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<li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Indian origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_and_Mughal_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_and_Mughal_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Muslim and Mughal origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_and_Mughal_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction and features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Musical notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_strokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_strokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Basic strokes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_strokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabla_Talas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabla_Talas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tabla Talas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tabla_Talas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tabla Talas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tabla_Talas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rare_Hindustani_talas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare_Hindustani_talas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rare Hindustani talas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_Hindustani_talas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabla_Gharanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabla_Gharanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tabla Gharanas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tabla_Gharanas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tabla Gharanas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tabla_Gharanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_different_Gharanas_in_Tabla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_different_Gharanas_in_Tabla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The different Gharanas in Tabla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_different_Gharanas_in_Tabla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kayda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kayda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kayda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kayda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnatic_Variations_of_Tabla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnatic_Variations_of_Tabla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Carnatic Variations of Tabla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnatic_Variations_of_Tabla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Famous players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Tabla</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9" title="طبلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="তবলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তবলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="तबला – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तबला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="তবলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তবলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="तबला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तबला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Табла (музикален инструмент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Табла (музикален инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Ινδική τάμπλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδική τάμπλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_(instrumento_de_percusi%C3%B3n)" title="Tabla (instrumento de percusión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla (instrumento de percusión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="طبله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="તબલા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તબલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="तबलें – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तबलें" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC" title="타블라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타블라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Տաբլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տաբլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="तबला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तबला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94" title="טאבלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טאבלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE" title="ತಬಲಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಬಲಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabl%C3%A1" title="Tablá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tablá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2" title="തബല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തബല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="तबला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तबला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="तबला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तबला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9" title="タブラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タブラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ତବଲା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତବଲା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਬਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਬਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="طبله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Табла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Табла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="तबला (वाद्यम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तबला (वाद्यम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabbella" title="Tabbella – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tabbella" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තබ්ලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තබ්ලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="கைம்முரசு இணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைம்முரசு இணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="తబలా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తబలా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ตะบลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตะบลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Табл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Табл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tabla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Табла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Табла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%81" title="طبلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%BC%93" title="塔布拉鼓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔布拉鼓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian pair of hand drums</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tablah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablah">Tablah</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tabla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tabla (disambiguation)">Tabla (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Tabla</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prop._Tabla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prop._Tabla.jpg/250px-Prop._Tabla.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prop._Tabla.jpg/375px-Prop._Tabla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prop._Tabla.jpg/500px-Prop._Tabla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instrument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">211.12<br />(Sets of instruments in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">18th century, <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> (modern tabla)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> One octave (variable)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhavaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">khol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagara_(drum)" title="Nagara (drum)">nagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">madal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilat" title="Tbilat">tbilat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">jori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">bongos</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tabla_drums_demo.webm/220px--Tabla_drums_demo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="157" data-mwtitle="Tabla_drums_demo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tabla_drums_demo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Tabla_drums_demo.webm/Tabla_drums_demo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Tabla_drums_demo.webm/Tabla_drums_demo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Tabla_drums_demo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Tabla_drums_demo.webm/Tabla_drums_demo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A demo of <i>tabla</i> playing</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><b>tabla</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a pair of <a href="/wiki/Hand_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand drums">hand drums</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Since the 18th century, it has been the principal percussion instrument in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it may be played solo, as an accompaniment with other instruments and vocals, or as a part of larger ensembles. It is frequently played in popular and folk music performances in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brittabla_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittabla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tabla is an essential instrument in the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> devotional traditions of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, such as during <i><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a></i> singing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the main <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a> instruments used by <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is also featured in dance performances such as <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>. Tabla is a rhythmic instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>tabla</i> likely comes from <i>tabl</i>, the Arabic word for drum.<sup id="cite_ref-EmmertMinegishi1980_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmmertMinegishi1980-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate origin of the musical instrument is contested by scholars, though earliest evidence trace its evolution from indigenous musical instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>; drums like structure is mentioned in Vedic-era texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tabla consists of two small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-brittabla_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittabla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each drum is made of hollowed-out wood, clay or metal. The smaller drum (<i>dayan/tabla</i>) is used for creating treble and tonal sounds, while the primary function of the larger drum (<i>baya/dagga</i>) is for producing bass. They are laced with hoops, thongs and wooden dowels on its sides, the dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membranes for tuning the drums.