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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_signals:_not_always_transferred" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_signals:_not_always_transferred"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hidden signals: not always transferred</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_signals:_not_always_transferred-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_information_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_information_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role of information theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_information_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecine_judder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Telecine judder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecine_judder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_standards_conversion_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_standards_conversion_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical standards conversion techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_standards_conversion_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical standards conversion techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_standards_conversion_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthicon_to_orthicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthicon_to_orthicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Orthicon to orthicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthicon_to_orthicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSTV_to_PAL_and_NTSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSTV_to_PAL_and_NTSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>SSTV to PAL and NTSC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSTV_to_PAL_and_NTSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_conversion_methods_in_common_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_conversion_methods_in_common_use"> <div 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_motion_interpolation_+_block_matching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Adaptive motion interpolation + block matching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_motion_interpolation_+_block_matching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_correlation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_correlation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Phase correlation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_correlation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DTV_to_analog_converters_for_consumers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DTV_to_analog_converters_for_consumers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>DTV to analog converters for consumers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DTV_to_analog_converters_for_consumers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Offline conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Television+standards+conversion%22">"Television standards conversion"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Television+standards+conversion%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Television+standards+conversion%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Television+standards+conversion%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Television+standards+conversion%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Television+standards+conversion%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Television standards conversion</b> is the process of changing a television transmission or recording from one video system to another. Converting video between different numbers of lines, frame rates, and color models in video pictures is a complex technical problem. However, the international exchange of television programming makes standards conversion necessary so that video may be viewed in another nation with a differing standard. Typically video is fed into <a href="/wiki/Video_standards_converter" title="Video standards converter">video standards converter</a> which produces a copy according to a different video standard. One of the most common conversions is between the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known case of television systems conversion was in Europe a few years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, mainly with the <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française">RTF</a> (France) and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (UK) trying to exchange their black and white <a href="/wiki/441_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="441 lines">441 line</a> and <a href="/wiki/405_line" class="mw-redirect" title="405 line">405 line</a> programming. The problem got worse with the introduction of color standards <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> (both 625 lines), and the French black and white <a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 line</a> service. Until the 1980s, standards conversion was so difficult that 24 frame/s <a href="/wiki/16_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="16 mm">16 mm</a> or <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35mm film</a> was the preferred medium of programming interchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most technically challenging conversion to make is the PAL and SÉCAM to NTSC conversion. </p> <ul><li>PAL and SÉCAM use 625 lines at 50 fields/s or 25 frames/s</li> <li>NTSC uses 525 lines at 59.94 fields/s (60000/1001) or 30 frames/s</li></ul> <p>The NTSC standard is temporally and spatially incompatible with both PAL and SÉCAM. Aside from the line count being different, converting to a format that requires 60 fields every second from a format that has only 50 fields poses difficulty. Every second, an additional 10 fields must be generated—the converter has to create new frames (from the existing input) in real time. </p><p>Conversion between PAL and SÉCAM does not require similar timing changes, but still requires color encoding and sound conversion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hidden_signals:_not_always_transferred">Hidden signals: not always transferred</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hidden signals: not always transferred"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TV contains many hidden signals. One signal type that is not transferred, except on some very expensive converters, is the <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a> signal. <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> signals do not need to be transferred, but the captioning data stream should be if it is technologically possible to do so. </p><p>With HDTV broadcasting, this is less of an issue, for the most part meaning only passing the captioning datastream on to the