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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythologies" title="List of mythologies">Mythologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Prussian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan mythology">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_mythology" title="English mythology">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_in_France" title="Mythology in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#Religion_and_mythology" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American</a> <ul><li>Algonquian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a></li> <li>Californian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A1_mythology" title="Chaná mythology">Chaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li>Pacific Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plains Indians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puebloan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamancan_mythology" title="Talamancan mythology">Talamancan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_religion" title="Proto-Uralic religion">Proto-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian mythology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_mythology" title="Talysh mythology">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_mythology" title="Tibetan mythology">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology" title="Vietnamese mythology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="West African religion">West African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creation_myths" title="List of creation myths">Creations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_feral_children" title="List of fictional feral children">Feral children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Floods</a></li> <li>Heroes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culture_heroes" title="List of culture heroes">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_heroes" title="List of folk heroes">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" title="List of mythological objects">Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_pairs" title="List of mythological pairs">Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythology_books_and_sources" title="List of mythology books and sources">Sources</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_by_type" title="List of legendary creatures by type">Type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_in_mythology" title="Twins in mythology">Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Epics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-mythology" title="Pseudo-mythology">Pseudo-mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mythology" title="Template:Mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mythology" title="Template talk:Mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture of Italy</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Italy">Italian Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Folk music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a> (7 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Day_of_the_Exiles_and_Foibe" title="National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe">National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe</a> (10 February)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a> (17 March)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> (25 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Republic Day</a> (2 June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a> (4 November)</li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Italy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Italy" title="Protestantism in Italy">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Italy" title="Baháʼí Faith in Italy">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Italy" title="Hinduism in Italy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Italy" title="Irreligion in Italy">Irreligiosity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture of Italy">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Italy">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Italy" title="List of magazines in Italy">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Italy" title="List of newspapers in Italy">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy" title="List of radio stations in Italy">Radio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy" title="Athletics in Italy">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Italy" title="Baseball in Italy">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy" title="Rugby union in Italy">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_in_Italy" title="Tennis in Italy">Tennis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Italy">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_Italy" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in Italy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Italy">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Italy">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Italy">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">National day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">National monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">National personification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Cultura" title="Istituto Italiano di Cultura">Italian Cultural Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society" title="Dante Alighieri Society">Dante Alighieri Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Italy" title="Template:Culture of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Culture of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>mythologies</b> in present-day <b>Italy</b> encompass the <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, and other peoples living in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, those ancient stories about <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic</a> beings that these particular cultures believed to be true and that often use <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> events or characters to explain the nature of the universe and humanity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_mythology">Roman mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> is the body of <a href="/wiki/Myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Myths">myths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> as represented in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">visual arts of the Romans</a>. One of a wide variety of genres of <a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Roman folklore</a>, <i>Roman mythology</i> may also refer to the modern study of these representations, and to the subject matter as represented in the literature and art of other cultures in any period. Roman mythology draws from the mythology of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> and ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a>. </p><p>Roman mythology also draws directly on <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, potentially as early as Rome's <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistory</a>, but primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> of Greek influence and through the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Greece">Roman conquest of Greece</a>, via the artistic imitation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek literary models</a> by Roman authors.