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Second Italian War of Independence - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Italian War of Independence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الاستقلال الإيطالية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الاستقلال الإيطالية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_%C4%B0taliya_%C4%B0stiqlaliyy%C9%99t_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci İtaliya İstiqlaliyyət müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci İtaliya İstiqlaliyyət müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی فرانسه و اوتریش ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی فرانسه و اوتریش ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Австрийско-италианско-френска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австрийско-италианско-френска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Brezel_Dizalc%27hiezh_Italia" title="Eil Brezel Dizalc&#039;hiezh Italia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Brezel Dizalc&#039;hiezh Italia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_italsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_za_nez%C3%A1vislost" title="Druhá italská válka za nezávislost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá italská válka za nezávislost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_Italienske_Uafh%C3%A6ngighedskrig" title="Anden Italienske Uafhængighedskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden Italienske Uafhængighedskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinischer_Krieg" title="Sardinischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sardinischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia_teine_iseseisvuss%C3%B5da" title="Itaalia teine iseseisvussõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia teine iseseisvussõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δεύτερος Ιταλικός Πόλεμος της Ανεξαρτησίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερος Ιταλικός Πόλεμος της Ανεξαρτησίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_de_Independencia_italiana" title="Segunda guerra de Independencia italiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda guerra de Independencia italiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Itala_Milito_de_Sendependeco" title="Dua Itala Milito de Sendependeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Itala Milito de Sendependeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="جنگ فرانسه و اتریش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ فرانسه و اتریش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_d%27Italie_(1859)" title="Campagne d&#039;Italie (1859) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne d&#039;Italie (1859)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_vuere_di_indipendence_taliane" title="II vuere di indipendence taliane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="II vuere di indipendence taliane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 이탈리아 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 이탈리아 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1-%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD-%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(1859)" title="Իտալա-ֆրանս-ավստրիական պատերազմ (1859) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալա-ֆրանս-ավստրիական պատերազմ (1859)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_rat_za_nezavisnost_Italije" title="Drugi rat za nezavisnost Italije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi rat za nezavisnost Italije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Italia_Kedua" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Italia Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kemerdekaan Italia Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_d%27indipendenza_italiana" title="Seconda guerra d&#039;indipendenza italiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra d&#039;indipendenza italiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת אוסטריה–סרדיניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת אוסטריה–סרדיניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ავსტრია-იტალია-საფრანგეთის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრია-იტალია-საფრანგეთის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_alterum_de_libertate_Italiae" title="Bellum alterum de libertate Italiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum alterum de libertate Italiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrijas%E2%80%93Sard%C4%ABnijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Austrijas–Sardīnijas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrijas–Sardīnijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinijos_karas" title="Sardinijos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sardinijos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Guerra_de_Indipendenza_italiana" title="Segonda Guerra de Indipendenza italiana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Segonda Guerra de Indipendenza italiana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1rd%E2%80%93francia%E2%80%93osztr%C3%A1k_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Szárd–francia–osztrák háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szárd–francia–osztrák háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Itali_Kedua" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Itali Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Kemerdekaan Itali Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Italiaanse_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Tweede Italiaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Italiaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第二次イタリア独立戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次イタリア独立戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_italienske_frigj%C3%B8ringskrig" title="Den andre italienske frigjøringskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre italienske frigjøringskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya-Italiya-Fransiya_urushi" title="Avstriya-Italiya-Fransiya urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstriya-Italiya-Fransiya urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_francusko-austriacka" title="Wojna francusko-austriacka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna francusko-austriacka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_de_Independ%C3%AAncia_Italiana" title="Segunda Guerra de Independência Italiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra de Independência Italiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_de_Independen%C8%9B%C4%83_Italian" title="Al Doilea Război de Independență Italian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Doilea Război de Independență Italian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Австро-итало-французская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австро-итало-французская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Italian War of Independence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Villafranca&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Villafranca">Treaty of Villafranca</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1859 conflict between Sardinia (with France) and Austria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Franco-Austrian War" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Franco-Austrian_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Franco-Austrian War (disambiguation)">Franco-Austrian War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Italian War of Independence</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the wars of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French-Habsburg_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Habsburg rivalry">French-Habsburg rivalry</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg/300px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg/450px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg/600px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_%C3%A0_la_bataille_de_Solf%C3%A9rino..