam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Heading_indicator">4.2 Heading indicator</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gyrocompass">4.3 Gyrocompass</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Accelerometer">4.4 Accelerometer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Variations">5 Variations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Gyrostat">5.1 Gyrostat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#MEMS_gyroscope">5.2 MEMS gyroscope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#HRG">5.3 HRG</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#VSG_or_CVG">5.4 VSG or CVG</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#DTG">5.5 DTG</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ring_laser_gyroscope">5.6 Ring laser gyroscope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Fiber_optic_gyroscope">5.7 Fiber optic gyroscope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#London_moment">5.8 London moment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Other_examples">6 Other examples</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Helicopters">6.1 Helicopters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Gyro_X">6.2 Gyro X</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Consumer_electronics">7 Consumer electronics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sources">9.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description_and_diagram">Description and diagram</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and diagram" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyroscope_wheel-text.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gyroscope_wheel-text.png/200px-Gyroscope_wheel-text.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gyroscope_wheel-text.png/200px-Gyroscope_wheel-text.png" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gyroscope_wheel-text.png/300px-Gyroscope_wheel-text.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gyroscope_wheel-text.png/400px-Gyroscope_wheel-text.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram of a gyro wheel. Reaction arrows about the output axis (blue) correspond to forces applied about the input axis (green), and vice versa.</figcaption></figure> A gyroscope is an instrument, consisting of a wheel mounted into two or three <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbals</a> providing pivoted supports, for allowing the wheel to rotate about a single axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal pivot axes, may be used to allow a wheel mounted on the innermost gimbal to have an orientation remaining independent of the orientation, in space, of its support. In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the outer gimbal, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis possesses none. The second gimbal, inner gimbal, is mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom. The axle of the spinning wheel (the rotor) defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two. The rotor responds to a force applied to the input axis by a reaction force to the output axis. A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free or fixed configuration. An example of some free-output-gimbal devices is the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif/200px-Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif/200px-Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif/300px-Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gyroscope_wheel_animation.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animation of a gyro wheel in action</figcaption></figure> The centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point (except for its inherent resistance caused by rotor spin). Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements. For example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being mounted in gimbals. A <a href="/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope" title="Control moment gyroscope">control moment gyroscope</a> (CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force. In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only two degrees of freedom. In other cases, the centre of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis of oscillation, and thus the centre of gravity of the rotor and the centre of suspension of the rotor may not coincide. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg/220px-Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1808"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 326px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg/220px-Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="326" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg/330px-Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg/440px-Foucault%27s_gyroscope.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gyroscope designed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> in 1852. Replica built by Dumoulin-Froment for the Exposition universelle in 1867. <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts museum</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_similar_devices">Early similar devices</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early similar devices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Essentially, a gyroscope is a <a href="/wiki/Spinning_top" title="Spinning top">top</a> combined with a pair of <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbals</a>. Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Most of these were not utilized as instruments. The first known apparatus similar to a gyroscope (the "Whirling Speculum" or "Serson's Speculum") was invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Serson" title="John Serson">John Serson</a> in 1743. It was used as a level, to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions. The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bohnenberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Bohnenberger">Johann Bohnenberger</a> of Germany, who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar device that was based on a rotating disc.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, working at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foucault's_gyroscope">Foucault's gyroscope</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foucault's gyroscope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foucault_gyroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Foucault gyroscope">Foucault gyroscope</a></div> In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment demonstrating the rotation of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek skopeein, to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek gyros, circle or rotation),<a href="#cite_note-OED-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercialization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1860s, the advent of electric motors made it possible for a gyroscope to spin indefinitely; this led to the first prototype <a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">heading indicators</a>, and a rather more complicated device, the <a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyrocompass</a>. The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German inventor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ansch%C3%BCtz-Kaempfe" title="Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe">Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer Sperry">Elmer Sperry</a> followed with his own design later that year, and other nations soon realized the military importance of the invention—in an age in which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military power—and created their own gyroscope industries. The <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Gyroscope Company">Sperry Gyroscope Company</a> quickly expanded to provide aircraft and naval stabilizers as well, and other gyroscope developers followed suit.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Circa 1911 the L. T. Hurst Mfg Co of Indianapolis started producing the "Hurst gyroscope" a toy gyroscope with a pull string and pedestal. Manufacture was at some point switched to Chandler Mfg Co (still branded Hurst). The product was later renamed to a “Chandler gyroscope”, presumably because Chandler Mfg Co. took over rights to the gyroscope. Chandler continued to produce the toy until the company was purchased by TEDCO Inc. in 1982. The gyroscope is still produced by TEDCO today.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted (unsuccessfully) to use gyroscopes as the basis for early <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">black box</a> navigational systems by creating a stable platform from which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed (in order to bypass the need for star sightings to calculate position). Similar principles were later employed in the development of <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called midget gyroscopes that weighed less than 3 ounces (85 g) and had a diameter of approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm). Some of these miniaturized gyroscopes could reach a speed of 24,000 revolutions per minute in less than 10 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Gyroscopes continue to be an engineering challenge. For example, the axle bearings have to be extremely accurate. A small amount of friction is deliberately introduced to the bearings, since otherwise an accuracy of better than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60f7bc29238b21553311d8359274b4782ecb3f73" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.658ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 4.658ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60f7bc29238b21553311d8359274b4782ecb3f73" data-alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  of an inch (2.5 nm) would be required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013148%E2%80%93149-24">[24]</a> Three-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are also used in portable electronic devices such as <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablet (computer)">tablets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">smartwatches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This adds to the 3-axis acceleration sensing ability available on previous generations of devices. Together these sensors provide 6 component motion sensing; accelerometers for X, Y, and Z movement, and gyroscopes for measuring the extent and rate of rotation in space (roll, pitch and yaw). Some devices<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> additionally incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> to provide absolute angular measurements relative to the Earth's magnetic field. Newer <a href="/wiki/Vibrating_structure_gyroscope#MEMS_gyroscopes" title="Vibrating structure gyroscope">MEMS-based inertial measurement units</a> incorporate up to all nine axes of sensing in a single integrated circuit package, providing inexpensive and widely available motion sensing.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Gyroscopic_principles">Gyroscopic principles</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gyroscopic principles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> All spinning objects have gyroscopic properties. The main properties that an object can experience in any gyroscopic motion are <a href="/wiki/Axial_parallelism" title="Axial parallelism">rigidity in space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigidity_in_space">Rigidity in space</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rigidity in space" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_parallelism" title="Axial parallelism">Axial parallelism</a></div> Rigidity in space describes the principle that a gyroscope remains in the fixed position on the plane in which it is spinning, unaffected by the Earth's rotation. For example, a bike wheel. Early forms of gyroscope (not then known by the name) were used to demonstrate the principle.