new source material. However, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATSC_(standards)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC (standards)">ATSC</a> have significantly different captioning datastream types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_information_theory">Role of information theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role of information theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_behind_systems_conversion">Theory behind systems conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theory behind systems conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem</a> imply that conversion from one television standard to another will be easier if the conversion </p> <ul><li>is from a higher framerate to a lower framerate (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> to <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> or <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>, for example)</li> <li>is from a higher resolution to a lower resolution (<a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> to <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>)</li> <li>is from one progressive-scan source to another progressive-scan source (interlaced <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> are temporally and spatially incompatible with each other)</li> <li>has relatively little interframe motion, which reduces temporal or spatial <a href="/wiki/Judder" class="mw-redirect" title="Judder">judder</a></li> <li>is from a source whose signal-to-noise ratio is not detrimentally high [low?]</li> <li>is from a source that has no continuous (or periodic) signal defect that would inhibit translation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampling_systems_and_ratios">Sampling systems and ratios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sampling systems and ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling#Sampling_systems_and_ratios" title="Chroma subsampling">subsampling</a> in a video system is usually expressed as a three-part ratio. The three terms of the ratio are the number of brightness ("luminance", "luma", "<a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">Y</a>") <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">samples</a> and the numbers of samples of the two color ("chroma") components (<a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">U/Cb</a> then <a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">V/Cr</a>) for each complete sample area. </p><p>For quality comparison, only the ratio between those values is important, so 4:4:4 could easily be called 1:1:1; but traditionally the value for brightness is always 4, with the rest of the values scaled accordingly. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chroma_subsampling_ratios.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Chroma_subsampling_ratios.png" decoding="async" width="566" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> </p><p>The sampling principles above apply to both digital and analog television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecine_judder">Telecine judder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Telecine judder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "3:2 pulldown" conversion process for 24 frame/s film to television (telecine) creates a slight error in the video signal compared to the original film frames. This is one reason why motion in 24-fps films viewed on typical NTSC home equipment may not appear as smooth as when viewed in a cinema. The phenomenon is particularly apparent during slow, steady camera movements, which appear slightly jerky when telecined. This process is commonly called <i><b>telecine judder</b></i>. </p><p>PAL material in which 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown has been applied, suffers from a similar lack of smoothness, though this effect is not usually called telecine judder. Every 12th film frame is displayed for the duration of 3 PAL fields (60 milliseconds), whereas each of the 11 other frames is displayed for the duration of 2 PAL fields (40 milliseconds). This causes a slight "hiccup" in the video about twice a second. </p><p>Television systems converters must avoid creating telecine judder effects during the conversion process. Avoiding this judder is economically importance, because much NTSC (60 Hz, technically 29.97 frame/s) resolution material that originates from film will have this problem when converted to PAL or SECAM (both 50 Hz, 25 frame/s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_standards_conversion_techniques">Historical standards conversion techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical standards conversion techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthicon_to_orthicon">Orthicon to orthicon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orthicon to orthicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method was used by Ireland to convert 625 line service to 405 line service. It is perhaps the most basic television standard conversion technique. RTÉ used this method during the latter years of its use of the 405 line system. </p><p>A standards converter was used to provide the 405 line service, but according to more than one former RTÉ engineering source the converter blew up and afterwards the 405 line service was provided by a 405 line camera pointing at a monitor. This is not the best conversion technique but it can work if one is going from a higher resolution to a lower one – at the same frame rate. Slow <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> are required on both <a href="/wiki/Orthicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthicon">orthicons</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RTE_standards_conversion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/RTE_standards_conversion.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The first video standards converters were <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog</a>. That is, a special <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video camera</a> that used a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">video camera tube</a> would be pointed at a <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video monitor">video monitor</a>. Both the camera and the monitor could be switched to either NTSC or PAL, to convert both ways. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fernseh" title="Fernseh">Fernseh</a> division made a large three <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">rack</a> analog video standards converter. These were the high-end converters of the 1960s and 1970s. Image Transform in Universal City, California, used the Fernseh converter and in the 1980s made their own custom digital converter. This was also a larger three-rack device. As digital <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">memory</a> size became larger in smaller packages, converters became the size of a <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a>. Today one can buy a very small consumer converter for home use.