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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Agency for the Space Programme</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ESA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ESA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ESA (disambiguation)">ESA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The European Space Agency (ESA)<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> is a 22-member <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental body">intergovernmental body</a> devoted to <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ESA-9">[8]</a> With its headquarters in Paris and a staff of around 2,547 people globally as of 2023, the ESA was founded in 1975. Its 2024 annual budget was €7.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-budget2024-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">European Space Agency</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; width: 263px; border: none; font-size: 90%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; padding: 8px 0; text-align: left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Evropská kosmická agentura </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: Den Europæiske Rumorganisation </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: Euroopa Kosmoseagentuur </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">French: Agence spatiale européenne </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Euroopan avaruusjärjestö </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ευρωπαϊκός Οργανισμός Διαστήματος </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Európai Űrügynökség </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Gníomhaireacht Spáis na hEorpa </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Agenzia Spaziale Europea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: Europäesch Weltraumorganisatioun </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Europese Ruimtevaartorganisatie </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: Den europeiske romfartsorganisasjon </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Agência Espacial Europeia </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Agenția Spațială Europeană </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Agenzia spaziala europeica </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Agencia Espacial Europea </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Europeiska rymdorganisationen </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA_Patch_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/ESA_Patch_2022.png/200px-ESA_Patch_2022.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/ESA_Patch_2022.png/300px-ESA_Patch_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/ESA_Patch_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Space_Agency_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/200px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/300px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/400px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_(12052189474).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/220px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/330px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/440px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Main control room of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li>ESA</li><li>ASE</li><li>EW</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1975; 49 years ago (1975-05-30)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">Space agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=European_Space_Agency&params=48_50_54_N_02_18_15_E_type:landmark_region:FR-IDF">48°50′54″N 02°18′15″E / 48.84833°N 2.30417°E / 48.84833; 2.30417</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data">English, French and German (working languages)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Aschbacher" title="Josef Aschbacher">Josef Aschbacher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_European_Space_Agency" title="Director General of the European Space Agency">Director General of the European Space Agency</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Primary spaceport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owners</th><td class="infobox-data">Member states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> Council members: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></div> Associate members: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></div> Cooperation agreements:<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">2,547 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>7.8 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-budget2024-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.int">esa.int</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42262#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The ESA's space flight programme includes <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> (mainly through participation in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> program); the launch and operation of crewless exploration missions to other planets (such as <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>) and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing <a href="#Launch_vehicle_fleet">launch vehicles</a>; and maintaining a major <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">spaceport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>), France. The main European launch vehicle <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a> will be operated through <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a> with the ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle. The agency is also working with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to manufacture the <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">service module</a> that flies on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Foundation">1.1 Foundation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Later_activities">1.2 Later activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Facilities">1.3 Facilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mission">2 Mission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Activities_and_programmes">3 Activities and programmes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Activities">3.1 Activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Programmes">3.2 Programmes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mandatory">3.2.1 Mandatory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Optional">3.2.2 Optional</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Employment">4 Employment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Member_states,_funding_and_budget">5 Member states, funding and budget</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Membership_and_contribution_to_the_ESA">5.1 Membership and contribution to the ESA</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Non-full_member_states">5.2 Non-full member states</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Slovenia">5.2.1 Slovenia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Latvia">5.2.2 Latvia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Lithuania">5.2.3 Lithuania</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Slovakia">5.2.4 Slovakia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Canada">5.2.5 Canada</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Budget_appropriation_and_allocation">5.3 Budget appropriation and allocation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Enlargement">5.4 Enlargement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Launch_vehicles">6 Launch vehicles</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ariane_6">6.1 Ariane 6</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Vega-C">6.2 Vega-C</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ariane_launch_vehicle_development_funding">6.3 Ariane launch vehicle development funding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Future_rocket_development">6.4 Future rocket development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Human_space_flight">7 Human space flight</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Formation_and_development">7.1 Formation and development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Crew_vehicles">7.2 Crew vehicles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Cooperation_with_other_countries_and_organisations">8 Cooperation with other countries and organisations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#National_space_organisations_of_member_states">8.1 National space organisations of member states</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#NASA">8.2 NASA</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#SpaceX">8.3 SpaceX</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Cooperation_with_other_space_agencies">8.4 Cooperation with other space agencies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#International_Space_Station">8.5 International Space Station</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Facilities_2">8.6 Facilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Link_between_ESA_and_EU">9 Link between ESA and EU</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Security_incidents">10 Security incidents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#European_Union_matters">11.1 European Union matters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/European Space Agency">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22European+Space+Agency%22">"European Space Agency"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22European+Space+Agency%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22European+Space+Agency%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22European+Space+Agency%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22European+Space+Agency%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22European+Space+Agency%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA-ESTEC5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ESA-ESTEC5.jpg/220px-ESA-ESTEC5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ESA-ESTEC5.jpg/220px-ESA-ESTEC5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ESA-ESTEC5.jpg/330px-ESA-ESTEC5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/ESA-ESTEC5.jpg/440px-ESA-ESTEC5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a> buildings in <a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a>, Netherlands. ESTEC was the main technical centre of ESRO and remains so for the successor organisation (ESA).</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many European scientists left <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi" title="Edoardo Amaldi">Edoardo Amaldi</a> (Italy) and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Auger" title="Pierre Victor Auger">Pierre Auger</a> (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries. The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">ELDO</a> (European Launcher Development Organisation), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, <a href="/wiki/ESRO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESRO">ESRO</a> (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites, but ELDO was not able to deliver a launch vehicle. Both agencies struggled with the underfunding and diverging interests of their participants. The ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. The ESA had ten founding member states: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. The ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a>, a space probe monitoring <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">gamma-ray emissions</a> in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_activities">Later activities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg/170px-Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="3471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg/170px-Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg/255px-Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg/340px-Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mock-up of the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a></figcaption></figure> The ESA collaborated with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">International Ultraviolet Explorer</a> (IUE), the world's first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 the ESA began <a href="/wiki/Giotto_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto mission">Giotto</a>, its first deep-space mission, to study the comets <a href="/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Halley</a> and <a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">Grigg–Skjellerup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a>, a star-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses probe">Ulysses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> were all jointly carried out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> space probe, to which the ESA contributed by building the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> landing module <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a>. As the successor of <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">ELDO</a>, the ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. <a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a>, launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">Ariane 4</a>, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established the ESA as the world leader<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 112 successful launches until 2021. The successor launch vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a>, is under development and had a successful long-firing engine test in November 2023. The ESA plans for the Ariane 6 to launch in June or July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The beginning of the new millennium saw the ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>, one of the major participants in scientific <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space research</a>. Although the ESA had relied on co-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">United States military</a>) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co-operation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:<a href="#cite_note-international-coop-17">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Russia is ESA's first partner in its efforts to ensure long-term access to space. There is a framework agreement between ESA and the government of the Russian Federation on cooperation and partnership in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and cooperation is already underway in two different areas of launcher activity that will bring benefits to both partners.