<a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_Britannica:_A_Dictionary_of_Arts,_Sciences_and_General_Literature_1890_p._351-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precession">Precession</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Precession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Axial precession</a></div> A simple case of precession, also known as steady precession, can be described by the following relation to Moment: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\phi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\phi '\sin \theta (\phi '\cos \theta +\psi ')}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>I</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\phi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\phi '\sin \theta (\phi '\cos \theta +\psi ')}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5acfb4559f7765ef59861007b135ac30f72b2b49" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:51.616ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\phi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\phi '\sin \theta (\phi '\cos \theta +\psi ')}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 51.616ex;height: 4.009ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5acfb4559f7765ef59861007b135ac30f72b2b49" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\phi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\phi '\sin \theta (\phi '\cos \theta +\psi ')}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi '}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi '}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac5304c739c4deec1d259e3235a419e6177fe77a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.07ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi '}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.07ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac5304c739c4deec1d259e3235a419e6177fe77a" data-alt="{\displaystyle \phi '}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  represents precession, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi '}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi '}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e4792d3361b67c2f3eb7a3394932d28a6ef2e7b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.198ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi '}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.198ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e4792d3361b67c2f3eb7a3394932d28a6ef2e7b" data-alt="{\displaystyle \psi '}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is represented by spin, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.09ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" data-alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the nutation angle, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.172ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" data-alt="{\displaystyle I}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  represents inertia along its respective axis. This relation is only valid with the Moment along the Y and Z axes are equal to 0. The equation can be further reduced noting that the angular velocity along the z-axis is equal to the sum of the Precession and the Spin: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{z}=\phi '\cos \theta +\psi '}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{z}=\phi '\cos \theta +\psi '}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8e9edc156619ab23b1242f99bba699d801920af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.63ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{z}=\phi '\cos \theta +\psi '}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17.63ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8e9edc156619ab23b1242f99bba699d801920af" data-alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{z}=\phi '\cos \theta +\psi '}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , Where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{z}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{z}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6664a519a737b4e06b4668df3e837d4e4986db1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.447ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{z}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.447ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6664a519a737b4e06b4668df3e837d4e4986db1" data-alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{z}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  represents the angular velocity along the z axis. <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\psi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\psi '(\sin \theta )\omega _{z}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>I</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\psi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\psi '(\sin \theta )\omega _{z}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e773abdf5fcff5bc6dacf92ab1b8d058dfc04d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:41.848ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\psi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\psi '(\sin \theta )\omega _{z}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 41.848ex;height: 4.009ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e773abdf5fcff5bc6dacf92ab1b8d058dfc04d" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\psi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\psi '(\sin \theta )\omega _{z}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> or <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=\psi '\sin \theta (I_{z}\omega _{z}-I\psi '\cos \theta )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>I</mi> <msup> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=\psi '\sin \theta (I_{z}\omega _{z}-I\psi '\cos \theta )}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1fe9bd1b079c2d6c02d8f9f684bf95fc1b25092" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:34.653ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=\psi '\sin \theta (I_{z}\omega _{z}-I\psi '\cos \theta )}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34.653ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1fe9bd1b079c2d6c02d8f9f684bf95fc1b25092" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=\psi '\sin \theta (I_{z}\omega _{z}-I\psi '\cos \theta )}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</dd></dl> Gyroscopic <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> is torque induced. It is the rate of change of the angular momentum that is produced by the applied torque. Precession produces counterintuitive dynamic results such as a <a href="/wiki/Top_(toy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Top (toy)">spinning top</a> not falling over. Precession is used in aerospace applications for sensing changes of attitude and direction. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Contemporary_uses">Contemporary uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steadicam">Steadicam</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Steadicam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a> rig was employed during the filming of the 1983 film <a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a>, in conjunction with two gyroscopes for extra stabilization, to film the background plates for the <a href="/wiki/Speeder_bike" title="Speeder bike">speeder bike</a> chase. Steadicam inventor <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Brown" title="Garrett Brown">Garrett Brown</a> operated the shot, walking through a redwood forest, running the camera at one frame per second. When projected at 24 frames per second, it gave the impression of flying through the air at perilous speeds.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-EmpireOfDreams-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heading_indicator">Heading indicator</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heading indicator" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></div> The heading indicator or directional gyro has an axis of rotation that is set horizontally, pointing north. Unlike a magnetic compass, it does not seek north. When being used in an airplane, for example, it will slowly drift away from north and will need to be reoriented periodically, using a magnetic compass as a reference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013115%E2%80%93135-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyrocompass">Gyrocompass</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gyrocompass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">Gyrocompass</a></div> Unlike a directional gyro or heading indicator, a gyrocompass seeks north. It detects the rotation of the Earth about its axis and seeks the true north, rather than the magnetic north. Gyrocompasses usually have built-in damping to prevent overshoot when re-calibrating from sudden movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Accelerometer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a></div> By determining an object's acceleration and integrating over time, the velocity of the object can be calculated. Integrating again, position can be determined. The simplest accelerometer is a weight that is free to move horizontally, which is attached to a spring and a device to measure the tension in the spring. This can be improved by introducing a counteracting force to push the weight back and to measure the force needed to prevent the weight from moving. A more complicated design consists of a gyroscope with a weight on one of the axes. The device will react to the force generated by the weight when it is accelerated, by integrating that force to produce a velocity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013131%E2%80%93135-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyrostat">Gyrostat</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gyrostat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A gyrostat consists of a massive flywheel concealed in a solid casing.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Its behaviour on a table, or with various modes of suspension or support, serves to illustrate the curious reversal of the ordinary laws of static equilibrium due to the gyrostatic behaviour of the interior invisible flywheel when rotated rapidly. The first gyrostat was designed by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> to illustrate the more complicated state of motion of a spinning body when free to wander about on a horizontal plane, like a top spun on the pavement, or a bicycle on the road.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Kelvin<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> also made use of gyrostats to develop mechanical theories of the elasticity of matter and of the ether.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In modern <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum mechanics</a> there is a variety of these models, based on ideas of Lord Kelvin. They represent a specific type of Cosserat theories (suggested for the first time by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Cosserat" title="Eugène Cosserat">Eugène Cosserat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cosserat" title="François Cosserat">François Cosserat</a>), which can be used for description of artificially made smart materials as well as of other complex media. One of them, so-called Kelvin's medium, has the same equations as magnetic insulators near the state of magnetic saturation in the approximation of quasimagnetostatics.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In modern times, the gyrostat concept is used in the design of attitude control systems for orbiting spacecraft and satellites.