<sup id="cite_ref-SorrellNarayan1980p40_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SorrellNarayan1980p40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms, reflected in mnemonic syllables (<i><a href="/wiki/Bol_(music)" title="Bol (music)">bol</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the legends, it was derieved from the ancient barrel drum known as "Mridana" where the deity <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is said to have cut it in half to create the Tabla.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of the tabla is unclear, and there are multiple theories regarding its origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dean2012p104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2012p104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two groups of theories; the first theorizes the instrument had indigenous origins while the other traces its origins to the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> invaders of the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the carvings in <a href="/wiki/Bhaja_Caves" title="Bhaja Caves">Bhaja Caves</a> support the theory that the instrument had indigenous origins, clear pictorial evidence of the drum emerges only from about 1745, and the drum continued to develop in shape until the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Kippen_2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kippen_2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_origins">Indian origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of tabla is traced back to indigenous ancient civilization. The stone sculpture carvings in Bhaja Caves depict a woman playing a pair of drums, which some have claimed as evidence for the ancient origin of the tabla in India.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hilj4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilj4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hilj1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilj1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different version of this theory states that the tabla acquired a new Arabic name during the Islamic rule, having evolved from ancient Indian <i>puśkara</i> drums. The evidence of the hand-held <i>puśkara</i> is founded in many temple carvings, such as at the 6th and 7th century <a href="/wiki/Mukteshvara_Temple,_Bhubaneswar" title="Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar">Muktesvara</a> and Bhuvaneswara temples in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2012p104_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2012p104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh2000p135_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2000p135-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arts show drummers who are sitting, with two or three separate small drums, with their palm and fingers in a position as if they are playing those drums.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not apparent in any of these ancient carvings that those drums were made of the same material and skin, or played the same music, as the modern tabla.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The textual evidence for similar material and methods of construction as <i>tabla</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts. The earliest discussion of <i>tabla</i>-like musical instrument building methods are found in the Hindu text <i><a href="/wiki/Natyashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyashastra">Natyashastra</a></i>. This text also includes descriptions of paste-patches (<i>syahi</i>) such as those found on a tabla.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Natyashastra</i> also discusses how to play these drums. The South Indian text <i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i>, likely composed in the early centuries of 1st millennium CE, describes thirty types of drums along with many stringed and other instruments. These are, however, called <i>pushkara</i>; the name <i>tabla</i> appears in later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_and_Mughal_origins">Muslim and Mughal origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muslim and Mughal origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This theory is based on the etymological links of the word <i>tabla</i> to Arabic word <i>tabl</i> which means "drum". Beyond the root of the word, this proposal points to the documentary evidence that the Muslim armies had hundreds of soldiers on camels and horses carrying paired drums as they invaded the Indian subcontinent. They would beat these drums to scare the residents, the non-Muslim armies, their elephants and chariots, that they intended to attack. However, the war drums did not look or sound anything like <i>tabla</i>, they were large paired drums and were called <i><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">naqqara</a></i> (noise, chaos makers).<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another version states that Amir Khusraw, a musician patronized by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> invented the <i>tabla</i> when he cut an <i>Awaj</i> drum, which used to be hourglass shaped, into two parts. However, no painting or sculpture or document dated to his period supports it with this evidence nor it was found in the list of musical instruments that were written down by Muslim historians. For example, Abul Fazi included a long list of musical instruments in his <i>Ain-i-akbari</i> written in the time of the 16th century Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, the generous patron of music. Abul Fazi's list makes no mention of <i>tabla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third version credits the invention of <i>tabla</i> to the 18th century musician, with a similar sounding name Amir Khusru, where he is suggested to have cut a <i><a href="/wiki/Pakhawaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhawaj">Pakhawaj</a></i> into two to create <i>tabla</i>. Miniature paintings of this era show instruments that sort of look like <i>tabla</i>. This theory implies that <i>tabla</i> emerged from within the Muslim community of Indian subcontinent and were not an Arabian import.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lavezzoli2006p37_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavezzoli2006p37-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, scholars such as Neil Sorrell and Ram Narayan state that this legend of cutting a <i>pakhawaj</i> drum into two to make <i>tabla</i> drums "cannot be given any credence".<sup id="cite_ref-SorrellNarayan1980p40_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SorrellNarayan1980p40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg/220px-Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg/330px-Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg/440px-Stone_carvings_at_Bhaje_caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>200 BCE carvings at Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Bhaja_Caves" title="Bhaja Caves">Bhaja Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India showing a woman playing a pair of drums and another dancer performing.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Drums and <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Talas</a> are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedic</a> era texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A percussion musical instrument with two or three small drums, held with strings, called <i>Pushkara</i> (also spelled <i>Pushkala</i>) were in existence in pre-5th century Indian subcontinent along with other drums such as the <a href="/wiki/Mridang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mridang">Mridang</a>, but these are not called <i>tabla</i> then.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-5th century paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>, for example, show a group of musicians playing small tabla-like upright seated drums, a kettle-shaped <i>mridang</i> drum and cymbals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar artwork with seated musicians playing drums, but carved in stone, are found in the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh,_Indian_subcontinent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_Indian_subcontinent.jpg/220px-6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_Indian_subcontinent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_Indian_subcontinent.jpg/330px-6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_Indian_subcontinent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_Indian_subcontinent.jpg/440px-6_ancient_drum_types_of_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_Indian_subcontinent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Some drums of central India that look like <i>tabla</i>, but they do not have Syahi which creates the unique Tabla sound.</figcaption></figure><p>A type of small Indian drums, along with many other musical instruments, are also mentioned in Tibetan and Chinese memoirs written by Buddhist monks who visited the Indian subcontinent in the 1st millennium CE. The <i>pushkala</i> are called <i>rdzogs pa</i> (pronounced dzokpa) in Tibetan literature.