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">identified</a> their <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">own gods</a> with those of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>—who were closely historically related in some cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>—and reinterpreted myths about <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek deities</a> under the names of their Roman counterparts. Greek and Roman mythologies are therefore often classified together in the modern era as <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Greco-Roman mythology</a>. </p><p>Latin literature was widely known in Europe throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The interpretations of Greek myths by the Romans often had a greater influence on narrative and pictorial representations of "<a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Greco-Roman mythology</a>" than Greek sources. In particular, the versions of Greek myths in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, came to be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Canon_(literary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (literary)">canonical</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_Roman_myth">Nature of Roman myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature of Roman myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimini219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rimini219.jpg/220px-Rimini219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rimini219.jpg/330px-Rimini219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rimini219.jpg/440px-Rimini219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>In this wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> looks on while the physician <a href="/wiki/Iapyx" title="Iapyx">Iapyx</a> tends to the wound of her son, <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>; the tearful boy is her grandson <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius, also known as Iulus</a>, legendary ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> played the central role in Roman religion that myth did for the Greeks, it is sometimes doubted that the Romans had much of a native mythology. This perception is a product of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical scholarship</a> of the 19th century, which valued Greek civilization as more "authentically creative."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the 18th century, however, Roman myths were an inspiration particularly for <a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">European painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman tradition is rich in historical myths, or <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, concerning the foundation and rise of the city. These narratives focus on human actors, with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny. In Rome's earliest period, history and myth have a mutual and complementary relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">T. P. Wiseman</a> notes: </p> <blockquote> <p>The Roman stories still <i>matter</i>, as they mattered to <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> in 1300 and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> in 1600 and the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">founding fathers of the United States</a> in 1776. What does it take to be a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">free citizen</a>? Can a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> still be a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>? How does well-meaning <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> turn into murderous <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Major sources for Roman myth include the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and the first few books of <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s history as well as Dionysius's <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. Other important sources are the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, a six-book poem structured by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman religious calendar</a>, and the fourth book of elegies by <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>. Scenes from Roman myth also appear in Roman <a href="/wiki/Wall_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall painting">wall painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">coins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">sculpture</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_myths">Founding myths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></div> <p>The <i>Aeneid</i> and Livy's early history are the best extant sources for <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Rome's founding myths</a>. Material from Greek heroic legend was grafted onto this native stock at an early date. The Trojan prince <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> was cast as husband of <a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>, patronymical ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latini</a>, and therefore through a <a href="/wiki/Latin_kings_of_Alba_Longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin kings of Alba Longa">convoluted revisionist genealogy</a> as forebear of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. By extension, the Trojans were adopted as the mythical ancestors of the Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_myths">Other myths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer,_early_1640s,_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer%2C_early_1640s%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/220px-%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer%2C_early_1640s%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer%2C_early_1640s%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/330px-%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer%2C_early_1640s%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer%2C_early_1640s%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/440px-%27Mucius_Scaevola_in_the_Presence_of_Lars_Porsenna%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Matthias_Stomer%2C_early_1640s%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><i>Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Lars Porsenna</i> (early 1640s) by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Stom" title="Matthias Stom">Matthias Stom</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG/220px-Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG/330px-Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG/440px-Affreschi_romani_-_polifemo_presenza_galatea_-_pompei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a> hears of the <a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acis and Galatea (mythology)">arrival of Galatea</a></i>; ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman fresco</a> painted in the <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">"Fourth Style" of Pompeii</a> (45–79 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic myths of Rome are often political or moral, that is, they deal with the development of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Roman government</a> in accordance with divine law, as expressed by <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a>, and with demonstrations of the individual's adherence to moral expectations <i>(<a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a>)</i> or failures to do so. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_women" title="Rape of the Sabine women">Rape of the Sabine women</a>, explaining the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a> in the formation of Roman culture, and the growth of Rome through conflict and alliance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, the Sabine second <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">king of Rome</a> who consorted with the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a> and established many of Rome's legal and religious institutions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>, the sixth king of Rome, whose mysterious origins were freely mythologized and who was said to have been the lover of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tarpeian_Rock" title="Tarpeian Rock">Tarpeian Rock</a>, and why it was used for the execution of traitors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia</a>, whose self-sacrifice prompted the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">early Roman monarchy</a> and led to the establishment of the Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloelia" title="Cloelia">Cloelia</a>, a Roman woman taken hostage by <a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsena" title="Lars Porsena">Lars Porsena</a>. She escaped the Clusian camp with a group of Roman virgins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatius_Cocles" title="Horatius Cocles">Horatius at the bridge</a>, on the importance of individual <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">valor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola" title="Gaius Mucius Scaevola">Mucius Scaevola</a>, who thrust his right hand into the fire to prove his loyalty to Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeculus" title="Caeculus">Caeculus</a> and the founding of <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Manlius and the geese</a>, about divine intervention at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Gallic siege of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stories pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Caprotinia" title="Caprotinia">Nonae Caprotinae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poplifugia" title="Poplifugia">Poplifugia</a> festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a>, a story of politics and morality.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Corythus</a> as the "cradle" of Trojan and Italian civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Cybele#Roman_Cybele" title="Cybele">Great Mother (Cybele)</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etruscan_mythology">Etruscan mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etruscan mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">List of Etruscan mythological figures</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg/220px-Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg/330px-Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg/440px-Etruscan_mural_typhon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan mural of <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a> comprises a set of stories, beliefs, and <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> practices of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>, heavily influenced by the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, and sharing similarities with concurrent <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religion</a>. As the Etruscan civilization was gradually assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> from the 4th century BC, the Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> were partially incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman culture">ancient Roman culture</a>, following the Roman tendency to absorb some of the local gods and customs of conquered lands. The first attestations of an Etruscan religion can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-degrummond2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degrummond2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mythology is evidenced by a number of sources in different media, for example representations on large numbers of pottery, inscriptions and engraved scenes on the Praenestine <i>cistae</i> (ornate boxes; see under <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a>) and on <i>specula</i> (ornate hand mirrors). Currently some two dozen fascicles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Speculorum_Etruscorum" title="Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum">Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum</a></i> have been published. Specifically Etruscan mythological and cult figures appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etruscan inscriptions have recently been given a more authoritative presentation by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rix" title="Helmut Rix">Helmut Rix</a>, <i>Etruskische Texte</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gods_and_Goddesses">Gods and Goddesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gods and Goddesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortune_wheel_(15c.,_French).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg/220px-Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg/330px-Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg/440px-Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Goddesses <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a> manuscript (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Important Gods and Goddesses of Italian Mythology: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></b> is the Italian Goddess of witchcraft. She protects witches (male and female) against the aggression of religious persecution and condemnation and symbolizes the air element and the moon.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></b> is the Goddess of spells, known for chanting incantations in verse to ease the pains of women in labor and children facing illness.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Februus" title="Februus">Februus</a></b> is the Italian God of purification who lives in the underworld.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></b> is the Goddess of fate and fortune and also bringer of fertility.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Jana</a></b> is the Goddess of the Moon, said to have 2 faces. One faces the past, and the other faces the future.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jove" class="mw-redirect" title="Jove">Jove</a></b> is the Sky God. He is the equivalent of Jupiter of Roman mythology who is the King of all other Gods.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nox</a></b> is the Goddess of the night, the beginning of all things, and one of the oldest of the Gods.</li> <li><b>Umbria</b> is Goddess of shadows, secrets, darkness who lives in the underworld.