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> For instance, the Mir space station had three pairs of internally mounted flywheels known as gyrodynes or <a href="/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope" title="Control moment gyroscope">control moment gyroscopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In physics, there are several systems whose dynamical equations resemble the equations of motion of a gyrostat.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Examples include a solid body with a cavity filled with an inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous liquid,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> the static equilibrium configuration of a stressed elastic rod in <a href="/wiki/Elastica_theory" title="Elastica theory">elastica theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> the polarization dynamics of a light pulse propagating through a nonlinear medium,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_system" title="Lorenz system">Lorenz system</a> in chaos theory,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and the motion of an ion in a <a href="/wiki/Penning_trap" title="Penning trap">Penning trap</a> mass spectrometer.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MEMS_gyroscope">MEMS gyroscope</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: MEMS gyroscope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vibrating_structure_gyroscope" title="Vibrating structure gyroscope">Vibrating structure gyroscope</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) gyroscope is a miniaturized gyroscope found in electronic devices. It takes the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Foucault_pendulum" title="Foucault pendulum">Foucault pendulum</a> and uses a vibrating element. This kind of gyroscope was first used in military applications but has since been adopted for increasing commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HRG">HRG</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: HRG" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Hemispherical_resonator_gyroscope" title="Hemispherical resonator gyroscope">hemispherical resonator gyroscope</a> (HRG), also called a wine-glass gyroscope<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> or mushroom gyro, makes use of a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. Gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VSG_or_CVG">VSG or CVG</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: VSG or CVG" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Vibrating_structure_gyroscope" title="Vibrating structure gyroscope">vibrating structure gyroscope</a> (VSG), also called a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> uses a resonator made of different metallic alloys. It takes a position between the low-accuracy, low-cost MEMS gyroscope and the higher-accuracy and higher-cost fiber optic gyroscope. Accuracy parameters are increased by using low-intrinsic damping materials, resonator vacuumization, and digital electronics to reduce temperature dependent drift and instability of control signals.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> High quality <a href="/wiki/Vibrating_structure_gyroscope#Wine_glass_resonator" title="Vibrating structure gyroscope">wine-glass resonators</a> are used for precise sensors like HRG.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DTG">DTG</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: DTG" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) is a rotor suspended by a universal joint with flexure pivots.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The flexure spring stiffness is independent of spin rate. However, the dynamic inertia (from the gyroscopic reaction effect) from the gimbal provides negative spring stiffness proportional to the square of the spin speed (Howe and Savet, 1964; Lawrence, 1998). Therefore, at a particular speed, called the tuning speed, the two moments cancel each other, freeing the rotor from torque, a necessary condition for an ideal gyroscope. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ring_laser_gyroscope">Ring laser gyroscope</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ring laser gyroscope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ring_laser_gyroscope" title="Ring laser gyroscope">Ring laser gyroscope</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Ring_laser_gyroscope" title="Ring laser gyroscope">ring laser gyroscope</a> relies on the <a href="/wiki/Sagnac_effect" title="Sagnac effect">Sagnac effect</a> to measure rotation by measuring the shifting interference pattern of a beam split into two separate beams which travel around the ring in opposite directions. When the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a>-200 entered service in 1983, it was equipped with the first suitable ring laser gyroscope. This gyroscope took many years to develop, and the experimental models went through many changes before it was deemed ready for production by the engineers and managers of <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. It was an outcome of the competition with mechanical gyroscopes, which kept improving. The reason Honeywell, of all companies, chose to develop the laser gyro was that they were the only one that didn't have a successful line of mechanical gyroscopes, so they wouldn't be competing against themselves. The first problem they had to solve was that with laser gyros rotations below a certain minimum could not be detected at all, due to a problem called "lock-in", whereby the two beams act like coupled oscillators and pull each other's frequencies toward convergence and therefore zero output. The solution was to shake the gyro rapidly so that it never settled into lock-in. Paradoxically, too regular of a dithering motion produced an accumulation of short periods of lock-in when the device was at rest at the extremities of its shaking motion. This was cured by applying a random <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a> to the vibration. The material of the block was also changed from quartz to a new glass ceramic <a href="/wiki/Cer-Vit" title="Cer-Vit">Cer-Vit</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Owens_Corning" title="Owens Corning">Owens Corning</a>, because of helium leaks.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber_optic_gyroscope">Fiber optic gyroscope</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fiber optic gyroscope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic_gyroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic gyroscope">Fibre optic gyroscope</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic_gyroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic gyroscope">fiber optic gyroscope</a> also uses the interference of light to detect mechanical rotation. The two-halves of the split beam travel in opposite directions in a coil of <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> cable as long as 5 km. Like the <a href="/wiki/Ring_laser_gyroscope" title="Ring laser gyroscope">ring laser gyroscope</a>, it makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Sagnac_effect" title="Sagnac effect">Sagnac effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_moment">London moment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: London moment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/London_moment" title="London moment">London moment</a> gyroscope relies on the quantum-mechanical phenomenon, whereby a spinning <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> generates a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis of the gyroscopic rotor. A magnetometer determines the orientation of the generated field, which is <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolated</a> to determine the axis of rotation. Gyroscopes of this type can be extremely accurate and stable. For example, those used in the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B" title="Gravity Probe B">Gravity Probe B</a> experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">milliarcseconds</a> (1.4×10−7 degrees, or about 2.4×10−9 radians) over a one-year period.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This is equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Angular_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular separation">angular separation</a> the width of a human hair viewed from 32 kilometers (20 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The GP-B gyro consists of a nearly-perfect spherical <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia#Rotational_symmetry" title="Moment of inertia">rotating mass</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a>, which provides a <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> support for a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> superconducting material. To eliminate friction found in conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by the electric field from six electrodes. After the initial spin-up by a jet of helium which brings the rotor to 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a>, the polished gyroscope housing is evacuated to an ultra-high vacuum to further reduce drag on the rotor. Provided the suspension electronics remain powered, the extreme <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">rotational symmetry</a>, lack of friction, and low drag will allow the angular momentum of the rotor to keep it spinning for about 15,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A sensitive <a href="/wiki/SQUID#DC_SQUID" title="SQUID">DC SQUID</a> that can discriminate changes as small as one quantum, or about 2 ×10−15 <a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">Wb</a>, is used to monitor the gyroscope. A <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a>, or tilt, in the orientation of the rotor causes the London moment magnetic field to shift relative to the housing. The moving field passes through a superconducting pickup loop fixed to the housing, inducing a small electric current. The current produces a voltage across a shunt resistance, which is resolved to spherical coordinates by a microprocessor. The system is designed to minimize Lorentz torque on the rotor.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helicopters">Helicopters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Helicopters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a></div> The main rotor of a helicopter acts like a gyroscope. Its motion is influenced by the principle of gyroscopic precession which is the concept that a force applied to a spinning object will have a maximum reaction approximately 90 degrees later. The reaction may differ from 90 degrees when other stronger forces are in play.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> To change direction, helicopters must adjust the pitch angle and the angle of attack.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyro_X">Gyro X</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gyro X" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Gyro X prototype vehicle created by Alex Tremulis and Thomas Summers in 1967. The car utilized gyroscopic precession to drive on two wheels. An assembly consisting of a flywheel mounted in a gimbal housing under the hood of the vehicle acted as a large gyroscope. The flywheel was rotated by hydraulic pumps creating a gyroscopic effect on the vehicle. A precessional ram was responsible for rotating the gyroscope to change the direction of the precessional force to counteract any forces causing the vehicle imbalance. The one-of-a-kind prototype is now at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville, Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Consumer_electronics">Consumer electronics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Consumer electronics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg/220px-Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg/220px-Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg/330px-Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg/440px-Digital_Compass_sensor_and_Arduino_Uno.