</blockquote> Notable ESA programmes include <a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> a probe testing cutting-edge space propulsion technology, the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> missions,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> partnership. The ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as <a href="/wiki/Corot_(space_mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corot (space mission)">Corot</a>, launched on 27 December 2006,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> a milestone in the search for <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>. On 21 January 2019, <a href="/wiki/ArianeGroup" title="ArianeGroup">ArianeGroup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a> announced a one-year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the Moon for lunar <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In 2021 the ESA ministerial council agreed to the "<a href="/wiki/Matosinhos" title="Matosinhos">Matosinhos</a> manifesto" which set three priority areas (referred to as accelerators) "space for a green future, a rapid and resilient crisis response, and the protection of space assets", and two further high visibility projects (referred to as inspirators) an icy moon sample return mission; and human space exploration.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In the same year the recruitment process began for the <a href="/wiki/2022_European_Space_Agency_Astronaut_Group" title="2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group">2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> 1 July 2023 saw the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid spacecraft</a>, developed jointly with the Euclid Consortium, after 10 years of planning and building it is designed to better understand <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> by accurately measuring the <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">accelerating expansion of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230701-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities">Facilities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Facilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The agency's facilities date back to ESRO and are deliberately distributed among various countries and areas. The most important are the following centres: <ul><li>ESA headquarters in Paris, France;</li> <li>ESA science missions are based at <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a>, Netherlands;</li> <li>Earth Observation missions at the <a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>, Italy;</li> <li>ESA Mission Control (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a>) is in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a> (EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a> (ECSAT), a research institute created in 2009, is located in <a href="/wiki/Harwell_Science_and_Innovation_Campus" title="Harwell Science and Innovation Campus">Harwell</a>, England, United Kingdom;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (ESAC) is located in <a href="/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Ca%C3%B1ada" title="Villanueva de la Cañada">Villanueva de la Cañada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comunidad_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidad de Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a> (ESEC), located in Redu, Belgium;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a> tracking and deep space communication network.</li> <li>Many other facilities are operated by national space agencies in close collaboration with ESA. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a> in Sweden;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> in Kourou, France;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Space_Centre" title="Toulouse Space Centre">Toulouse Space Centre</a>, France;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_Propulsion" title="Institute of Space Propulsion">Institute of Space Propulsion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lampoldshausen" title="Lampoldshausen">Lampoldshausen</a>, Germany;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a>, Germany.</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The treaty establishing the European Space Agency reads:<a href="#cite_note-European_Space_Agency-2007-27">[26]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The purpose of the Agency shall be to provide for and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among European States in space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications systems…</blockquote> The ESA is responsible for setting a unified space and related industrial policy, recommending space objectives to the member states, and integrating national programs like satellite development, into the European program as much as possible.<a href="#cite_note-European_Space_Agency-2007-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dordain" title="Jean-Jacques Dordain">Jean-Jacques Dordain</a> – ESA's Director General (2003–2015) – outlined the European Space Agency's mission in a 2003 interview:<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Today space activities have pursued the benefit of citizens, and citizens are asking for a better quality of life on Earth. They want greater security and economic wealth, but they also want to pursue their dreams, to increase their knowledge, and they want younger people to be attracted to the pursuit of science and technology. I think that space can do all of this: it can produce a higher quality of life, better security, more economic wealth, and also fulfill our citizens' dreams and thirst for knowledge, and attract the young generation. This is the reason space exploration is an integral part of overall space activities. It has always been so, and it will be even more important in the future.</blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Activities_and_programmes">Activities and programmes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activities and programmes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">List of European Space Agency programs and missions</a></div> The ESA describes its work in two overlapping ways: <ul><li>For the general public, the various fields of work are described as "Activities".</li> <li>Budgets are organised as "Programmes".</li></ul> These are either mandatory or optional. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the ESA website, the activities are: <ul><li>Observing the Earth</li> <li>Human and Robotic Exploration</li> <li>Launchers</li> <li>Navigation</li> <li>Space Science</li> <li>Space Engineering & Technology</li> <li>Operations</li> <li>Telecommunications & Integrated Applications</li> <li>Preparing for the Future</li> <li>Space for Climate<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmes">Programmes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Programmes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAST20XX" title="FAST20XX">FAST20XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2000">Horizon 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Trainees" title="Spanish Trainees">Spanish Trainees</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Terrae_Novae_Europe_s_exploration_vision">Terrae Novae Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut (lunar lander)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandatory">Mandatory</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mandatory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Every member country (known as 'Member States') must contribute to these programmes:<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency Science Programme</a> is a long-term programme of space science missions. <ul><li>Technology Development Element Programme<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></li> <li>Science Core Technology Programme</li> <li>General Study Programme</li> <li>European Component Initiative</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optional">Optional</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Optional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Depending on their individual choices the countries can contribute to the following programmes, becoming 'Participating States', listed according to:<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Launchers</li> <li>Earth Observation</li> <li>Human Spaceflight and Exploration</li> <li>Telecommunications</li> <li>Navigation</li> <li>Space Situational Awareness</li> <li>Technology</li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Employment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> As of 2023, Many other facilities are operated by national space agencies in close collaboration with the ESA. The ESA employs around 2,547 people, and thousands of contractors. Initially, new employees are contracted for an expandable four-year term, which is until the organization's retirement age of 63. According to the ESA's documents, the staff can receive myriad of perks, such as financial childcare support, retirement plans, and financial help when migrating. The ESA also prevents employees from disclosing any private documents or correspondences to outside parties. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>'s 2023 report, which contained testimonies of 18 people, suggested that there is a widespread harassment between management and its employees, especially with its contractors. Since the ESA is an international organization, unaffiliated with any single nation, any form of legal action is difficult to raise against the organization.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Member_states,_funding_and_budget">Member states, funding and budget</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Member states, funding and budget" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_and_contribution_to_the_ESA">Membership and contribution to the ESA</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Membership and contribution to the ESA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA_Members_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ESA_Members_Map.svg/300px-ESA_Members_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="175"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ESA_Members_Map.svg/300px-ESA_Members_Map.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="300" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ESA_Members_Map.svg/450px-ESA_Members_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ESA_Members_Map.svg/600px-ESA_Members_Map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> ESA member states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> ESA associate states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> ESA cooperating state</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> ESA ECS states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> ESA Cooperation Agreement states</div></div></div></div></div></div> Member states participate to varying degrees with both mandatory space programs and those that are optional. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, the mandatory programmes made up 25% of total expenditures while optional space programmes were the other 75%.<a href="#cite_note-czechspace.cz-37">[36]</a> The ESA has traditionally implemented a policy of "georeturn", where funds that ESA member states provide to the ESA "are returned in the form of contracts to companies in those countries."<a href="#cite_note-sn20240619-38">[37]</a> By 2015, the ESA was an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states.<a href="#cite_note-ESA-9">[8]</a> The 2008 ESA budget amounted to €3.0 billion whilst the 2009 budget amounted to €3.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The total budget amounted to about €3.7 billion in 2010, €3.99 billion in 2011, €4.02 billion in 2012, €4.28 billion in 2013, €4.10 billion in 2014, €4.43 billion in 2015, €5.25 billion in 2016, €5.75 billion in 2017, €5.60 billion in 2018, €5.72 billion in 2019, €6,68 billion in 2020, €6.49 billion in 2021, €7.15 billion in 2022, €7.46 billion in 2023 and €7.79 billion in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Budgets-40">[39]</a> English and French are the two official languages of the ESA.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Additionally, official documents are also provided in German and documents regarding the <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> have been also provided in Italian. If found appropriate, the agency may conduct its correspondence in any language of a member state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The following table lists all the member states and adjunct members, their ESA convention ratification dates, and their contributions as of 2024:<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Member state, or source </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">ESA convention </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">National programme </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Contributions </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">M€ </th> <th scope="col">% of total </th> <th scope="col">Per capita (€)<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Full member states </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-44">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>30 December 1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">FFG</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2% </td> <td>6.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>3 October 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Science_Policy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Federal Science Policy Office">BELSPO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">292.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.6% </td> <td>24.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>12 November 2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Transport (Czech Republic)">Ministry of Transport</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9% </td> <td>4.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>15 September 1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7% </td> <td>5.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>4 February 2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td>5.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>1 January 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Employment" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment">Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6% </td> <td>6.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>30 October 1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,048.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.1% </td> <td>15.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>26 July 1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="German Aerospace Centre">DLR</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,171.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.4% </td> <td>14.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>9 March 2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Space_Committee" title="Hellenic National Space Committee">Hellenic National Space Committee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3% </td> <td>1.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>24 February 2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4% </td> <td>2.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-44">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>10 December 1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Ireland" title="Enterprise Ireland">Enterprise Ireland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4% </td> <td>4.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>20 February 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">881.