</li> <li><b>Cel</b> is the Etruscan Goddess of earth. She was the mother of Giants, a race of great strength and aggression.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_phenomena">Cultural phenomena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural phenomena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg/220px-Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg/330px-Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg/440px-Fig._81_-_The_Evil_Eye_-_Elworthy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Various evil eye amulets from Italy such as the <a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">cornicello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">cimaruta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lunula_(amulet)" title="Lunula (amulet)">lunula</a> (1895)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onda-ogat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Onda-ogat.jpg/220px-Onda-ogat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Onda-ogat.jpg/330px-Onda-ogat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Onda-ogat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Two handsigns (<a href="/wiki/Fig_sign" title="Fig sign">fig sign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">horned sign</a>) used in Italy against the evil eye (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>malocchio</i>, is not just a part of Italian folklore but is also present in many different cultures. The evil eye is a supernatural belief in a curse brought about by a malevolent glare, usually inspired by <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in the evil eye among humans has existed since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">amulets to protect against it</a> have been found from dating to about 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that around 40% of the world's population believes in the evil eye.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is found in many cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, with such cultures often believing that receiving the evil eye will cause misfortune or injury,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others believe it to be a kind of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> force that casts or reflects a malevolent gaze back upon those who wish harm upon others (especially innocents). The idea appears multiple times also in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Jewish rabbinic literature</a>. </p><p>Different cultures have pursued measures to protect against the evil eye.<sup id="cite_ref-ulmer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most famous talismans against the evil eye include the <a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">nazar amulet</a>, itself a representation of an eye, and the <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">hamsa</a>, a hand-shaped amulet. Older iterations of the symbol were often made of ceramic or clay; however, following the production of <a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">glass beads</a> in the Mediterranean region in approximately 1500 BC, evil eye beads were popularised with the Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks, Romans and Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Romans used representations of <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fascinus" title="Fascinus">fascinus</a>, to protect against the evil eye, while in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> a variety of amulets and gestures are used for protection, including the <a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">cornicello</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">cimaruta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">sign of the horns</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">cornicello</a>, "little horn", also called in Italian the <i>cornetto</i> ("little horn", plural <i>cornetti</i>), is a long, gently twisted horn-shaped amulet. Cornicelli are usually carved out of red coral or made from gold or silver. The type of horn they are intended to copy is not a curled-over sheep horn or goat horn but rather like the twisted horn of an African <a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">eland</a> or a chili pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tooth or tuft of fur of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> was worn as a <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a> against the evil eye.<sup id="cite_ref-altobello1921_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altobello1921-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One idea that the <a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">ribald</a> suggestions made by sexual <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> distract the <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a> from the mental effort needed to successfully bestow the curse. Another is that since the effect of the eye was to dry up liquids, the drying of the phallus (resulting in male impotence) would be averted by seeking refuge in the moist female genitals. Among the ancient Romans and their cultural descendants in the Mediterranean nations, those who were not fortified with phallic charms had to make use of sexual <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a> to avoid the eye. Such gestures include scratching one's testicles (for men), as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mano_cornuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mano cornuta">mano cornuta</a></i> gesture and <a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures#Fig_sign" title="List of gestures">the fig sign</a>; a fist with the thumb pressed between the index and middle fingers, representing the phallus within the vagina. In addition to the phallic talismans, <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a> of hands in these gestures, or covered with magical symbols, were carried by the Romans as talismans. </p><p>The wielder of the evil eye, the <i>jettatore</i>, is described as having a striking facial appearance, high arching brows with a stark stare that leaps from his eyes. He often has a reputation for clandestine involvement with dark powers and is the object of gossip about dealings in magic and other forbidden practices. Successful men having tremendous personal magnetism quickly gain notoriety as jettatori. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> was dreaded for his evil eye, and a whole cycle of stories about the disasters that happened in his wake were current in Rome during the latter decades of the 19th century. Public figures of every type, from poets to gangsters, have had their specialized abilities attributed to the power of their eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan mythology">Etruscan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rengel, Marian; Daly, Kathleen N. (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7cNB-JaZA8C&q=%22Hellenization%20refers%22">Greek and Roman Mythology, A to Z</a></i>. United States: Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Wiseman, <i>The Myths of Rome</i> (University of Exeter Press, 2004), preface (n.p.