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A digital gyroscope module connected to an <a href="/wiki/Arduino_Uno" title="Arduino Uno">Arduino Uno</a> board</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer#Consumer_electronics" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer § Consumer electronics</a></div> In addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer pointing devices, etc., gyroscopes have been introduced into consumer electronics. Since the gyroscope allows the calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> within a number of smartphones. Gyroscopes in consumer electronics are frequently combined with accelerometers for more robust direction- and motion-sensing. Examples of such applications include smartphones such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_4" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 4">Samsung Galaxy Note 4</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/HTC_Titan" title="HTC Titan">HTC Titan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">Nexus 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">iPhone 5s</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nokia_808_PureView" title="Nokia 808 PureView">Nokia 808 PureView</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Sony Xperia</a>, game console peripherals such as the <a href="/wiki/Sixaxis" title="Sixaxis">PlayStation 3 controller</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a>, and virtual reality headsets such as the <a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_CV1" title="Oculus Rift CV1">Oculus Rift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Some features of Android phones like PhotoSphere or 360 Camera and to use VR gadget do not work without a gyroscope sensor in the phone.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> has integrated a gyroscope into the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> console's Wii Remote controller by an additional piece of hardware called "<a href="/wiki/Wii_MotionPlus" title="Wii MotionPlus">Wii MotionPlus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> It is also included in the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">3DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">GamePad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> <a href="/wiki/Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Pro_Controller" title="Nintendo Switch Pro Controller">Pro</a> controllers, which detect movement when turning and shaking. Cruise ships use gyroscopes to level motion-sensitive devices such as self-leveling pool tables.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a bicycle wheel is sold as an alternative to training wheels.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerotrim" title="Aerotrim">Aerotrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rolling_gyro" title="Anti-rolling gyro">Anti-rolling gyro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_machine" title="Balancing machine">Balancing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersteering" title="Countersteering">Countersteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_angles" title="Euler angles">Euler angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Laithwaite" title="Eric Laithwaite">Eric Laithwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyro_monorail" title="Gyro monorail">Gyro monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic_exercise_tool" title="Gyroscopic exercise tool">Gyroscopic exercise tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">Inertial measurement unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gyroscope" title="Molecular gyroscope">Molecular gyroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">Reaction wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body_dynamics" title="Rigid body dynamics">Rigid body dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_bank_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn and bank indicator">Turn and bank indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn coordinator">Turn coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)" title="Stabilizer (ship)">Stabilizer</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003851/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gyroscope">"Gyroscope"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gyroscope">the original</a> on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Gyroscope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fgyroscope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabai2007" class="citation web cs1">Kabai, Sándor (28 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/Gyroscope/">"Gyroscope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Demonstrations_Project" title="Wolfram Demonstrations Project">Wolfram Demonstrations Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430090205/http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/Gyroscope/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+Demonstrations+Project&rft.atitle=Gyroscope&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft.aulast=Kabai&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdemonstrations.wolfram.com%2FGyroscope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaoLiuZhengFeng2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tao, W.; Liu, T.; Zheng, R.; Feng, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304165">"Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sensors_(journal)" title="Sensors (journal)">Sensors</a>. 12 (2). Basel, Switzerland: 2255–2283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Senso..12.2255T">2012Senso..12.2255T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs120202255">10.3390/s120202255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304165">3304165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438763">22438763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Gait+Analysis+Using+Wearable+Sensors&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2255-2283&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3304165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22438763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs120202255&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Senso..12.2255T&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Liu%2C+T.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+R.&rft.au=Feng%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3304165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2009/may/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-tunnels">"20 things you didn't know about tunnels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a>. 29 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615212002/http://discovermagazine.com/2009/may/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-tunnels">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=20+things+you+didn%27t+know+about+tunnels&rft.date=2009-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2009%2Fmay%2F20-things-you-didnt-know-about-tunnels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangeMullins" class="citation web cs1">Range, Shannon K'doah; Mullins, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710113230/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=327">"Brief History of Gyroscopes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=327">the original</a> on 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+Gyroscopes&rft.aulast=Range&rft.aufirst=Shannon+K%27doah&rft.au=Mullins%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fscitech%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FST_ID%3D327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Johann G. F. Bohnenberger (1817) "Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Erläuterung der Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der Veränderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the Earth around its axis, and of the change of the orientation of the latter), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_1.pdf">Tübinger Blätter für Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719070449/http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_1.pdf">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, vol. 3, pages 72–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a> mentions Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-Denis Poisson (1813) "Mémoire sur un cas particulier du mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" [Memoir on a special case of rotational movement of massive bodies], Journal de l'École Polytechnique, vol. 9, pages 247–262. Available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_2.pdf">Ion.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719070631/http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_2.pdf">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerTrierenberg2014" class="citation cs2">Wagner, Jörg F.; Trierenberg, Andor (2014), Stein, Erwin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39905-3_6">"The Machine of Bohnenberger"</a>, The History of Theoretical, Material and Computational Mechanics – Mathematics Meets Mechanics and Engineering, Lecture Notes in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 81–100, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-39905-3_6">10.1007/978-3-642-39905-3_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39905-3"><bdi>978-3-642-39905-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 20 February 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Theoretical%2C+Material+and+Computational+Mechanics+%E2%80%93+Mathematics+Meets+Mechanics+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Machine+of+Bohnenberger&rft.pages=81-100&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-39905-3_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-39905-3&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+F.&rft.au=Trierenberg%2C+Andor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-39905-3_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> A photograph of Bohnenberger's instrument is available on-line here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=5&scid=12&iid=24">Ion.