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.9% </td> <td>14.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>30 June 2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8% </td> <td>62.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>6 February 1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">117.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.2% </td> <td>6.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="no"><noscript><img alt="European Free Trade Association" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/23px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/23px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png" data-alt="European Free Trade Association" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/35px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/46px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-44">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>30 December 1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">71.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4% </td> <td>13.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>19 November 2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9% </td> <td>1.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>14 November 2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PT Space</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4% </td> <td>1.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-acceded-54">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>22 December 2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0% </td> <td>2.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>7 February 1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">297.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.7% </td> <td>6.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>6 April 1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5% </td> <td>7.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="no"><noscript><img alt="European Free Trade Association" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/23px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/23px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png" data-alt="European Free Trade Association" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/35px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/EFTA_logo2.svg/46px-EFTA_logo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>19 November 1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">188.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6% </td> <td>21.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-founding-46">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>28 March 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">448.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.6% </td> <td>6.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Others </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;">203.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.9% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6" style="background-color:#e9e9e9; text-align:left;">Non-full members </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Canada-57">[note 4]</a></td> <td>1 January 1979<a href="#cite_note-Leclerc-1998-55">[51]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2% </td> <td>0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>30 June 2020<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2020-58">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0% </td> <td>0.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td>21 May 2021<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2-59">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0% </td> <td>0.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td>14 June 2022<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-60">[55]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovak Space Office (page does not exist)">SSO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td>0.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td>5 July 2016<a href="#cite_note-esa-61">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Economic_Development_and_Technology_(Slovenia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Economic Development and Technology (Slovenia) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Economic Development and Technology</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td>1.84 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e9e9e9; font-weight:bold;"> <td colspan="3">Members and associates total </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,024.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64.5% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="#cite_note-union-62">[note 5]</a> </td> <td>28 May 2004<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,822.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.4% </td> <td>4.06 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;">116.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other income </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;">821.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.5% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e9e9e9; font-weight:bold;"> <td colspan="3">Other institutional partners and income total </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,760.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.5% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e9e9e9; font-weight:bold;"> <td colspan="3">Grand total </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,785.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ireland-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_44-2">c</a> These nations are considered initial signatories, but since they were members of neither <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">ESRO</a> nor <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">ELDO</a> (the precursor organisations to ESA) the Convention could only enter into force when the last of the other 10 founders ratified it. </li> <li id="cite_note-founding-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_46-9">j</a> Founding members and initial signatories drafted the ESA charter which entered into force on 30 October 1980. These nations were also members of either <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">ELDO</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">ESRO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_Convention-45">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-acceded-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acceded_54-8">i</a> Acceded members became ESA member states upon signing an accession agreement.<a href="#cite_note-enlarging-esa-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_Member_States-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polish_flag_raised_at_ESA-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa.int-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa.int-2-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa.int-3-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_57-0">^</a> Canada is a Cooperating State of ESA.<a href="#cite_note-Leclerc-1998-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-assoc-56">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-union-62"><a href="#cite_ref-union_62-0">^</a> Framework Agreement establishing the legal basis for cooperation between ESA and the European Union came into force in May 2004. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-full_member_states">Non-full member states</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-full member states" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined the ESA as full members. Since October 2022 there have been five associate members: Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Canada. The four European members have shown interest in full membership and may eventually apply within the next years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slovenia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 2016, Slovenia has been an associated member of the ESA.<a href="#cite_note-esa-61">[56]</a> In November 2023 Slovenia formally applied for full membership.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> In June 2024 Prime Minister Robert Golob and Director General Josef Aschbacher have signed an agreement that will see Slovenia become a full member of the ESA on 1 January 2025, when the current Association Agreement expires.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latvia">Latvia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latvia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Latvia became the second current associated member on 30 June 2020, when the Association Agreement was signed by ESA Director Jan Wörner and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Latvia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Education and Science (Latvia) (page does not exist)">Minister of Education and Science of Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilga_%C5%A0uplinska" title="Ilga Šuplinska">Ilga Šuplinska</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> ratified it on 27 July.<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2020-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lithuania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In May 2021, Lithuania became the third current associated member.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> As a consequence its citizens became eligible to apply to the <a href="/wiki/2022_European_Space_Agency_Astronaut_Group" title="2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group">2022 ESA Astronaut group</a>, applications for which were scheduled to close one week later. The deadline was therefore extended by three weeks to allow Lithuanians a fair chance to apply.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Slovakia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Slovakia's Associate membership came into effect on 13 October 2022, for an initial duration of seven years. The Association Agreement supersedes the European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement, which entered into force upon Slovakia's subscription to the Plan for European Cooperating States Charter on 4 February 2016, a scheme introduced at ESA in 2001. The ECS Agreement was subsequently extended until 3 August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within the ESA. By virtue of this accord, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> takes part in the ESA's deliberative bodies and decision-making and also in the ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 15 December 2010 with a term extending to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> For 2014, Canada's annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was €6,059,449 (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD$</a>8,559,050).<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> For 2017, Canada has increased its annual contribution to €21,600,000 (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD$</a>30,000,000).<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_appropriation_and_allocation">Budget appropriation and allocation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Budget appropriation and allocation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easbars.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Easbars.png/480px-Easbars.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 480px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Easbars.png/480px-Easbars.png" data-width="480" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Easbars.png/720px-Easbars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Easbars.png/960px-Easbars.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>European Space Agency 2016 budget by domain out of a total budget is 5250M€.</figcaption></figure> The ESA is funded from annual contributions by <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national</a> governments of members as well as from an annual contribution by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<a href="#cite_note-de_Selding-2015-73">[67]</a> The budget of the ESA was €5.250 billion in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-esa2016budpie-74">[68]</a> Every 3–4 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference. This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for the ESA for several years. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 2016 budget allocations for major areas of the ESA activity are shown in the chart on the right.<a href="#cite_note-esa2016budpie-74">[68]</a> Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with the ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of €2,015 million, of which €755 million is paid as direct financial contribution to the ESA.<a href="#cite_note-leCNES-75">[69]</a> Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and the ESA (e.g. <a href="/wiki/COROT" class="mw-redirect" title="COROT">COROT</a>). Also, the ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">European Union Satellite Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Space Programme Agency</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlargement">Enlargement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Enlargement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Space_Agency" title="Enlargement of the European Space Agency">Enlargement of the European Space Agency</a></div> After the decision of the ESA Council of 21/22 March 2001, the procedure for accession of the European states was detailed as described the document titled "The Plan for European Co-operating States (PECS)".<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Nations that want to become a full member of the ESA do so in 3 stages. First a Cooperation Agreement is signed between the country and ESA. In this stage, the country has very limited financial responsibilities. If a country wants to co-operate more fully with ESA, it signs a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement, albeit to be a candidate for said agreement, a country must be European. The ECS Agreement makes companies based in the country eligible for participation in ESA procurements. The country can also participate in all ESA programmes, except for the Basic Technology Research Programme. While the financial contribution of the country concerned increases, it is still much lower than that of a full member state. The agreement is normally followed by a Plan For European Cooperating State (or PECS Charter). This is a 5-year programme of basic <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> activities aimed at improving the nation's <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space industry</a> capacity. At the end of the 5-year period, the country can either begin negotiations to become a full member state or an associated state or sign a new PECS Charter.