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, <i>The Myths of Rome</i>, preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Grandazzi" title="Alexandre Grandazzi">Alexandre Grandazzi</a>, <i>The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History</i> (Cornell University Press, 1997), pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Lusus_Troiae" title="Lusus Troiae">Lusus Troiae</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.N. Bremmer and N.M. Horsfall, <i>Roman Myth and Mythography</i> (University of London Institute of Classical Studies, 1987), pp. 49–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer and Horsfall, pp. 63–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer and Horsfall, pp. 76–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer and Horsfall, pp. 89–104; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a>, <i>Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies</i> (Wayne State University Press, 1986), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer and Horsfall, pp. 105–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-degrummond2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-degrummond2006_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomson_de_GrummondSimon2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Thomson_de_Grummond" title="Nancy Thomson de Grummond">Thomson de Grummond, Nancy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Erika_Simon" title="Erika Simon">Simon, Erika</a> (2006). <i>The Religion of the Etruscans</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70687-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70687-1"><bdi>0-292-70687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Etruscans&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-292-70687-1&rft.aulast=Thomson+de+Grummond&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Simon%2C+Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limcnet.org/LIMCLink/LIMC/tabid/198/Default.aspx">"An illustrated lexicon about the ancient myths"</a>. Foundation for the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+illustrated+lexicon+about+the+ancient+myths&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Lexicon+Iconographicum+Mythologiae+Classicae+%28LIMC%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limcnet.org%2FLIMCLink%2FLIMC%2Ftabid%2F198%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix,_Helmut1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Rix, Helmut, ed. (1991). <i>Etruskische Texte</i>. ScriptOralia (in German and Etruscian). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8233-4240-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-8233-4240-1"><bdi>3-8233-4240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etruskische+Texte&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=ScriptOralia&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-8233-4240-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span> 2 vols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargitai2018" class="citation web cs1">Hargitai, Quinn (19 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180216-the-strange-power-of-the-evil-eye">"The strange power of the 'evil eye'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209133801/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180216-the-strange-power-of-the-evil-eye">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+strange+power+of+the+%27evil+eye%27&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Hargitai&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20180216-the-strange-power-of-the-evil-eye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalt1982" class="citation journal cs1">Galt, Anthony H. (1982). "The evil eye as synthetic image and its meanings on the Island of Pantelleria, Italy". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 664–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1982.9.4.02a00030">10.1525/ae.1982.9.4.02a00030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/644689">644689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=The+evil+eye+as+synthetic+image+and+its+meanings+on+the+Island+of+Pantelleria%2C+Italy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=664-681&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1982.9.4.02a00030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F644689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Galt&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, C (2010). 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KTAV Publishing House, Inc. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwB8Hfkjpx0C&pg=PA176"><i>The evil eye in the Bible and in rabbinic literature</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-463-1"><bdi>978-0-88125-463-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evil+eye+in+the+Bible+and+in+rabbinic+literature&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-463-1&rft.au=Ulmer%2C+Rivka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwB8Hfkjpx0C%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Elaine (6 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/fashion/jewelry-evil-eye-greece-turkey-israel.html">"Beware the Evil Eye. Or Buy One, Just for Kicks (Published 2019)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114170613/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/fashion/jewelry-evil-eye-greece-turkey-israel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beware+the+Evil+Eye.+Or+Buy+One%2C+Just+for+Kicks+%28Published+2019%29&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F06%2Ffashion%2Fjewelry-evil-eye-greece-turkey-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucky_Mojo" class="citation web cs1">Lucky Mojo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luckymojo.com/corno.html">"The Corno (Italian Horn Amulet)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130901221333/http://www.luckymojo.com/corno.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Corno+%28Italian+Horn+Amulet%29&rft.au=Lucky+Mojo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luckymojo.com%2Fcorno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMythology+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altobello1921-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-altobello1921_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Altobello, G. (1921), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiadellafauna.it/scaffale/testi/alto/Carnivo.htm">Fauna dell'Abruzzo e del Molise. Mammiferi. IV. I Carnivori (Carnivora)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504133849/http://www.storiadellafauna.it/scaffale/testi/alto/Carnivo.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Colitti e Figlio, Campobasso, pp. 38–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maloney, Clarence. <i>The Evil Eye</i>. New York: Columbia UP, 1976. p. 29. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04006-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-04006-7">0-231-04006-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mythologydictionary.com/italian-mythology.html">Italian Lore, Gods, Demigods, Heroes, Symbols, and Other Famous Mythological Characters</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mythology_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mythology_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mythology of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mythology of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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