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044532/http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=5&scid=12&iid=24">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Walter R. Johnson (January 1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266-IA2">"Description of an apparatus called the rotascope for exhibiting several phenomena and illustrating certain laws of rotary motion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819023327/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266-IA2">Archived</a> 19 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The American Journal of Science and Art, 1st series, vol. 21, no. 2, pages 265–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Drawings of Walter R. Johnson's gyroscope ("rotascope") were used to illustrate phenomena in the following lecture: E.S. Snell (1856) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEyT4sTd7ZkC&pg=PA175">"On planetary disturbances,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819023557/https://books.google.com/books?id=fEyT4sTd7ZkC&pg=PA175">Archived</a> 19 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Board of Regents, Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.... (Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell, 1856), pages 175–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044532/http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=5&scid=12&iid=24">"ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=5&scid=12&iid=24">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ION+Museum%3A+The+Machine+of+Bohnenberger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ion.org%2Fmuseum%2Fitem_view.cfm%3Fcid%3D5%26scid%3D12%26iid%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> L. Foucault (1852) "Sur les phénomènes d’orientation des corps tournants entraînés par un axe fixe à la surface de la terre – Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne" (On the phenomena of the orientation of rotating bodies carried along by an axis fixed to the surface of the earth – New perceptible signs of the daily movement), Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris), vol. 35, pages 424–427. Available on-line (in French): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2992n/f428.image">Gallica.bnf.fr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224438/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2992n/f428.image">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Circa 1852, Friedrich Fessel, a German mechanic and former secondary school teacher, independently developed a gyroscope. See: (1) Julius Plücker (September 1853) "Über die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine", Annalen der Physik, vol. 166, no. 9, pages 174–177; (2) Julius Plücker (October 1853) "Noch ein wort über die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine", Annalen der Physik, vol. 166, no. 10, pages 348–351; (3) Charles Wheatstone (1864) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtGEAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA307">"On Fessel's gyroscope"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819020402/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtGEAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA307">Archived</a> 19 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 7, pages 43–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-15"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/82917">The Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). 1989. p. 985. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=985&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F82917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1852b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Foucault, Léon</a> (1852b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHJFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA421">"Mécanique: Sur les phénomènes d'orientation des corps tournants entraînés par un axe fixe à la surface de la Terre. Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne"</a>. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 35 (Week of Monday 27 September 1852). Gauthier-Villars: 427.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9canique%3A+Sur+les+ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8nes+d%27orientation+des+corps+tournants+entra%C3%AEn%C3%A9s+par+un+axe+fixe+%C3%A0+la+surface+de+la+Terre.+Nouveaux+signes+sensibles+du+mouvement+diurne&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=Week+of+Monday+27+September+1852&rft.pages=427&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHJFAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe and Friedrich von Schirach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=182855C&KC=C&FT=D&date=&DB=&locale=">"Kreiselapparat"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (Gyroscope) Deutsches Reichspatent no. 182855 (filed: 27 March 1904; issued: 2 April 1907). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> MacKenzie, Donald. Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 31–40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-13258-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-13258-3">0-262-13258-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309071225/https://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/02/tedco_toys_cool_company_history_gre.html">"TEDCO Toys – Cool company history, great science kits"</a>. TEDCO Toys company website. O'Reilly Media Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/02/tedco_toys_cool_company_history_gre.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TEDCO+Toys+company+website&rft.atitle=TEDCO+Toys+%E2%80%93+Cool+company+history%2C+great+science+kits&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.makezine.com%2Farchive%2F2009%2F02%2Ftedco_toys_cool_company_history_gre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gyroscope.com/history-of-the-tedco-gyroscope.asp">"History of the Tedco Gyroscope"</a>. Brightfusion Ltd. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tedco+Gyroscope&rft.pub=Brightfusion+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gyroscope.com%2Fhistory-of-the-tedco-gyroscope.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> MacKenzie, Donald. Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 40–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-13258-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-13258-3">0-262-13258-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=PiEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=86&query=destroyer+escort">The Little Top That Aims a Gun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710151152/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=PiEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=86&query=destroyer+escort">Archived</a> 10 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Gold Sanders, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a>, July 1945 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazines1954" class="citation web cs1">Magazines, Hearst (1 March 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148">"Popular Mechanics"</a>. Hearst Magazines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032244/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.pub=Hearst+Magazines&rft.date=1954-03-01&rft.aulast=Magazines&rft.aufirst=Hearst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNwDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013148–149-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013148%E2%80%93149_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013">Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/ipad/compare/">"iPad – Compare Models"</a>. Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015359/http://www.apple.com/ipad/compare/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple&rft.atitle=iPad+%E2%80%93+Compare+Models&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fipad%2Fcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124144402/http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone-4-Gyroscope-Teardown/3156/1">"iPhone 4 Gyroscope Teardown"</a>. 24 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone-4-Gyroscope-Teardown/3156/1">the original</a> on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iPhone+4+Gyroscope+Teardown&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifixit.com%2FTeardown%2FiPhone-4-Gyroscope-Teardown%2F3156%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelon2014" class="citation news cs1">Kelon, Leo (9 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29107354">"Smartwatches: Specs and reviews for the leading models"</a>. Technology. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150828140736/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29107354">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Smartwatches%3A+Specs+and+reviews+for+the+leading+models&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Kelon&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-29107354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aptgadget.com/android-phones-gyroscope-accelerator/">"Best Android phones with Gyroscope and Accelerator"</a>. AptGadget.com. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AptGadget.com&rft.atitle=Best+Android+phones+with+Gyroscope+and+Accelerator&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faptgadget.com%2Fandroid-phones-gyroscope-accelerator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723214608/https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/basic-sensors-in/9781449309480/ch05.html">"Basic Sensors in iOS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/basic-sensors-in/9781449309480/ch05.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Sensors+in+iOS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safaribooksonline.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fbasic-sensors-in%2F9781449309480%2Fch05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723233203/http://www.st.com/web/en/catalog/sense_power/FM89/SC1448/PF258556">"LSM9DS0 iNEMO inertial module:3D accelerometer, 3D gyroscope, 3D magnetometer - STMicroelectronics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st.com/web/en/catalog/sense_power/FM89/SC1448/PF258556">the original</a> on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSM9DS0+iNEMO+inertial+module%3A3D+accelerometer%2C+3D+gyroscope%2C+3D+magnetometer+-+STMicroelectronics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st.com%2Fweb%2Fen%2Fcatalog%2Fsense_power%2FFM89%2FSC1448%2FPF258556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_Britannica:_A_Dictionary_of_Arts,_Sciences_and_General_Literature_1890_p._351-31"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopaedia_Britannica:_A_Dictionary_of_Arts,_Sciences_and_General_Literature_1890_p._351_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqwMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA351">The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature</a>. R.S. Peale. 1890. p. 351. Retrieved 2 December 2022. <q>Under the title of precession instruments, various pieces of apparatus, involving the gyroscope principle, have been in use for a number of years for illustrating the precession of the equinoxes, and the parallelism of the earth's axis as it revolves round the sun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences+and+General+Literature&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=R.S.+Peale&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqwMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbeler2016" class="citation book cs1">Hibbeler, R.C (2016). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics Fourteenth Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. pp. 627–629.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Mechanics%3A+Dynamics+Fourteenth+Edition&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=627-629&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hibbeler&rft.aufirst=R.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Brown, Garrett. "Return of the Jedi", <a href="/wiki/American_Cinematographer" title="American Cinematographer">American Cinematographer</a>, June 1983. </li> <li id="cite_note-EmpireOfDreams-34"><a href="#cite_ref-EmpireOfDreams_34-0">^</a> Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary, [2004] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013115–135-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013115%E2%80%93135_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013">Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013</a>, pp. 115–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013131–135-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013131%E2%80%93135_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013">Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013</a>, pp. 131–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> William Thomson (1875). Proc. London Math. Soc., vol. 6, pages 190–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gray_(physicist)" title="Andrew Gray (physicist)">Andrew Gray</a> (1979). A Treatise on Gyrostatics and Rotational Motion: Theory and Applications (Dover, New York) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_George_Greenhill" title="Alfred George Greenhill">Greenhill, Alfred George</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gyroscope_and_Gyrostat" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gyroscope and Gyrostat">Gyroscope and Gyrostat</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 769.