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSTV_to_PAL_and_NTSC">SSTV to PAL and NTSC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SSTV to PAL and NTSC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apollo Moon missions (late 1960s, early 1970s) used <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a> (SSTV) as opposed to normal bandwidth television; this was mostly done to save battery power (and transmission bandwidth, since the SSTV video from the Apollo missions was <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexed</a> with all other voice and telemetry communications from the spacecraft). The camera used only 7 watts of power. </p><p>SSTV was used to transmit images from inside <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> television from the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a>. The SSTV system used in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s early Apollo missions transferred ten frames per second with a resolution of 320 frame lines using less bandwidth than a normal TV transmission. The early SSTV systems used by NASA differ significantly from the SSTV systems currently in use by amateur radio enthusiasts today. Standards conversion was necessary so that the missions could be seen by a worldwide audience in both PAL/SECAM (625 lines, 50 Hz) and NTSC (525 lines, 60 Hz) resolutions. </p><p>Later Apollo missions featured <a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">color field sequential</a> cameras that output 60-frame/s video. Each frame corresponded to one of the RGB primary colors. This method is compatible with black and white NTSC, but incompatible with color NTSC. In fact, even NTSC monochrome TV compatibility is marginal. A monochrome set could have reproduced the pictures, but the pictures would have flickered terribly. The camera color video ran at only 10  frame/s. Also, Doppler shift in the lunar signal would have caused pictures to tear and flip. For these reasons, the Apollo Moon pictures required special conversion techniques. </p><p>The conversion steps were completely electromechanical, and they took place in nearly real time. First, the downlink station corrected the pictures for Doppler shift. Next, in an analog disc recorder, the downlink station recorded and replayed every video field six times. On the six-track recorder, recording and playback took place simultaneously. After the recorder, analog video processors added the missing components of the NTSC color signal: These components included: The 3.58-MHz color burst, The high-resolution monochrome signal, The sound, The I and Q color signals. </p><p>The conversion delay lasted only some 10 seconds. Then color Moon pictures left the downlink station for world distribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_conversion_methods_in_common_use">Standards conversion methods in common use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Standards conversion methods in common use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nyquist_subsampling">Nyquist subsampling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nyquist subsampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This conversion technique may become popular with manufacturers of HDTV --> NTSC and HDTV --> PAL converter boxes for the ongoing global conversion to HDTV. Multiple Nyquist subsampling was used by the defunct MUSE HDTV system that was used in Japan. MUSE chipsets that can be used for systems conversion do exist, or can be revised for the needs of HDTV --> Analog TV converter boxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="How_it_works">How it works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: How it works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a typical image transmission setup, all stationary images are transmitted at full resolution. Moving pictures possess a lower resolution visually, based on complexity of interframe image content. </p><p>When one uses <a href="/wiki/Downsampling" class="mw-redirect" title="Downsampling">Nyquist subsampling</a> as a standards conversion technique, the horizontal and vertical resolution of the material are reduced – this is an excellent method for converting HDTV to standard definition television, but it works very poorly in reverse. As the horizontal and vertical content change from frame to frame, moving images will be blurred (in a manner similar to using 16 mm movie film for HDTV projection). In fact, whole-camera pans would result in a loss of 50% of the horizontal resolution. </p><p>The Nyquist subsampling method of systems conversion only works for HDTV to <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">Standard Definition Television</a>, so as a standards conversion technology it has a very limited use. Phase Correlation is usually preferred for HDTV to standard definition conversion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framerate_conversion">Framerate conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Framerate conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a large difference in <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> between film (24.0 frames per second) and NTSC (approximately 29.97 frames per second). Unlike the two other most common <a href="/wiki/Video_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Video formats">video formats</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>, this difference cannot be overcome by a simple <a href="/wiki/PAL#PAL_speed-up" title="PAL">speed-up</a>, because the required 25% speed-up would be clearly noticeable. </p><p>To convert 24 frame/s film to 29.97 frame/s (presented as 59.94 interlaced fields per second) NTSC, a process called "<a href="/wiki/Telecine#3:2_pulldown" title="Telecine">3:2 pulldown</a>" is used, in which every other film frame is duplicated across an additional interlaced field to achieve a framerate of 23.976 (the audio is slowed imperceptibly from the 24 frame/s source to match). This produces irregularities in the sequence of images which some people can perceive as a stutter during slow and steady pans of the camera in the source material. See <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a> for more details. </p><p>For viewing native PAL or SECAM material (such as European television series and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, a standards conversion has to take place. There are basically two ways to accomplish this: The framerate can be slowed from 25 to 23.976 frames per second (a slowdown of about 4%) to subsequently apply <a href="/wiki/Telecine#3:2_pulldown" title="Telecine">3:2 pulldown</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">Interpolation</a> of the contents of adjacent <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a> in