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="795" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis-Ernest_Meissonier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier">Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier</a>, oil on canvas, 1863</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>26 April – 12 July 1859<br />(2&#160;months, 2&#160;weeks and 2&#160;days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Franco-Sardinian victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca" title="Armistice of Villafranca">Armistice of Villafranca</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Sardinia annexes <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> from Austria, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">occupies</a> and later annexes <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-ruled</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Emilia</a>.<br />France gains <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a> from Sardinia.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">P. de MacMahon</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_La_Marmora" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso La Marmora">Alfonso La Marmora</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef I of Austria">Franz Josef I</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gyulay" title="Ferenc Gyulay">Ferenc Gyulay</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Ferdinand Maximilian</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek" title="Ludwig von Benedek">Ludwig von Benedek</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Urban" title="Karl von Urban">Karl von Urban</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>: 128,000<br />312 guns<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>: 56,000<br />90 guns<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span>: 198,000<br />824 guns</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>: c. 11,000 killed or died of wounds<br />1,128 missing<br />17,054 wounded<br />2,040 disease related deaths<br /><b>Total</b>:<br />25,720 casualties<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span>: 1,533 killed<br />3,572 wounded<br />1,268 missing<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><b>Total</b>:<br />Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span>: c. 23,000 killed or died of wounds<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><b>Total</b>:<br />Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Austro_Sardinian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Austro Sardinian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Austro_Sardinian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Austro Sardinian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Austro_Sardinian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Austro Sardinian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Second Italian War of Independence</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montebello_(1859)" title="Battle of Montebello (1859)">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Varese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">San Fermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palestro" title="Battle of Palestro">Palestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turbigo" title="Battle of Turbigo">Turbigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boffalora" title="Battle of Boffalora">Boffalora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Melegnano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Melegnano (page does not exist)">Melegnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Treponti" title="Battle of Treponti">Treponti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Second Italian War of Independence</b>, also called the <b>Sardinian War</b>, the <b>Austro-Sardinian War</b>, the <b>Franco-Austrian War</b>, or the <b>Italian War of 1859</b> (Italian: <i>Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana</i>; German: <i>Sardinischer Krieg</i>; French: <i>Campagne d'Italie</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was fought by the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Italian Unification</a>. </p><p>A year prior to the war, in the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>. The two states signed a <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> in January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April. On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardinia three days later, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May. </p><p>The Austrian invasion was stopped by the arrival of French troops in Piedmont that had begun in late April. The Austrians were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Battle of Magenta</a> on 4 June and pushed back to <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a> on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villafranca" title="Armistice of Villafranca">Armistice of Villafranca</a> on 12 July. </p><p>Austria ceded Lombardy to France, which, in turn, gave it to Sardinia. Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860. Two days later, Sardinia ceded <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> to France at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a> as compensation for its assistance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italian_War_of_Independence&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Piedmontese, following their defeat by Austria in the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a>, recognized their need for allies. That led Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">peace conference</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> after the Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. He found Britain and France to be sympathetic but refusing to go against Austrian wishes, as any movement towards Italian independence would threaten Austria's territory of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a>. Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted. </p><p>On 14 January 1858, <a href="/wiki/Felice_Orsini" title="Felice Orsini">Felice Orsini</a>, an Italian, led an attempt on Napoleon III's life. The <a href="/wiki/Orsini_affair" title="Orsini affair">assassination attempt</a> brought widespread sympathy for the Italian unity and had a profound effect on Napoleon III himself, who now was determined to help Piedmont against Austria to defuse the wider revolutionary activities, which governments in Italy might later allow to happen. After a <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">covert meeting</a> at <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res-les-Bains" title="Plombières-les-Bains">Plombières</a> on 21 July 1858, Napoleon III and Cavour signed a secret treaty of alliance against Austria on 28 January 1859. </p><p>France would help Piedmont-Sardinia, if attacked, to fight against Austria if Piedmont-Sardinia gave <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> to France in return. The secret alliance served both countries by helping with the Sardinian-Piedmontese plan of unification of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>. It also weakened Austria, a fiery adversary of Napoleon III's <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Second Empire">French Second Empire</a>. </p><p>Cavour, being unable to get French help unless the Austrians attacked first, provoked Vienna by a series of military maneuvers close to the border. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859. Austria mobilised on 9 April 1859 and issued an ultimatum on 23 April demanding the complete demobilisation of the Sardinian Army. When it was not heeded, Austria started a war against Sardinia on 26 April. </p><p>The first French troops entered Piedmont on 25 April, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italian_War_of_Independence&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo,_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg/220px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg/330px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg/440px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_presa_di_Palestro_del_30_Maggio_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>Sardinian troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palestro" title="Battle of Palestro">Palestro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_(mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_%28mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e%29.jpg/220px-1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_%28mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_%28mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e%29.jpg/330px-1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_%28mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_%28mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e%29.jpg/440px-1859_La_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_%C3%A0_Magenta_%28mus%C3%A9e_arm%C3%A9e%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3787" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_III)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)">French Imperial Guard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Magenta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The French Army for the Italian campaign had 170,000 soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 312 guns, half of the whole French army. The army, under the command of Napoleon III, divided into five corps: the I Corps, led by <a href="/wiki/Achille_Baraguey_d%27Hilliers" title="Achille Baraguey d&#39;Hilliers">Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers</a>; the II Corps, led by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a>; the III Corps, led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Certain_de_Canrobert" title="François Certain de Canrobert">François Certain de Canrobert</a>, the IV Corps; led by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Niel" title="Adolphe Niel">Adolphe Niel</a>, and the V Corps, led by prince <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Joseph_Charles_Paul_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte">Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_III)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)">Imperial Guard</a> was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Regnaud_de_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly" title="Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d&#39;Angély">Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély</a>. </p><p>Napoleon III participated in the war and showed up on the battlefield in the belief that it would motivate the French people during the war. That would prove successful. </p><p>The Sardinian Army had about 70,000 soldiers, 4,000 horsemen and 90 guns. It was divided into five divisions, led by Castelbrugo, <a href="/wiki/Manfredo_Fanti" title="Manfredo Fanti">Manfredo Fanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Durando" title="Giovanni Durando">Giovanni Durando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cialdini" title="Enrico Cialdini">Enrico Cialdini</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Cucchiari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Cucchiari (page does not exist)">Domenico Cucchiari</a>. Two volunteer formations, the <a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Cacciatori delle Alpi</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunters_of_the_Apennines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunters of the Apennines (page does not exist)">Cacciatori degli Appennini</a>, were also present. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy">Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_la_Marmora" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora">Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora</a>. </p><p>The Austrian Army fielded more men with 220,000 soldiers, 824 guns and 22,000 horsemen. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gyulay" title="Ferenc Gyulay">Ferenc <i>Graf</i> Gyulay</a>. </p><p>The newly-formed <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> also supported the Franco-Italian alliance. Their ruler, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a>, was given 10,000 rifles and ammunition by Napoleon III. Napoleon III, with his unwavering and very genuine sympathy, also sent a military mission to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. Encouraged, Cuza formed a new military camp at <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>. As a result, Austria had to keep 30,000 troops in <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Transylvania</a>, which could ill be spared from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italian_War_of_Independence&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png/300px-Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png/450px-Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png/600px-Places_of_the_1859_Austro-Sardinian_war.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Major sites of the Austro-Sardinian War 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>The French Army, under <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Fran%C3%A7ois_Certain_Canrobert" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal François Certain Canrobert">Marshal François Certain Canrobert</a>, moved into <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> in the first massive <a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">military use of railways</a>. The Austrian forces counted on a swift victory over the weaker Sardinian Army before French forces could arrive in Piedmont. However, Count Gyulai, the commander of the Austrian troops in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, was very cautious and marched around the river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> in no specific direction until he crossed it to begin the offensive. Unfortunately for him, very heavy rains began to fall, which allowed the Piedmontese to flood the rice fields in front of his advance and slowed his army's march to a crawl. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaglia_di_Montebello_(1859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Battaglia_di_Montebello_%281859%29.jpg/220px-Battaglia_di_Montebello_%281859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Battaglia_di_Montebello_%281859%29.jpg/330px-Battaglia_di_Montebello_%281859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Battaglia_di_Montebello_%281859%29.jpg/440px-Battaglia_di_Montebello_%281859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Montebello</figcaption></figure> <p>The Austrians, under Gyulai, captured <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a> on 30 April and <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a> on 2 May and advanced on <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> from 7 May onward. The Franco-Sardinian move to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> bridges around <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a> forced the Austrians to halt their advance on 9 May and to fall back on 10 May. Napoleon III left Paris on 10 May, landed at Genoa on 12 May and arrived in Alessandria on 14 May. </p><p>Napoleon then took the command of the operations of the war, whose first major clash was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montebello_(1859)" title="Battle of Montebello (1859)">Battle of Montebello</a> on 20 May, between the Austrian IX Corps led by <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Urban" title="Karl von Urban">Karl von Urban</a> (under the general command of Stadion) and <a href="/wiki/Elie_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Forey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie Frédéric Forey">Forey</a>'s division, part of the French I Corps under marshal d'Hilliers. The Austrians retreated after 9 hours of combat when the Sardinian Cavalry under <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Sonnaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De Sonnaz (page does not exist)">De Sonnaz</a> arrived, which made Gyulai even more cautious. </p><p>Napoleon III crossed the Ticino river after the Battle of Turbigo and entered Lombardy. He advanced with part of his force and sent many other troops to the north to flank the Austrians. The Austrians planned a resistance before Milan, however they were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Battle of Magenta</a> on 5 May, which caused Gyulai to retreat east of the river Mincio to the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">quadrilateral fortresses</a>, where he was relieved of his post as commander by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Josef</a>, who assumed the command himself. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_occupying_Varese....jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> leads his <i><a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Battle of Varese</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano,_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano%2C_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg/220px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano%2C_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano%2C_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg/330px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano%2C_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano%2C_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg/440px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_De_Albertis_Sebastiano%2C_L%27artiglieria_della_III_Divisione_all%27attacco_durante_la_battaglia_di_San_Martino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Battle of San Martino</figcaption></figure> <p>The Piedmontese-French army took <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and slowly marched further east to finish off Austria before <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> could get involved. </p><p>During the retreat, the Austrians won one of their only victories of the war, when Karl von Urban defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Treponti" title="Battle of Treponti">Battle of Treponti</a>. </p><p>The Austrians found out that the French had halted at <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> and decided that they should counterattack along the river Chiese. The two armies met accidentally around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a>, which precipitated a confused series of battles. </p><p>A French corps held off three Austrian corps all day at Medole and kept them from joining the larger battle around Solferino, where, after a day-long battle, the French broke through. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek" title="Ludwig von Benedek">Ludwig von Benedek</a> with the Austrian VIII Corps was separated from the main force and defended <a href="/wiki/Pozzolengo" title="Pozzolengo">Pozzolengo</a> against the Piedmontese part of the opposing army. It was successful, but the entire Austrian army retreated after the breakthrough at Solferino and withdrew back into the Quadrilateral.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in the north of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a></i> defeated the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Varese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">Como</a>, and the Piedmontese-French Navy landed 3,000 soldiers and conquered the islands of <a href="/wiki/Losinj" class="mw-redirect" title="Losinj">Losinj</a> (Lussino) and <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cres</a> (Cherso), in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace">Peace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italian_War_of_Independence&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Villafranca_Armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Villafranca Armistice">Villafranca Armistice</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/140px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/210px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/280px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> led his <a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">volunteers</a> to major victories against vastly-superior Austrians, such as the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Varese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">San Fermo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Battle of Solferino, a cease fire was agreed on 8 July. The two emperors met on 11 July at Villafranca di Verona and the armistice was signed on the following day - the <a href="/wiki/Villafranca_Armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Villafranca Armistice">Peace of Villafranca</a>. </p><p>Napoleon III signed the armistice with Austria at Villafranca for a combination of reasons. The Austrians had retreated to <a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">the Quadrilateral</a>, which would be very costly to overrun. His absence in France had made the country vulnerable to attack. His actions in Italy were being criticised in France. He did not want Cavour and Piedmont to gain too much power, mostly at the expense of his men. He feared involvement of the German states. Most of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy</a>, with its capital, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, excluding only the Austrian fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legnago" title="Legnago">Legnago</a> and the surrounding territory, was transferred from Austria to France, which would immediately cede the territories to Sardinia. The rulers of Central Italy, who had been expelled by revolution shortly after the beginning of the war, were to be restored. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manf.Fanti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Manf.Fanti.jpg/125px-Manf.Fanti.