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gyroscope+and+Gyrostat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=769&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Alfred+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> This source has a detailed mathematical discussion of the theory of gyroscopy. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> William Thomson, "Popular Lectures and Addresses", London: MacMillan, 1889, vol. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Robert Kargon, Peter Achinstein, Baron William Thomson Kelvin: "Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives" <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11117-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-11117-1">978-0-262-11117-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> E. Grekova, P. Zhilin (2001). Journal of elasticity, Springer, vol. 64, pages 29–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Peter C. Hughes (2004). Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43925-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43925-9">0-486-43925-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> D. M. Harland (1997) The MIR Space Station (Wiley); D. M. Harland (2005) The Story of Space Station MIR (Springer). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> C. Tong (2009). American Journal of Physics vol. 77, pages 526–537 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> N.N. Moiseyev and V.V. Rumyantsev (1968). Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing Fluid (Springer, New York) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1884). Proc. London Math. Soc. vol. 15, pages 170–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> M.V. Tratnik and J.E. Sipe (1987). Physical Review A vol. 35, pages 2965–2975 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> A.B. Gluhovsky (1982). Soviet Physics Doklady vol. 27, pages 823–825 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> S. Eliseev et al. (2011). Physical Review Letters vol. 107, paper 152501 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassaroCuccovilloVaianiDe_Carlo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Passaro, Vittorio M. N.; Cuccovillo, Antonello; Vaiani, Lorenzo; De Carlo, Martino; Campanella, Carlo Edoardo (7 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5677445">"Gyroscope Technology and Applications: A Review in the Industrial Perspective"</a>. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 17 (10): 2284. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Senso..17.2284P">2017Senso..17.2284P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs17102284">10.3390/s17102284</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1424-8220">1424-8220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5677445">5677445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28991175">28991175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors+%28Basel%2C+Switzerland%29&rft.atitle=Gyroscope+Technology+and+Applications%3A+A+Review+in+the+Industrial+Perspective&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2284&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5677445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Senso..17.2284P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28991175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs17102284&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft.aulast=Passaro&rft.aufirst=Vittorio+M.+N.&rft.au=Cuccovillo%2C+Antonello&rft.au=Vaiani%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=De+Carlo%2C+Martino&rft.au=Campanella%2C+Carlo+Edoardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5677445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2007" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, Mohinder S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663976587">Global positioning systems, inertial navigation, and integration</a>. Lawrence R. Weill, Angus P. Andrews (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 329–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61583-471-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61583-471-6"><bdi>978-1-61583-471-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663976587">663976587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+positioning+systems%2C+inertial+navigation%2C+and+integration&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=329-331&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663976587&rft.isbn=978-1-61583-471-6&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=Mohinder+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F663976587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartaNievesJonesMovchan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Carta, G.; Nieves, M. J.; Jones, I. S.; Movchan, N. V.; Movchan, A. B. (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6732376">"Flexural vibration systems with gyroscopic spinners"</a>. Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2156): 20190154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RSPTA.37790154C">2019RSPTA.37790154C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0154">10.1098/rsta.2019.0154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2962">1471-2962</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6732376">6732376</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31474205">31474205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions.+Series+A%2C+Mathematical%2C+Physical%2C+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Flexural+vibration+systems+with+gyroscopic+spinners&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=2156&rft.pages=20190154&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6732376%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019RSPTA.37790154C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31474205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0154&rft.issn=1471-2962&rft.aulast=Carta&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Nieves%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Jones%2C+I.+S.&rft.au=Movchan%2C+N.+V.&rft.au=Movchan%2C+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6732376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._SternbergC._Schwalm2007" class="citation journal cs1">H. Sternberg; C. Schwalm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002084552/http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/5-C55/www.cirgeo.unipd.it/cirgeo/convegni/mmt2007/proceedings/papers/sternberg_harald.pdf">"Qualification Process for MEMS Gyroscopes for the Use in Navigation Systems"</a> (PDF). International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/5-C55/www.cirgeo.unipd.it/cirgeo/convegni/mmt2007/proceedings/papers/sternberg_harald.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Society+for+Photogrammetry+and+Remote+Sensing+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Qualification+Process+for+MEMS+Gyroscopes+for+the+Use+in+Navigation+Systems&rft.date=2007&rft.au=H.+Sternberg&rft.au=C.+Schwalm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isprs.org%2Fproceedings%2FXXXVI%2F5-C55%2Fwww.cirgeo.unipd.it%2Fcirgeo%2Fconvegni%2Fmmt2007%2Fproceedings%2Fpapers%2Fsternberg_harald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh,_M_ETrainor,_C_VElliott,_R_DBorenstein,_J_T1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ash, M E; Trainor, C V; Elliott, R D; Borenstein, J T; Kourepenis, A S; Ward, P A; Weinberg, M S (14–15 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823133655/https://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A0017841AH&q=coriolis+vibratory+gyroscope+CVG&uid=789572486&setcookie=yes">"Micromechanical inertial sensor development at Draper Laboratory with recent test results"</a>. Symposium Gyro Technology Proceedings. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A0017841AH&q=coriolis+vibratory+gyroscope+CVG&uid=789572486&setcookie=yes">the original</a> on 23 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symposium+Gyro+Technology+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Micromechanical+inertial+sensor+development+at+Draper+Laboratory+with+recent+test+results&rft.date=1999-09-14%2F1999-09-15&rft.au=Ash%2C+M+E&rft.au=Trainor%2C+C+V&rft.au=Elliott%2C+R+D&rft.au=Borenstein%2C+J+T&rft.au=Kourepenis%2C+A+S&rft.au=Ward%2C+P+A&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+M+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmd1.csa.com%2Fpartners%2Fviewrecord.php%3Frequester%3Dgs%26collection%3DTRD%26recid%3DA0017841AH%26q%3Dcoriolis%2Bvibratory%2Bgyroscope%2BCVG%26uid%3D789572486%26setcookie%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lynch, D.D.: HRG development at Delco, Litton, and Northrop Grumman. In: Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-0-25248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-0-25248-5">978-976-0-25248-5</a> (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_May1999" class="citation journal cs1">David May (1999). Masten, Michael K; Stockum, Larry A (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiedl.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PSISDG003692000001000101000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&ref=no">"Modeling the dynamically tuned gyroscope in support of high-bandwidth capture loop design"</a>. Proc. SPIE. Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing XIII. 3692: 101–111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3692..101M">1999SPIE.3692..101M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.352852">10.1117/12.352852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121290096">121290096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+SPIE&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+dynamically+tuned+gyroscope+in+support+of+high-bandwidth+capture+loop+design&rft.volume=3692&rft.pages=101-111&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121290096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.352852&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SPIE.3692..101M&rft.au=David+May&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspiedl.aip.org%2Fgetabs%2Fservlet%2FGetabsServlet%3Fprog%3Dnormal%26id%3DPSISDG003692000001000101000001%26idtype%3Dcvips%26gifs%3Dyes%26ref%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Donald MacKenzie, Knowing Machines: Essays in Technical Change, MIT Press, 1996, Chapter 4: From the Luminiferous Ether to the Boeing 757 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hervé Lefèvre, The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, 1993, Artech House Optoelectronics Library, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89006-537-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89006-537-3">0-89006-537-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/fact_sheet/GPB_FactSheet-0405.pdf">Einstein.stanford.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514044333/http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/fact_sheet/GPB_FactSheet-0405.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "The GP-B instrument is designed to measure changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 milliarcseconds (1.4x10-7 degrees) over a one-year period" </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527111732/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/gravity_probe_b/GravityProbeB_20050400.pdf">"Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/gravity_probe_b/GravityProbeB_20050400.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravity+Probe+B+%E2%80%93+Extraordinary+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fgravity_probe_b%2FGravityProbeB_20050400.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514043657/http://einstein.stanford.edu/TECH/technology1.html#gyros">"Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies"</a>. Einstein.stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einstein.stanford.edu/TECH/technology1.html#gyros">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Einstein.