order to produce new intermediate frames; this introduces <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(error)" title="Artifact (error)">artifacts</a>, and even the most modestly trained of eyes can quickly spot video that has been converted between formats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_interpolation">Linear interpolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Linear interpolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When converting <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> (625 lines @ 25 frame/s) to <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (525 lines @ 30 frame/s), the converter must eliminate 100 lines per frame. The converter must also create five frames per second. </p><p>To reduce the 625-line signal to 525, less expensive converters drop 100 lines. These converters maintain picture fidelity by evenly spacing removed lines. (For example, the system might discard every sixth line from each PAL field. After the 50th discard, this process would stop. By then the system would have passed the viewable area of the field. In the following field, the process would repeat, completing one frame.) To create the five additional frames, the converter repeats every fifth frame. </p><p>If there is little inter-frame motion, this conversion algorithm is fast, inexpensive and effective. Many inexpensive consumer television system converters have employed this technique. Yet in practise, most video features significant inter-frame motion. To reduce conversion artefacts, more modern or expensive equipment may use sophisticated techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doubler">Doubler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Doubler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most basic and literal way to double lines is to repeat each scanline, though the results of this are generally very crude. Linear interpolation use digital interpolation to recreate the missing lines in an interlaced signal, and the resulting quality depends on the technique used. Generally the bob version of linear deinterlacer will only interpolate within a single field, rather than merging information from adjacent fields, to preserve the smoothness of motion, resulting in a frame rate equal to the field rate (i.e. a 60i signal would be converted to 60p.) The former technique in moving areas and the latter in static areas, which improves overall sharpness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfield_interpolation">Interfield interpolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interfield interpolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interfield Interpolation is a technique in which new frames are created by blending adjacent frames, rather than repeating a single frame. This is more complex and computationally expensive than linear interpolation, because it requires the interpolator to have knowledge of the preceding and the following frames to produce an intermediate blended frame. <a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">Deinterlacing</a> may also be required in order to produce images which can be interpolated smoothly. Interpolation can also be used to reduce the number of scanlines in the image by averaging the colour and intensity of pixels on neighbouring lines, a technique similar to <a href="/wiki/Bilinear_filtering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilinear filtering">Bilinear filtering</a>, but applied to only one axis. </p><p>There are simple 2-line and 4 line converters. The 2-line converter creates a new line by comparing two adjacent lines, whereas a 4-line model compares 4 lines to average the 5th. Interfield interpolation <i>reduces</i> judder, but at the expense of picture smearing. The greater the blending applied to smooth out the judder, the greater the smear caused by blending. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_motion_interpolation">Adaptive motion interpolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adaptive motion interpolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some more advanced techniques measure the nature and degree of inter-frame motion in the source, and use adaptive algorithms to blend the image based on the results. Some such techniques are known as <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> algorithms, and are computationally much more expensive than the simpler techniques, thus requiring more powerful hardware to be effective in real-time conversion. </p><p>Adaptive Motion algorithms capitalize on the way the human eye and brain process moving images – in particular, detail is perceived less clearly on moving objects. </p><p>Adaptive interpolation requires that the converter analyzes multiple successive fields and to detect the amount and type of motion of different areas of the picture. </p> <ul><li>Where little motion is detected, the converter can use linear interpolation.</li> <li>When greater motion is detected, the converter can switch to an inter-field technique which sacrifices detail for smoother motion.</li></ul> <p><i>Adaptive Motion Interpolation has many variations and is commonly found in midrange converters</i>. The quality and cost is dependent upon the accuracy in analyzing the type and amount of motion, and the selection of the most appropriate algorithm for processing the type of motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_motion_interpolation_+_block_matching"><span id="Adaptive_motion_interpolation_.2B_block_matching"></span>Adaptive motion interpolation + block matching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adaptive motion interpolation + block matching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block matching involves dividing the image into mosaic blocks – say perhaps for the sake of explanation, 8x8 pixels. The blocks are then stored in memory. The next field read out is also divided up into the same number and size of mosaic blocks. The converter's computer then goes to work and starts matching up blocks. The blocks that stayed in the same relative position (read: there was no motion in this part of the image) receive relatively little processing. </p> <ul><li>For each block that changed, the converter searches in every direction through its memory, looking for a match to find out where the "block" went (if there's motion, the block obviously had to have gone somewhere..).</li> <li>The search starts at the immediate surrounding blocks (assuming little motion).</li> <li>If a match isn't found, then it searches further and further out until it finds a match.</li> <li>When the matching block is found, the converter then knows how far the block moved and in which direction.</li> <li>This data is then stored as a motion vector for this block.</li> <li>Since interframe motion is often predictable owing to Newton's laws of motion in the real world, the motion vector can then be used to calculate where the block will probably be in the next field.