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> Many countries, most of which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007, have started to co-operate with the ESA on various levels: <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Applicant state </th> <th scope="col">Cooperation agreement </th> <th scope="col">ECS agreement </th> <th scope="col">PECS charter </th> <th scope="col">ESA Convention signature </th> <th scope="col">Associate membership </th> <th class="unsortable">National programme </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </th> <td>28 May 2008<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> </td> <td>22 January 2010<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> </td> <td>30 November 2010<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> </td> <td>5 July 2016<a href="#cite_note-esa-61">[56]</a> </td> <td>1 December 2016<a href="#cite_note-esa-61">[56]</a> </td> <td>through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Economic_Development_and_Technology_(Slovenia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Economic Development and Technology (Slovenia) (page does not exist)">MoEDT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </th> <td>23 July 2009<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> </td> <td>19 March 2013<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> </td> <td>30 January 2015<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> </td> <td>30 June 2020<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2020-58">[53]</a> </td> <td>27 July 2020<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2020-58">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </th> <td>7 October 2010<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> </td> <td>7 October 2014<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> </td> <td>28 September 2015<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2-59">[54]</a> </td> <td>28 April 2021<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2-59">[54]</a> </td> <td>21 May 2021<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-2-59">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </th> <td>28 April 2010<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> </td> <td>16 February 2015<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> </td> <td>4 February 2016<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-60">[55]</a> </td> <td>14 June 2022<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-60">[55]</a> </td> <td>13 October 2022<a href="#cite_note-www.esa.int-60">[55]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovak Space Office (page does not exist)">SSO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </th> <td>11 June 2014<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> </td> <td>8 April 2015<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> </td> <td>4 February 2016<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </th> <td>27 August 2009<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> </td> <td>6 July 2016<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> </td> <td>24 April 2017<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Communications_and_Works_(Cyprus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Communications and Works (Cyprus) (page does not exist)">MoCW</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </th> <td>19 February 2018<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> </td> <td>23 March 2023<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> </td> <td>16 August 2023<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>through <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Education_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Science and Education (Croatia)">MoSE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td>15 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-esa-20040906-98">[92]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey Space Agency">TUA</a> (agreement with <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </th> <td>25 January 2008<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </th> <td>30 January 2011<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Space Agency">ISA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </th> <td>20 February 2012<a href="#cite_note-ca2012-101">[95]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malta_Council_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malta Council for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">MCST</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td>14 February 2023<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> During the Ministerial Meeting in December 2014, ESA ministers approved a resolution calling for discussions to begin with Israel, Australia and South Africa on future association agreements. The ministers noted that "concrete cooperation is at an advanced stage" with these nations and that "prospects for mutual benefits are existing".<a href="#cite_note-parabolicarc.com-103">[97]</a> A separate space exploration strategy resolution calls for further co-operation with the United States, Russia and China on "<a href="/wiki/Low_earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low earth orbit">LEO</a> exploration, including a continuation of <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> cooperation and the development of a robust plan for the coordinated use of space transportation vehicles and systems for exploration purposes, participation in robotic missions for the exploration of the Moon, the robotic exploration of Mars, leading to a broad Mars Sample Return mission in which Europe should be involved as a full partner, and human missions beyond LEO in the longer term."<a href="#cite_note-parabolicarc.com-103">[97]</a> In August 2019, the ESA and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</a> signed a joint statement of intent "to explore deeper cooperation and identify projects in a range of areas including deep space, communications, navigation, remote asset management, <a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">data analytics</a> and mission support."<a href="#cite_note-Australia_ESA_Framework-104">[98]</a> Details of the cooperation were laid out in a <a href="/wiki/Framework_agreement" title="Framework agreement">framework agreement</a> signed by the two entities. On 17 November 2020, ESA signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> (MOU) with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">South African National Space Agency</a> (SANSA). SANSA CEO Dr. Valanathan Munsami tweeted: "Today saw another landmark event for SANSA with the signing of an MoU with the ESA. This builds on initiatives that we have been discussing for a while already and which gives effect to these. Thanks Jan for your hand of friendship and making this possible."<a href="#cite_note-SANSA_ESA_Framework-105">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Launch_vehicles">Launch vehicles</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Launch vehicles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The ESA currently has two operational launch vehicles <a href="/wiki/Vega-C" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega-C">Vega-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> Rocket launches are carried out by <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a>, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>, at the ESA's <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a>. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>. In addition, equatorial launches give <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher <a href="/wiki/Rotational_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational velocity">rotational velocity</a> of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ariane_6">Ariane 6</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ariane 6" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></div> Ariane 6 is a <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy lift</a> <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch vehicle</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a>. The Ariane 6 entered into its inaugural flight campaign on 26 April 2024 with the flight conducted on 9 July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vega-C">Vega-C</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vega-C" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vega-C" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega-C">Vega-C</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg/170px-Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg/170px-Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg/255px-Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg/340px-Sentinel-2_and_vega.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vega rocket</figcaption></figure> Vega is the ESA's carrier for small satellites. Developed by seven ESA members led by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italy</a>. It is capable of carrying a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km, for low <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbit</a>. Its maiden launch from <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Kourou</a> was on 13 February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Vega began full commercial exploitation in December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid rocket">liquid propulsion</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper stage">upper stage</a> (the <a href="/wiki/AVUM" class="mw-redirect" title="AVUM">AVUM</a>) for accurate orbital insertion and the ability to place multiple <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payloads</a> into different orbits.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> A larger version of the Vega launcher, <a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)#Vega-C_and_Vega-E" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega-C</a> had its first flight in July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> The new evolution of the rocket incorporates a larger first stage booster, the <a href="/wiki/P120_(rocket_stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="P120 (rocket stage)">P120C</a> replacing the <a href="/wiki/P80_(rocket_stage)" title="P80 (rocket stage)">P80</a>, an upgraded <a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro (rocket stage)</a> second stage, and the AVUM+ upper stage. This new variant enables larger single payloads, dual payloads, return missions, and orbital transfer capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ariane_launch_vehicle_development_funding">Ariane launch vehicle development funding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ariane launch vehicle development funding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily "with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare." ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive</a> bids for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aw20140310-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_rocket_development">Future rocket development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Future rocket development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Future projects include the <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(rocket_engine)" title="Prometheus (rocket engine)">Prometheus</a> reusable engine technology demonstrator, Phoebus (an upgraded second stage for Ariane 6), and <a href="/wiki/Themis_programme" title="Themis programme">Themis</a> (a reusable first stage).<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Human_space_flight">Human space flight</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Human space flight" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">European Astronaut Corps</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_development">Formation and development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Formation and development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg/170px-Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg/170px-Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg/255px-Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg/340px-Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a> became the first ESA astronaut to fly into space.</figcaption></figure> At the time the ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for uncrewed space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Remek" title="Vladimír Remek">Vladimír Remek</a> who in 1978 became the first non-Soviet or American in space (the first man in space being <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> of the Soviet Union) – on a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet space programme">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Pole</a> <a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Hermaszewski" title="Mirosław Hermaszewski">Mirosław Hermaszewski</a> and East German <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_J%C3%A4hn" title="Sigmund Jähn">Sigmund Jähn</a> in the same year. This Soviet co-operation programme, known as <a href="/wiki/Intercosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a>, primarily involved the participation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> countries. In 1982, however, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">non-Communist Bloc</a> astronaut on a flight to the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space station. Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> astronaut corps, the German <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a> is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> mission that included the first use of the European-built <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organisationally and scientifically controlled by the ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, the ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and later Russia, including numerous visits to <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>. During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom. In 2008, the ESA started to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">European Astronaut Corps</a> were selected – five men and one woman.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_vehicles">Crew vehicles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Crew vehicles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch vehicle. Around 1978, it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(shuttle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes (shuttle)">Hermes</a> was introduced. The craft was comparable to early proposals for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was planned solely for use in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> space flights. The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly. With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the ESA looked forward to co-operation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent. The <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus space station programme</a> had a similar fate. In the 21st century, the ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is <a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a>, whose prototype by <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">EADS</a>, called <a href="/wiki/EADS_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Phoenix">Phoenix</a>, has already been tested. While projects such as <a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a> are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> have emerged. Following talks with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> in 2004 and June 2005,<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> a co-operation between the ESA and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. A €50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006. In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the <a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">Crew Space Transportation System</a> (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> design. This project was pursued with <a href="/wiki/Roskosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roskosmos">Roskosmos</a> instead of the cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft was contemplated for 2008. In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> In November 2012, the ESA decided to join NASA's <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion programme</a>. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA's new crewed spacecraft. The ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion's launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> In September 2014, the ESA signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a> for co-operation in <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> project. Further studies on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or <a href="/wiki/DC4EU" class="mw-redirect" title="DC4EU">DC4EU</a> project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanised Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5.<a href="#cite_note-ESA_signs_agreement_2014-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBDM-122">[116]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Cooperation_with_other_countries_and_organisations">Cooperation with other countries and organisations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cooperation with other countries and organisations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The ESA has signed co-operation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of the ESA: Argentina,<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> India<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> (for the <a href="/wiki/Chandrayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayan">Chandrayan</a> mission), Russia<a href="#cite_note-AR2003-127">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-esa-20040906-98">[92]</a> Additionally, the ESA has joint projects with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a> of the European Union, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> of the United States and is participating in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_space_organisations_of_member_states">National space organisations of member states</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: National space organisations of member states" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">Centre National d'Études Spatiales</a> (CNES) (National Centre for Space Study) is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public establishment of industrial and commercial character"). Its headquarters are in central Paris. CNES is the main participant on the Ariane project. Indeed, CNES designed and tested all Ariane family rockets (mainly from its centre in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne" title="Évry, Essonne">Évry</a> near Paris)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a> is a partnership of the UK government departments which are active in space. Through the UK Space Agency, the partners provide delegates to represent the UK on the various ESA governing bodies. Each partner funds its own programme.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a> (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana or ASI) was founded in 1988 to promote, co-ordinate and conduct space activities in Italy. Operating under the Ministry of the Universities and of Scientific and Technological Research, the agency cooperates with numerous entities active in space technology and with the president of the Council of Ministers. Internationally, the ASI provides Italy's delegation to the Council of the European Space Agency and to its subordinate bodies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) (German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V.) is the national research centre for aviation and space flight of the Federal Republic of Germany and of other member states in the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association</a>. Its extensive research and development projects are included in national and international cooperative programmes. In addition to its research projects, the centre is the assigned space agency of Germany bestowing headquarters of German space flight activities and its associates.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial">Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial</a> (INTA) (National Institute for Aerospace Technique) is a Public Research Organisation specialised in aerospace research and technology development in Spain. Among other functions, it serves as a platform for space research and acts as a significant testing facility for the aeronautic and space sector in the country.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA">NASA</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: NASA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The ESA has a long history of collaboration with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> has been the primary launch vehicle used by the ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had the ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights in which the ESA participates with astronauts in experiments. In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been the ESA's main partner. <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">Infrared Space Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a>, and others. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> is a joint project of NASA and the ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> and the proposed <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] NASA has supported the ESA's <a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a> mission which landed on asteroid Bennu in October 2020 and is scheduled to return a sample to Earth for further analysis in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> NASA and the ESA will also likely join for a <a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> In October 2020, the ESA entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with NASA to work together on the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>, which will provide an orbiting <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> and also accomplish the first crewed lunar landing in 50 years, whose team will include the <a href="/wiki/First_woman_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="First woman on the Moon">first woman on the Moon</a>. Astronaut selection announcements are expected within two years of the 2024 scheduled launch date.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> The ESA also purchases seats on the NASA operated <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a>. The first ESA astronaut to be on a Commercial Crew Program mission is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a>. Pesquet launched into space aboard <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a> <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">Endeavour</a> on the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2" title="SpaceX Crew-2">Crew-2</a> mission. The ESA also has seats on <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-3" title="SpaceX Crew-3">Crew-3</a> with <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-4" title="SpaceX Crew-4">Crew-4</a> with <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Cristoforetti" title="Samantha Cristoforetti">Samantha Cristoforetti</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SpaceX">SpaceX</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: SpaceX" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2023, following the successful launch of the <a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid telescope</a> in July on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket, the ESA approached <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> to launch four Galileo communication satellites on two Falcon 9 rockets in 2024, however it would require approval from the European Commission and all member states of the European Union to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_with_other_space_agencies">Cooperation with other space agencies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cooperation with other space agencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since China has invested more money into space activities, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Space Agency">Chinese Space Agency</a> has sought international partnerships. Besides the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a>, ESA is one of its most important partners. Both space agencies cooperated in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Double_Star_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Star Mission">Double Star Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> In 2017, the ESA sent two astronauts to China for two weeks sea survival training with Chinese astronauts in <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>, Shandong.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the <a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a>, the preparation of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> spaceport for launches of <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2 (rocket)">Soyuz-2</a> rockets and other projects. With India, the ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> The ESA is also co-operating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> is the <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> mission to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Space_Station">International Space Station</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International Space Station" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">European contribution to the International Space Station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg/220px-Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg/220px-Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg/330px-Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg/440px-Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">ISS module Columbus</a> at Kennedy Space Center's <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Processing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Station Processing Facility">Space Station Processing Facility</a></figcaption></figure> With regard to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), the ESA is not represented by all of its member states:<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> 11 of the 22 ESA member states currently participate in the project: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Austria, Finland and Ireland chose not to participate, because of lack of interest or concerns about the expense of the project. Portugal, Luxembourg, Greece, the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Estonia and Hungary joined ESA after the agreement had been signed. The ESA takes part in the construction and operation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, with contributions such as <a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a>, a science laboratory module that was brought into orbit by NASA's <a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> mission, and the <a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Alenia_Aeronautica" title="Alenia Aeronautica">Alenia Spazio</a> for the ESA. The current estimates for the ISS are approaching €100 billion in total (development, construction and 10 years of maintaining the station) of which the ESA has committed to paying €8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> About 90% of the costs of the ESA's ISS share will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%) and Italy (20%). German ESA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reiter" title="Thomas Reiter">Thomas Reiter</a> was the first long-term ISS crew member. The ESA has developed the <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> for ISS resupply. Each ATV has a cargo capacity of 7,667 kilograms (16,903 lb).<a href="#cite_note-atvspecs-137">[131]</a> The first ATV, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV">Jules Verne</a>, was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April 2008 successfully docked with the ISS. This manoeuvre, considered a major technical feat, involved using automated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2 cm. Five vehicles were launched before the program ended with the launch of the fifth ATV, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre_ATV" title="Georges Lemaître ATV">Georges Lemaître</a>, in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-spaceflightnow-138">[132]</a> As of 2020, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the ISS are the Russian <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">Kounotori (HTV)</a>, and the United States vehicles <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Cargo Dragon 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> stemmed from the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> program. European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the <a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space</a> programme that was initiated in 2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities_2">Facilities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Facilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>ESA Headquarters, Paris, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> (ESOC), <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> (ESTEC), <a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (ESAC), <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a> (ECSAT), <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a> (EAC), <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> (ESRIN), <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Spatial_Guyanais" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Spatial Guyanais">Guiana Space Centre</a> (CSG), <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, French Guiana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">European Space Tracking Network</a> (ESTRACK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Link_between_ESA_and_EU">Link between ESA and EU</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Link between ESA and EU" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union Space Programme § EU/ESA Space Council</a></div> The ESA is an independent space agency and not under the jurisdiction of the European Union, although they have common goals, share funding, and work together often.