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Gravity+Probe+B+%E2%80%93+Extraordinary+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feinstein.stanford.edu%2FTECH%2Ftechnology1.html%23gyros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiHayakawaTonouchi2003" class="citation book cs1">Kobayashi, Takeshi; Hayakawa, Hisao; Tonouchi, Masayoshi (8 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mPeUu1i5R8C&q=dc+squid+reduce+lorentz+force&pg=PA44">Vortex Electronics and SQUIDs</a>. Springer. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540402312" title="Special:BookSources/9783540402312"><bdi>9783540402312</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904042759/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mPeUu1i5R8C&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=dc+squid+reduce+lorentz+force&source=bl&ots=Vgz9jQ-IyI&sig=KN71efttIEUKdd63LWfmhO33p90&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wiuYVfHbK4vSoATv55OgDQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=dc%20squid%20reduce%20lorentz%20force&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vortex+Electronics+and+SQUIDs&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003-12-08&rft.isbn=9783540402312&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Takeshi&rft.au=Hayakawa%2C+Hisao&rft.au=Tonouchi%2C+Masayoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mPeUu1i5R8C%26q%3Ddc%2Bsquid%2Breduce%2Blorentz%2Bforce%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234292394">"DC electrostatic gyro suspension system for the Gravity Probe B experiment"</a>. ResearchGate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705144927/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234292394_DC_electrostatic_gyro_suspension_system_for_the_Gravity_Probe_B_experiment">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=DC+electrostatic+gyro+suspension+system+for+the+Gravity+Probe+B+experiment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234292394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/alc/course_content_popup.aspx?cID=104&sID=449">"Learning Center Courses Content - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov"</a>. Faasafety.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faasafety.gov&rft.atitle=Learning+Center+Courses+Content+-+FAA+-+FAASTeam+-+FAASafety.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faasafety.gov%2Fgslac%2Falc%2Fcourse_content_popup.aspx%3FcID%3D104%26sID%3D449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.aopa.org/aopa/2012/01/29/gyroscopic-precession/">"Gyroscopic Precession"</a>. Blog.aopa.org. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog.aopa.org&rft.atitle=Gyroscopic+Precession&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.aopa.org%2Faopa%2F2012%2F01%2F29%2Fgyroscopic-precession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum" class="citation web cs1">Museum, Lane Motor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanemotormuseum.org/collection/cars/item/gyro-x-1967">"Gyro-X-1967"</a>. Lane Motor Museum. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lane+Motor+Museum&rft.atitle=Gyro-X-1967&rft.aulast=Museum&rft.aufirst=Lane+Motor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanemotormuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fcars%2Fitem%2Fgyro-x-1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote4/note4_specs.html">"Samsung Galaxy and Gear – The Official Samsung Galaxy Site"</a>. The Official Samsung Galaxy Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216101103/http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote4/note4_specs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Samsung+Galaxy+Site&rft.atitle=Samsung+Galaxy+and+Gear+%E2%80%93+The+Official+Samsung+Galaxy+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsung.com%2Fglobal%2Fmicrosite%2Fgalaxynote4%2Fnote4_specs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003033741/http://techstic.com/2011/10/htc-titan-specifications-and-features.html">"HTC Titan Specifications and Features – Techstic"</a>. 18 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techstic.com/2011/10/htc-titan-specifications-and-features.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTC+Titan+Specifications+and+Features+%E2%80%93+Techstic&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechstic.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fhtc-titan-specifications-and-features.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213200443/http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/11/01/nexus-5-vs-iphone-5s-head-to-head/">"Nexus 5 vs iPhone 5s: Head-to-head – SiliconANGLE"</a>. Siliconangle.com. 1 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/11/01/nexus-5-vs-iphone-5s-head-to-head/">the original</a> on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siliconangle.com&rft.atitle=Nexus+5+vs+iPhone+5s%3A+Head-to-head+%E2%80%93+SiliconANGLE&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiliconangle.com%2Fblog%2F2013%2F11%2F01%2Fnexus-5-vs-iphone-5s-head-to-head%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_808_pureview-4577.php">"Nokia 808 PureView – Full phone specifications"</a>. Gsmarena.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160642/http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_808_pureview-4577.php">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gsmarena.com&rft.atitle=Nokia+808+PureView+%E2%80%93+Full+phone+specifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmarena.com%2Fnokia_808_pureview-4577.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308221700/https://www.oculus.com/blog/building-a-sensor-for-low-latency-vr/">"Blog – Building a Sensor for Low Latency VR"</a>. Oculus.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oculus.com/blog/building-a-sensor-for-low-latency-vr/">the original</a> on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oculus.com&rft.atitle=Blog+%E2%80%93+Building+a+Sensor+for+Low+Latency+VR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oculus.com%2Fblog%2Fbuilding-a-sensor-for-low-latency-vr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch_20202020" class="citation web cs1">March 2020, Kevin Carbotte 18 (18 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/htc-vive-cosmos-vr-headset,6367.html">"HTC Vive Cosmos VR Headset Review: Solid Upgrade"</a>. Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=HTC+Vive+Cosmos+VR+Headset+Review%3A+Solid+Upgrade&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft.aulast=March+2020&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Carbotte+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Freviews%2Fhtc-vive-cosmos-vr-headset%2C6367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Frank Caron (Aug 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2008/08/wii-motion-sensor.ars">Of gyroscopes and gaming: the tech behind the Wii MotionPlus</a> The company has also used gyroscopes in the Nintendo Switch <a href="/wiki/Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> controllers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415121613/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2008/08/wii-motion-sensor.ars">Archived</a> 15 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ars technica </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2005" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Corey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqB7l5eoOKQC&q=self-leveling+pool+tables">Econoguide Cruises 2006: Cruising the Caribbean, Hawaii, New England, Alaska, and Europe</a> (4th, illustrated ed.). Globe Pequot Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3871-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3871-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-3871-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Econoguide+Cruises+2006%3A+Cruising+the+Caribbean%2C+Hawaii%2C+New+England%2C+Alaska%2C+and+Europe&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=4th%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-3871-7&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqB7l5eoOKQC%26q%3Dself-leveling%2Bpool%2Btables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2009" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Paul (29 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/gear-amp-gadgets/article/2009-09/video-future-training-wheels">"Internal Gyroscope Is the Future of Training Wheels"</a>. Popular Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727105452/http://www.popsci.com/gear-amp-gadgets/article/2009-09/video-future-training-wheels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Internal+Gyroscope+Is+the+Future+of+Training+Wheels&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fgear-amp-gadgets%2Farticle%2F2009-09%2Fvideo-future-training-wheels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013" class="citation book cs1">Feynman, Richard; Gottlieb, Michael; Leighton, Ralph (2013). Feynman's Tips on Physics, A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feynman%27s+Tips+on+Physics%2C+A+Problem-Solving+Supplement+to+the+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+Michael&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGyroscope" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>, "Über die Theorie des Kreisels" (Tr., About the theory of the gyroscope). Leipzig, Berlin, B.G. Teubner, 1898–1914. 4 v. illus. 25 cm.</li> <li>Audin, M. Spinning Tops: A Course on Integrable Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.</li> <li>Crabtree, H. "An Elementary Treatment of the Theory of Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion". Longman, Green and C), 1909. Reprinted by Michigan Historical Reprint Series.</li> <li>Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-0-25248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-0-25248-5">978-976-0-25248-5</a> (2009)</li> <li>E. Leimanis (1965). The General Problem of the Motion of Coupled Rigid Bodies about a Fixed Point. (Springer, New York).</li> <li>Perry J. "Spinning Tops". London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1870. Reprinted by Project Gutemberg ebook, 2010.</li> <li>Walter Wrigley, Walter M. Hollister, and William G. Denhard (1969). Gyroscopic Theory, Design, and Instrumentation. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).</li> <li>Cooper, Donald & University of Western Australia. Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1996, An investigation of the application of gyroscopic torque in the acceleration and retardation of rotating systems.