</li> <li>The Newtonian method saves a lot of search and processing time.</li></ul> <p>When panning from left to right is taking place (over say 10 fields) it is safe to assume that the 11th field will be similar or very close. </p> <ul><li>Block matching can be seen as the "cutting and pasting" of image blocks.</li></ul> <p>The technique is highly effective but it does require a tremendous amount of computing power. Consider a block of only 8x8 pixels. For each block, the computer has 64 possible directions and 64 pixels to be matched to the block in the next field. Also consider that the greater the motion, the further out the search must be conducted. Just to find an adjacent block in the next field would entail making a search of 9 blocks. 2 blocks out would require a search and match of 25 blocks – 3 blocks further distant and it grows to 49 etc. </p><p>The type of motion can exponentially compound the compute power required. Consider a rotating object, where a simple straight line motion vector is of little help in predicting where the next block should match. It can quickly be seen that the more inter frame motion introduced, the much greater the processing power required. This is the general concept of block matching. Block match converters can vary widely in price and performance depending on the attention to detail and complexity. </p><p>A weird artifact of block matching owes to the size of the block itself. If a moving object is smaller than the mosaic block, consider that it's the entire block that gets moved. In most cases, it's not an issue, but consider a thrown baseball. The ball itself has a high motion vector, but its background that makes up the rest of the block might not have any motion. The background gets transported in the moved block as well, based on the motion vector of the baseball, What you might see is the ball with a small amount of outfield or whatever, tagging along. As it's in motion, the block may be "soft" depending upon what additional techniques were used and barely noticeable unless you're looking for it. </p><p>Block matching requires a staggering amount of processing horsepower, but today's microprocessors are making it a viable solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_correlation">Phase correlation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Phase correlation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phase_correlation" title="Phase correlation">Phase correlation</a> is perhaps the most computationally complex of the general algorithms. </p><p>Phase correlation's success lies in the fact that it is effective with coping with rapid motion and random motion. Phase correlation does not easily get confused by rotating or twirling objects that confuse most other kinds of systems converters. Phase correlation is elegant as well as technically and conceptually complex. Its successful operation is derived by performing a Fourier transform to each field of video. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a> (FFT) is an algorithm which deals with the transformation of discrete values (in this case image pixels). When applied to a sample of finite values, a fast Fourier transform expresses any changes (motion) in terms of frequency components. </p><p>Since the result of the FFT represents only the inter-frame changes in terms of frequency distribution, there is far less data that has to be processed in order to calculate the motion vectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DTV_to_analog_converters_for_consumers">DTV to analog converters for consumers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: DTV to analog converters for consumers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>digital television adapter</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Coupon-eligible_converter_box" title="Coupon-eligible converter box">CECB</a>), or digital-to-analog converter (box), is a device that receives, by means of an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> (DTV) <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (telecommunications)">transmission</a>, and converts that signal into an <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> signal that can be received and displayed on an analog television. </p><p>These boxes cheaply convert HDTV (16:9 at 720 or 1080) to (NTSC or PAL at 4:3). Very little is known about the specific conversion technologies used by these converter boxes in the PAL and NTSC zones. </p><p>Downconversion is usually required, hence very little image quality loss is perceived by viewers at the recommended viewing distance with most TV sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offline_conversion">Offline conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Offline conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lot of cross format television conversion is done offline. There are several DVD packages that offer offline <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> ↔ <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> conversion – including cross conversion (technically <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> ↔ <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">DTV</a>) from the myriad of <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a>-based web video formats. </p><p>Cross conversion can use any method commonly in use for TV system format conversion, but typically (in order to reduce complexity and memory use) it is left up to the codec to do the conversion. Most modern DVDs are converted from 525 <--> 625 lines in this way, as it is very economical for most programming that originates at <a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">Three-two pull down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li>IEEE papers on systems conversion</li> <li>AES/EBU papers on systems conversions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_adapter" title="Digital television adapter">Digital television adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTV_transition_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="DTV transition in the United States">DTV transition in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">Set-top box</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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href="https://usastudios.tv/tv-standards-conversion-faq.html">What is a TV standard?</a><i>usastudios.tv</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co34608/fernseh-ntsc-pal-image-transfer-standards-converter-television-image-converter">Fernseh NTSC/PAL image-transfer standards converter type NC56 P40</a><i>sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&oldid=1256646430">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_standards_conversion&oldid=1256646430</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technology" 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