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>pushkara</i> drums are also mentioned in many ancient Jainism and Buddhism texts, such as <i>Samavayasutra</i>, <i>Lalitavistara</i> and <i>Sutralamkara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various Hindu and Jain temples, such as the Eklingji in Udaipur, Rajasthan show stone carvings of a person playing tabla-like small pair of drums. Small drums were popular during the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuna dynasty">Yadava rule</a> (1210 to 1247) in the south, at the time when <a href="/wiki/Sangita_Ratnakara" title="Sangita Ratnakara">Sangita Ratnakara</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/Sarangadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangadeva">Sarangadeva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madhava_Kandali" title="Madhava Kandali">Madhava Kandali</a>, 14th century <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a> poet and writer of <a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a>, lists several instruments in his version of <i>"Ramayana"</i>, such as tabal, <a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">jhajhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">dotara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">vina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">bīn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vipanchi_veena" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipanchi veena">vipanchi</a>, etc. (meaning that these instruments existed since his time in 14th century or earlier).There is recent iconography of the drum like structure dating back to 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temple carvings of double hand drums resembling the tabla that date back to 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tabla was spread widely across ancient India. A Hoysaleshwara temple in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> shows a carving of a woman playing a tabla in a dance performance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to classifications of musical instruments defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Natyashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyashastra">Natyashastra</a></i>, Tabla is classified in the <i>Avanadha Vadya</i> category of rhythm instruments which are made by capping an empty vessel with a stretched skin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_features">Construction and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tabla" title="Special:EditPage/Tabla">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tabla consists of two single-headed, barrel-shaped small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes: <i>baya</i> and <i>daya</i> for left and right drums, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-brittabla_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittabla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg/250px-Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg/330px-Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg/500px-Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Ustad Zakir Hussain</a> performing at <a href="/wiki/Konark" title="Konark">Konark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. This illustrates the common sitting position used by tabla players.</figcaption></figure> <p>The smaller drum, played with the dominant hand, is called dayan (literally "right" side), dāhina, siddha or chattū, but is correctly called the "tabla." It is made from a conical piece of mostly <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">rosewood</a> hollowed out to approximately half of its total depth. The <i>daya tabla</i> is played by the musician's right hand (dominant hand), and is about 15 centimetres (~6 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) high. The drum is tuned to a specific note, usually either the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subdominant" title="Subdominant">subdominant</a> of the soloist's key and thus complements the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>. This is the ground note of the <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a></i> called <i>Sa</i> (the tonic in Indian music).<sup id="cite_ref-brittabla_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittabla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tuning range is limited although different dāyāñs are produced in different sizes, each with a different range. Cylindrical wood blocks, termed Gatta, are inserted between the strap and the shell allowing tension to be adjusted by their vertical positioning. Fine tuning is achieved while striking vertically on the braided portion of the head using a small, heavy hammer. While tabla usually features two drums, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla_tarang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabla tarang (page does not exist)">tabla tarang</a> may consist of 10-16 dayas to perform melodies based on several <a href="/wiki/Ragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragas">ragas</a>. </p><p>The <i>baya tabla</i> is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped, about 20 centimetres (~8 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) in height. It played with the non-dominant hand, is called bāyāñ (literally "left") duggī or dhāmā (correctly called "dagga"), has a much deeper <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass</a> <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">tone</a>, much like its distant cousin, the <a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">kettle drum</a>. The bāyāñs can be found to be made up of many different types of materials. Brass is the most common, copper is more expensive, but generally held to be the best, while aluminum and steel are often found in inexpensive models. Sometimes wood is used, especially in old bāyāñs from the Punjab. Clay is also used, although not favored for durability; these are generally found in the North-East region of Bengal. The <i>baya</i> construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the <i>daya</i> drum. The musician uses their hand's heel pressure to change the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tone_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone colour">tone colour</a> of each drum during a performance.<sup id="cite_ref-brittabla_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittabla-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SorrellNarayan1980p40_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SorrellNarayan1980p40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drumhead" title="Drumhead">head</a> of each drum has a central area of "tuning paste" called the <a href="/wiki/Syahi" title="Syahi">syahi</a> (lit. "ink"; a.k.a. <i>shāī</i> or <i>gāb</i>). <i>Syahi</i> is common in many drums of Indian origin. This method allows these drums to produce <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">harmonic overtones</a> and is responsible for their unique sound.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Syahi</i> is constructed using multiple layers of a paste made from starch (rice or wheat) mixed with a black powder of various origins. The precise construction and shaping of this area is responsible for modification of the drum's natural overtones, resulting in the clarity of pitch (see <a href="/wiki/Inharmonicity" title="Inharmonicity">inharmonicity</a>) and variety of tonal possibilities unique to this instrument which has a bell-like sound. The skill required for the proper construction of this area is highly refined and is the main differentiating factor in the quality of a particular instrument. The earliest discussion of these paste-patches are found in the Hindu text <i><a href="/wiki/Natyashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyashastra">Natyashastra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For stability while playing, each drum is positioned on a <a href="/wiki/Toroid" title="Toroid">toroidal</a> bundle called <i>chutta</i> or <i>guddi</i>, consisting of plant fiber or another malleable material wrapped in cloth. They are commonly played while sitting cross-legged on the floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_notation">Musical notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Musical notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tabla" title="Special:EditPage/Tabla">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png/406px-Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png" decoding="async" width="406" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png/609px-Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png/812px-Keharwa_Taal_written_in_Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande_Notation.png 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Keharwa Taal written in <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande" title="Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande">Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande</a> Notation. The <a href="/wiki/Bol_(music)" title="Bol (music)">bols</a> are written in both Latin and Devanagari. The <a href="/wiki/Matra_(music)" title="Matra (music)">Matras</a> (beat measure) are specified using numerals. 'X' indicates Sum (first beat) and 'O' serves as an indicator for Khaali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian music is traditionally practice-oriented and until the 20th century did not employ written notations as the primary media of instruction, understanding, or transmission. The rules of Indian music and compositions themselves are taught from a guru to a shishya, in person. Thus oral notation for playing tabla strokes and compositions is very developed and exact. These are made up of <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoetic</a> syllables and are known as <a href="/wiki/Bol_(music)" title="Bol (music)">bols</a>. </p><p>Written notation is regarded as a matter of taste and is not standardized. Thus there is no universal system of written notation for the rest of the world to study Indian music. The two popular systems for writing notations were created by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Digambar_Paluskar" title="Vishnu Digambar Paluskar">Vishnu Digambar Paluskar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande" title="Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande">Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These notations are named after their respective creators. Both these systems have bols written down in a script such as <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. The differences arise in representation of various concepts of a compositions, such as <i>Taali, Khaali, Sum</i> (the first beat in a rhythmic cycle<i>),</i> and <i>Khand</i> (divisions). Another difference is the use of numerals in the Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande system to represent <i><a href="/wiki/Matra_(music)" title="Matra (music)">matras</a></i> and beat measures, whereas more sophisticated symbols are used in the Vishnu Digambar Paluskar system to denote one <i>matra</i>, its fractions and combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_strokes">Basic strokes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Basic strokes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabla's repertoire and techniques borrow many elements from <a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhavaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a>, which are played sideways using one's palms. The physical structure of these drums also share similar components: the smaller pakhavaj head for the dayan, the naqqara kettledrum for the bayan, and the flexible use of the bass of the <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabla is played from the top and uses "finger tip and hand percussive" techniques allowing more complex movements.