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Physics/Rotational_Motion" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:High School Physics/Rotational Motion">High School Physics/Rotational Motion</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gyroscopes.org/1974lecture.asp">The Royal Institution's 1974–75 Christmas Lecture</a> Professor Eric Laithwaite</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/OneWheeledRobotGyrostat/">One-Wheeled Robot-Gyrostat</a> by Olga Kapustina and Yuri Martynenko <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Demonstrations_Project" title="Wolfram Demonstrations Project">Wolfram Demonstrations Project</a></li> <li>Apostolyuk V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apostolyuk.com/index.php/publications/12-journals/16-springer2006">Theory and Design of Micromechanical Vibratory Gyroscopes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&oldid=1258980864">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&oldid=1258980864</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 18:29 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskoop" title="Giroskoop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Giroskoop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دوام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiroscopiu" title="Xiroscopiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xiroscopiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskop" title="Giroskop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Giroskop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95" title="ঘূর্ণনবীক্ষক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘূর্ণনবীক্ষক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гіраскоп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіраскоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Жироскоп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жироскоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiroskop" title="Žiroskop – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žiroskop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroscopi" title="Giroscopi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Giroscopi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гироскоп – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гироскоп" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreiselinstrument" title="Kreiselinstrument – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreiselinstrument" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCroskoop" title="Güroskoop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Güroskoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γυροσκόπιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυροσκόπιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir%C3%B3scopo" title="Giróscopo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giróscopo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskopo" title="Giroskopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Giroskopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskopio" title="Giroskopio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giroskopio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="ژیروسکوپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژیروسکوپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gyroscope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADreasc%C3%B3p" title="Gíreascóp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gíreascóp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiroscopio" title="Xiroscopio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xiroscopio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%80%E8%9E%BA%E5%84%80" title="陀螺儀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="陀螺儀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84" title="자이로스코프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자이로스코프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA" title="Գիրոսկոպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիրոսկոպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="घूर्णाक्षदर्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घूर्णाक्षदर्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiroskop" title="Žiroskop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žiroskop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskopo" title="Giroskopo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Giroskopo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskop" title="Giroskop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Giroskop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%BA%C3%B0ur" title="Snúður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Snúður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroscopio" title="Giroscopio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giroscopio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4" title="גירוסקופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גירוסקופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гироскоп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гироскоп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirosk%C3%B2p" title="Jiroskòp – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jiroskòp" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гироскоп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гироскоп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscopium" title="Gyroscopium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gyroscopium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiroskops" title="Žiroskops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žiroskops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskopas" title="Giroskopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Giroskopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroszk%C3%B3p" title="Giroszkóp – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giroszkóp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ജൈറോസ്കോപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈറോസ്കോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskop" title="Giroskop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Giroskop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girosc%C3%B3pio" title="Giroscópio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Giroscópio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိုင်ရိုစကုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိုင်ရိုစကုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscoop" title="Gyroscoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gyroscoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="ジャイロスコープ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャイロスコープ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA" title="ଗାଇରୋସ୍କୋପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗାଇରୋସ୍କୋପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroskop" title="Giroskop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Giroskop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%BE" title="جيروسكوپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جيروسكوپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jairoskuop" title="Jairoskuop – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jairoskuop" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girosc%C3%B2pi" title="Giroscòpi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giroscòpi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByroskop" title="Żyroskop – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żyroskop" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girosc%C3%B3pio" title="Giroscópio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giroscópio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroscop" title="Giroscop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Giroscop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гироскоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гироскоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gyroscope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiroskop" title="Žiroskop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žiroskop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE" title="جایرۆسکۆپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جایرۆسکۆپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Жироскоп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жироскоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiroskop" title="Žiroskop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žiroskop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskooppi" title="Gyroskooppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gyroskooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroskop" title="Gyroskop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gyroskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சுழல் காட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுழல் காட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B" title="ไจโรสโกป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไจโรสโกป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Чархишнамо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чархишнамо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroskop" title="Jiroskop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jiroskop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гіроскоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіроскоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="گردش نما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گردش نما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_quay_h%E1%BB%93i_chuy%E1%BB%83n" title="Con quay hồi chuyển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con quay hồi chuyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%80%E8%9E%BA%E4%BB%AA" title="陀螺仪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="陀螺仪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%80%E8%9E%BA%E5%84%80" title="陀螺儀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="陀螺儀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%80%E8%9E%BA%E5%84%80" title="陀螺儀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="陀螺儀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 18:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyroscope&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szq4t","wgBackendResponseTime":215,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.838","walltime":"1.033","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6471,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":121376,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6795,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":203529,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 864.726 1 -total"," 50.38% 435.609 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.04% 199.215 26 Template:Cite_web"," 10.08% 87.127 1 Template:Authority_control"," 8.11% 70.164 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.81% 50.256 5 Template:Fix"," 5.43% 46.973 3 Template:Sfn"," 5.22% 45.155 7 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.20% 44.970 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.85% 41.977 7 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.524","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10902933,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsh,_M_ETrainor,_C_VElliott,_R_DBorenstein,_J_T1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartaNievesJonesMovchan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_May1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeynmanGottliebLeighton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoucault1852b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhill1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrewal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._SternbergC._Schwalm2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbeler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabai2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobayashiHayakawaTonouchi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagazines1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch_20202020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuseum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPassaroCuccovilloVaianiDe_Carlo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRangeMullins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaoLiuZhengFeng2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerTrierenberg2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"E\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main article\"] = 7,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-sv2sq","timestamp":"20241122182910","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gyroscope","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gyroscope","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q483400","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q483400","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-13T05:47:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T18:29:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/3D_Gyroscope.png","headline":"device for measuring or maintaining orientation and direction"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>