<a href="#cite_note-m.esa.int-141">[135]</a> The initial aim of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) was to make the European Space Agency an <a href="/wiki/Agency_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency of the European Union">agency of the EU</a> by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> While the EU and its member states fund together 86% of the budget of the ESA, it is not an <a href="/wiki/EU_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="EU agency">EU agency</a>. Furthermore, the ESA has several non-EU members, most notably the United Kingdom which <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">left the EU</a> while remaining a full member of the ESA. The ESA is partnered with the EU on its two current flagship space programmes, the <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus series of Earth observation satellites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo satellite navigation system</a>, with the ESA providing technical oversight and, in the case of Copernicus, some of the funding.<a href="#cite_note-Space_News-2021-143">[137]</a> The EU, though, has shown an interest in expanding into new areas, whence the proposal to rename and expand its satellite navigation agency (the <a href="/wiki/European_GNSS_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European GNSS Agency">European GNSS Agency</a>) into the EU Agency for the Space Programme. The proposal drew strong criticism from the ESA, as it was perceived as encroaching on the ESA's turf.<a href="#cite_note-Space_News-2021-143">[137]</a> In January 2021, after years of acrimonious relations, EU and ESA officials mended their relationship, with the EU Internal Market commissioner <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Thierry Breton</a> saying "The European space policy will continue to rely on the ESA and its unique technical, engineering and science expertise," and that the "ESA will continue to be the European agency for space matters.<a href="#cite_note-Space_News-2021-143">[137]</a> If we are to be successful in our European strategy for space, and we will be, I will need the ESA by my side." ESA director Aschbacher reciprocated, saying "I would really like to make the ESA the main agency, the go-to agency of the European Commission for all its flagship programmes." The ESA and EUSPA are now seen to have distinct roles and competencies, which will be officialised in the Financial Framework Partnership Agreement (FFPA).<a href="#cite_note-Space_News-2021-143">[137]</a> Whereas the ESA's focus will be on the technical elements of the EU space programmes, the EUSPA will handle the operational elements of those programmes.<a href="#cite_note-Space_News-2021-143">[137]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Security_incidents">Security incidents</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Security incidents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> On 3 August 1984, the ESA's Paris headquarters were severely damaged and six people were hurt when a bomb exploded. It was planted by the far-left armed <a href="/wiki/Action_directe_(armed_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action directe (armed group)">Action Directe</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> On 14 December 2015, hackers from <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a> breached the ESA's subdomains and leaked thousands of login credentials.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration#Space" title="European integration">European integration § Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programmes_and_missions" title="List of European Space Agency programmes and missions">List of European Space Agency programmes and missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">List of government space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEDS" class="mw-redirect" title="SEDS">SEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Night" title="Space Night">Space Night</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_matters">European Union matters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: European Union matters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced co-operation">Enhanced co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Agency for the Space Programme</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> French: Agence spatiale européenne <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d6\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-Agence spatiale europ\u00e9enne.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Poslovitch-Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-Agence spatiale européenne.wav">ⓘ</a>, Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Europea, Spanish: Agencia Espacial Europea ASE;<a href="#cite_note-European_Space_Agency-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions2#:~:text=ESA's%20working%20languages%20are%20English,considered%20to%20be%20an%20asset.">"Languages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118070326/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions2#:~:text=ESA's%20working%20languages%20are%20English,considered%20to%20be%20an%20asset.">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2017. 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Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FMinisterial_Council_2012%2FFACT_SHEET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPultarova2023" class="citation web cs1">Pultarova, Tereza (7 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/11/contractors-accuse-european-space-agency-of-a-culture-of-harassment/">"The European Space Agency may have a bullying problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108115307/https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/11/contractors-accuse-european-space-agency-of-a-culture-of-harassment/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+European+Space+Agency+may+have+a+bullying+problem&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.aulast=Pultarova&rft.aufirst=Tereza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2023%2F11%2Fcontractors-accuse-european-space-agency-of-a-culture-of-harassment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-czechspace.cz-37"><a href="#cite_ref-czechspace.cz_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511110444/http://www.czechspace.cz/cs/system/files/AO6052-ws00pe.pdf">"ESA programmes with Czech participation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">Czech Space Office</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czechspace.cz/cs/system/files/AO6052-ws00pe.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+programmes+with+Czech+participation&rft.pub=Czech+Space+Office&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechspace.cz%2Fcs%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FAO6052-ws00pe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20240619-38"><a href="#cite_ref-sn20240619_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2024" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (19 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/esa-takes-first-step-to-modify-georeturn-policies/">"ESA takes first step to modify georeturn policies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=ESA+takes+first+step+to+modify+georeturn+policies&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fesa-takes-first-step-to-modify-georeturn-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA_2009_Budgetsweb.pdf">"ESA budget for 2009"</a> (PDF). ESA. January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130213055/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/ESA_2009_Budgetsweb.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+budget+for+2009&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesamultimedia.esa.int%2Fdocs%2Fcorporate%2FESA_2009_Budgetsweb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budgets-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Budgets_40-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Latest_web_news/Budget_as_presented_during_DG_press_conference_24_January_2013">"ESA Budget for 2013"</a>. esa.int. 24 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202123/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Latest_web_news/Budget_as_presented_during_DG_press_conference_24_January_2013">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+Budget+for+2013&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FFor_Media%2FLatest_web_news%2FBudget_as_presented_during_DG_press_conference_24_January_2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.esa.int/docs/DG/ESA_2011_Budget_040111_rev2.ppt">"ESA budget for 2011"</a> (PPT). ESA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131183314/http://download.esa.int/docs/DG/ESA_2011_Budget_040111_rev2.ppt">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+budget+for+2011&rft.pub=ESA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.esa.int%2Fdocs%2FDG%2FESA_2011_Budget_040111_rev2.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103182759/http://spaceinimages.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/esa_budget_2013/12496038-4-eng-GB/ESA_budget_2013.jpg">"ESA budget for 2013"</a>. ESA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceinimages.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/01/esa_budget_2013/12496038-4-eng-GB/ESA_budget_2013.jpg">the original</a> (JPG) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+budget+for+2013&rft.pub=ESA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceinimages.esa.int%2Fvar%2Fesa%2Fstorage%2Fimages%2Fesa_multimedia%2Fimages%2F2013%2F01%2Fesa_budget_2013%2F12496038-4-eng-GB%2FESA_budget_2013.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2014/01/ESA_budget_by_domain_for_2014_M_Million_Euro">"ESA Budget for 2014"</a>. esa.int. 29 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111022527/http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2014/01/ESA_budget_by_domain_for_2014_M_Million_Euro">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+Budget+for+2014&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2Fspaceinimages%2FImages%2F2014%2F01%2FESA_budget_by_domain_for_2014_M_Million_Euro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2015/01/ESA_Budget_2015">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2016/01/ESA_budget_2016">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2017/01/ESA_budget_2017">[3]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/01/ESA_budget_2018">[4]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/01/ESA_Budget_2019">[5]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/ESA_budget_2020">[6]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/01/ESA_budget_2021">[7]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2022/01/ESA_budget_2022">[8]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/01/ESA_budget_2023">[9]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/01/ESA_budget_2024">[10]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions2">"Frequently asked questions"</a>. www.esa.int. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FCareers_at_ESA%2FFrequently_asked_questions2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Funding">"ESA Funding"</a>. www.esa.int. European Space Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115090919/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Funding">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+Funding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FCorporate_news%2FFunding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> For European states, population is taken from the 2022 column of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/9cc6dc79-3700-4e53-8259-4e6c12fc98cc?lang=en">Eurostat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016205527/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/9cc6dc79-3700-4e53-8259-4e6c12fc98cc?lang=en">Archived</a> 16 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> table. For Canada, see the 2022 column of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">Statistics Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211032546/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">Archived</a> 11 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> table. </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA_Convention-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ESA_Convention_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906133404/http://www.spacebooks-online.com/product_info.php?products_id=17557">ESA Convention</a> (7th ed.). European Space Agency Communications, <a href="/wiki/ESTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESTEC">ESTEC</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9221-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9221-410-4"><bdi>978-92-9221-410-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0379-4067">0379-4067</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacebooks-online.com/product_info.php?products_id=17557">the original</a> on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESA+Convention&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency+Communications%2C+ESTEC&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0379-4067&rft.isbn=978-92-9221-410-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacebooks-online.com%2Fproduct_info.php%3Fproducts_id%3D17557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-enlarging-esa-47"><a href="#cite_ref-enlarging-esa_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonceletFonseca-ColombGrilli2004" class="citation journal cs1">Poncelet, Jean-Pol; Fonseca-Colomb, Anabela; Grilli, Giulio (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin120/bul120g_poncelet.pdf">"Enlarging ESA? After the Accession of Luxembourg and Greece"</a> (PDF). ESA Bulletin (120): 48–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809053201/http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin120/bul120g_poncelet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Enlarging+ESA%3F+After+the+Accession+of+Luxembourg+and+Greece&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=48-53&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Poncelet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pol&rft.au=Fonseca-Colomb%2C+Anabela&rft.au=Grilli%2C+Giulio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2Fesapub%2Fbulletin%2Fbulletin120%2Fbul120g_poncelet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Member_States-48"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Member_States_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827050213/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/About_ESA/SEMP936LARE_0.html">"New Member States"</a>. esa.int. ESA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaMI/About_ESA/SEMP936LARE_0.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esa.int&rft.atitle=New+Member+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaMI%2FAbout_ESA%2FSEMP936LARE_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish_flag_raised_at_ESA-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Polish_flag_raised_at_ESA_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Polish_flag_raised_at_ESA">"Polish flag raised at ESA"</a>. esa.int. 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Retrieved 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Slovakia+becomes+ninth+ESA+European+Cooperating+State&rft.au=esa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FWelcome_to_ESA%2FSlovakia_becomes_ninth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediapool.bg/oresharski-vkara-bulgaria-v-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agentsiya-news221341.html">"Орешарски вкара България в Европейската космическа агенция"</a>. Mediapool.bg (in Bulgarian). 11 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108234321/https://www.mediapool.bg/oresharski-vkara-bulgaria-v-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agentsiya-news221341.