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rich language of tabla is made up of permutations of some basic strokes. These basic strokes are divided into five major categories along with a few examples:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Bols played on the <i>daya</i> (right / treble drum) <ul><li><i>Na:</i> striking the edge of the syahi with the last two fingers of the right hand</li> <li><i>Ta</i> or <i>Ra:</i> striking sharply with the index finger against the rim while simultaneously applying gentle pressure to the edge of the syahi with the ring finger to suppress the fundamental vibration mode</li> <li><i>Tin:</i> placing the last two fingers of the right hand lightly against the <a href="/wiki/Syahi" title="Syahi">syahi</a> and striking on the border between the syahi and the maidan (resonant)</li> <li><i>Te:</i> striking the center of the syahi with the middle finger in Delhi gharana, or using middle, ring, and little fingers together in Varanasi style (non resonant)</li> <li><i>Ti:</i> striking the center of the syahi with the index finger (non resonant)</li> <li><i>Tun</i>: striking the center of the syahi with the index finger to excite the fundamental vibration mode (resonant)</li> <li><i>TheRe:</i> striking of syahi with palm</li></ul></li> <li>Bols played on <i>baya</i> (left / bass drum) <ul><li><i>Ghe:</i> holding wrist down and arching the fingers over the syahi; the middle and ring-fingers then strike the maidan (resonant)</li> <li><i>Ga:</i> striking the index finger</li> <li><i>Ka</i>, <i>Ke</i>, or <i>Kat:</i> (on bayan) striking with the flat palm and fingers (non resonant)</li></ul></li> <li>Bols played on both the drums on unison <ul><li><i>Dha:</i> combination of <i>Na</i> and (<i>Ga</i> or <i>Ghe</i>)</li> <li><i>Dhin:</i> combination of <i>Tin</i> and (<i>Ga</i> or <i>Ghe</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Bols played one after another in a successive manner <ul><li><i>Ti Re Ki Ta</i></li> <li><i>TaK</i> = <i>Ta</i> + <i>Ke</i></li></ul></li> <li>Bols played as <a href="/wiki/Drum_rudiment#Flam" title="Drum rudiment">flam</a> <ul><li><i>Ghran</i>: <i>Ge</i> immediately followed by <i>Na</i></li> <li><i>TriKe</i>: <i>Ti</i> immediately followed by <i>Ke</i> and <i>Te</i></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tabla_Talas">Tabla Talas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tabla Talas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala</a> defines the musical meter of a composition. It is characterized by groups of <a href="/wiki/Matra_(music)" title="Matra (music)">matras</a> in a defined time cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talas are composed of basic elements, <a href="/wiki/Bol_(music)" title="Bol (music)">bols</a>. <i>Matra</i> defines the number of beats within a rhythm. Talas can be of 3 to 108 matras. They are played in repeated cycles. The starting beat of each cycle is known as <i>Sum</i>. This beat is often represented by a special symbol such as 'X'. This is the most emphasized beat of the cycle. Other emphasized parts of the tala which are represented by <i>Taali</i> (clap), while <i>Khali</i> (empty) portions are played in a relaxed manner. They are represented by a 'O' in Vishnu Narayanan Bhatkhande notation. Tali is often marked by a numeral representing its beat measure. Separate sections or stanzas of a tala are called <i>Vibhagas</i>. </p><p>Three main types of <a href="/wiki/Tempos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempos">tempos</a> or <i>layas</i> are used in playing Tabla talas: 1) Slow <i>(vilambit)</i> or half speed, 2) Medium <i>(madhya)</i> or reference speed, and 3) Fast <i>(drut)</i> or double speed. Keeping these three tempos as reference other variations of these tempos are also defined such as <i>Aadi laya</i> where bols are played at one and a half speed of medium tempo. Others such as <i>Ati Ati drut laya</i> stands for very very fast tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern tabla players often use beats per minute measures as well.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many talas in Hindustani music. <a href="/wiki/Teental" title="Teental">Teental</a> or Trital is one of the most popular tala played on Tabla. It has 16 beat measures or <i>matras,</i> and can be written down as 4 sections of 4 <i>matras</i> each. Teental can be played at both slow and fast speeds. Other talas such as Dhamaar, Ek, Jhoomra and Chau talas are better suited for slow and medium tempos. While some flourish at faster speeds, such as like Jhap or Rupak talas. Some of the popular Talas in Hindustani Classical music include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Beats </th> <th>Division </th> <th>Vibhag </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tintal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintal">Teental</a> (or Trital or Tintal) </td> <td>16 </td> <td>4+4+4+4 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhoomra" title="Jhoomra">Jhoomra</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>3+4+3+4 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilwada" title="Tilwada">Tilwada</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>4+4+4+4 </td> <td>x 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhamar_(music)" title="Dhamar (music)">Dhamar</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>5+2+3+4 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ektal" title="Ektal">Ektal</a> and Chautal </td> <td>12 </td> <td>2+2+2+2+2+2 </td> <td>X 0 2 0 3 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhaptal" title="Jhaptal">Jhaptal</a> (or Japtal) </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2+3+2+3 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keherwa" title="Keherwa">Keherwa</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>4+4 </td> <td>X 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupak_Tala" title="Rupak Tala">Rupak</a> (Mughlai/Roopak) </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3+2+2 </td> <td>0 X 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadra" title="Dadra">Dadra</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3+3 </td> <td>X 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rare_Hindustani_talas">Rare Hindustani talas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rare Hindustani talas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Beats </th> <th>Division </th> <th>Vibhaga </th></tr> <tr> <td>Adachoutal </td> <td>14 </td> <td>2+2+2+2+2+2+2 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 0 4 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brahmtal </td> <td>28 </td> <td>2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2 </td> <td>X 0 2 3 0 4 5 6 0 7 8 9 10 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dipchandi </td> <td>14 </td> <td>3+4+3+4 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shikar </td> <td>17 </td> <td>6+6+2+3 </td> <td>X 0 3 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sultal </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2+2+2+2+2 </td> <td>x 0 2 3 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teevra </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3+2+2 </td> <td>x 2 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ussole e Fakhta </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1+1+1+1+1 </td> <td>x 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Farodast </td> <td>14 </td> <td>3+4+3+4 </td> <td>X 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pancham Savari </td> <td>15 </td> <td>3+4+4+4 </td> <td>x 2 0 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaj Jhampa </td> <td>15 </td> <td>5+5+5 </td> <td>x 2 0 3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tabla_Gharanas">Tabla Gharanas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tabla Gharanas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabla <a href="/wiki/Gharana" title="Gharana">gharanas</a> are responsible for the development of variety of new bols, characteristic playing techniques, composition styles and rhythmic structures. Gharanas acted as a means of preserving these styles between generations of tabla players. First recorded history of gharanas is in the early 18th century. Delhi gharana is considered to be the first and the oldest traditional tabla tradition. Its students were responsible for the spawn of other gharanas as well. Each of these gharanas include a handful of prominent players and maestros. They carry the honorific title '<a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a>' for Hindus and Muslim tabla players, respectively. Modernization and accessible means of travel have reduced the rigid boundaries between these gharanas in recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_different_Gharanas_in_Tabla">The different Gharanas in Tabla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The different Gharanas in Tabla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_gharana" title="Delhi gharana">Delhi Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_gharana_(tabla)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucknow gharana (tabla)">Lucknow Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajrara_gharana" title="Ajrara gharana">Ajrada Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farukhabad_gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Farukhabad gharana">Farukhabad Gharana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kayda">Kayda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kayda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>Kayda</b> or <b>Kaida</b> is a type of Tabla composition. There are major two types of tabla compositions, fixed (pre-composed) and improvised (composed and improvised at the time of the practicing or performing). A rhythmic seed (theme) is introduced, which is then used as a basis for elaboration through improvisation and/or composition. The word <b>Kayda</b> is an Arabic or Hindi word which means 'rule' or 'a system of rules'.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules for playing a kayda are complex, but in short, one must only use the bols that are in the original theme. This original theme is known as a Mukh. The kayda form originated in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Gharana">Delhi Gharana</a> of tabla playing and serves three fundamental and very important roles for tabla players.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dayan (Right side tabla - also known as <b>Dagga</b>) and Bayan (Left side tabla - just known as <b>Tabla</b>) of the Tabla are used in synchronization to form a Kayda. Kaydas can be played in any Tala. But in most of the concerts Teental and their Kaydas are played very often. Note that in <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">talas</a> like <a href="/wiki/Dadra" title="Dadra">Dadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keherwa" title="Keherwa">Keherwa</a> or in <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hi-Latn">thekas</span></span> like <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajani</a>, <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hi-Latn">laggis</span></span> are played, <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hi-Latn">kaydas</span></span> are not played. The reason for this is that these <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hi-Latn">talas/thekas</span></span> mentioned in the previous line are specifically played for Semi-Classical and light music (<a href="/wiki/Bhajans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajans">Bhajans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirtans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtans">Kirtans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thumris" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumris">Thumris</a>, etc.) and not for Hindustani classical music. Different Gharanas have their own Kaydas. </p><p>Basic structure of a kayda - </p> <ol><li>Mukh - Basic bol which is called as <b>Mukh</b> that means face of the particular Kayda.