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Manf.Fanti.jpg/188px-Manf.Fanti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Manf.Fanti.jpg/250px-Manf.Fanti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Manfredo_Fanti" title="Manfredo Fanti">Manfredo Fanti</a>, who led the Sardinian troops in the Battle of Palestro</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg/125px-Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg/188px-Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg/250px-Mar%C3%A9chal_Mac_Mahon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1971" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac-Mahon,_Duke_of_Magenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta">Patrice de Mac-Mahon</a>, whose participation in the war was decisive for the victory</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The agreement, made by Napoleon behind the backs of his Sardinian allies, led to great outrage in Piedmont-Sardinia, and Cavour resigned in protest. However, the Villafranca terms never took effect. Although they were reaffirmed by the final <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Treaty of Zürich">Treaty of Zürich</a> in 11 November, the agreement had become a dead letter. The central Italian states were occupied by Piedmont, which would not restore the previous rulers, and France was unwilling to force them to do so. </p><p>The Austrians were left to look on in frustration at the French failure to carry out the terms of the treaty. Austria had emerged triumphant after the suppression of liberal movements in 1849, but its status as a great power on the European scene was now seriously challenged and its influence in Italy severely weakened. </p><p>As such, on 22 March 1860, with French and British approval, the United Provinces of Central Italy including the (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Duchy of Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>) were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and France took its deferred rewards of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. This latter move was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice, and directly led to <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily</a>, which would complete the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The annexation of Nice to France caused the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>, or the emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>. </p><p>During the war, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> also mobilized 132,000 men, but never joined the fighting. The weaknesses laid bare during the mobilization caused the Prussian Army to initiate military reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These reforms were the basis for Prussia's rapid victories over <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austria in 1866</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Prussian war">France in 1870-71</a>, which led to a united Germany under Prussian dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italian_War_of_Independence&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheal Clodfelter. "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000", 4th Edition. 2017. Page 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Blumberg, <i>A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859</i> (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990); Arnold Blumberg, "Russian Policy and the Franco-Austrian War of 1859", <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, <b>26</b>, 2 (1954): 137–53; Arnold Blumberg, <i>The Diplomacy of the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859</i>, Ph.D. diss. (Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 1952).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_second_war_italian_independence.html">"Second War of Italian Independence, 1859–61"</a>. <i>www.historyofwar.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413124709/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_second_war_italian_independence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.historyofwar.org&amp;rft.atitle=Second+War+of+Italian+Independence%2C+1859%E2%80%9361&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fwars_second_war_italian_independence.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italian+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Seton-Watson, Cambridge University Press, May 21, 2015, <i>A History of the Roumanians</i>, pp. 302-303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdministrator" class="citation web cs1">Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php/ii-guerra-indipendenza">"La Seconda guerra d'indipendenza"</a>. <i>www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425043423/http://www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it/index.php/ii-guerra-indipendenza">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it&amp;rft.atitle=La+Seconda+guerra+d%27indipendenza&amp;rft.au=Administrator&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni-lanostrastoria.it%2Findex.php%2Fii-guerra-indipendenza&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italian+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Tomaz, <i>In Adriatico nel secondo millennio</i>, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web cs1">Sapere.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/storia/L-et--contemporanea/Le-Guerre-d-Indipendenza-e-l-unificazione-italiana/La-seconda-Guerra-d-Indipendenza-e-la-spedizione-dei-Mille.html">"La seconda Guerra d'Indipendenza e la spedizione dei Mille – Sapere.it"</a>. <i>www.sapere.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101803/https://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/storia/L-et--contemporanea/Le-Guerre-d-Indipendenza-e-l-unificazione-italiana/La-seconda-Guerra-d-Indipendenza-e-la-spedizione-dei-Mille.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.sapere.it&amp;rft.atitle=La+seconda+Guerra+d%27Indipendenza+e+la+spedizione+dei+Mille+%E2%80%93+Sapere.it&amp;rft.au=Sapere.it&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapere.it%2Fsapere%2Fstrumenti%2Fstudiafacile%2Fstoria%2FL-et--contemporanea%2FLe-Guerre-d-Indipendenza-e-l-unificazione-italiana%2FLa-seconda-Guerra-d-Indipendenza-e-la-spedizione-dei-Mille.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italian+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italian+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engels, Friedrich. <i>Preußische Militärfrage und die Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</i>. Hamburg 1865 (Meißner); reprint Berlin 1974 (Dietz).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lohner, Henry. <i>Wie wird man schnell reich?</i> Norderstedt 2011; S. 78; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8423-7334-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8423-7334-1">978-3-8423-7334-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italian_War_of_Independence&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Blumberg" title="Arnold Blumberg">Blumberg, Arnold</a>. <i>A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859</i> (Susquehanna University Press. 1990). pp.&#160;238.</li> <li>Bossoli, Carlo . <i>The War in Italy: the Second Italian War of Independence, 1859</i> (1860), illustrated; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinitaly00boss">online free</a></li> <li>Carter, Nick. "Hudson, Malmesbury and Cavour: British Diplomacy and the Italian Question, February 1858 to June 1859." <i>Historical Journal </i>40#2 (1997): 389–413. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2640072">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Coppa, Frank J. <i>The origins of the Italian wars of independence</i> (1992).</li> <li>Schneid, Frederick C. <i>The Second War of Italian Unification 1859–61</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer,_William_Roscoe1911" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Cavour+vol+1&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.au=Thayer%2C+William+Roscoe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfwNAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italian+War+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sK_CnX3-ZMQC">volume 2 online covers 1859–62</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, 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class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d&#39;Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy&#32;portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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