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediapool.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapool.bg%2Foresharski-vkara-bulgaria-v-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agentsiya-news221341.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАлександров2014" class="citation web cs1">Александров, Светослав (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cosmos.1.bg/portal/2014-10-24-20-54-26/21-2012-01-05-19-55-17/543-2014-bulgaria-joins-esa">"Процедурата за влизането на България в Европейската космическа агенция започна!!!"</a>. КОСМОС БГ – Космическият сайт на Светослав Александров. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108234322/https://www.cosmos.1.bg/portal/2014-10-24-20-54-26/21-2012-01-05-19-55-17/543-2014-bulgaria-joins-esa">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%A1+%D0%91%D0%93+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%21%21%21&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmos.1.bg%2Fportal%2F2014-10-24-20-54-26%2F21-2012-01-05-19-55-17%2F543-2014-bulgaria-joins-esa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFesa" class="citation web cs1">esa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Bulgaria_becomes_tenth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State">"Bulgaria becomes tenth ESA European Cooperating State"</a>. European Space Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050004/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Bulgaria_becomes_tenth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+becomes+tenth+ESA+European+Cooperating+State&rft.au=esa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FWelcome_to_ESA%2FBulgaria_becomes_tenth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoE" class="citation web cs1">MoE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mi.government.bg/bg/news/balgariya-podpisa-harta-s-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agenciya-sporazumenieto-za-evropeiska-kooperirashta-da-2463.html">"Bulgaria signs PECS Charter"</a>. Ministry of Economics of Bulgaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205092910/http://www.mi.government.bg/bg/news/balgariya-podpisa-harta-s-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agenciya-sporazumenieto-za-evropeiska-kooperirashta-da-2463.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Economics+of+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+signs+PECS+Charter&rft.au=MoE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mi.government.bg%2Fbg%2Fnews%2Fbalgariya-podpisa-harta-s-evropeiskata-kosmicheska-agenciya-sporazumenieto-za-evropeiska-kooperirashta-da-2463.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102133129/http://www.famagusta-gazette.com/default.asp?sdetail=9458">"Cyprus signs space agreement"</a>. Famagusta Gazette Online. 28 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famagusta-gazette.com/default.asp?sdetail=9458">the original</a> on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Famagusta+Gazette+Online&rft.atitle=Cyprus+signs+space+agreement&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famagusta-gazette.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Fsdetail%3D9458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Cyprus_becomes_11th_ESA_European_Cooperating_State">"Cyprus becomes 11th ESA European Cooperating State"</a>. www.esa.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514235712/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Cyprus_becomes_11th_ESA_European_Cooperating_State">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=Cyprus+becomes+11th+ESA+European+Cooperating+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FCorporate_news%2FCyprus_becomes_11th_ESA_European_Cooperating_State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dec.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/dec/ws_dec.nsf/All/CCE6664FF1ECF718C22584F5004B46FF?OpenDocument">"Ανακοινώσεις | Τμήμα Ηλεκτρονικών Επικοινωνιών"</a>. dec.dmrid.gov.cy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108231455/https://dec.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/dec/ws_dec.nsf/All/CCE6664FF1ECF718C22584F5004B46FF?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dec.dmrid.gov.cy&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%7C+%CE%A4%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdec.dmrid.gov.cy%2Fdmrid%2Fdec%2Fws_dec.nsf%2FAll%2FCCE6664FF1ECF718C22584F5004B46FF%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFesa" class="citation news cs1">esa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Croatia_signs_Cooperation_Agreement">"Croatia signs Cooperation Agreement"</a>. European Space Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219160012/http://m.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Croatia_signs_Cooperation_Agreement">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Croatia+signs+Cooperation+Agreement&rft.au=esa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FWelcome_to_ESA%2FCroatia_signs_Cooperation_Agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mzo.gov.hr/news/minister-fuchs-signed-the-new-agreement-with-the-european-space-agency/5413">"Minister Fuchs signed the new Agreement with the European Space Agency"</a>. Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia. 23 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323161547/https://mzo.gov.hr/news/minister-fuchs-signed-the-new-agreement-with-the-european-space-agency/5413">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+Fuchs+signed+the+new+Agreement+with+the+European+Space+Agency&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Science+and+Education+of+the+Republic+of+Croatia&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmzo.gov.hr%2Fnews%2Fminister-fuchs-signed-the-new-agreement-with-the-european-space-agency%2F5413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Croatia_becomes_ESA_European_Cooperating_State">"Croatia becomes ESA European Cooperating State"</a>. www.esa.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108222633/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Croatia_becomes_ESA_European_Cooperating_State">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=Croatia+becomes+ESA+European+Cooperating+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FCorporate_news%2FCroatia_becomes_ESA_European_Cooperating_State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa-20040906-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esa-20040906_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esa-20040906_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey">"ESA signs Cooperation Agreement with Turkey"</a>. European Space Agency. 6 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110134349/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+signs+Cooperation+Agreement+with+Turkey&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2004-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FIndustry%2FESA_signs_Cooperation_Agreement_with_Turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202043812/http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/newsnsau.nsf/HronolE/54F1C600559E994CC22573DB00489EE7?OpenDocument&Lang=E">"A cooperation agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the European Space Agency was signed in Paris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">State Space Agency of Ukraine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/newsnsau.nsf/HronolE/54F1C600559E994CC22573DB00489EE7?OpenDocument&Lang=E">the original</a> on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+cooperation+agreement+between+the+Government+of+Ukraine+and+the+European+Space+Agency+was+signed+in+Paris&rft.pub=State+Space+Agency+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkau.gov.ua%2Fnsau%2Fnewsnsau.nsf%2FHronolE%2F54F1C600559E994CC22573DB00489EE7%3FOpenDocument%26Lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Israel_signs_Cooperation_Agreement">"Israel signs Cooperation Agreement"</a>. 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ESA. 23 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912124933/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Malta_signs_Cooperation_Agreement">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2014. 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ESA ERASMUS User Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216223216/http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ATV/FS003_12_ATV_updated_launch_2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automated+Transfer+Vehicle+%28ATV%29+Utilisation+Relevant+Data+Rev.+1.2&rft.pub=ESA+ERASMUS+User+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesamultimedia.esa.int%2Fdocs%2FATV%2FFS003_12_ATV_updated_launch_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaceflightnow-138"><a href="#cite_ref-spaceflightnow_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1204/02atvfuture/">"Breaking News | ATV production terminated as decision on follow-on nears"</a>. Spaceflight Now. 2 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030145327/https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1204/02atvfuture/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking+News+%26%23124%3B+ATV+production+terminated+as+decision+on+follow-on+nears&rft.pub=Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightnow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1204%2F02atvfuture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESAC/Contact_ESAC">"Contact ESAC"</a>. European Space Agency. 14 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911161330/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESAC/Contact_ESAC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+ESAC&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FESAC%2FContact_ESAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_opens_its_doors_in_UK">"Esa opens its doors in uk"</a> (Press release). European Space Agency. 14 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720003308/http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_opens_its_doors_in_UK">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esa+opens+its+doors+in+uk&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FFor_Media%2FPress_Releases%2FESA_opens_its_doors_in_UK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m.esa.int-141"><a href="#cite_ref-m.esa.int_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_and_the_EU">"ESA and the EU"</a>. www.esa.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604101837/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_and_the_EU">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+and+the+EU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FCorporate_news%2FESA_and_the_EU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf">"Agenda : A Document by the ESA Director General and the ESA Directors – October 2006"</a> (PDF). Esa.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225015/http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esa.int&rft.atitle=Agenda+%3A+A+Document+by+the+ESA+Director+General+and+the+ESA+Directors+%E2%80%93+October+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2Fesapub%2Fbr%2Fbr268%2Fbr268.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_News-2021-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space_News-2021_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_News-2021_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_News-2021_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_News-2021_143-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_News-2021_143-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2021" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (22 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/esa-and-eu-mend-relations/">"ESA and EU mend relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Space News">Space News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416152310/https://spacenews.com/esa-and-eu-mend-relations/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=ESA+and+EU+mend+relations&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fesa-and-eu-mend-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/world/bomb-shatters-officeof-europe-space-unit.html">"Bomb Shatters Office of Europe Space Unit"</a>. The New York Times. 3 August 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195253/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/world/bomb-shatters-officeof-europe-space-unit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bomb+Shatters+Office+of+Europe+Space+Unit&rft.date=1984-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F08%2F03%2Fworld%2Fbomb-shatters-officeof-europe-space-unit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-hacks-european-space-agency-domains/">"Anonymous Hacks European Space Agency Domains"</a>. 14 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195053/https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-hacks-european-space-agency-domains/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anonymous+Hacks+European+Space+Agency+Domains&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hackread.com%2Fanonymous-hacks-european-space-agency-domains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Space+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about European Space Agency <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=European+Space+Agency">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=European+Space+Agency&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ESA_Publications/">ESA Bulletin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202154104/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ESA_Publications/">Archived</a> 2 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Publications_Bulletin">ESA Bulletin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120012013/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Publications_Bulletin">Archived</a> 20 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) is a quarterly magazine about the work of ESA that can be subscribed to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/EUESA/subscriber/new?topic_id=EUESA_42">European Space Agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512130722/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/EUESA/subscriber/new?topic_id=EUESA_42">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> free of charge.</li> <li>Bonnet, Roger; Manno, Vittorio (1994). International Cooperation in Space: The Example of the European Space Agency (Frontiers of Space). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-45835-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-45835-4">0-674-45835-4</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Nicholas (1993). Space technologies and space science activities of member states of the European Space Agency. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29768749">29768749</a> .</li> <li>Peeters, Walter (2000). Space Marketing: A European Perspective (Space Technology Library). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-6744-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-6744-8">0-7923-6744-8</a>.</li> <li>Zabusky, Stacia (1995 and 2001). Launching Europe: An Ethnography of European Cooperation in Space Science. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005OBX2">B00005OBX2</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Harvey, Brian (2003). Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-722-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-722-2">1-85233-722-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" 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class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency"> European Space Agency </a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.int">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42262#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_Ruimtevaartorganisasie" title="Europese Ruimtevaartorganisasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europese Ruimtevaartorganisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وكالة الفضاء الأوروبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكالة الفضاء الأوروبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axencia_Espacial_Europea" title="Axencia Espacial Europea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Axencia Espacial Europea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_Kosmik_Agentliyi" title="Avropa Kosmik Agentliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa Kosmik Agentliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ইউরোপীয় মহাকাশ সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপীয় মহাকাশ সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-chiu_Th%C3%A0i-khong_Ch%C3%B3ng-s%C3%BA" title="Au-chiu Thài-khong Chóng-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Au-chiu Thài-khong Chóng-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Еўрапейскае касмічнае агенцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўрапейскае касмічнае агенцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эўрапейская касьмічная агенцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўрапейская касьмічная агенцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Европейска космическа агенция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европейска космическа агенция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_svemirska_agencija" title="Evropska svemirska agencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evropska svemirska agencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%C3%B1s_European_an_Egor" title="Ajañs European an Egor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ajañs European an Egor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Espacial_Europea" title="Agència Espacial Europea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agència Espacial Europea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_kosmick%C3%A1_agentura" title="Evropská kosmická agentura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evropská kosmická agentura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiantaeth_Ofod_Ewropeaidd" title="Asiantaeth Ofod Ewropeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asiantaeth Ofod Ewropeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Europ%C3%A6iske_Rumorganisation" title="Den Europæiske Rumorganisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Europæiske Rumorganisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="إيزا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيزا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Weltraumorganisation" title="Europäische Weltraumorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europäische Weltraumorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_Kosmoseagentuur" title="Euroopa Kosmoseagentuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa Kosmoseagentuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ευρωπαϊκός Οργανισμός Διαστήματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκός Οργανισμός Διαστήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Europea" title="Agencia Espacial Europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia Espacial Europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Kosma_Agentejo" title="Eŭropa Kosma Agentejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropa Kosma Agentejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_Espazio_Agentzia" title="Europako Espazio Agentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako Espazio Agentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="آژانس فضایی اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آژانس فضایی اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agence spatiale européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agjenzie_spazi%C3%A2l_europeane" title="Agjenzie spaziâl europeane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Agjenzie spaziâl europeane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%ADomhaireacht_Sp%C3%A1is_na_hEorpa" title="Gníomhaireacht Spáis na hEorpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gníomhaireacht Spáis na hEorpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantys_Spoar_Oarpagh" title="Jantys Spoar Oarpagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jantys Spoar Oarpagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axencia_Espacial_Europea" title="Axencia Espacial Europea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Axencia Espacial Europea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%AD" title="유럽 우주국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 우주국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եվրոպական տիեզերական գործակալություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպական տիեզերական գործակալություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="यूरोपीय अंतरिक्ष अभिकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोपीय अंतरिक्ष अभिकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europska_svemirska_agencija" title="Europska svemirska agencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europska svemirska agencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Antariksa_Eropa" title="Badan Antariksa Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Antariksa Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentia_Spatial_Europee" title="Agentia Spatial Europee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Agentia Spatial Europee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimfer%C3%B0astofnun_Evr%C3%B3pu" title="Geimferðastofnun Evrópu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimferðastofnun Evrópu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia_spaziale_europea" title="Agenzia spaziale europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agenzia spaziale europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סוכנות החלל האירופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכנות החלל האירופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ევროპული კოსმოსური სააგენტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროპული კოსმოსური სააგენტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Еуропа ғарыш агенттігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуропа ғарыш агенттігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Европа Мейкиндик Агенттиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Европа Мейкиндик Агенттиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Europaeus_spatio_cosmico_investigando" title="Ordo Europaeus spatio cosmico investigando – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ordo Europaeus spatio cosmico investigando" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropas_Kosmosa_a%C4%A3ent%C5%ABra" title="Eiropas Kosmosa aģentūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropas Kosmosa aģentūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="European Space Agency" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_kosmoso_agent%C5%ABra" title="Europos kosmoso agentūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europos kosmoso agentūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_%C5%B0r%C3%BCgyn%C3%B6ks%C3%A9g" title="Európai Űrügynökség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai Űrügynökség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Европска вселенска агенција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европска вселенска агенција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="യൂറോപ്യൻ സ്പേസ് ഏജൻസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോപ്യൻ സ്പേസ് ഏജൻസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="युरोपियन अंतराळ संस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोपियन अंतराळ संस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ევროპული კოსმოსური სააგენტო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევროპული კოსმოსური სააგენტო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="اسا (سازمان) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسا (سازمان)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agensi_Angkasa_Eropah" title="Agensi Angkasa Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agensi Angkasa Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="ဥရောပ အာကာသ အေဂျင်စီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥရောပ အာကာသ အေဂျင်စီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europees_Ruimteagentschap" title="Europees Ruimteagentschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europees Ruimteagentschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="欧州宇宙機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州宇宙機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_europeiske_romfartsorganisasjon" title="Den europeiske romfartsorganisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den europeiske romfartsorganisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_europeiske_romfartsorganisasjonen" title="Den europeiske romfartsorganisasjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den europeiske romfartsorganisasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A9ncia_Espaciala_Europ%C3%A8a" title="Agéncia Espaciala Europèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Agéncia Espaciala Europèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropa_kosmik_agentligi" title="Yevropa kosmik agentligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropa kosmik agentligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਪੁਲਾੜ ਏਜੰਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਪੁਲਾੜ ਏਜੰਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="یورپی خلائی ایجنسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپی خلائی ایجنسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4%C3%A4sche_Weltruumorganisatschoon" title="Europääsche Weltruumorganisatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Europääsche Weltruumorganisatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europejska_Agencja_Kosmiczna" title="Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_Espacial_Europeia" title="Agência Espacial Europeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agência Espacial Europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83_European%C4%83" title="Agenția Spațială Europeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agenția Spațială Europeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Европейское космическое агентство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европейское космическое агентство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentzia_Ispatziale_Europea" title="Agentzia Ispatziale Europea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Agentzia Ispatziale Europea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4iske_Ruumtefoartorganisation" title="Europäiske Ruumtefoartorganisation – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Europäiske Ruumtefoartorganisation" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agjencia_Hap%C3%ABsinore_Evropiane" title="Agjencia Hapësinore Evropiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Agjencia Hapësinore Evropiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA" title="ESA – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="ESA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="යුරෝපියානු අභ්‍යාවකාශ කාර්යාංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරෝපියානු අභ්‍යාවකාශ කාර්යාංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="European Space Agency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pska_vesm%C3%ADrna_agent%C3%BAra" title="Európska vesmírna agentúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Európska vesmírna agentúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_vesoljska_agencija" title="Evropska vesoljska agencija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evropska vesoljska agencija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دەزگای بۆشاییی ئەورووپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەزگای بۆشاییی ئەورووپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Европска свемирска агенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европска свемирска агенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_svemirska_agencija" title="Evropska svemirska agencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evropska svemirska agencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_avaruusj%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="Euroopan avaruusjärjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan avaruusjärjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeiska_rymdorganisationen" title="Europeiska rymdorganisationen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeiska rymdorganisationen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐரோப்பிய விண்வெளி நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய விண்வெளி நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awrupa_%C4%9F%C3%A4l%C3%A4mi_agentl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Awrupa ğälämi agentlığı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Awrupa ğälämi agentlığı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="องค์การอวกาศยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การอวกาศยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Оҷонсии кайҳонии Аврупо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оҷонсии кайҳонии Аврупо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_Uzay_Ajans%C4%B1" title="Avrupa Uzay Ajansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa Uzay Ajansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Європейське космічне агентство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європейське космічне агентство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="یورپی خلائی ایجنسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپی خلائی ایجنسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajensia_Spasia%C5%82e_Eoropea" title="Ajensia Spasiałe Eoropea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ajensia Spasiałe Eoropea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_quan_V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Cơ quan Vũ trụ châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ quan Vũ trụ châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%80" title="欧洲空间局 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲空间局" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%B8%BD%E7%BD%B2" title="歐洲太空總署 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐洲太空總署" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acans%C3%AA_asm%C3%AAni%C3%AA_Ewropa" title="Acansê asmêniê Ewropa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Acansê asmêniê Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%80" title="欧洲空间局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲空间局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 14:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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