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kayda's bols are structured out of the Mukh.</li> <li>Dohara - <b>Dohara</b> is the repetition of the Mukh 3 times. Dohara means to repeat. In Hindi it is called Doharana that means to repeat.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adha Dohara - <b>Adha Dohara</b> is the repetition of the first bol of the Mukh.</li> <li>Vishram - <b>Vishram</b> means taking rest.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the name suggests, a minute of pause is taken from the bol.</li> <li>Adha Vishram - <b>Adha Vishram</b> is the repetition of taking a pause i.e. repetition of the bol that was repeated in Vishram.</li> <li>Palta - <b>Palta</b> is a variation of various bols but these bols are stuck or are only from the bols which are there in the Mukh. This Palta is a section of the whole Kayda.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now what it means that Palta is a section. It means that like Mukh, Dohara, Adha Dohara, Vishram, Adha Vishram, these 4 names are not or cannot be repeated. So there is no duplications of all the 4 names taken. So all of the 4 names taken above, there are played only once. But a Palta, as said it is a section. joining various bols many such Palte (plural form of Palta) can be created.</li> <li>Tihai - The musical phrase sung or played thrice to arrive at the Sam/Sum is called a <b>Tithai</b>. It is the last part of a Kayda. The Mukh's last part is played thrice i.e. 3 times and then the particular Kayda is ended.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranade2006_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranade2006-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Just like Kaydas, there are Relas and Ravs (or Raus). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carnatic_Variations_of_Tabla">Carnatic Variations of Tabla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carnatic Variations of Tabla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carnatic Music is one of the two main forms of music in India, and is considered very classical. It is usually performed in relation to god, or to honor one of the gods from the Hindu Mythology. While the percussion for accompaniment of Carnatic music is most often the <a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a>, the Tabla is also used in some cases, due to its musical tone and versatility. Carnatic Tabla is very similar to Hindustani, and the only changes are the names of beat-cycles and individual notes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_players">Famous players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Famous players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jan_Thirakwa" title="Ahmed Jan Thirakwa">Ustad Ahmed Jan Thirakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alla_Rakha" title="Alla Rakha">Ustad Alla Rakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Ustad Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogesh_Samsi" title="Yogesh Samsi">Pandit Yogesh Shamsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Talwalkar" title="Suresh Talwalkar">Pandit Suresh Talwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anindo_Chatterjee" title="Anindo Chatterjee">Pandit Anindo Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Bose" title="Kumar Bose">Pandit Kumar Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Palsule" title="Ramdas Palsule">Pandit Ramdas Palsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayan_Ghosh" title="Nayan Ghosh">Pandit Nayan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhankar_Banerjee_(musician)" title="Subhankar Banerjee (musician)">Pandit Shubhankar Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swapan_Chaudhuri" title="Swapan Chaudhuri">Pandit Swapan Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuljit_Bhamra" title="Kuljit Bhamra">Kuljit Bhamra</a> MBE</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangdut" title="Dangdut">Dangdut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doumbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Doumbek">Doumbek</a> – Arabian drum also known in Egypt as "tabla", "Egyptian tabla", or "Alexandrian tabla".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mridanga">Mridanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhavaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilat" title="Tbilat">Tbilat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nb_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In other languages: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <span lang="as">তবলা</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">তবলা</span>, <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: <span lang="prs" dir="rtl">طبلا</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">તબલા</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">तबला</span>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn">ತಬಲಾ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">തബല</span>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span lang="mr">तबला</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">तबला</span>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ତବଲା</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps" dir="rtl">طبله</span>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਤਬਲਾ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">තබ්ලාව</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">தபலா</span>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">తబలా</span>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">طبلہ</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbram1994" class="citation book cs1">Abram, David (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wcZAQAAIAAJ"><i>India: The Rough Guide</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 1137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-104-9"><bdi>978-1-85828-104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.pages=1137&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-104-9&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wcZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllingham1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellingham, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA73"><i>The Rough Guide to World Music</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5"><bdi>978-1-85828-636-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+World+Music&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-636-5&rft.aulast=Ellingham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzX8THIgRjUC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDon_Michael_Randel2003" class="citation book cs1">Don Michael Randel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=P864"><i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 820, 864. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.pages=820%2C+864&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01163-2&rft.au=Don+Michael+Randel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02rFSecPhEsC%26pg%3DP864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittabla-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittabla_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittabla_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittabla_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittabla_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittabla_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/tabla">Tabla</a> Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaily1988" class="citation book cs1">Baily, John (1988). <i>Music of Afghanistan : professional musicians in the city of Herat</i>. Cambridgeshire [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25000-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25000-5"><bdi>0-521-25000-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17299692">17299692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Afghanistan+%3A+professional+musicians+in+the+city+of+Herat&rft.place=Cambridgeshire+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17299692&rft.isbn=0-521-25000-5&rft.aulast=Baily&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenise_CushCatherine_RobinsonMichael_York2012" class="citation book cs1">Denise Cush; Catherine Robinson; Michael York (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC&pg=PA87"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18978-5"><bdi>978-1-135-18978-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18978-5&rft.au=Denise+Cush&rft.au=Catherine+Robinson&rft.au=Michael+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3N4mGlbutbgC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerek_B._Scott2009" class="citation book cs1">Derek B. Scott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eL37scDf0PMC"><i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Popular Musicology</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6476-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6476-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-6476-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Popular+Musicology&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6476-5&rft.au=Derek+B.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeL37scDf0PMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamal_Salhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Kamal Salhi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc5iAgAAQBAJ"><i>Music, Culture and Identity in the Muslim World: Performance, Politics and Piety</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96310-3"><bdi>978-1-317-96310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Culture+and+Identity+in+the+Muslim+World%3A+Performance%2C+Politics+and+Piety&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96310-3&rft.au=Kamal+Salhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDc5iAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlStonePorterRice" class="citation book cs1">Nettl, Bruno; Stone, Ruth M.; Porter, James; Rice, Timothy (eds.). <i>The Garland encyclopedia of world music</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-6035-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-6035-0"><bdi>0-8240-6035-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36407898">36407898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+encyclopedia+of+world+music&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36407898&rft.isbn=0-8240-6035-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EmmertMinegishi1980-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EmmertMinegishi1980_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_EmmertYuki_Minegishi1980" class="citation book cs1">Richard Emmert; Yuki Minegishi (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalvoicesofa00asia"><i>Musical voices of Asia: report of (Asian Traditional Performing Arts 1978)</i></a></span>. Heibonsha. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalvoicesofa00asia/page/266">266</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+voices+of+Asia%3A+report+of+%28Asian+Traditional+Performing+Arts+1978%29&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Heibonsha&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Richard+Emmert&rft.au=Yuki+Minegishi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicalvoicesofa00asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gottlieb1993p1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p1_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Gottlieb1993" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Gottlieb (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&pg=PA1"><i>Solo Tabla Drumming of North India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1093-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solo+Tabla+Drumming+of+North+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1093-8&rft.au=Robert+S.+Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-xk7L_DNcUC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Alves2013" class="citation book cs1">William Alves (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=688hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA252"><i>Music of the Peoples of the World</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-30794-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-30794-5"><bdi>978-1-133-30794-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+Peoples+of+the+World&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-133-30794-5&rft.au=William+Alves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D688hCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SorrellNarayan1980p40-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SorrellNarayan1980p40_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SorrellNarayan1980p40_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SorrellNarayan1980p40_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeil_SorrellRam_Narayan1980" class="citation book cs1">Neil Sorrell; Ram Narayan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0756-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-0756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music+in+Performance%3A+A+Practical+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9&rft.au=Neil+Sorrell&rft.au=Ram+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNhRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontagu2007" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Jeremy (29 October 2007). <i>Origins and Development of Musical Instruments</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810877702" title="Special:BookSources/9780810877702"><bdi>9780810877702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Development+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft.isbn=9780810877702&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean2012p104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dean2012p104_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean2012p104_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Dean2012" class="citation book cs1">Matt Dean (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CdzdFgfV8YC&pg=PA104"><i>The Drum: A History</i></a>. Scarecrow. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8170-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8170-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-8170-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drum%3A+A+History&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8170-9&rft.au=Matt+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CdzdFgfV8YC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kippen_2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kippen_2000_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Kippen1999" class="citation book cs1">James Kippen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT263"><i>Hindustani Tala, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351544382" title="Special:BookSources/9781351544382"><bdi>9781351544382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindustani+Tala%2C+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781351544382&rft.au=James+Kippen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHh03DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS_Prajnanananda1981" class="citation book cs1">S Prajnanananda (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=guXibgtWsNwC"><i>A historical study of Indian music</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121501774" title="Special:BookSources/9788121501774"><bdi>9788121501774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+historical+study+of+Indian+music&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9788121501774&rft.au=S+Prajnanananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DguXibgtWsNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilj4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hilj4_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeshram1981" class="citation journal cs1">Meshram, Pradipkumar S. (1981). "The tabla in the Bhaja cave sculptures: A note". <i>Indica</i>. <b>18</b>: 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indica&rft.atitle=The+tabla+in+the+Bhaja+cave+sculptures%3A+A+note&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Meshram&rft.aufirst=Pradipkumar+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilj1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hilj1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Hijleh, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6h8DwAAQBAJ&dq=bhaja+caves+tabla&pg=PT48">Towards a Global Music History: Intercultural Convergence, Fusion, and transformation in the human musical history</a>, Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gottlieb1993p2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb1993p2_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Gottlieb1993" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Gottlieb (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&pg=PA1"><i>Solo Tabla Drumming of North India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1093-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solo+Tabla+Drumming+of+North+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1093-8&rft.au=Robert+S.+Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-xk7L_DNcUC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2000p135-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2000p135_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2000" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMvXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564894-2"><bdi>978-0-19-564894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+Canon%2C+Meaning+and+Authority&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564894-2&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruno_NettlRuth_M._StoneJames_Porter1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA327"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavezzoli2006p37-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lavezzoli2006p37_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Lavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter Lavezzoli (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA37"><i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9&rft.au=Peter+Lavezzoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSZKCXtx-wEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeshram1981" class="citation journal cs1">Meshram, Pradipkumar S. (1981). "The tabla in the Bhaja cave sculptures: A note". <i>Indica</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indica&rft.atitle=The+tabla+in+the+Bhaja+cave+sculptures%3A+A+note&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Meshram&rft.aufirst=Pradipkumar+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOSXX270RxMC">The theory and practice of Tabla</a>, Sadanand Naimpalli, Popular Prakashan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Lewis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ"><i>Music and Musical Thought in Early India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73034-9"><bdi>978-0-226-73034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Musical+Thought+in+Early+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73034-9&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_UCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-WilliamsErnst_LeumannCarl_Cappeller2002" class="citation book cs1">Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">638–</span>639. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3105-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E638-%3C%2Fspan%3E639&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3105-6&rft.au=Sir+Monier+Monier-Williams&rft.au=Ernst+Leumann&rft.au=Carl+Cappeller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUezTfym7CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnil_de_Silva-VigierOtto_Georg_von_Simson1964" class="citation book cs1">Anil de Silva-Vigier; Otto Georg von Simson (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dczAQAAIAAJ"><i>Music</i></a>. Man through his art. Vol. 2. New York Graphic Society. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71767819">71767819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music&rft.series=Man+through+his+art&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=New+York+Graphic+Society&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71767819&rft.au=Anil+de+Silva-Vigier&rft.au=Otto+Georg+von+Simson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dczAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote</b>: "To her left are two girls standing with cymbals in their hands, and two seated playing drums, one with a pair of upright drums like the modern Indian dhol, and the other, sitting cross-legged, with a drum held horizontally, like the modern mirdang." Tabla a quest, (Volume 1) by [[Ustad Julfikar Hussain]] and Debasish Talukdar. Pub. Anshiak Publication 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5967-999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5967-999-0">978-93-5967-999-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Owen2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Owen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC&pg=PA24"><i>Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20629-8"><bdi>978-90-04-20629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+Devotion+in+the+Jain+Caves+at+Ellora&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20629-8&rft.au=Lisa+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHK2WE8xAzYC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPia_Brancaccio2010" class="citation book cs1">Pia Brancaccio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C"><i>The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion</i></a>. BRILL Academic. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18525-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18525-8"><bdi>978-90-04-18525-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Caves+at+Aurangabad%3A+Transformations+in+Art+and+Religion&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18525-8&rft.au=Pia+Brancaccio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_4pXm7dD78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=རྫོགས་པ་">རྫོགས་པ་</a>, Tibetan English Dictionary (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadha_Kumud_Mookerji1989" class="citation book cs1">Radha Kumud Mookerji (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjFfqpq7HhkC&pg=PA354"><i>Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">354–</span>355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0423-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0423-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Education%3A+Brahmanical+and+Buddhist&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0423-4&rft.au=Radha+Kumud+Mookerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjFfqpq7HhkC%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/solvynsonline/pages/Calcutta160.html">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frans_Balthazar_Solvyns" title="Frans Balthazar Solvyns">Frans Balthazar Solvyns</a>, <i>A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings.</i> (1799)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChintan_VaishnavCollin_Joye" class="citation web cs1">Chintan Vaishnav; Collin Joye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902141104/http://web.mit.edu/chintanv/www/tabla/class_material/Introduction%20to%20Tabla.ppt">"Introduction to Tabla, the Ancient Indian Drums"</a>. <i>MIT</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.web.mit.edu/chintanv/www/tabla/class_material/Introduction%20to%20Tabla.ppt">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Microsoft PowerPoint)</span> on 2 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Tabla%2C+the+Ancient+Indian+Drums&rft.au=Chintan+Vaishnav&rft.au=Collin+Joye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.web.mit.edu%2Fchintanv%2Fwww%2Ftabla%2Fclass_material%2FIntroduction%2520to%2520Tabla.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeloche1988" class="citation journal cs1">Deloche, Jean (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/befeo_0336-1519_1988_num_77_1_1741">"Persée"</a>. <i>Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1741">10.3406/befeo.1988.1741</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Pers%C3%A9e&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1741&rft.aulast=Deloche&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1988_num_77_1_1741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamanKumar1920" class="citation journal cs1">Raman, C. V.; Kumar, Sivakali (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429634">"Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>104</b> (2620): 500. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Natur.104..500R">1920Natur.104..500R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F104500a0">10.1038/104500a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4159476">4159476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Musical+Drums+with+Harmonic+Overtones&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2620&rft.pages=500&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F104500a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4159476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920Natur.104..500R&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sivakali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb,_Robert_S.1993" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Robert S. (1993). <i>Solo tabla drumming of North India : its repertoire, styles, and performance practices</i> (1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1095-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1095-3"><bdi>81-208-1095-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30620399">30620399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solo+tabla+drumming+of+North+India+%3A+its+repertoire%2C+styles%2C+and+performance+practices&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=1st+Indian&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30620399&rft.isbn=81-208-1095-3&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaimpalli,_Sadanand.2005" class="citation book cs1">Naimpalli, Sadanand. (2005). <i>Theory and practice of tabla</i>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7991-149-7"><bdi>81-7991-149-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61285249">61285249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+practice+of+tabla&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61285249&rft.isbn=81-7991-149-7&rft.au=Naimpalli%2C+Sadanand.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeronja2008" class="citation book cs1">Beronja, Srdjan (2008). <i>The art of the Indian tabla</i>. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1431-0"><bdi>978-81-291-1431-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318093440">318093440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+the+Indian+tabla&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318093440&rft.isbn=978-81-291-1431-0&rft.aulast=Beronja&rft.aufirst=Srdjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart R. Unpublished thesis, UCLA, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579723/tabla">"tabla (musical instrument) –"</a>. September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tabla+%28musical+instrument%29+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F579723%2Ftabla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCourtney" class="citation web cs1">Courtney, Todd A. Dombrowski, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandrakantha.com/tablasite/bsicbols.htm#Tu">"Basic Technique of Tabla bols: Dhaa, Dhin, Ga, Ka, Naa, Na, Taa, Tak,TiRaKiTa, Tin, Tu, etc"</a>. <i>chandrakantha.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chandrakantha.com&rft.atitle=Basic+Technique+of+Tabla+bols%3A+Dhaa%2C+Dhin%2C+Ga%2C+Ka%2C+Naa%2C+Na%2C+Taa%2C+Tak%2CTiRaKiTa%2C+Tin%2C+Tu%2C+etc.&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Todd+A.+Dombrowski%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchandrakantha.com%2Ftablasite%2Fbsicbols.htm%23Tu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raag-hindustani.com/Rhythm.html">"Rhythm (taal) in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani"</a>. <i>raag-hindustani.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shabdkosh.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE+-+Meaning+in+English+-+Shabdkosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabdkosh.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-hindi%2F%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE%2F%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE-meaning-in-hindi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnatic-circle.com/tabla-lessonsnotes/kaidapaltas/">"Kaida/Paltas -"</a>. <i>Carnatic-circle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnatic-circle.com&rft.atitle=Kaida%2FPaltas+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnatic-circle.com%2Ftabla-lessonsnotes%2Fkaidapaltas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbournetablaschool.com/tabla.html">"Tabla"</a>. <i>Melbourne Tabla School</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enghindi.com&rft.atitle=English+Word+for+mukh+-+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5+-+EngHindi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enghindi.com%2Fenglish-word-for-mukh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindi2dictionary.com/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-meaning-english.html">"(Doharana) दोहराना meaning in English | Matlab | Definition"</a>. <i>Hindi2dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindi2dictionary.com&rft.atitle=%28Doharana%29+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+meaning+in+English+%26%23124%3B+Matlab+%26%23124%3B+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindi2dictionary.com%2F%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE-meaning-english.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-in-English">"Meaning of विश्राम in English | विश्राम का अर्थ (विश्राम ka Angrezi Matlab)"</a>. <i>Shabdkosh.raftaar.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shabdkosh.raftaar.in&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+in+English+%26%23124%3B+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5+%28%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+ka+Angrezi+Matlab%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabdkosh.raftaar.in%2FMeaning-of-%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE-in-English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.chandrakantha.com/post/creating-paltas-for-kaidas-8674634">"Creating Paltas for Kaidas"</a>. <i>Forum.chandrakantha.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forum.chandrakantha.com&rft.atitle=Creating+Paltas+for+Kaidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.chandrakantha.com%2Fpost%2Fcreating-paltas-for-kaidas-8674634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://52kaidas.blogspot.com/2010/02/uthan-palta-theka.html">"52 Kaidas: Uthan, Palta Theka"</a>. <i>52kaidas.blogspot.com</i>. 22 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=52kaidas.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=52+Kaidas%3A+Uthan%2C+Palta+Theka&rft.date=2010-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F52kaidas.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F02%2Futhan-palta-theka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranade2006-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranade2006_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshok_Damodar_Ranade2006" class="citation book cs1">Ashok Damodar Ranade (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFwbGi3oBHgC&pg=PA167"><i>Music Contexts: A Concise Dictionary of Hindustani Music</i></a>. Bibliophile South Asia. pp. 167–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85002-63-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85002-63-7"><bdi>978-81-85002-63-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Contexts%3A+A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Hindustani+Music&rft.pages=167-&rft.pub=Bibliophile+South+Asia&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-85002-63-7&rft.au=Ashok+Damodar+Ranade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFwbGi3oBHgC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming: A Survey Presentation Based on Performances by India's Leading Artists</i>, by Robert S. Gottlieb. Pub. Musikverlag E. Katzbichler, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87397-300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87397-300-8">978-3-87397-300-8</a>.</li> <li><i>The tabla of Lucknow: a cultural analysis of a musical tradition</i>, by James Kippen. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33528-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33528-0">0-521-33528-0</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&q=Tabla">Solo Tabla Drumming of North India: Text & commentary</a></i>, by Robert S. Gottlieb, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a> Publ., 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1093-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1093-7">81-208-1093-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Fundamentals of Tabla</i> (Volume 1), by <a href="/wiki/David_R._Courtney" title="David R. Courtney">David R. Courtney</a>. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634447-6-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634447-6-X">0-9634447-6-X</a>.</li> <li><i>Advanced Theory of Tabla</i> (Volume 2), by <a href="/wiki/David_R._Courtney" title="David R. Courtney">David R. Courtney</a>. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634447-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634447-9-4">0-9634447-9-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Manufacture and Repair of Tabla</i> (Volume 3), by <a href="/wiki/David_R._Courtney" title="David R. Courtney">David R. Courtney</a>. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893644-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-893644-02-2">1-893644-02-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Focus on the Kaidas of Tabla</i> (Volume 4), by <a href="/wiki/David_R._Courtney" title="David R. Courtney">David R. Courtney</a>. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893644-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-893644-03-0">1-893644-03-0</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z63zvthhbhAC&q=Tabla">Theory and practice of tabla</a></i>, by Sadanand Naimpalli. Popular Prakashan, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7991-149-7">81-7991-149-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Tabla: A Quest: A Theoretical & Practical Guide</i> (Volume 1) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ustad_Julfikar_Hussain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ustad Julfikar Hussain (page does not exist)">Ustad Julfikar Hussain</a> and Debasish Talukdar. Anshiak Publication, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5967-999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5967-999-0">978-93-5967-999-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabla&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tabla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tabla">Tabla</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210231.html">On Covered Instruments (puṣkara, 'drums')</a>, Chapter XXXII of the <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B9%ADya%C5%9B%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāṭyaśāstra">Nāṭyaśāstra</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/27/resources/7037">Lowell H. Lybarger Collection of Pakistani Music Materials</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.harvard.edu/collections/isham-memorial-library">Isham Memorial Library, Harvard University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_musical_instruments218" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_musical_instruments218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind (Sushir)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#In_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal" title="Kuzhal">Kuzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">Shruti box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked Stringed (Tat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_(musical_instrument)" title="Pena (musical instrument)">Pena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">Seni Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarabat" title="Swarabat">Swarabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tanpura" title="Electronic tanpura">Electronic tanpura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed Stringed (Vitat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Dilruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Esraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">Sarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">Taus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranous Percussion (Avanaddh)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandalahari" title="Anandalahari">Anandalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggi_(drum)" title="Duggi (drum)">Duggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholki">Dholki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Edakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">Kanjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamak" title="Khamak">Khamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">Mardala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhawaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_(drum)" title="Sambal (drum)">Sambal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">Jori (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">Tavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udukai" title="Udukai">Udukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Membranous Percussion (Ghan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_tarang" title="Jal tarang">Jal tarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartal" title="Khartal">Khartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Morsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sangeet_Vadya" title="Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya">Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical/possibly extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari vina">Kinnari vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaka vina">Pinaka vina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Percussion_instruments266" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percussion_instruments" title="Template talk:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percussion_instruments266" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments" title="List of percussion instruments">List of percussion instruments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments_by_type" title="List of percussion instruments by type">List of percussion instruments by type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion54" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_instruments_of_Nepal109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_instruments_of_Nepal" title="Template:Musical instruments of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_instruments_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Musical instruments of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_instruments_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical instruments of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_instruments_of_Nepal109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali_musical_instruments" title="List of Nepali musical instruments">Musical instruments of Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbajo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbajo">Arbajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungna" title="Tungna">Tungna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakkari" title="Dakkari">Dakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwancha" title="Piwancha">Piwancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangi (Nepal)">Sarangi (Nepal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Flutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Oboes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li>Pung (<a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" class="extiw" title="ne:पुङ सिङ">पुङ सिङ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Pan_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan pipe">Pan pipes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chongwari <a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="ne:चोङ्वारी">चोङ्वारी</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Trumpet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangling" title="Kangling">Kangling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnal_(instrument)" title="Karnal (instrument)">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransingha" title="Ransingha">Ransingha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha#Uses" title="Shankha">Shanka</a> conch shell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Bagpipe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashak" title="Mashak">Mashak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Drums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyabrung" title="Chyabrung">Chyabrung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaha" title="Damaha">Damaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damphu_drum" title="Damphu drum">Damphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaa" title="Dhaa">Dhaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimay" title="Dhimay">Dhimay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81ngro" title="Dhyāngro">Dhyāngro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjari" title="Khanjari">Khanjari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khin" title="Khin">Khin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Naqareh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyampko" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyampko">Tyampko</a> (<a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" class="extiw" title="ne:ट्याम्को">ट्याम्को</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Cymbals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimtaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhyali" title="Jhyali">Jhyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhyamta" title="Jhyamta">Jhyamta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Tube zither drum/gong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber_Baja" title="Yalamber Baja">Yalamber Baja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binayo" title="Binayo">Binayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp#Murchunga" title="Jew's harp">Murchunga</a> (jaw harp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slek">Pipirma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urni" title="Urni">Urni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piwancha" title="Piwancha">Piwancha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panche_baja" title="Panche baja">Panche baja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213100#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184307-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tabla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85131789">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tablā"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12307234h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tablā"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12307234h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555918505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/18e6998b-e53b-415b-b484-d3ac286da99d">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabla&oldid=1275695541">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabla&oldid=1275695541</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghan_musical_instruments" title="Category:Afghan musical instruments">Afghan musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_musical_instruments" 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